C. Inflection.
397. Inflection is the change which nouns, pronouns, and verbs undergo, to indicate their relation in a sentence.
The inflection of a noun or pronoun is often called Declension, and that of a verb, Conjugation.
(A.) Inflection of the Noun.
398. The noun or pronoun is inflected by attaching case endings to the stem.
The endings, which are called case endings for brevity, indicate number as well as case, and serve also to distinguish gender words from neuters in the nominative and accusative singular of some stems, and of all plurals. These endings are nearly the same for stems of all kinds.
The Stem.
399. The stem contains the meaning of the noun. Noun stems are arranged in the following order: (1.) stems in -ā-, in -o-, in a consonant, or in -i-; these are substantive, including proper names, or adjective; (2.) stems in -u- or -ē-; these are substantive only, and include no proper names.
400. In some instances, a final stem vowel is retained before a case ending which begins with a vowel: as, urbi-um, ācri-a, cornu-a, portu-ī, portu-um (116, c); in others the stem vowel blends inseparably with the vowel of the case ending: as, mēnsīs, dominīs (108, a).
401. Some nouns have more than one form of the stem: as,
sēdēs (476); femur, iecur (489); vās, mēnsis (492); vīrus, volgus (493); iter, nix, senex, &c. (500); vīs (518); caedēs (523); famēs, plēbēs (524); domus (594); angiportus, &c. (595). Many nouns have a consonant stem in the singular, and an -i- stem in the plural: see 516; most substantives in -iē- or -tiē- have a collateral form in -iā- or -tiā- (604). Some adjectives have two different stems: as, hilarus, hilara, hilarum, and hilaris, hilare; exanimus and exanimis.
Gender.
402. There are two genders, Masculine and Feminine. Masculine and feminine nouns are called Gender nouns. Nouns without gender are called Neuter.
403. Gender is, properly speaking, the distinction of sex. In Latin, a great many things without life have gender in grammar, and are masculine or feminine.
404. Some classes of substantives may be brought under general heads of signification, as below, like the names of rivers and winds (405), which are usually of the masculine gender, or of plants (407), which are usually of the feminine. When the gender cannot be determined thus, it must be learned from the special rules for the several stems and their nominatives.
GENDER OF SOME CLASSES OF SUBSTANTIVES.
MASCULINES.
405. Names of male beings, rivers, winds, and mountains, are masculine: as,
Caesar, Gāius, Sūlla, men’s names; pater, father; erus, master; scrība, scrivener; Tiberis, the Tiber; Aquilō, a Norther; Lūcrētilis, Mt. Lucretilis.
406. The river names: Allia, Dūria, Sagra, Lēthē, and Styx are feminine. Also the mountain names Alpēs, plural, the Alps, and some Greek names of mountains in -a or -ē: as, Aetna, Mt. Etna; Rhodopē, a Thracian range. A few are neuter, as Sōracte.
FEMININES.
407. Names of female beings, plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees, are feminine: as,
Gāia, Glycerium, women’s names; mālus, apple-tree; quercus, oak; īlex, holm-oak; abiēs, fir.
408. Masculine are: bōlētus, mushroom, carduus, thistle, dūmī, plural, brambles, intibus, endive, iuncus, rush, oleaster, bastard olive, rubus, bramble, rumex, sorrel, scirpus, bulrush, and rarely fīcus, fig. Also some of Greek origin: as, acanthus, amāracus, asparagus, and crocus. Neuter are: apium, parsley, balsamum, balsam-tree, rōbur, heart of oak, and some names with stems in -er- (573).
MOBILE, COMMON, AND EPICENE NOUNS.
409. Mobile Nouns have different forms to distinguish sex: as, Iūlius, a man, Julius, Iūlia, a woman, Julia; cervus, stag, cerva, hind; socer, father-in-law, socrus, mother-in-law; victor, conqueror, victrīx, conqueress. Adjectives ‘of three endings’ (611), belong to this class.
410. Some nouns have one ending, but are applicable to either sex. Such are said, to be of Common Gender: as, adulēscēns, young man or young woman; dux, leader; īnfāns, baby, child; and many other consonant stems or stems in -i-, denoting persons. Adjectives ‘of two endings’ or ‘of one ending’ (611), belong to this class.
411. Epicenes have one ending and one grammatical gender, though applicable to animals of either sex. Thus, aquila, eagle, is feminine, though it may denote a he-eagle as well as a she-eagle; anatēs, ducks, feminine, includes drakes.
NEUTERS.
412. Infinitives, words and expressions quoted or explained, and letters of the alphabet, are neuter: as,
vīvere ipsum, mere living; istūc ‘taceō,’ your ‘I won’t mention;’ longum vale, a long goodbye; o Graecum, Greek O. But the letters have sometimes a feminine adjective, agreeing with littera understood.
VARIABLE GENDER.
413. Some substantives have different genders in the two numbers; the different gender is sometimes indicated by a difference of stem: as, epulum, neuter, epulae, feminine, feast. See balneum, frēnum, jocus, locus, margarīta, ostrea, rāstrum, in the dictionary.
Number.
414. There are two numbers, the Singular used of one, the Plural of more than one.
415. ambō, both, and duo, two, nominative and accusative masculine and neuter, are the only remnants of an old Dual number, denoting two.
416. Some substantives, from their meaning, have no plural.
Such are: proper names: as, Cicerō, Cicero; Rōma, Rome; material and abstract substantives: as, oleum, oil, vīnum, wine, iūstitia, justice; and gerunds: as, regendī, of guiding. For the occasional use of the plural, 1105-1110.
417. Some substantives, from their meaning, have no singular.
Such are: names of persons of a class: as, maiōrēs, ancestors; superī, the beings above; mānēs, ghosts; of feasts, sacrifices, days: as, Sāturnālia, festival of Saturn; kalendae, first of the month; of things made of parts or consisting of a series of acts: as, arma, arms; artūs, joints; quadrīgae, four-in-hand; exsequiae, funeral rites; of some places: as, Faleriī; Vēī; Pompēī; Athēnae, Athens; Alpēs, the Alps.
418. Some substantives have different meanings in the two numbers: as,
aedis, temple, aedēs, house; auxilium, aid, auxilia, auxiliaries; carcer, jail, carcerēs, race-barriers; Castrum, Castle, castra, camp; comitium, meeting-place, comitia, election; cōpia, abundance, cōpiae, troops; facultās, ability, facultātēs, wealth; fīnis, end, fīnēs, boundaries; grātia, favour, grātiae, thanks; impedīmentum, hindrance, impedīmenta, baggage; littera, letter (of the alphabet), litterae, epistle; rōstrum, beak, rōstra, speakers stand. See also aqua, bonum, fortūna, lūdus, opera, pars, in the dictionary.
Case.
419. Nouns have five cases, the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative.
The nominative represents a noun as subject, the accusative as object; the genitive denotes the relation of of, the dative of to or for, and the ablative of from, with, in, or by. But the meanings of the cases are best learnt from reading. All cases but the nominative and vocative (420) are called Oblique Cases.
420. Town names and a few appellatives have also a case denoting the place where, called the Locative. Masculine stems in -o- and some Greek stems with other endings have still another form used in addressing a person or thing, called the Vocative.
421. The stem of a noun is best seen in the genitive; in the genitive plural it is preserved without change, except that o of -o- stems is lengthened (123). In dictionaries the stem ending is indicated by the genitive singular, thus: -ae, -ī, -is, -ūs (-ĕī), indicate respectively stems in -ā-, -o-, a consonant or -i-, -u-, and -ē-, as follows:
| Genitive Singular. | Genitive Plural. | Stems in. |
|---|---|---|
| -ae, mēnsae, table | -ārum, mēnsā-rum | -ā-, mēnsā-, N. mēnsa |
| -ī, dominī, master | -ōrum, dominō-rum | -o-, domino-, N. dominus |
| -is, rēgis, king | -cons. um, rēg-um | -consonant, rēg-, N. rēx |
| -is, cīvis, citizen | -ium, cīvi-um | -i-, cīvi-, N. cīvis |
| -ūs, portus, port | -uum, portu-um | -u-, portu-, N. portus |
| (ĕ̄ī, rĕ̄ī), thing | (-ērum, rē-rum) | -ē, rē-, N. rēs |
422. Gender nominatives usually add -s to the stem: as, servo-s or servu-s, slave, rēx (164, 1), cīvi-s, portu-s, rē-s. But stems in -ā- or in a continuous consonant (-l-, -n-, -r-, or -s-) have no -s: as, mēnsa, cōnsul, consul, flāmen, special priest, pater, father, flōs, flower.
423. Neuters have the nominative and accusative alike; in the singular the stem is used: as nōmen, name; or a shortened stem: as, exemplar, pattern; but stems in -o- take -m: as, aevo-m or aevu-m, age. In the plural -a is always used: as, rēgna, kingdoms, nōmina, cornua, horns. For -s in adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see 612.
424. Gender accusatives singular add -m to the stem: as, mēnsa-m, servo-m or servu-m, nāvi-m, ship, portu-m, die-m. The consonant stems have the ending -em: as, rēg-em; most substantive stems in -i- and all adjectives also drop -i- and take -em: as, nāv-em, trīst-em, sad. In the plural, gender stems add -s before which the vowel is long: as, mēnsā-s, servō-s, rēgē-s, nāvī-s or nāvē-s, portū-s, rē-s.
425. The ablative singular usually ends in the long vowel of the stem: as, mēnsā, dominō, nāvī, portū, rē. The ablative of consonant stems usually has -e (rarely -ī-, see 502): as, patre, father; and that of substantive -i- stems has -e more commonly than -ī: as, nāve.
426. The ablative singular of -ā- and -o- stems ended anciently in -ād and -ōd respectively: as, PRAIDAD, PREIVATOD; that of consonant stems in -īd: as, AIRID, COVENTIONID. But -d is almost entirely confined to inscriptions and disappeared early (149).
427. The genitive plural adds -rum to -ā-, -o-, and -ē- stems: as, mēnsā-rum, dominō-rum, rē-rum; and -um to consonant stems, -i- stems, and -u- stems: as, rēg-um, cīvi-um, portu-um.
428. The dative and ablative plural are always alike: stems in -ā- and -o- take -is, which blends with the stem vowel (400): as, mēnsīs, dominīs; other stems have -bus, before which consonant stems are extended by i: as, rēgi-bus, nāvi-bus, portu-bus or porti-bus, rē-bus.
429. Some pronouns and a few adjectives have some peculiar case endings; see 618-694.
430. Many nouns are defective in case.
Thus, many monosyllables have no genitive plural: as, aes, copper, cor, heart, cōs, whetstone, dōs, dowry, ōs, face, pāx, peace, pix, pitch, rōs, dew, sāl, salt, lūx, light; many words have no genitive, dative, or ablative plural: as, hiemps, winter; especially neuters: as, fār, spelt, fel, gall, mel, honey, pūs, matter, rūs, country, tūs, frankincense. Many words in -tu- (-su-) have only the ablative (235). For -ē- stems, see 600. Other words more or less defective are exlēx, exspēs, fās and nefās, īnfitiās, inquiēs, īnstar, luēs, nēmō, opis and vicis genitives, pondō and sponte ablatives, secus, vīs. Many adjectives ‘of one ending’ want the nominative and accusative neuter plural and genitive plural.
431. Some adjectives are altogether indeclinable: as, frūgī, thrifty, an old dative; nēquam, naughty, an old accusative; quot, how many; tot, so many; and most numerals (637). These adjectives are attached to any case of a substantive without varying their own forms.
The Substantive.
Stems In -ā- .
The First Declension.
Genitive singular -ae, genitive plural -ā-rum.
432. Stems in -ā- include substantives and adjectives; both substantives and adjectives are feminine.
433. Names of males are masculine (405): as, scrība, writer; also Hadria, the Adriatic, and rarely damma, deer, and talpa, mole.
434. The nominative of stems in -ā- ends in the shortened stem vowel -a.
435. Stems in -ā- are declined as follows:
| Example Stem | mēnsa, table, mēnsā-, F. | Stem and case endings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| Nom. | mēnsa | table, a (or the) table | -a |
| Gen. | mēnsae | a table’s, of a table | -ae |
| Dat. | mēnsae | to or for a table | -ae |
| Acc. | mēnsam | a table | -am |
| Abl. | mēnsā | from, with, or by a table | -ā |
| Plural | |||
| Nom. | mēnsae | tables (or the) tables | -ae |
| Gen. | mēnsārum | tables’, of tables | -ārum |
| Dat. | mēnsīs | to or for tables | -īs |
| Acc. | mēnsās | tables | -ās |
| Abl. | mēnsīs | from, with, or by tables | -īs |
SINGULAR CASES.
436. -ā- of the stem was shortened in the nominative and accusative singular at an early period (130, 132). A few apparent examples of the nominative in -ā, found in the oldest writers, seem due to metrical causes: as, aquilā́ (Enn.). But -ā occurs in Greek proper names (445). A couple of old masculine nominatives in -ās are quoted (422): pāricīdās, murderer, and hosticapās, taker of enemies. In the accusative singular -ām occurs once: inimīcitiā́m (Enn.).
437. The genitive sometimes ends (1.) in -āī in poetry: as, aulāī, of the hall; pīctāī, embroidered; (2.) in -ās: as, molās, of a mill. This genitive is rare, but was always kept up in the word familiās with pater or māter, sometimes with fīlius or fīlia: pater familiās, the goodman, māter familiās, the housewife. But pater familiae, or in the plural patrēs familiārum, is equally common.
438. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in -ae: as, Rōmae, at Rome, in Rome; mīlitiae, in war, in the field, in the army.
PLURAL CASES.
439. Compounds ending with -cola, inhabiting, and -gena, born, and patronymics, sometimes have the genitive plural in -ū̆m in poetry: as, caelicolū̆m, of occupants of heaven; Graiugenū̆m, of Greek-born men; Aeneadū̆m, of Aeneas’s sons; also names of peoples: as, Lapithū̆m, of the Lapithae. With these last -ū̆m occurs even in prose: as, Crotōniātū̆m, of the Crotona people. Others in -ŭm are drachmŭm, amphorū̆m.
440. In the dative and ablative plural, -eis sometimes occurs (443): as, tueis ingrātieis, against your will (Plaut.). Nouns in -ia have rarely a single ī: as, pecūnīs, by moneys (Cic.); taenīs, with fillets (Verg.); nōnīs Iūnīs, on the fifth of June (Cic.). See 24.
441. In the dative and ablative plural, words in -āia, or plural -āiae, have -āīs, and those in -ēia have -ēīs (127, 7): as KAL. MAIS, on the calends of May (inscr.); Bāīs, at Bajae (Hor.); plēbēīs, plebeian.
442. The dative and ablative plural sometimes end in -ābus, particularly in deābus, goddesses, and fīliābus, daughters, to distinguish them from deīs, gods, and fīliīs, sons. ambae, both, and duae, two, regularly have ambābus and duābus.
443. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
G. -ai, which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation: PVLCHRAI; LAVERNAI; -āēs, after 80 B.C., chiefly in proper names, mostly Greek: HERAES; rarely in appellatives: DOMINAES; -ēs: MINERVES; -ā, VESTA; COIRA, i.e. Cūrae. D. -ai, in all periods (96): FILIAI; -ā: FORTVNA; -ē (96): FORTVNE. Ac. -a (61): TAVRASIA; MAGNA SAPIENTIA. Ab. -ād (426): PRAIDAD. Loc. -ai: ROMAI. Plural: N. -ai (96): TABELAI DATAI; -ā, rare: MATRONA; -ē, rare and provincial (96): MVSTE, i.e. mystae. D. and Ab. -eis, very often (98): SCRIBEIS; D. -ās, once: DEVAS CORNISCAS, i.e. dīvīs Cornīscīs. Ab. -ēs once (98): NVGES, i.e. nūgīs.
GREEK NOUNS.
444. Greek appellatives always take a Latin form in the dative singular and in the plural, and usually throughout: thus, poēta, M., poet, and aula, F., court, are declined like mēnsa. Masculines have sometimes a nominative -ēs and accusative -ēn: as, anagnōstēs, reader, anagnōstēn; rarely an ablative -ē: as, sophistē, sophist. Greek feminines in -ē sometimes have Greek forms in late writers: as, N. grammaticē, philology, G. grammaticēs, Ac. grammaticēn, Ab. grammaticē (Quintil.).
445. Greek proper names sometimes have the following forms. Nominative masculine -ās, -ēs: as, Prūsiās, Atrīdēs; feminine -ā: as, Gelā, Phaedrā; -ē: as, Circē. Genitive feminine -ēs: as, Circēs. Accusative masculine -ān, -dēn: as, Aenēān, Pēlīdēn; feminine -ēn: as, Circēn. Ablative feminine -ē: as, Tīsiphonē. Vocative -ā or -a: as, Atrīdā, Atrīda, Thyesta; -tē: as, Boōtē; -dē: as, Aeacidē.
Stems In -o- .
The Second Declension.
Genitive singular -ī, genitive plural -ō-rum.
446. Stems in -o- include substantives and adjectives, masculine or neuter.
447. Most names of plants in -us are feminine (407); also the following: alvos or alvus, belly, colus, distaff, domus, house, humus, ground, vannus, fan.
448. The nominative of masculines ends, including the stem vowel, in -o-s, or usually -u-s; some end in -r; neuters end in -o-m, or usually -u-m.
449. (1.) Stems in -o- with the nominative in -us or -um are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | dominus, master, domino-, M. | rēgnum, kingdom, rēgno-, Ne. | Stem and case endings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | M. | Ne. | ||
| Nom. | dominus, a (or the) master | rēgnum | -us | -um |
| Gen. | dominī, a master’s | rēgnī | -ī | -ī |
| Dat. | dominō, to or for a master | rēgnō | -ō | -ō |
| Acc. | dominum, a master | rēgnum | -um | -um |
| Abl. | dominō, from, with, or by a master | rēgnō | -ō | -ō |
| Voc. | domine, master | -e | ||
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | dominī, (the) masters | rēgna | -ī | -a |
| Gen. | dominōrum, of masters | rēgnōrum | -ōrum | -ōrum |
| Dat. | dominīs, to or for masters | rēgnīs | -īs | -īs |
| Acc. | dominōs, masters | rēgna | -ōs | -a |
| Abl. | dominīs, from, with, or by masters | rēgnīs | -īs | -īs |
450. deus, god, is declined as follows: N. deus, G. deī, D. and Ab. deō, Ac. deum. Plural: N. deī, di͡i, commonly dī, G. deōrum or deŭm, D. and Ab. deīs, di͡is, commonly dīs, Ac. deōs.
451. (2.) Stems in -o- with the nominative in -r or in -āius, -ēius, or -ōius are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | puer, boy, puero-, M. | ager, field, agro-, M. | Pompēius, Pompey, Pompēio-, M. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| Nom. | puer, a (or the) boy | ager | Pompēius |
| Gen. | puerī, a boy’s, of a boy | agrī | Pompēī |
| Dat. | puerō, to or for a boy | agrō | Pompēiō |
| Acc. | puerum, a boy | agrum | Pompēium |
| Abl. | puerō, from, with, or by a boy | agrō | Pompēiō |
| Voc. | Pompēī, Pompe͡i | ||
| Plural | |||
| Nom. | puerī, (the) boys | agrī | Pompēī |
| Gen. | puerōrum, boys’, of boys | agrōrum | Pompēiōrum |
| Dat. | puerīs, to or for boys | agrīs | Pompēīs |
| Acc. | puerōs, boys | agrōs | Pompēiōs |
| Abl. | puerīs, from, with, or by boys | agrīs | Pompēīs |
SINGULAR CASES.
452. -us and -um were originally -os and -om. But -us was used in the earliest times, -um somewhat later, and both became prevalent between 218 and 55 B.C. (107, c). After u or v, however, the -os and -om were retained till toward 50 A.D. (107, c); also after qu; but -cus and -cum often displaced -quos and -quom (157): as, equos, equom, or ecus, ecum, horse; antīquos, antīquom, or antīcus, antīcum, ancient. In the vocative -e was always used, and is retained by Plautus in puere, thou boy.
453. Words in -rus with a long penult, as, sevērus, stern, and the following substantives with a short penult are declined like domimus (449):
erus, master
iūniperus, juniper
numerus, number
umerus, shoulder
uterus, womb
For adjective stems in -ro- with nominative -rus, see 615.
454. Masculine stems in -ro- preceded by a short vowel or a mute, except those above (453), drop -os in the nominative, and have no vocative: as, stem puero-, N. puer, boy (111, b). Most masculines in -ro- have a vowel before r only in the nominative -er (111, b): as agro-, N. ager. But in compounds ending in -fer and -ger, carrying, having, and the following, the vowel before -r is a part of the stem, and is found in all the cases:
adulter, Līber, paramour, Liber
gener, socer, son-in-law, father-in-law
puer, vir, boy, man
līberī, vesper, children, evening
For Mulciber, Hibēr, and Celtibē̆r, see the dictionary; for adjective stems in -ro- with nominative -r, see 616. Once socerus (Pl.).
455. nihilum, nothing, usually drops -um in the nominative and accusative, becoming nihil or nīl, and similarly nōn, not, may be for noenum, naught (99). famul is used for famulus, slave, by Ennius and Lucretius, once each (111, b).
456. Substantives ending in -ius or -ium (but never adjectives), have commonly a single -ī in the genitive singular: as,
Vergilius, G. Vergílī (87); fīlius, son, G. fīlī; cōnūbium, marriage, G. cōnūbī.
457. Vergil has once a genitive -iī, fluviī, river’s. Propertius has -iī two or three times; with Ovid, Seneca, and later writers, -iī is common: as, gladiī, of a sword; even in proper names, which were the last to take -iī: as, Tarquiniī; but family names almost always retain a single -ī. Locatives have -iī: as, Iconiī (Cic.).
458. Proper names ending in -āius, -ēius, or -ōius have -āī, -ēī, or -ōī in the genitive and vocative singular and nominative plural, and -āīs, -ēīs, or -ōīs in the dative and ablative plural (127, 7): as,
Gāius, G., V., and N. Pl. Gāī, D. and Ab. Pl. Gāīs; Pompēī, Pompēīs; Bōī, Bōīs. In verse -ēī of the vocative is sometimes made one syllable (120): as, Pompe͡i; Volte͡i (Hor.).
459. Latin proper names in -ius have the vocative in -ī only: as,
Vergilius, V. Vergílī; Mercurius, V. Mercúrī (87). So, also, fīlius, fīlī, son; genius, genī, good angel; volturius, volturī, vulture; meus, mī, my.
460. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in -ī: as, Ephesī, in Ephesus; humī, on the ground; bellī, in war.
PLURAL CASES.
461. In the nominative plural masculine, -ei sometimes occurs (465): as, nātei geminei, twins born (Plaut.); -eis or -īs is rare (465): as, Sardeis, Sardians; oculīs, eyes; not infrequently hīsce, these here (Plaut.); masculine stems in -io- have rarely a single -ī: as, fīlī, sons. For -āī, -ēī, or -ōī, see 458. The nominative and accusative plural of neuters ended anciently in -ā (130, 2). But -ā was shortened at an early period.
462. In the common genitive plural -ōrum, the -o- of the stem is lengthened (123). A genitive plural in -ū̆m (or, after v, in -ŏ̄m) is common from dīvos, dīvus, and deus, god; from dēnārius, denar, modius, peck, nummus, money, sēstertius, sesterce, and talentum, talent, with numerals; and from cardinals and distributives (641): as, dīvŏ̄m, divū̆m, deū̆m; mīlle sēstertiŭm; ducentū̆m; bīnŭm. The u was originally long (132); but it was shortened before 100 A.D.
463. Other masculine substantives have occasionally this genitive: as, līberū̆m, of children; particularly in set phrases and in verse: as, centuria fabrū̆m, century of mechanics; Graiū̆m, of Greeks. With neuter substantives, as oppidū̆m, for oppidōrum, of towns, and with adjectives it is rare.
464. In the dative and ablative plural, -eis is rare (98): as, Epidamnieis (Plaut.). Stems in -io- have rarely a single ī: as, fīlīs, for sons. For -āīs, -ēīs, or -ōīs, see 458. ambō, both, and duo, two, have ambōbus and duōbus (640).
465. Other case forms are found in inscriptions as follows:
N. -os, -om, with o retained (107, c): FILIOS, TRIBVNOS; POCOLOM; in proper names -o (66): CORNELIO; -u, rare: LECTV; -is, or -i, for -ius (135, 2): CAECILIS; CLAVDI; neuter -o (61): POCOLO. G. oldest form -ī: VRBANI; -ei, from 146 B.C. to Augustus: POPVLEI; CONLEGEI; -iī from stems in -io- not before Tiberius: COLLEGII. Ac. -om (107, c): VOLCANOM; -o (61): OPTVMO VIRO; -u: GREMIV. Ab. -od, not after 186 B.C. (426): POPLICOD, PREIVATOD. Plural: N. -ei, always common (98): VIREI; FILEI; -ēs, -eis, -īs (461): ATILIES; COQVES; LEIBEREIS, i.e. līnerī; MAGISTREIS; MAGISTRIS; -ē, rare: PLOIRVME, i.e. plūrumī. G. -ōm or -ō (61) ROMANOM; ROMANO; -ōro (61): DVONORO. D. and Ab. -eis, the only form down to about 130 B.C. (98): ANTIQVEIS; PROXSVMEIS; -ēs, twice: CAVATVRINES.
GREEK NOUNS.
466. Greek stems in -o- are generally declined like Latin nouns, but in the singular sometimes have -os in the nominative, -on in the nominative or accusative neuter, rarely -ū in the genitive, or -ō in the feminine ablative. Plural, nominative sometimes -oe, masculine or feminine, and genitive, chiefly in book-titles, -ōn: as,
Nominative Īlios; Īlion or Īlium. Genitive Menandrū, of Menander. Ablative feminine adjective lectīcā octōphorō, in a sedan with eight bearers. Plural: nominative Adelphoe, the Brothers; canēphoroe, basket-bearers, feminine. Genitive Geōrgicōn liber, book of Husbandry. For Androgeōs, Athŏ̄s and Panthūs, see the dictionary.
Consonant Stems.
The Third Declension.
Genitive singular -is, genitive plural -um.
467. Consonant stems are mostly substantive, and include both gender words and neuters.
Comparatives and a few other words are adjective. For the gender of substantives, see 570.
468. The nominative of consonant stems ends in -s (or -x); or in -n (-ō), -l, -r, or -s of the stem, rarely in -c or -t.
469. Most consonant stems have one syllable less in the nominative than in the genitive.
Such words are called Imparisyllabic words or Imparisyllables: as, nominative rēx, king, one syllable; genitive rēgis, of a king, two syllables.
470. Many consonant stems have a double form: one form used in the nominative singular (neuters have this form in the accusative also), another form in the other cases: as,
iūdex, juror, stem of nominative iūdec- (136, 2), of other cases iūdic-; flāmen (103, a), special priest, flāmin- (103, a); virgō, maid, virgin- (105, g); auceps (107, d), fowler, aucup- (104, c); ebur (107, c), ivory, ebor-; genus, race, gener- (145; 107, c); trīstius (346), sadder, trīstiōr- (346); corpus (107, c), body, corpor- (105, i); pater (135, 2), father, patr-. In such instances the stem of the oblique cases is taken for brevity to represent both forms of the stem.
I. MUTE STEMS.
471. (1.) Stems in a guttural mute, -g- or -c-, are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | rēx, king, rēg-, M. | dux, leader, duc-, M. | iūdex, juror, iūdic-, M., F. | Case endings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||
| Nom. | rēx, a (or the) king | dux | iūdex | -s (-x) |
| Gen. | rēgis, a king’s, of a king | ducis | iūdicis | -is |
| Dat. | rēgī, to or for a king | ducī | iūdicī | -ī |
| Acc. | rēgem, a king | ducem | iūdicem | -em |
| Abl. | rēge, from, with, or by a king | duce | iūdice | -e |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | rēgēs, (the) kings | ducēs | iūdicēs | -ēs |
| Gen. | rēgum, kings’, of kings | ducum | iūdicum | -um |
| Dat. | rēgibus, to or for kings | ducibus | iūdicibus | -ibus |
| Acc. | rēgēs, kings | ducēs | iūdicēs | -ēs |
| Abl. | rēgibus, from, with, or by kings | ducibus | iūdicibus | -ibus |
In the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the singular, and -a in the plural. In the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems.
472. (a.) Examples of stems in -g-, with nominative -x, genitive -gis, are:
| -ex, -egis | grex, M., (F.), herd; aquilex, M., spring-hunter, hydraulic engineer. |
| -ēx, -ēgis | rēx, M., king; interrēx, regent; lēx, F., law; and N. and Ac. exlēx, exlēgem, beyond the law, adjective. |
| -ex, -igis | rēmex, M., oarsman. |
| -ī̆x, -ī̆gis | strī̆x, F., screech-owl. |
| -ūnx, -ūgis | coniūnx (122, e) or coniux, M., F., spouse. |
| -ūx, -ūgis | frūx, F., fruit. |
473. (b.) Examples of stems in -c-, with nominative -x, genitive -cis, are:
-ax, -acis fax, F., torch, no G. Pl. in good writers (430).
-āx, -ācis pāx, F., peace, Pl. only N. and Ac. pācēs; līmāx, F., snail.
-ex, -ecis faenisex, M., haycutter; nex, F., murder; precī, D., F., prayer, no N., usually plural.
-ēx, -ēcis vervēx, M., wether; allēx, F., fish-pickle, also allēc, Ne.
-ex, -icis Masculines mostly: apex, point; cārex, F., rush; caudex or cōdex, block, book; cīmex, bug; cortex, M., F., bark; culex, gnat; forfex, M., F., shears; frutex, shrub; īlex, F., holm-oak; illex, M., F., seducer; imbrex, tile; latex, fluid; mūrex, purple-shell; obice, Ab., M., F., bar, no N.; paelex, F., concubine, pollex, thumb; pūlex, flea; pūmex, pumice-slone; rāmex, blood-vessel; rumex, sorrel; silex, M., F., flint; sōrex, shrew-mouse; vortex or vertex, whirl; vītex, F., a shrub. Also some compounds: as, iūdex, juror; artifex, artisan; auspex, bird-viewer.
-ix, -icis Feminines mostly: appendix, addition; calix, M., cup; filix, fern; fulix, gull; fornix, M., arch; larix, larch; pix, pitch, no G. Pl. (430); salix, willow; vārix, swollen vein; vicis, G., change, no N., D., or G. Pl. (430).
-īx, -īcis Feminines: cervīx, neck; cicātrīx, scar; cornīx, crow; cŏ̄turnīx (62), quail; lōdīx, blanket; rādīx, root; struīx, heap. Also coxendīx, hip, later coxendix, coxendicis.
-ōx, -ōcis vōx, F., voice.
-ux, -ucis crux, F., cross; dux, M., F., leader; nux, F., nut-tree, nut; trādux, M., vinelayer.
474. (2.) Stems in a dental mute, -d- or -t-, are declined as follows:
| Examples | custōs, keeper, custōd-, M. | aetās, age, aetāt-, F. | virtūs, virtue, virtūt-, F. | mīles, soldier, mīlit-, M. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||
| Nom. | custōs | aetās | virtūs | mīles |
| Gen. | custōdis | aetātis | virtūtis | mīlitis |
| Dat. | custōdī | aetātī | virtūtī | mīlitī |
| Acc. | custōdem | aetātem | virtūtem | mīlitem |
| Abl. | custōde | aetāte | virtūte | mīlite |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | custōdēs | aetātēs | virtūtēs | mīlitēs |
| Gen. | custōdum | aetātum | virtūtum | mīlitum |
| Dat. | custōdibus | aetātibus | virtūtibus | mīlitibus |
| Acc. | custōdēs | aetātēs | virtūtēs | mīlitēs |
| Abl. | custōdibus | aetātibus | virtūtibus | mīlitibus |
475. (a.) Examples of stems in -d-, with nominative -s, genitive -dis, are:
| -as, -adis | vas, M., F., personal surety, no G. Pl. (430). |
| -aes, -aedis | praes, M., bondsman. |
| -es, -idis | obses, M., F., hostage; praeses, M., F., overseer. *dēses, slothful, adjective. |
| -ēs, -edis | pēs, M., foot. |
| -ēs, -ēdis | hērēs, M., F., heir; exhērēs, disinherited, adjective; mercēs, F., reward. |
| -is, -idis | Feminines: capis, cup; cassis, helmet; cuspis, spear-point; prōmulsis, appetizer; lapis, M., stone. |
| -ōs, -ōdis | custōs, M., F., guard. |
| -aus, -audis | laus, F., praise. |
| -us, -udis | pecus, F., beast, head of cattle. |
| -ūs, -ūdis | Feminines: incūs, anvil; palūs, swamp, nominative once in Horace palus, as from an -o- stem; subscūs, dovetail. |
476. sēdēs, F., seat, has an -s- stem, namely -ēs (236), in the nominative, and sēd- in the other cases (401); G. Pl. sēdum, once sēdium (Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in -d-, with nominative -r, genitive -dis, is cor (171, 2), heart, cordis, no G. Pl. (430).
477. (b.) Examples of stems in -t-, with nominative -s, genitive -tis, are:
| -as, -atis | anas, F., duck; G. Pl. also anitum (Cic.), and Ac. Pl. anitēs (Plaut.). |
| -ās, -ātis | aetās, F., age; also numerous other feminines in -tās (262). |
| -es, -etis | interpres, M., F., go-between; seges, F., crop; teges, F., mat. |
| -es, -itis | Masculines mostly: ames, net-pole; antistes, M., F., overseer; caespes, sod; comes, M., F., companion; eques, horseman; fōmes, tinder; gurges, whirlpool; hospes, M., F., guest-friend; līmes, path; merges, F., sheaf; mīles, M., F., soldier; palmes, vine-sprout; pedes, man afoot, infantry; poples, hough; stīpes, trunk; termes, bough; trāmes, by-path; dīves, rich; sōspes, safe; superstes, surviving; caelite, Ab., occupant of heaven, no N., adjectives. |
| -ēs, -etis | abiēs, F., fir; ariēs, M., ram; pariēs, M., wall. |
| -ēs, -ētis | Feminines: quiēs and requiēs, rest, no D., Ac. often requiem, Ab. usually requiē (603); inquiēs, unrest, N. only. |
| -os, -otis | compos, master of, adjective. |
| -ōs, -ōtis | nepōs, M., grandson, profligate; sacerdōs, M., priest; cōs, F., whetstone, no G. Pl. (130); dōs, F., dowry, no G. Pl. in good writers (430); dōtum once (Val. Max.), and dōtium in the jurists. |
| -ūs, -ūtis | Feminines: iuventūs, youth; salūs, existence; senectūs, old age; servitūs, slavery, all singular only; and virtūs, virtue, with a plural. |
478. vātēs, bard, has an -s- stem, namely -ēs (236), in the nominative, and vāt- in the other cases (401); G. Pl. vātum, but thrice vātium (Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in -t-, with nominative -t, genitive -tis, is caput, head, capitis, and its compounds occiput, back of the head and sinciput, jole. lac, Ne., milk, lactis, has in old and late Latin nominative and accusative lacte, lact once in Varro (171, 2); acc. lactem occurs in Petronius once and later.
479. (3.) Stems in a labial mute, -b- or -p-, are declined as follows:
mūniceps, burgess, stem mūnicip-, M., F.
Singular: N. mūniceps, G. mūnicipis, D. mūnicipī, Ac. mūnicipem, Ab. mūnicipe. Plural: N. mūnicipēs, G. mūnicipum, D. mūnicipibus, Ac. mūnicipēs, Ab. mūnicipibus.
480. Examples of stems in -b- or -p-, with nominative -s, genitive -bis or -pis, are:
| -ebs, -ibis | caelebs, unmarried, adjective, the only stem in -b-. |
| ——, -apis | dapis, G., F., feast, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430). |
| -eps, -ipis | adeps or adips, M., F., fat, no G. Pl; forceps, M., F., pincers; mūniceps, burgher. particeps, sharing, and prīnceps, first, adjectives. |
| -eps, -upis | auceps, fowler; manceps, contractor, mancupis or mancipis. |
| ——, -ipis | stipis, G., F., small change, no N. |
| -ops, -opis | Ops, F., old Opis (Plaut.), goddess of power; opis, G., F., help, no N., D. once only, Pl. opēs, means (418). |
II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.
481. (1.) Stems in -l- and -n- are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | cōnsul, consul, cōnsul-, M. | leō, lion, leōn-, M. | imāgō, likeness, imāgin-, F. | nōmen, name, nōmin-, Ne. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||
| Nom. | cōnsul | leō | imāgō | nōmen |
| Gen. | cōnsulis | leōnis | imāginis | nōminis |
| Dat. | cōnsulī | leōnī | imāginī | nōminī |
| Acc. | cōnsulem | leōnem | imāginem | nōmen |
| Abl. | cōnsule | leōne | imāgine | nōmine |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | cōnsulēs | leōnēs | imāginēs | nōmina |
| Gen. | cōnsulum | leōnum | imāginum | nōminum |
| Dat. | cōnsulibus | leōnibus | imāginibus | nōminibus |
| Acc. | cōnsulēs | leōnēs | imāginēs | nōmina |
| Abl. | cōnsulibus | leōnibus | imāginibus | nōminibus |
482. Examples of stems in -l-, with nominative -l, genitive -lis, are:
| -āl, -alis | sāl, M., salt, sometimes Ne. in the singular; no G. Pl. (430). |
| -el, -ellis | fel (171, 1), Ne., gall; mel, Ne., honey; plural only fella, mella. |
| -il, -ilis | mūgil, M., mullet; pūgil, M., boxer; vigil, M., watchman. |
| -ōl, -ōlis | sōl, M., sun, no G. Pl. (430). |
| -ul, -ulis | cōnsul, consul; praesul, head dancer; exsul, exile. |
483. (a.) Examples of stems in -n-, with nominative -en, genitive -inis, are:
flāmen, M., priest; pecten, M., comb; tībīcen, M., piper; tubicen, M., trumpeter; sanguen, Ne., blood. Many neuters in -men (224): as, certāmen, contest.
484. (b.) Examples of stems in -n-, with nominative -ō, genitive -ōnis, are:
Many masculine concretes: as, pugiō, dagger; words of the agent (211): as, praedō, robber; and family names: as, Cicerō. Feminine abstracts in -iō (227), and many in -tiō or -siō (228): as, opīniō, notion; cōgitātiō, thought.
485. (c.) Examples of stems in -n-, with nominative -ō, genitive -inis, are:
Masculines: Apollō; cardō, hinge; ōrdō, rank; turbō, whirlwind. homo, M., F., human being; nēmō, nobody; for G. and Ab., nūllī̆us and nūllō are generally used; margō, M., F., brink. Feminines: grandō, hail; harundō, reed; hirundō, swallow; hirūdō, leech; testūdō, tortoise; virgō, maiden. Many in -dō, -dinis (225), -gō, -ginis (226), and -tūdō, -tūdinis (264): as, cupīdō, also M., desire; imāgō, likeness; sōlitūdō, loneliness.
486. sanguī̆s, M., blood, stem sanguin-, takes -s in the nominative (171, 4). canis, M., F., dog, stem can-, and īuvenis, M., F., young person, stem iuven-, have the nominative formed like that of -i- stems. For senex, old man, see 500.
487. (2.) Stems in -r- and -s- are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | pater, father, patr-, M. | dolor, pain, dolōr-, M. | flōs, flower, flōr-, M. | genus, race, gener-, Ne. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||
| Nom. | pater | dolor | flōs | genus |
| Gen. | patris | dolōris | flōris | generis |
| Dat. | patrī | dolōrī | flōrī | generī |
| Acc. | patrem | dolōrem | flōrem | genus |
| Abl. | patre | dolōre | flōre | genere |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | patrēs | dolōrēs | flōrēs | genera |
| Gen. | patrum | dolōrum | flōrum | generum |
| Dat. | patribus | dolōribus | flōribus | generibus |
| Acc. | patrēs | dolōrēs | flōrēs | genera |
| Abl. | patribus | dolōribus | flōribus | generibus |
488. Many stems in -r- ended originally in -s-, which became -r- between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as, flōs, M., flower, G. *flōsis, flōris; honōs, M., honour, G. honōris, N. honor.
489. (a.) Examples of stems in -r-, with nominative -r, genitive -ris, are:
| -ar, -aris | baccar, Ne., a plant; iūbar, Ne., rarely M., bright sky, no Pl. |
| -ār, -aris | lār, M., household god; G. Pl. larum; two or three times larium. |
| -ār, -arris | fār (171, 1), Ne., spelt; Pl. only N. and Ac. farra. |
| -er, -eris | Masculines: acipēnser, sturgeon; agger, mound; ānser, rarely F., goose; asser, pole; carcer, jail; later, brick; mulier, F., woman; passer, sparrow; vōmer, ploughshare. Neuters: cadāver, corpse; tūber, swelling; ūber, breast; verberis, G., lash, no N., generally Pl.; acer, maple, and some other plant names: see 573. pauper, poor, adjective. |
| -ter, -tris | accipiter, M., hawk; frāter, M., brother; māter, F., mother; pater, M., father. |
| -ēr, -ēris | vēr, Ne.; no Pl. |
| -or, -oris | aequor, Ne., sea; marmor, Ne., marble; arbor, F., tree. |
| -or, -ōris | olor, M., swan; soror, F., sister; uxor, F., wife. Many masculines in -or for -ōs (237): as, odor, smell; and in -tor, -tōris (205): as, amātor, lover. Also gender comparatives of adjectives: as, trīstior (346), M., F., sadder. |
| -ur, -oris | Neuters: ebur, ivory; Pl. only ebora; rōbur, heart of oak; Pl. rōbora common, rōborum and rōboribus twice each. Also femur, thigh, femoris or feminis, and iecur, liver, iecoris, iecineris, or iocineris. |
| -ur, -uris | augur, M., F., augur; furfur, M., bran; turtur, M., F., turtle-dove; voltur or vultur, M., vulture. Neuters: fulgur, lightning; guttur, rarely M., throat; murmur, murmur; sulpur, sulphur. cicur, tame, adjective. |
| -ūr, -ūris | fūr, M., thief. |
490. volucris, F., bird, stem volucr-, has its nominative formed like that of -i- stems.
491. (b.) Examples of stems in -s-, or -r- for -s-, with nominative -s, genitive -ris, are:
| -aes, -aeris | aes, Ne., copper, bronze; in the Pl. only aera and aerum are usual. |
| -ēs, -eris | Cerēs. pūbēs, mangrown; impūbēs, immature, adjectives; for the last more commonly impūbis, like brevis (630). |
| -is, -eris | cinis, M., ashes; cucumis, M., cucumber, also with -i- stem; pulvis, M., dust; vōmis, M., ploughshare. |
| -ōs, -oris | arbōs, F., tree. |
| -ōs, -ōris | Masculines: flōs, flower; mōs, custom; rōs, dew, no G. Pl. (430); lepōs, grace; honōs or honor, honour, and some old Latin words for later -or: as, odōs or odor, smell (489). ōs, Ne., mouth, face, no G. Pl. (430). |
| -us, -eris | Neuters: acus, husk; foedus, treaty; fūnus, funeral; genus, race; glŏ̄mus (134), clew; holus, green stuff; latus, side; mūnus, gift; onus, burden; opus, work; pondus, weight; raudus or rūdus, piece of copper; scelus, crime; sīdus, constellation; ulcus, sore; vellus, fleece; vīscus, bowel, usually plural; volnus or vulnus, wound. Also Venus, F., and vetus, old, adjective. |
| -us, -oris | Neuters: corpus, body; decus, grace; dēdecus, disgrace; facinus, deed; faenus, interest; frīgus, cold; lītus, shore; nemus, grove; pectus, breast; pecus, flock; penus, store; pignus, pledge; stercus, dung; tempus, time; tergus, back. Also lepus, M., hare. |
| -us, -ōris | Neuter comparatives of adjectives: as, trīstius (346), sadder. |
| -ūs, -ūris | Neuters: crūs, leg; iūs, right, Pl. iūra, G. Pl. twice only (Plaut.; Cato), no D. or Ab. Pl.; iūs, broth, pūs, pus, rūs, country, tūs, frankincense, Pl. only N. and Ac. iūra, &c. tellūs, F., earth. |
492. vās, Ne., vessel, utensil, retains the s between two vowels: G. vāsis, D. vāsī, Ab. vāse, plural N. and Ac. vāsa; the G. vāsōrum, and D. and Ab. vāsis, are formed from an -o- stem, vāso- (401). mēnsis, M., month, mēnsis, has its nominative formed like that of -i- stems; G. Pl. mēnsum, sometimes mēnsuum or mēnsium. os (171, 1) Ne., bone, ossis, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430): ossium late.
493. The two neuters vīrus, gall, poison, and volgus or vulgus, the crowd, have -o- stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac. volgus, G. volgī, D. and Ab. volgō. A masculine accusative volgum is sometimes found. The Greek neuter pelagus, the deep, has also G. pelagī, D. and Ab. pelagō, Pl. N. and Ac. pelagē (508).
III. STEMS IN -u- OR -v-.
494. Four substantives with stems in -ū- or -v-, grūs, F., crane, gruis; sūs, M., F., sow, swine, suis; bōs, M., F., ox, cow, bovis; and nix, F., snow, nivis, follow the consonant declension; also the genitive Iovis, and the other oblique cases of Iuppiter (500). But sūs has in the plural dative and ablative suibus, sūbus, or subus; bōs has in the plural genitive boum or bovum, rarely bovom (107, c), and in the dative and ablative bōbus, or oftener būbus; nix has no genitive plural in good writers (430): nivium late, once nivum.
SINGULAR CASES.
495. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding -s to the stem (422): as,
rēg-, king, N. rēx (164, 1); duc-, leader, N. dux (135, 1); custōd-, guard, N. custōs (171, 5); aetāt-, age, N. aetās (171, 5); caelib-, unmarried, N. caelebs (54); mūnicip-, burgher, N. mūniceps. hiem-, winter, the only stem in -m-, N. hiemps (167) or hiems, also takes -s.
496. (2.) Stems in a continuous consonant, -l-, -n-, -r-, or -s-, and neuters have no nominative suffix (422, 423): as,
cōnsul-, consul, N. cōnsul; flāmin-, special priest, N. flāmen; agger-, mound, N. agger; iūr- for iūs-, right, N. iūs.
For cor, heart, see 476; lacte, lac, milk, 478; sanguī̆s, blood, 486; -s in neuter adjectives, 612.
497. (a.) Stems in -ōn- drop -n- in the nominative; stems in -in- for -on- drop -n-, and end in -ō: as,
leōn-, lion, N. leō; imāgin- for imāgon-, likeness, N. imāgō.
498. (b.) Stems of one syllable in -r- for -s- usually retain -s in the nominative: as, flōr- for flōs-, M., flower, N. flōs; iūr- for iūs-, Ne., right, N. iūs. Some of more than one syllable also retain -s: see 491; but in others -s is changed to -r, and in masculines a preceding ō is shortened: as, odōs, smell, odor. lepōs, grace, retains -ōs.
499. (c.) Four stems in -er- for -is- have the nominative singular in -is: cinis, ashes, cineris; cucumis, cucumber, cucumeris or cucumis; pulvī̆s, dust, pulveris; and vōmis, oftener vōmer, ploughshare, vōmeris.
500. The following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401):
iter, journey, itineris, stems iter-, itiner-; Iuppiter (389) Iovis; supellēx, furniture, supellēctilis (545); senex, old man, man of forty or more, senis, stems senec-, sen-. For sēdēs, seat, see 476; vātēs, bard, 478. canis, dog, N. also canēs (Plaut. Enn., Lucil.), iuvenis, young or middle-aged person (486), volucris, bird (490), and mēnsis, month (492), have their nominatives formed like those of -i- stems.
501. An old dative in -ē is sometimes retained in set phrases (507): as, aerē, money; iūrē, right. See 98.
502. Substantives have rarely an ablative in -ī or -ei like -i- stems: as, capitī (Catull.), head, for capite; dōtei (Plaut.), dowry, for dōte. Substantives used as adjectives have sometimes -ī: as artificī manū, with artist hand; but often -e: as, ālite lāpsū, with winged glide. For -ē in old Latin there is no certain evidence.
503. Adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in -ī: as, meliōrī, better, for meliōre. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with consonant stems (624) have always -e, except vetus, old, which has sometimes veterī.
504. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in -ī: as, Karthāginī, at Carthage; rūrī, a-field, in the country.
PLURAL CASES.
505. The nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely -īs, like stems in -i-: as sacerdōtīs, priests; meliōrīs, better. For -ā in neuters in old Latin, see 130, 2.
506. The genitive plural of stems in -tāt- (262) is sometimes -ium, like that of -ī- stems: as, cīvitātium, communities; voluptātium, pleasures (Cic.); but chiefly in or after the Augustan age. mēnsis, month, has mēnsum, but often mēnsuum, sometimes mēnsium. āles, bird, has sometimes ālituum in hexameter verse. For the dative and ablative -būs, see 2505.
507. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. MVNICIPES; -ō for -ōs (66): MAIO, i.e. maiōs or maior. G. -es, as early as 218 B.C.: SALVTES; -us, from 186 to 100 B.C.: NOMINVS; -u (66): CAESARV. D. -ei: VIRTVTEI, soon after 290 B.C.; HEREDEI, 45 B.C.; -ē, disappeared sooner than -ei except in set phrases (501), but is equally old: IVNONE; IOVRE. Ac. -e (61): APICE. Ab. -īd (426): CONVENTIONID, i.e. cōntiōne; -ei: VIRTVTEI; -ī: HEREDI. Plural: N. -īs: IOVDICIS. G. -om: POVMILIONOM; -ium: MVNICIPIVM. D. -ebus: TEMPESTATEBVS. Ac. -īs: MVNICIPIS.
GREEK NOUNS.
508. Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain Greek case endings: as, lampas, torch, G. lampados, Ac. lampada. Plural: N. lampades, Ac. lampadas. āēr, air, has usually the accusative āera, and aethēr, upper air, always has aethera. In the plural nominative and accusative, cētus, swimming monster, melos, strain of music, and pelagus (493), the deep, have -ē: as, cētē. Genitive -ōn, rare: as, epigrammatōn, epigrams. Dative and ablative -matīs from words in -ma, -matis: as, poēmatīs, poems (401).
509. Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on, Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry; they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest forms are:
Genitive -os: as, Pān, Pānos; -ūs, with nominative -ō: as, Mantō, Mantūs. Dative -i, rare: as, Mīnōidi. Accusative -a, common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with those of places, and even in prose: as, Acheronta; always Pāna; -ō, with feminines in -ō, -ūs: as, Dīdō. Vocative: Pallās, Pallā; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative. Plural: Nominative -es: as, Arcades. Dative -sin, rare: as, Lēmniasin. Accusative -as, very common: as, Lelegas; in prose, Macedonas; also in words not Greek: as, Allobrogas (Caes.).
510. Names in -eus, like Orpheus, are usually declined like -o- stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G. Orpheos, D. Orphei or Orphī, Ac. Orphea. Accusative rarely -ēa: as, Ī̆lonēa.
511. Some names in -ēs have the genitive in -is or -ī and the accusative in -em or -ēn (401): as, Sōcratēs, G. Sōcratis or Sōcratī, Ac. usually Sōcratem, also Sōcratēn. Achillēs and Ulixēs have in the genitive -eī, -e͡i, or -ī. Names in -clēs have rarely the accusative -clea: as, Periclea.
512. Some names in -is have forms either from a stem in -id-, or from one in -i-: as, Paris, G. Paridis, D. Paridī, Ac. Paridem, Parim or Parin, V. Pari.
Stems In -i- And Mixed Stems.
The Third Declension.
Genitive singular -is, genitive plural -i-um.
513. Stems in -i- include both substantives and adjectives, gender words and neuters.
For the gender of substantives, see 570.
514. The nominative of gender stems in -i- ends usually in -s (or -x), sometimes in -l or -r; that of neuter substantives has no suffix, and ends usually in -e, sometimes in -l or -r.
515. Most stems in -i- have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive.
Such words are called Parisyllabic words, or Parisyllables: as, nominative cīvis, citizen, two syllables; genitive cīvis, of a citizen, also two syllables.
516. Stems in -i- are declined in the main like consonant stems, but have -im in the accusative of some substantives, and -ī in the ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in the plural they have -ium in the genitive, -īs often in the accusative of gender words, and -ia in the nominative and accusative neuter.
I. PARISYLLABLES.
517. (1.) Parisyllabic gender stems in -i- with the nominative in -is are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | tussis, cough, tussi-, F. | turris, tower, turri-, F. | amnis, river, amni-, M. | hostis, enemy, hosti-, M., F. | Stem and case endings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||||
| Nom. | tussis | turris | amnis | hostis | -is |
| Gen. | tussis | turris | amnis | hostis | -is |
| Dat. | tussī | turrī | amnī | hostī | -ī |
| Acc. | tussim | turrim, -em | amnem | hostem | -im, -em |
| Abl. | tussī | turrī, -e | amne, -ī | hoste | -ī, -e |
| Plural | |||||
| Nom. | tussēs | turrēs | amnēs | hostēs | -ēs |
| Gen. | turrium | amnium | hostium | -ium | |
| Dat. | turribus | amnibus | hostibus | -ibus | |
| Acc. | tussīs, -ēs | turrīs, -ēs | amnīs, -ēs | hostīs, -ēs | -īs, -ēs |
| Abl. | turribus | amnibus | hostibus | -ibus |
518. (a.) Like the singular of tussis are declined parisyllabic names of rivers and places, like Tiberis, Hispalis. Also cucumis, M., cucumber (but see 491), and the defectives sitis, F., thirst, Ac. sitim, Ab. sitī, no plural; and vīs, F., power, Ac. vim, Ab. vī. Plural (401): N. vīrēs, G. vīrium, D. and Ab. vīribus, Ac. vīrīs or vīrēs. (The D. vī is only found twice; a N. and Ac. Pl. vīs is very rare.)
519. (b.) The following feminines are declined like turris, with -im or -em in the accusative, and -ī or -e in the ablative:
clāvis, key
febris, fever
nāvis, vessel
puppis, stern
sēmentis, planting
strigilis, skin-scraper
So also in the oblique cases, Liger, the Liger. Arar, the Arar, has in the accusative -im, in the ablative -e or -ī.
520. secūris, axe, messis, crop, and restis, rope, also have -im or -em in the accusative, but only secūrī, messe, and reste in the ablative. canālis, conduit, has only -em in the accusative, and only -ī in the ablative.
521. (c.) The following are declined like amnis, with -em in the accusative, and -ī or -e in the ablative:
avis, bird
bīlis, bile
cīvis, citizen
classis, fleet
fūstis, club
ignis, fire
522. (d.) Most parisyllabic stems in -i-, with the nominative in -is, are declined like hostis: as,
ēnsis, M., glaive; piscis, M., fish; aedis, F., temple, Pl. house (418); vītis, F., vine; and a great many others. Also gender forms of adjectives in -i- ‘of two endings’ (630), except the ablative singular, which ends in -ī.
523. (2.) Parisyllables in -i- with the nominative in -ēs have their other cases like those of hostis: such are:
caedēs, bloodshed; cautēs, rock; clādēs, disaster; indolēs, native disposition, no Pl.; lābēs, fall; mōlēs, pile; nūbēs, cloud; prōlēs, offspring, no Pl.; pūbēs, young population, no Pl.; rūpēs, crag; saepēs, hedge; strāgēs, slaughter; subolēs, offspring; tābēs, wasting, no Pl., feminines; and some others. Masculine: verrēs, boar; volpēs or vulpēs, fox.
524. famēs, hunger, has G. twice famī (Cato, Lucil.), Ab. always famē (603), no Pl.; plēbēs, commons, N. also plēbs or plēps, has G. plēbe͡i (603), plēbī or plēbis, no Pl.
525. (3.) A few stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, are declined as follows:
imber, shower, stem imbri-, M.
Singular: N. imber, G. imbris, D. imbrī, Ac. imbrem, Ab. imbrī, oftener imbre. Plural: N. imbrēs, G. imbrium, D. imbribus, Ac. imbrīs or imbrēs, Ab. imbribus. So also lunter or linter, F. (M.), tub, boat, ūter, M., leather bag, and venter, M., belly, but with only -e in the Ab.; and the masculine of adjectives in -bri-, -cri-, -tri-, N. -er (628); these last have in the Ab. always -ī.
526. (4.) Parisyllabic neuters in -i- with the nominative in -e are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | sedīle, seat, sedīli-, Ne. | mare, sea, mari-, Ne. | Stem and case endings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | S. | Pl. | |
| Nom. | sedīle | sedīlia | mare | maria | -e | -ia |
| Gen. | sedīlis | sedīlium | maris | -is | -ium | |
| Dat. | sedīlī | sedīlibus | marī | -ī | -ibus | |
| Acc. | sedīle | sedīlia | mare | maria | -e | -ia |
| Abl. | sedīlī | sedīlibus | marī | -ī | -ibus | |
527. mare has rarely the ablative mare in verse: in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual; but a genitive marum is once quoted (Naev.), and the ablative maribus is once used by Caesar.
528. Examples of parisyllabic neuters in -i-, with the nominative in -e, genitive -is, are:
ancīle, sacred shield; aplustre, ancient; conclāve, suite of rooms; īnsīgne, ensign; praesaepe, stall; rēte, net, Ab. rēte. Also the neuter of adjectives in -i- ‘of two endings’ (630), and some words in -īle, -āle, -āre, originally adjectives (313, 314): as, būbīle, ox-stall; fōcāle, neckcloth; cocleāre, spoon.
II. IMPARISYLLABLES.
529. Sometimes a plural stem in -i- is combined, in the singular, with a stem in a mute, in -l, or -r, or rarely in -s. These mixed stems thus become imparisyllables. Gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular, except the ablative of adjectives, which has usually -ī.
530. Imparisyllabic stems in -i- are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | arx, citadel, arci-, F. | pars, part, parti-, F. | urbs, city, urbi-, F. | animal, animal animāli-, Ne. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||
| Nom. | arx | pars | urbs | animal |
| Gen. | arcis | partis | urbis | animālis |
| Dat. | arcī | partī | urbī | animālī |
| Acc. | arcem | partem | urbem | animal |
| Abl. | arce | parte | urbe | animālī |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | arcēs | partēs | urbēs | animālia |
| Gen. | arcium | partium | urbium | animālium |
| Dat. | arcibus | partibus | urbibus | animālibus |
| Acc. | arcīs, -ēs | partīs, -ēs | urbīs, -ēs | animālia |
| Abl. | arcibus | partibus | urbibus | animālibus |
531. Examples of stems in -ci-, with nominative -x, genitive -cis, are:
| -āx, -ācis | fornāx, F., furnace. Many adjectives (284): as, audāx, daring. |
| -aex, -aecis | faex, F., dregs, no G. Pl. (430). |
| -ex, -icis | supplex, suppliant, Ab. -ī, sometimes -e, G. Pl. supplicum. Adjectives: duplex, twofold; multiplex, manifold; quadruplex, fourfold; septemplex, sevenfold; simplex, simple; triplex, threefold. The foregoing have Ab. -ī: as, duplicī; duplice once (Hor.), septemplice twice (Ov.; Stat.); G. Pl. -ium, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia. |
| -īx, -īcis | fēlīx, happy; pernīx, nimble, adjectives. Also many feminines of the agent in -trīx (205): as, victrīx, victorious; these sometimes have a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.: as, victrīcia; in the G. Pl. they have -ium, or, as substantives, -um: as, nūtrīcum, nurses. |
| -lx, -lcis | calx, F. (M.), heel; calx, M., F., limestone, no G. Pl. (430); falx, F., sickle. |
| -nx, -ncis | lanx, F., platter, no G. Pl. (430); deūnx, M., eleven twelfths; quīncunx, M., five twelfths. |
| -ox, -ocis | praecox, over-ripe, older stem praecoqui-: as, G. praecoquis; rarely with -o- stem (401): as, praecoquam. |
| -ōx, -ōcis | celōx, F., clipper. atrōx, savage; ferōx, wild; vēlōx, swift, adjectives. |
| -rx, -rcis | arx, F., citadel, G. Pl. rare and late; merx, F., ware, N. in old Latin sometimes mercēs or mers. |
| -ux, -ucis | Adjectives: trux, savage, Ab. -ī or -e, G. Pl. -ium; redux, returning, Ab. -ī or -e (558); no G. Pl. and no Ne. N. or Ac. (430). |
| -aux, —— | fauce, F., Ab., throat, N. faux once only and late, generally Pl. |
| -ūx, -ūcis | lūx, F. (581), light, Ab. sometimes -ī, no G. Pl. (430). |
532. (a.) Examples of stems in -di-, with nominative -s, genitive -dis, are:
| -ēs, -edis | Compounds of pēs, foot: compede, F., Ab., fetter, no N., G. Pl. compedium; adjectives: as, ālipēs, wing-footed, bipēs, two-legged, quadrupēs, four-footed, &c., Ab. -ī, Pl. G. -um only (563), Ne. N. and Ac. -ia, rare and late. |
| -ns, -ndis | Feminines: frōns, foliage; glāns, acorn; iūglāns, walnut. |
| -rs, -rdis | concors, like-minded, adjective, and other compounds of cor, Ab. -ī (559) Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia, G. Pl. not usual: discordium, at variance, and vēcordium, frantic, once each. |
| -aus, -audis | fraus, F., deceit, G. Pl. fraudium, later fraudum. |
533. (b.) Examples of stems in -ti-, with nominative -s (-x), genitive -tis, are:
| -ās, -ātis | Arpīnās, of Arpinum, and adjectives from other town names; optimātēs, good men and true, G. Pl. -ium, less often -um; penātēs, gods of the household store. |
| -es, -etis | Adjectives: hebes, dull; teres, cylindrical, Ab. -ī (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. hebetia, teretia, late and rare; perpes, lasting through, Ab. perpetī, late only; praepes, swift-winged, Ab. -ī or -e, G. Pl. -um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. |
| -ēs, -ētis | locuplēs, rich, adjective, Ab. usually -e of a person, -ī often of a thing, G. Pl. locuplētium, sometimes locuplētum, Ne. Pl. locuplētia once. |
| -īs, -ītis | līs, contention; dīs, rich, adjective, Ab. always -ī (559), Pl. G. -ium, once -um (Sen.), Ne. N. and Ac. -ia. Quirīs, Samnīs. |
| -ls, -ltis | puls, pottage, no G. Pl. (430). |
| -ns, -ntis | Masculines: dēns, tooth: fōns, fountain; pōns, bridge; mōns, mountain, N. once montis (Enn.); factors of twelve: sextāns, one sixth; quadrāns, triēns, dōdrāns, dēxtāns. Feminines: frōns, forehead; gēns, clan; mēns, mind. Present participles: as, regēns, guiding. Many adjectives: as, ingēns, gigantic, Ab. -ī (559); Vēiēns, of Vei; compounds of mēns: as, āmēns, out of one’s head; of dēns: as, tridēns, Ab. -ī, as substantive usually -e. |
| -eps, -ipitis | Adjective compounds of caput, head: anceps (543), two-headed, once older ancipēs (Plaut.); biceps, two-headed; triceps, three-headed; praeceps, head-first, old praecipēs (Plaut.; Enn.), Ab. -ī (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia. |
| -rs, -rtis | Feminines: ars, art; cohors, cohort; fors, chance; mors, death; pars, part; sors, lot, N. twice sortis (Plaut.; Ter.). Adjectives: cōnsors, sharing, exsors, not sharing, no G. Pl.; expers, without part; iners, unskilled, sollers, all-skilled, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia. |
| -x, -ctis | nox, F., night; Ab. also noctū (401); an old adverb form is nox, nights. |
534. (a.) Stems in -bi-, with nominative -bs (149), genitive -bis, are:
trabs, F., beam, older N. trabēs (Enn.); plēbs, F., commons, N. sometimes plēps, for the older plēbēs (603), no Pl.; urbs, F., city.
535. (b.) Stems in -pi-, with nominative -ps, genitive -pis, are:
inops, poor, adjective, Ab. -ī (559), G. Pl. -um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); stirps, F. (M.), trunk.
536. Examples of stems in -li-, with nominative -l, genitive -lis, are:
| -al, -ālis | Neuters, originally adjective (546): animal, animal; bacchānal, shrine or feast of Bacchus; cervīcal, bolster; puteal, well-curb; toral, valance; tribūnal, tribunal; vectīgal, indirect tax. Only N. or Ac.: cubital, elbow-cushion; minūtal, minced-fish; capital, capitālia, death, capital crime. |
| -il, -ilis | vigil, wide-awake, adjective, Ab. -ī, as substantive -e (561), G. Pl. vigilum (563), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430). |
537. (a.) Examples of stems in -ri-, with nominative -r, genitive -ris, are:
| -ar, -āris | Neuters, originally adjective (546): calcar, spur; columbar, dove-cote; exemplar, pattern; lacūnar, panel-ceiling; pulvīnar, couch; subligar, tights; torcular, wine-press. |
| -ār, -aris | Adjectives: pār, equal; dispār, impār, unequal, for Ab., see 561; G. Pl. -ium, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia; compār, co-mate, as substantive has G. Pl. -um. |
| -er, -eris | Adjectives: dēgener, degenerate, Ab. -ī (559), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); ūber, fruitful, Ab. -ī, late -e, Ne. Pl. ūbera once only (Acc.). |
| -or, -oris | Adjectives: memor, remembering; immemor, forgetful, Ab. -ī (559), G. Pl. memorum (636) once only (Verg.), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430). |
| -or, -ōris | Adjective compounds of color: as, concolor, of like shade, discolor, of different shade, both with Ab. -ī only; versicolor, pied, Ab. -ī, rarely -e, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia; the G. Pl. of these words is not usual, but versicōlorum once. |
538. (b.) Stems in -ri-, with nominative -s of the stem, genitive -ris, are glīs, F., dormouse, glīris; mās, M., male, maris; mūs, F., mouse, mūris.
539. The only imparisyllabic stem in -si- is ās (171, 1), M., unit, an as, G. assis, with its compounds bēs, two thirds, G. bessis, and sēmis, half an as, half, G. sēmissis.
SINGULAR CASES.
540. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in -i- is usually formed by adding -s to the stem (422). But many gender substantives have the nominative in -ēs (236, 401): as,
amni-, river, N. amnis; aedi-, temple, N. aedis; brevi-, short, N. brevis. With N. -ēs: nūbi-, cloud, N. nūbēs; for other examples, see 523.
541. Some substantives form the nominative in both these ways: as, vallēs and vallis, valley, equally common; aedis, temple, later aedēs; for caedēs, slaughter, clādēs, disaster, and mōlēs, pile, caedis, &c., occur exceptionally.
542. A few stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, drop -i- in the nominative. The endings brs, crs, trs, then change to -ber, -cer, -ter (111, b): as, imbrī-, shower, N. imber (525).
543. Of gender imparisyllables, some have lost -i- of the stem before -s in the nominative; others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative (529-535).
Thus, monti-, mountain, and sorti-, lot, have N. mōns and sors for an older montis and sortis; but dēns, tooth, and regēns, ruling, have as original stems dent- and regent-. Adjectives in -cipiti- have N. -ceps (533).
544. A few adjective stems in -li- or -ri- drop -i- in the nominative without taking -s (536, 537): as, vigili-, wide-awake, N. vigil; pari-, equal, N. pār; so also Arar and Liger. Three substantives in -ri- for -si- likewise drop -i-, and end in the original -s (538): glīri- for glīsi-, dormouse, N. glīs; mās, male; mūs, mouse.
545. For carō, F., flesh, carnis (Ab. -ī, usually -e, no G. Pl.) see 135, 2. supellēx, F., furniture, supellēctilis (Ab. -ī or -e, no Pl.), has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401).
546. (2) Neuter stems in -i- have no nominative suffix, and end in -e for -i- of the stem (107, b): as,
mari-, sea, N. mare; brevi-, short, N. breve. In some words, originally neuter adjectives in -āle and -āre, the -e is dropped and the ā shortened: as, animāle, living thing, animal (536); exemplāre (Lucr.), pattern, exemplar (537). Some neuter adjectives end in -l or -r (536, 537); and some ‘of one ending’ end in -s (612).
547. The accusative singular of gender substantives usually has -em, like consonant stems (424); but a few substantives with the nominative in -is have -im only, and some have either -im or -em.
548. (a.) Accusatives in -im
| Are sitim, tussim, vim, | thirst, cough, strength |
| And būrim, cucumim. | ploughtail, cucumber |
549. The accusative in -im is found in many adverbs (700): as, partim, in part; in some adverbial expressions: as, adamussim, examussim, to a T, adfatim, to satiety, ad ravim, to hoarseness; in some names of rivers and cities: as, Tiberim, Hispalim; and in some Greek words (565).
550. (b.) Six have the accusative commonly in -im, sometimes in -em:
febrim, -em, fever
pelvim, -em, basin
puppim, -em, stern
restim, -em, rope
secūrim, -em, axe
turrim, -em, tower
551. Six have the accusative commonly in -em, sometimes in -im:
bipennem, -im, two-edged axe
clāvem, -im, key
messem, -im, crop
nāvem, -im, ship
sēmentem, -im, planting
strigilem, -im, skin-scraper
552. In the ablative, gender substantives have usually -e, and neuters and adjectives have -ī: as,
hoste, enemy; marī, sea; ācrī, sharp, brevī, short, audācī, daring.
553. (1.) Of gender substantives with the nominative in -is, a few have only -ī in the ablative, and many have either -ī or -e.
554. (a.) These ablatives have only -ī:
| secūrī, sitī, tussī, vī, | axe, thirst, cough, strength |
| canālī, cucumī, | conduit, cucumber |
Some names of rivers and cities have only -ī: as, Tiberī, Hispalī. The locative also ends in -ī: as, Neāpolī, at Neapolis.
555. (b.) These ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in -is have -ī or -e:
amne, -ī, river
ave, -ī, bird
bīle, -ī, bile
cīvī, -e, citizen
classe, -ī, fleet
clāvī, -e, key
febrī, -e, fever
fūstī, -e, club
ignī, -e, fire
nāvī, -e, ship
orbī, -e, circle
puppī, -e, stern
sēmentī, -e, planting
strigilī, -e, skin-scraper
turrī, -e, tower
556. A few other words in -is have occasionally an ablative in -ī: as, anguis, snake, collis, hill, fīnis, end, postis, post, unguis, nail, &c. sors, lot, imber, shower, and lūx, light, have also -e or -ī; supellēx, furniture, has supellēctilī or -e; Arar has -e or -ī; Liger, -ī or -e.
557. Neuter names of towns with the nominative in -e have -e in the ablative: as, Praeneste. rēte, net, has only rēte; mare, sea, has rarely mare (527).
558. (2.) Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in -i- (630) often have -e in the ablative when they are used as substantives, and sometimes in verse, when a short vowel is needed: as,
adfīnī, -e, connection by marriage; aedīle, -ī, aedile; familiārī, -e, friend. But some, even as substantives, have -ī: as, aequālī, of the same age, cōnsulārī, ex-consul, gentīlī, tribesman. Adjectives of place in -ēnsis (330) usually have -ī, but sometimes -e: as, Tarquiniēnse. Proper names have usually -e: as, Iuvenāle.
559. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with stems in -i- (632), have commonly -ī in the ablative. The following ablatives have only -ī:
āmentī, frenzied, ancipitī, two-headed, praecipitī, head-first, concolōrī, of like hue, concordī, harmonious, discordī, at variance, sōcordī, imperceptive, dēgenerī, degenerate, dītī, rich, teretī, rounded, ingentī, huge, inopī, without means, memorī, remembering, immemorī, forgetful.
560. Present participles, when used as adjectives, have -ī in the ablative, otherwise -e: as,
ā sapientī virō, by a wise man; adulēscente, youth, substantive; Rōmulō rēgnante, in the reign of Romulus, ablative absolute (1362).
561. Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have -e in the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,
cōnsortī, sharing, parī, equal, vigilī, wide-awake, fēlīcī, happy, as adjectives; but cōnsorte, &c., as substantives; in prose, imparī, disparī, unequal; in verse, impare, dispare. Proper names have -e: as, Fēlīce.
PLURAL CASES.
562. In the plural, gender nominatives have -ēs, rarely -īs or -eīs, and gender accusatives have -īs or -ēs indifferently, sometimes -eis; after about 50 A.D., -ēs was the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add -a to the stem, making -ia; for -iā́ in old Latin, cf. 2505.
563. In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in -nt(i)-, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ (631) have occasionally -um: as,
amantum, lovers; rudentum, rigging; agrestum, country folk; caelestum, heaven’s tenantry. apis, bee, has commonly -um; caedēs, slaughter, and fraus, deceit, have rarely -um. For -um in some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see 636; for -bū́s in the dative and ablative in old Latin, see 2505.
564. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. without -is: VECTIGAL, i.e. vectīgālis, adjective; -e for -is (66, 41): MILITARE, i.e. mīlitāris, adjective; -ēs (540): AIDILES, i.e. aedīlis; CIVES, i.e. cīvis. G. -us, from 186 to 100 B.C.: PARTVS, i.e. partis. D. -ei: VRBEI. Ac. -i (61): PARTI, i.e. partem; -e: AIDE, i.e. aedem. Ab. -ei: FONTEI; -e: SERVILE, i.e. servīlī. Plural: N. -ēs: FINES; -eis: FINEIS; -īs: FINIS.
GREEK NOUNS.
565. Greek stems in -i- are usually declined like Latin ones, with the accusative in -im, and ablative in -ī. But the accusative sometimes has -n: as, poēsin, poetry, Charybdin; similarly Capyn; and a vocative occurs: as, Charybdi. The plural genitive Metamorphōseōn, and as ablative Metamorphōsesin, occur as titles of books.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS IN -i-.
566. Parisyllables with nominatives in -is, -ēs, or -e, and a few in -er; and imparisyllables with nominatives in -al, and in -ar for -āre, have stems in -i-.
But canis, iuvenis (486), volucris (490), mēnsis (492), sēdēs (476), and vātēs (478), have consonant stems.
567. Under -i- stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes, which have usually a consonant form in the singular, and an -i- form in the plural:
568. (a.) Imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in -is, except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems (624), and imparisyllables with a nominative in -s or -x preceded by any consonant except p. But cōniūnx (472) and caelebs (480) have consonant stems.
569. (b.) The following monosyllables: ās, unit, an as, faex, dregs, fraus, deceit, glīs, dormouse, līs, strife, lūx, light, mās, male, mūs, mouse, nox, night, stirps, trunk, vīs, strength. Also fauce, throat, and compede, fetter, both Ab., no N., and fornāx, furnace.
GENDER OF CONSONANT STEMS AND -i- STEMS.
570. The gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning (404-412); that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood; Greek substantives follow the Greek gender. The gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows.
MASCULINE.
571. Imparisyllables in -es or -ēs and substantives in -er, -ō, -or, and -ōs are masculine: as,
caespes, sod; pēs, foot; agger, mound; sermō, speech; pallor, paleness; flōs, flower.
572. These imparisyllables in -es or -ēs are feminine: merges, sheaf, seges, crop, teges, mat; requiēs and quiēs, rest; compedēs, plural, fetters; mercēs, reward. aes, copper, bronze, is neuter.
573. These substantives in -er are neuter: cadāver, corpse, iter, way, tūber, swelling, truffle, ūber, udder, verberis, lash, genitive, no nominative; also names of plants in -er: as, acer, maple, cicer, chickpea, papāver, poppy, piper, pepper, siler, osier, siser, skirret, sūber, corktree. linter, tub, boat, is feminine, once masculine. vēr, spring, is neuter.
574. Substantives in -ō, with genitive -inis (485), are feminine; as, imāgō, imāginis, likeness; also carō, carnis, flesh, and words of action in -iō and -tiō (227, 228). But cardō, hinge, ōrdō, rank, and turbō, whirlwind, are masculine. margō, brink, and cupīdō, desire, are sometimes masculine.
575. These substantives in -or are neuter: ador, spelt, aequor, sea, marmor, marble, cor, heart. arbor, tree, is feminine.
576. These substantives in -ōs are feminine: cōs, whetstone, arbōs, tree, dōs, dowry. ōs, ōris, mouth, face, is neuter, also os, ossis, bone.
FEMININE.
577. Parisyllables in -ēs, and substantives in -ās, -aus, -is, -s preceded by a consonant, and -x, are feminine: as,
nūbēs, cloud; aetās, age; laus, praise; nāvis, ship; urbs, city; pāx, peace.
578. ās, assis, penny, is masculine. vās, vessel, utensil, and the defectives fās, right, and nefās, wrong, are neuter.
579. Substantives in -nis are masculine; also twenty-nine others in -is, as follows:
| axis, callis, caulis, anguis, | axle, path, cabbage, snake |
| fascis, fūstis, lapis, sanguī̆s, | bundle, club, stone, blood |
| piscis, postis, pulvī̆s, ēnsis, | fish, post, dust, glaive |
| torquis, torris, unguis, mēnsis, | twisted collar, firebrand, nail, month |
| vectis, vermis, vōmis, collis, | lever, worm, ploughshare, hill |
| glīs, canālis, also follis, | dormouse, conduit, ball |
| cassēs, sentēs, veprēs, orbis, | nets, brambles, thorns, plurals, circle |
| cucumis, and sometimes corbis. | cucumber, basket |
būrim, ploughtail, accusative only, is also masculine. A few of the above are sometimes feminine: as, amnis, anguis, callis, canālis, cinis, fīnis, fūnis, torquis, veprēs, &c.
580. Four in -s preceded by a consonant are masculine: dēns, tooth, fōns, fountain, pōns, bridge, mōns, mountain; also factors of twelve: sextāns, one sixth, quadrāns, triēns, dōdrāns, dēxtāns; rudēns, rope, once. adeps, fat, and forceps, pincers, are masculine or feminine. stirps, stock, is sometimes masculine.
581. calix, cup, fornix, arch, and trādux, vinelayer, are masculine; also substantives in -ūnx and -ex; except nex, murder, and precī, prayer, dative, no nominative, which are feminine; also rarely grex, herd. cortex, bark, forfex, scissors, silex, flint, and obice, barrier, ablative, no nominative, are either masculine or feminine. calx, heel, and calx, lime, are sometimes masculine, also lūx, light, in the ablative in old Latin.
NEUTER.
582. Substantives in -c, -e, -l, -n, -t, in -ar, -ur, -us, and -ūs, are neuter: as,
lac, milk; mare, sea; animal, animal; carmen, song; caput, head; calcar, spur; fulgur, lightning; corpus, body; iūs, right.
583. sōl, sun, pecten, comb, liēn, spleen, rēnēs, kidneys, plural, and furfur, bran, are masculine. So usually sāl, salt, but sometimes neuter in the singular. fār, spelt, is neuter.
584. pecus, beast, is feminine; also tellūs, earth, and the substantives in -ūs which have -ūdis (475) or -ūtis (477) in the genitive: as, palūs, marsh; iuventūs, youth.
Stems In -u- .
The Fourth Declension.
Genitive singular -ūs, genitive plural -u-um.
585. Stems in -u- are substantive only, and mostly masculine.
586. There are only three neuters in common use, cornū, horn, genū, knee, and verū, a spit. But some cases of other neuters are used: as, ablative pecū, flock; plural nominative and accusative artua, limbs (Plaut.); OSSVA, bones (inscr.).
587. The nominative of stems in -u- ends, including the stem vowel, in -u-s in gender words, and in lengthened -ū of the stem in neuters.
588. Most substantives in -u- are masculines in -tu- or -su-, often defective in case (235). The following words are feminine: acus, pin, needle, domus, house, manus, hand, porticus, colonnade; tribus, tribe; and the plurals īdūs, ides, and quīnquātrūs, feast of Minerva; rarely penus, store, and specus, cave.
589. Stems in -u- are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | flūctus, wave, flūctu-, M. | cornū, horn, cornu-, Ne. | Stem and case endings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | M. | Ne. | ||
| Nom. | flūctus, a (or the) wave | cornū | -us | -ū |
| Gen. | flūctūs, a wave’s, of a wave | cornūs | -ūs | -ūs |
| Dat. | flūctuī, -ū, to or for a wave | cornū | -uī, -ū | -ū |
| Acc. | flūctum, a wave | cornū | -um | -ū |
| Abl. | flūctū, from, with, or by a wave | cornū | -ū | -ū |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | flūctūs, (the) waves | cornua | -ūs | -ua |
| Gen. | flūctuum, waves’, of waves | cornuum | -uum | -uum |
| Dat. | flūctibus, to or for waves | cornibus | -ibus | -ibus |
| Acc. | flūctūs, waves | cornua | -ūs | -ua |
| Abl. | flūctibus, from, with, or by waves | cornibus | -ibus | -ibus |
SINGULAR CASES.
590. In the genitive, the uncontracted form -uis sometimes occurs: as, anuis, old woman (Ter.). A genitive in -tī is rather common: as, adventī, arrival; ōrnātī, embellishment (Ter.); senātī, senate. In the dative, -ū is regularly found for -uī in neuters and often in gender words.
PLURAL CASES.
591. In the genitive plural, a shorter form in -um is occasionally found: as, passum, steps (Plaut., Mart.); currum, chariots (Verg.); EXERCITVM. The quantity of the u and the origin of this ending are uncertain.
592. In the dative and ablative plural, the following retain -u-bus: acus, pin, needle, arcus, bow, partus, birth, tribus, tribe. The following have -u-bus or -i-bus (28): artūs, plural, joints, lacus, lake, portus, haven, specus, cave, genū, knee, verū, a spit. All other words have -i-bus only.
593. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
G. -uos: SENATVOS; -ū (66) SENATV; -uus, in the imperial age (29, 1): EXERCITVVS. D. -uei (29, 2): SENATVEI. Ac. -u (61): MANV. Ab. -uu (29, 1): ARBITRATVV; -uō, once, by some thought to be for -ūd (426); MAGISTRATVO. Plural: N. -uus (29, 1): MAGISTRATVVS.
594. domus, house, F., has stems of two forms, domu- and domo- (401); it is declined as follows: N. domus, G. domūs, rarely domī, D. domuī or domō, Ac. domum, Ab. domō or domū, Locative domī, rarely domuī. Plural: N. domūs, G. domuum, later domōrum, D. and Ab. domibus, Ac. domōs, less commonly domūs.
595. Some other substantives have an -u- stem in some of their cases, and an -o- stem in others: see angiportus, arcus, caestus, colus, cornū, cornus, cupressus, fīcus, fretus, gelus, laurus, murtus, penus, pīnus, quercus, rīctus, tonitrus, in the dictionary.
Stems In -ē- .
The Fifth Declension.
Genitive singular -ē̆ī, genitive plural -ē-rum.
596. Stems in -ē- are substantive only, and feminine.
597. diēs, day, is always masculine in the plural, and commonly in the singular; but the feminine is common when diēs denotes length of time or a set day. merīdiēs, midday, is masculine and singular only.
598. The nominative of stems in -ē- ends, including the stem vowel, in -ē-s.
599. Stems in -ē- are of two classes:
600. (1.) Stems of the first class have one or two syllables; there are four of them: rēs, thing, spēs, hope, diēs, day, and fidēs, faith.
Of this class, rēs and diēs have a plural throughout; spēs has only the nominative and accusative plural, and fidēs has no plural.
601. Stems in -ē- of the first class are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | rēs, thing, rē-, F. | diēs, day, diē-, M. | Stem and case endings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| Nom. | rēs, a (or the) thing | diēs | -es |
| Gen. | rĕ̄i, re͡i, a thing’s, of a thing | diēī, die͡i | -ē̆ī, -ēī, -e͡i |
| Dat. | rĕ̄i, re͡i, to or for a thing | diēī, die͡i | -ē̆ī, -ēī, -e͡i |
| Acc. | rem, a thing | diem | -em |
| Abl. | rē, from, with, or by a thing | diē | -ē |
| Plural | |||
| Nom. | rēs, (the) things | diēs | -ēs |
| Gen. | rērum, things’, of things | diērum | -ērum |
| Dat. | rēbus, to or for things | diēbus | -ēbus |
| Acc. | rēs, things | diēs | -ēs |
| Abl. | rēbus, from, with, or by things | diēbus | -ēbus |
602. fidēs is declined like rēs; it has once a genitive fidēs (Plaut.). For rēī, reī, or re͡i, and fidēī, fideī, or fide͡i, see 127, 4. diēs has rarely a genitive diēs (Enn.) or diī (Verg.). spēs has only the genitive and dative spe͡i in verse. A genitive or dative in -ē is sometimes found: as, rē, diē, fidē.
603. A few cases of other words sometimes follow this class (401): as, plēbēs (524), commons, G. plēbe͡i or plēbī; famēs (524), hunger, Ab. always famē; requiēs (477), rest, G. requiē (Sall.), Ac. requiem, Ab. requiē; tābēs (523), waste, Ab. tābē, *contāgēs, contact, Ab. contāgē (Lucr.), &c.
604. (2.) Stems of the second class are formed by the suffix -iē- or -tiē-, and have three or more syllables.
This class, which is parallel to stems in -iā-, has usually no genitive, dative, or plural. Many stems, especially those in -tiē-, have also a collateral form in -iā-, and the genitive and dative, when used at all, are commonly from a stem in -iā-.
605. Stems in -ē- of the second class are declined as follows:
lūxuriēs, extravagance, stem lūxuriē-, F.
Nom. lūxuriēs, Acc. lūxuriem, Abl. lūxuriē.
606. A few examples of the genitive of these stems are found: as, perniciī, perniciēs, or perniciē, ruin (Cic.); rabiēs, fury (Lucr.); aciē, edge of battle (Sall., Caes., auct. B. Afr.), faciē, make (Plaut., Lucil.), speciē, looks (Caes.); aciēī (auct. B. Afr.). And a very few of the dative: as, aciēī twice (Caes.); perniciēī, perniciī (Nep.); perniciē (Liv.).
607. ēluviēs, offscouring, wash, has the nominative of the plural, and glaciēs, ice, has the accusative of the plural. Five words only have the nominative and accusative plural:
seriēs, aciēs, row, edge,
speciēs, faciēs, look, make,
effigiēs, likeness.
The Adjective.
608. Adjectives are declined like substantives, and it has been shown already how their cases are formed. But they differ from substantives in having different forms in some of their cases to denote different genders; it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension together.
609. Adjective stems end in -o- and -ā-, in a consonant, or in -i-.
610. An accusative plural of a stem in -u-, anguimanūs, with a serpent for a hand, is once used (Lucr.). There are no adjective stems in -ē-.
611. Adjectives are often conveniently said to be ‘of three endings,’ ‘of two endings,’ or ‘of one ending.’
By the ‘ending’ is meant the ending of the nominative singular: thus, bonus, bona, bonum, good, and ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, are ‘of three endings’ (409); brevis, breve, short, is ‘of two endings’ (410); and audāx, bold, is ‘of one ending’ (410).
612. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ which form a gender nominative in -s, retain the -s irrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter singular: as, N. M. and F. audāx, N. and Ac. Ne. also audāx.
Stems In -o- And -ā- .
613. Most adjectives with stems in -o- and -ā- are declined as follows:
| Example Stems | M. bonus, F. bona, Ne. bonum, good bono-, bonā-. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | bonus | bona | bonum | boni | bonae | bona |
| Gen. | bonī | bonae | bonī | bonōrum | bonārum | bonōrum |
| Dat. | bonō | bonae | bonō | bonīs | bonīs | bonīs |
| Acc. | bonum | bonam | bonum | bonōs | bonās | bona |
| Abl. | bonō | bonā | bonō | bonīs | bonīs | bonīs |
| Voc. | bone | |||||
614. Stems in -io- and -iā- have no consonant i in cases ending in -i or -īs (153, 3): as plēbēius, plebeian, G. S. M. and Ne., and N. Pl. M. plēbēī, D. and Ab. Pl. plēbēīs.
615. Stems in -ro- preceded by a long vowel retain -us in the nominative singular masculine and are declined like bonus (453): as, sevērus, stern; also
ferus, merus, wild, unmixed
mōrigerus, complaisant
praeposterus, reversed
properus, hasty
prōsperus, lucky
triquetrus, three-cornered
616. (1.) Some stems in -ro- preceded by a short vowel end in -r in the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative (454); they are declined as follows:
| Example Stems | M. līber, F. lībera, Ne. līberum, free, lībero-, līberā-. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | līber | lībera | līberum | līberī | līberae | lībera |
| Gen. | līberī | līberae | līberī | līberōrum | līberārum | līberōrum |
| Dat. | līberō | līberae | līberō | līberīs | līberīs | līberīs |
| Acc. | līberum | līberam | līberum | līberōs | līberās | lībera |
| Abl. | līberō | līberā | līberō | līberīs | līberīs | līberīs |
Such are: compounds, chiefly poetical, ending in -fer and -ger, bearing, carrying, having: as, caelifer, heaven-upholding; corniger, horned; also the following:
(alter, 618), asper, other, rough
lacer, līber, torn, free
gibber, miser, hump-backed, forlorn
satur, sēmifer, full, half-beast
tener, Trēver, tender, Treveran
dexter, right, has dextera, dexterum, or dextra, dextrum, G. dexterī, or dextrī, &c. sinister, left, has usually sinistra, &c., rarely sinisteram (Plaut., Ter.). asper has a plural accusative asprōs (Stat.), and ablative asprīs (Verg.).
617. (2.) Other stems in -ro- have a vowel before r only in the nominative singular masculine -er (454); they are declined as follows:
| Example Stems | M. aeger, F. aegra, Ne. aegrum, ill, aegro-, aegrā-. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | aeger | aegra | aegrum | aegrī | aegrae | aegra |
| Gen. | aegrī | aegrae | aegrī | aegrōrum | aegrārum | aegrōrum |
| Dat. | aegrō | aegrae | aegrō | aegrīs | aegrīs | aegrīs |
| Acc. | aegrum | aegram | aegrum | aegrōs | aegrās | aegra |
| Abl. | aegrō | aegrā | aegrō | aegrīs | aegrīs | aegrīs |
618. Nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form -ī̆us in the genitive singular and -ī in the dative singular, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike; they are the following:
alius, another
sōlus, alone
tōtus, whole
ūnus, one
ūllus, any at all
nūllus, no
alter, the other
uter, which of the two
neuter, neither
619. Of the above words, those with the nominative in -us are declined like ūnus (638). But alius has N. and Ac. Ne. aliud (659); for the G., alterī̆us is mostly used, except in the combination alīus modī, of another sort; the N. M. is rarely alis, Ne. alid, D. rarely alī. alter is declined like līber (616), except in the genitive singular alterī̆us (127, 6) and dative alterī. For uter and its derivatives, see 693.
620. The ordinary genitive and dative of -o- and -ā- stems, from some of the above words, is sometimes found: G. and D. aliae, sōlae, alterae, D. aliō, alterae, &c.
Consonant Stems.
OF TWO ENDINGS.
621. The only consonant stems of two endings are comparatives (346); they are declined as follows:
| Example Stems | M. and F. trīstior, Ne. trīstius, sadder, trīstiōr-, trīstius-. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | trīstior | trīstius | trīstiōrēs | trīstiōra |
| Gen. | trīstiōris | trīstiōris | trīstiōrum | trīstiōrum |
| Dat. | trīstiōrī | trīstiōrī | trīstiōribus | trīstiōribus |
| Acc. | trīstiōrem | trīstius | trīstiōres | trīstiōra |
| Abl. | trīstiōre | trīstiōre | trīstiōribus | trīstiōribus |
622. The ablative rarely has -ī for -e: as, meliōrī (503); the accusative plural masculine and feminine rarely have -īs: as, meliōrīs (505).
623. plūs, more, has in the singular only Ne. N. and Ac. plūs, G. plūris, and Ab. plūre. Plural: N. M. and F. plūrēs, Ne. plūra, G. plūrium, D. and Ab. plūribus, Ac. M. and F. plūrēs or plūrīs, Ne. plūra. complūrēs, a good many, plural only, has N. M. and F. complūrēs, Ne. N. and Ac. complūria or complūra, G. complūrium, D. and Ab. complūribus, Ac. M. and F. complūrēs or complūrīs.
OF ONE ENDING.
624. A dozen adjectives ‘of one ending,’ mostly words applying to persons, with consonant stems throughout, have no nominative or accusative neuter plural; they are:
caelebs, compos, unmarried, master of
*dēses, dīves, lazy, rich
particeps, prīnceps, sharing, first
pūbēs, impūbēs, mangrown, immature
sōspes, superstes, safe, surviving
pauper, cicur, poor, tame
625. When these adjectives have a neuter, it is the same as the gender forms, except in the accusative singular; they are declined as follows:
M. F. and Ne. dīves, rich, stem dīvit-.
Singular: N. dīves, G. dīvitis, D. dīvitī, Ac. M. and F. dīvitem, Ne. dīves, Ab. dīvite. Plural: N. and Ac. M. and F. dīvitēs, G. dīvitum, D. and Ab. dīvitibus.
626. The plural caelitēs, heavenly, occupants of heaven, is also declined like the plural of dīves; the singular Ab. caelite occurs a couple of times. vetus, old, G. veteris, is also declined like dīves, but has a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. vetera; the Ab. S. is regularly vetere, but veterī is sometimes used.
Stems In -i- .
OF THREE ENDINGS.
627. A dozen adjectives with stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, have a distinctive form in -er for the masculine nominative singular; they are:
celeber, thronged
salūber, healthy
ācer, keen
alacer, lively
volucer, winged
campester, of a plain
equester, cavalry-
palūster, of a swamp
pedester, foot-
puter, rotten
silvester, woody
terrester, land-
So also celer, swift. The names of months, September, Octōber, November, December, are also adjectives with stems in -bri-, but are not used in the neuter. Other adjectives with stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, have no distinctive form for the masculine nominative singular: as, muliebris, mediocris, inlūstris.
628. These adjectives are declined as follows:
| Example Stem | M. ācer, F. ācris, Ne. ācre, sharp ācri-. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | ācer | ācris | ācre | ācres | ācres | ācria |
| Gen. | ācris | ācris | ācris | ācrium | ācrium | ācrium |
| Dat. | ācrī | ācrī | ācrī | ācribus | ācribus | ācribus |
| Acc. | ācrem | ācrem | ācre | ācrīs, -ēs | acrīs, -ēs | ācria |
| Abl. | ācrī | ācrī | ācrī | ācribus | ācribus | ācribus |
629. In all cases but the masculine nominative singular these adjectives are just like those in -i- ‘of two endings’ (630). But the ablative always has -ī, never -e, and the genitive plural always has -ium, never -um. In celer the second e belongs to the stem: M. celer, F. celeris, Ne. celere; the genitive plural, which is celerum, is found only as a substantive. Most of these adjectives have now and then a masculine in -is, like adjectives ‘of two endings’ (630), and in old Latin the nominative -er is rarely feminine.
OF TWO ENDINGS.
630. Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in -i- are declined as follows:
| Example Stem | M. and F. brevis, Ne. breve, short brevi-. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | brevis | breve | brevēs | brevia |
| Gen. | brevis | brevis | brevium | brevium |
| Dat. | brevī | brevī | brevibus | brevibus |
| Acc. | brevem | breve | brevīs, -ēs | brevia |
| Abl. | brevī | brevī | brevibus | brevibus |
631. The ablative is sometimes -e when these adjectives are used substantively or in verse (558). The genitive plural is rarely -um for -ium (563).
OF ONE ENDING.
632. Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ have a consonant form of the stem in the singular, except usually in the ablative (633), and an -i- stem in the plural; they are declined as follows:
| Examples Stems | M. F. and Ne. audāx, bold, audāc(i)- | M. F. Ne. regēns, ruling, regent(i)- | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masc. & Fem. | Neut. | Masc. & Fem. | Neut. |
| Nom. | audāx | audāx | regēns | regēns |
| Gen. | audācis | audācis | regentis | regentis |
| Dat. | audācī | audācī | regentī | regentī |
| Acc. | audācem | audāx | regentem | regēns |
| Abl. | audācī | audācī | regente, -ī | regente, -ī |
| Plural | Masc. & Fem. | Neut. | Masc. & Fem. | Neut. |
| Nom. | audācēs | audācia | regentēs | regentia |
| Gen. | audācium | audācium | regentium | regentium |
| Dat. | audācibus | audācibus | regentibus | regentibus |
| Acc. | audācīs, -ēs | audācia | regentīs, -ēs | regentia |
| Abl. | audācibus | audācibus | regentibus | regentibus |
633. Present participles have -ī in the ablative, when they are used as adjectives, otherwise -e (560). For -ī or -e in other words, see 559, 561. For -ium or -um in the genitive plural, 563.
634. Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ in -i- are declined as above (632); some of them have peculiarities in some of their cases, as follows:
635. (1.) trux (531), savage, has Ab. -ī or -e, G. Pl. -ium, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. redux (531), returning, has Ab. -ī or -e, no G. Pl. or Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. hebes, dull, teres, cylindrical (533), and compounds of caput, head, as anceps, (533), two-headed, have Ab. -ī, no G. Pl.; a Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. -ia is rare. For locuplēs, rich, see 533.
636. (2.) The following have -ī in the ablative, but -um of consonant stems in the genitive plural, and no nominative or accusative neuter plural: inops (535), without means, vigil (536), wide-awake, memor (537), remembering, dēgener, degenerate, ūber (537), prolific, has Ab. -ī, twice -e, Ne. Pl. once -a (Acc.). Compounds of pēs, as, bipēs (532), two-legged, have a late and rare Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia.
The Numeral Adjective.
637. Of the cardinals, ūnus, duo, trēs, and the hundreds except centum are declined. The other cardinals are not declined.
638. ūnus, one, is declined as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | ūnus | ūna | ūnum | ūnī | ūnae | ūna |
| Gen. | ūnīus | ūnīus | ūnīus | ūnōrum | ūnārum | ūnōrum |
| Dat. | ūnī | ūnī | ūnī | ūnīs | ūnīs | ūnīs |
| Acc. | ūnum | ūnam | ūnum | ūnōs | ūnās | ūna |
| Abl. | ūnō | ūnā | ūnō | ūnīs | ūnīs | ūnīs |
| Voc. | ūne | |||||
In verse, the genitive singular is often ūnius.
639. duo, two, and trēs, three, are declined as follows:
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. & Fem. | Neut. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | duo | duae | duo | trēs | tria |
| Gen. | duōrum | duārum | duōrum | trium | trium |
| Dat. | duōbus | duābus | duōbus | tribus | tribus |
| Acc. | duo or duōs | duās | duo | trēs or trīs | tria |
| Abl. | duōbus | duābus | duōbus | tribus | tribus |
640. In dramatic verse, du͡o, &c., is common. In the genitive plural, duo sometimes has duū̆m (462). ambō, both, is declined like duo, but has -ō in the nominative and accusative, and only ambōrum and ambārum in the genitive plural. For the forms duo, ambō, see 415; duōbus, duābus, 464, 442.
641. Hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus (613): as, ducentī, ducentae, ducenta, two hundred, G. ducentōrum or ducentū̆m (462), &c.
642. The adjective mīlle, thousand, is not declined. The substantive has in the singular only N. Ac. Ab. mīlle, or Ab. mīllī; plural: N. and Ac. mīllia (mīlia), G. mīllium (mīlium), D. and Ab. mīllibus (mīlibus).
643. Ordinals, as prīmus, first, and distributives, as bīnī, two each, are declined like bonus (613). But distributives seldom have a singular, and often have the genitive plural -ū̆m (462): as, bīnū̆m.
The Pronoun.
(A.) the Personal and Reflexive Pronoun.
644. The pronoun of the first person, ego, I, of the second person, tū, thou, and the reflexive pronoun, suī, sē, himself, herself, itself, themselves, are declined as follows:
| ego, I | tu, thou | sui, self | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. & Plur. | |
| Nom. | ego | nōs | tū | vōs | |
| Gen. | meī | nostrum, -trī | tuī | vestrū̆m, -trī | suī |
| Dat. | mihī̆, mi | nōbīs | tibī̆ | vōbīs | sibī̆ |
| Acc. | mē | nōs | tē | vōs | sē |
| Abl. | mē | nōbīs | tē | vōbīs | sē |
645. The nominatives ego and tū, and the accusatives mē, tē and sē, have no case ending. The last vowel of ego is rarely long in Plautus, long or short in Lucilius. The nominative ego has a different stem from that of its other cases, and the plurals of ego and tū have a different stem from that of the singular.
646. meī, tuī, and suī, which are often monosyllables in old verse, were originally the genitive of the neuter possessives, used substantively. An old genitive mīs is quoted, and tīs occurs rarely in Plautus.
647. The relation of the ending -bīs in vōbīs to -bī̆ in tibī̆ may be due to analogy with illīs, illī. nōbīs is formed after vōbīs.
648. In old Latin, the ablative is mēd, tēd, sēd (426), which forms are also used irrationally for the accusative. But by Terence’s time the -d was no longer used (143).
649. Older forms for vestrū̆m and vestrī are vostrūm and vostrī. The genitive plural was originally a genitive of the possessive: that in -ī being the neuter singular, that in -ū̆m the masculine or feminine plural. In old Latin, nostrōrum, nostrārum, vostrōrum, vostrārum also occur.
650. Emphasis is given (1.) by reduplication (189): Ac. and Ab. mēmē, tētē, rare; sēsē, very common. (2.) by -te added to the N. of tū: tūte. (3.) by -met added to any case but the genitive plural: as, egomet; but tū has only tūtemet or tūtimet.
651. In inscriptions, the datives MIHEI, TIBEI, and SIBEI occur, so written in verse sometimes even when the last syllable is short; and MIHE, TIBE. Plural: D. and Ab. VOBEIS. Ac. ENOS in an old hymn; SEESE (29, 1).
The Personal and Reflexive Possessive.
652. The possessives of ego, tū, and suī, are meus, mine, tuus, thine, and suus, his, her, its, their (own), declined like bonus (613), except that meus has mī in the vocative singular masculine (459); those of nōs and vōs are noster, our, and voster, later vester, your, declined like aeger (617).
653. Old forms are tuos, tuom, and suos, suom (452). In old verse me͡us, me͡i, &c., tu͡os, tu͡i, &c., su͡os, su͡i, &c., often occur. sōs for suōs, sās for suās, and sīs for suīs, are old and rare.
654. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
MEEIS, MIEIS, monosyllable; TOVAM; SVEI, SOVOM, SOVO, SVVO, SOVEIS, SVEIS, SVIEIS.
655. Emphasis is given (1.) by -met added to suō, suā, suōs, and to mea and sua, neuter plural: as, suōmet; (2.) by -pte, which is oftenest found with the ablative: as, suōpte.
(B.) Other Pronouns.
656. Some pronouns have a peculiar genitive singular in -ī̆us and dative singular in -ī, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike.
These are: iste, ille, ipse, uter, and their derivatives. Some other words of a pronoun character also have this form of the genitive and dative: see 618.
657. In verse, the -ī- of the genitive is often shortened, and always in utriusque; but neutrīus is not found with short i. In dramatic verse, the genitive singular of iste, ille, or ipse, is often two syllables.
658. hīc, is, quī or quis, and their derivatives have the genitive singular in -ius, thus: huius, eius, and quoius or cuius; in dramatic verse, these genitives are often one syllable. Their datives are huic for hoice, ē̆ī or e͡i, and quoi or cui.
659. Six words have a peculiar neuter nominative and accusative singular in -d: id, illud, istud, quid, quod, aliud, and derivatives. In manuscripts, -t is sometimes found for -d: as, it, illut, istut, &c.; sometimes also in inscriptions of the empire. In hoc for *hod-ce and in istuc and illuc for *istud-ce, *illud-ce, the d has vanished (166, 1; 171, 1).
The Demonstrative Pronoun.
660. The demonstrative pronouns are hīc, this, this near me; iste, istic, that, that near you; and ille, illic, yonder, that.
661. The demonstrative pronoun hīc, this, this near me, is declined as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | hīc | haec | hoc | hī | hae | haec |
| Gen. | huius | huius | huius | hōrum | hārum | hōrum |
| Dat. | huic | huic | huic | hīs | hīs | hīs |
| Acc. | hunc | hanc | hoc | hōs | hās | haec |
| Abl. | hōc | hāc | hōc | hīs | hīs | hīs |
662. The stem of hīc is ho-, hā-; to most of its cases a demonstrative -c for -ce is attached. The masculine and feminine nominative singular and nominative and accusative neuter plural take an -i-: hīc for *ho-i-ce (108, a); haec for ha-i-ce (96). hunc, hanc, are for *hom-ce, *ham-ce. For the quantity of the first syllable of huius, see 153, 2; of hoc, 171, 1.
663. Old forms with the full ending -ce are rare except after -s: Plural Ne. Acc. haece (Enn.); G. F. hārumce (Cato); also G. hōrunc, hārunc (Pl., T.); hōsce, D. and Ab. hīsce (Pl., T.). After 100 B.C., the full form -ce is not found, except occasionally after -s: huiusce, hōsce, hāsce, hīsce. Before -ne interrogative it is retained in the weakened form -ci-: as, hīcine. But hīcne, hocne, huicne, &c., are found, though rarely.
664. The nominative hic or hicine found in the dramatists and rarely later is probably for *ho-c, *he-c (103, a). A nominative plural feminine haec is found in writers of all ages. Other and rare forms are: Pl. N. M. hīsce (461), D. or Ab. hībus.
665. Other case forms of hīc are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. M. HEC, HIC. G. HOIVS, HVIIVS (23), HVIVS, HOIVSCE, HOIVSQVE, HVIVSQVE. D. HOICE, HOIC, HOI, HVIC, HVI. Ac. M. HONC, HOC; F. HANCE; Ne. HOCE, HVC. Ab. M. and Ne. HOCE; F. HACE, oftener than HAC in republican inscriptions; HAACE (29, 1). Loc. HEICE, HEIC. Plural: N. M. HEISCE, HEIS, or HEI, HISCE or HIS; HI, not before Augustus; Ne. N. and Ac. HAICE, HAECE. G. HORVNC. D. and Ab. HEISCE, HIBVS. Ac. F. HASCE.
666. The demonstrative pronouns iste, that, that near you, and ille, yonder, are declined alike, as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | ille | illa | illud | illī | illae | illa |
| Gen. | illī̆us | illī̆us | illī̆us | illōrum | illārum | illōrum |
| Dat. | illī | illī | illī | illīs | illīs | illīs |
| Acc. | illum | illam | illud | illōs | illās | illa |
| Abl. | illō | illā | illō | illīs | illīs | illīs |
667. The first syllable of iste and ille is often short in the dramatists. Old forms of iste are: N. istus, G. istī, in istīmodī, D. F. istae. The initial i of iste and of istic (669), is sometimes not written: as, sta rēs (Cic.), stūc perīculum (Ter.). Old forms of ille are: N. olus (81); ollus or olle, &c.: as, D. S. or N. Pl. ollī, D. Pl. ollīs. G. illī, in illīmodī, D. F. illae. The dramatists have eccistam, eccilla, eccillud, eccillum, eccillam, for ecce istam, &c., and ellum, ellam, for em illum, &c.
668. Other case forms of ille are found in inscriptions, as follows:
D. F. ILLAE. Plural: N. M. ILLEI. G. OLORVM (81). D. and Ab. OLLEIS, ILLEIS.
669. istic and illic, compounded of iste, ille, and -ce or -c, are declined alike, as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | illic | illaec | illuc | illīc | illaec | illaec |
| Acc. | illunc | illanc | illuc | illōsce | illāsce | illaec |
| Abl. | illōc | illāc | illōc | illīsce | illīsce | illīsce |
670. Rare forms are: N. and Ac. Ne. istoc, illoc, G. illīusce, D. illīc, Ab. F. istāce, illāce. Plural: N. M. illīsce (461), illīc, Ac. illōsce, illāsce. Before -ne interrogative, -ce becomes -ci-: N. illicine, istucine, Ac. illancine, Ab. istōcine, istācinē. Pl. Ac. istōscine.
The Determinative Pronoun.
671. The determinative pronoun is, that, the aforesaid, the one, is declined as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | is | ea | id | eī, iī, or ī | eae | ea |
| Gen. | eius | eius | eius | eōrum | eārum | eōrum |
| Dat. | ē̆ī | ē̆ī | ē̆ī | eīs, iīs, or īs | eīs, iīs, or īs | eīs, iīs, or īs |
| Acc. | eum | eam | id | eōs | eās | ea |
| Abl. | eō | eā | eō | eīs, iīs, or īs | eīs, iīs, or īs | eīs, iīs, or īs |
672. is and id (659) are formed from a stem -i-, and the other parts from a stem eo-, eā-. The genitive is sometimes written in Cicero and Plautus eiius; for the quantity of the first syllable of eius, see 153, 2; for ĕ̄i, see 127, 3, and 127, 4.
673. In old verse, the genitive singular rarely has the first syllable short. Old and rare forms are: D. F. eae, Ac. M. im or em. Pl. D, and Ab. ī̆bus, F. eābus (442). In dramatic verse, e͡um, e͡am, e͡i, e͡o, e͡a, and e͡i, e͡orum, e͡arum, e͡os, e͡as, e͡is, are often found; also eccum, eccam, eccōs, eccās, ecca, for ecce eum, &c.
674. Other case forms of is are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. EIS, 124 B.C. G. EIVS, EIIVS, EIIVS or EIIVS (23). D. EIEI, 123 B.C.; EEI, IEI; EI, 123 B.C., and common in all periods. Plural: N. EEIS, EIS, IEIS, till about 50 B.C.; EEI, EI, IEI. D. and Ab. EEIS, EIEIS, IEIS, IS; after the republic, IIS, IIS.
675. A rare and old pronoun equivalent to is is sum, sam, accusative singular, sōs, accusative plural, and sīs, dative plural.
The Pronoun of Identity.
676. The pronoun of identity, īdem, the same, is declined as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | īdem | eadem | idem | eīdem or īdem | eaedem | eadem |
| Gen. | eiusdem | eiusdem | eiusdem | eōrundem | eārundem | eōrundem |
| Dat. | eīdem | eīdem | eīdem | eīsdem or īsdem | eīsdem or īsdem | eīsdem or īsdem |
| Acc. | eundem | eandem | idem | eōsdem | eāsdem | eadem |
| Abl. | eōdem | eādem | eōdem | eīsdem or īsdem | eīsdem or īsdem | eīsdem or īsdem |
677. In manuscripts and editions, the plural nominative masculine is often written iīdem, and the dative and ablative iīsdem. The singular nominative masculine is rarely eisdem or isdem (Plaut., Enn.), eidem (Cic., Varr.), neuter īdem (Plaut.). In verse, eundem, e͡andem, e͡idem, e͡odem, e͡adem, and e͡idem, e͡aedem, e͡orundem, e͡osdem, e͡asdem, are often found.
678. Other case forms of īdem are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. M. EISDEM, 123 B.C., ISDEM, 59 B.C., both common till Caesar’s time; EIDEM; Ne. EIDEM, 71 B.C. D. IDEM. Plural: N. M. EISDEM, ISDEM, EIDEM, till Caesar’s time; IIDEM, once only. D. and Ab. ISDEM, very rarely IISDEM.
The Intensive Pronoun.
679. The intensive pronoun ipse, himself, stems ipso-, ipsā-, is declined like ille (666), but has the nominative and accusative neuter singular ipsum.
680. In dramatic verse, ipse has rarely the first syllable short, and often has the older form ipsus. Plautus has these forms: N. F. eapse, Ac. eumpse, eampse, Ab. eōpse, eāpse, equivalent to ipsa, &c. So reāpse for rē ipsā.
The Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronoun.
(1.) quī AND quis.
681. The stem qui-, or quo-, quā-, is used in three ways: as a relative, who, which; as an interrogative, who? which? what? as an indefinite, any.
682. (a.) The relative quī, who, which, is declined as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | quī | quae | quod | quī | quae | quae |
| Gen. | cuius | cuius | cuius | quōrum | quārum | quōrum |
| Dat. | cui | cui | cui | quibus | quibus | quibus |
| Acc. | quem | quam | quod | quōs | quās | quae |
| Abl. | quō | quā | quō | quibus | quibus | quibus |
683. (b.) The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod, which? what? is declined like the relative quī (682).
684. The interrogative substantive has in the nominative singular quis, quid, who? what? the rest is like quī (682).
In old Latin, quis is both masculine and feminine, but a separate feminine form quae is used three or four times.
685. quis interrogative is sometimes used adjectively with appellatives: as, quis senātor? what senator? And quī is sometimes used substantively: as, quī prīmus Ameriam nūntiat? who is the first to bring the tidings to Ameria?
686. (c.) The indefinite quis or quī, one, any, has the following forms:
quis and quid masculine and neuter substantives, quī and quod adjectives; feminine singular nominative and neuter plural nominative and accusative commonly qua, also quae. The rest is like quī (682).
687. quis, quem, quid, and quibus come from the stem qui-; the other parts come from quo-, quā-. quae stands for an older quai (690). For quid and quod, see 659.
688. Old forms of the genitive singular are quoius, and of the dative quoiei, quoiī, or quoi, also in derivatives of quī or quis. A genitive plural quōiūm is old and rare. The dative and ablative plural is sometimes quīs from quo-, quā-. A nominative plural interrogative and indefinite quēs is rare (Pacuv.).
689. The ablative or locative is sometimes quī, from the stem qui-: as an interrogative, how? as a relative, wherewith, whereby, masculine, feminine, or neuter, in old Latin sometimes with a plural antecedent; especially referring to an indefinite person, and with cum attached, quīcum; and as an indefinite, somehow.
690. Other case forms of quī or quis and their derivatives are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. QVEI, prevalent in republican inscriptions; also QVI; once QVE. G. QVOIVS, regularly in republican inscriptions; cviivs, cviivs, cviivs (23), once QVIVS (20). D. QVOIEI, QVOI; once F. QVAI. Ab. QVEI. Plural: N. M. QVEI, but after 120 B.C., occasionally QVI; QVES, indefinite; F. and Ne. QVAI. G. QVOIVM.
DERIVATIVES OF quī AND quis.
691. The derivatives of quī and quis have commonly quis and quid as substantives, and quī and quod as adjectives. Forms requiring special mention are named below:
692. quisquis, whoever, whatever, everybody who, everything which, an indefinite relative, has only these forms in common use: N. M. quisquis, sometimes F. in old Latin, Ne. N. and Ac. quicquid or quidquid, Ab. M. and Ne. as adjective quōquō.
Rare forms are: N. M. quīquī, Ac. quemquem, once Ab. F. quāquā, as adverb quīquī, once D. quibusquibus. A short form of the genitive occurs in quoiquoimodī or cuicuimodī, of whatsoever sort.
aliquis or aliquī, aliqua, once aliquae (Lucr.), aliquid or aliquod, some one, some; Ab. M. sometimes, Ne. often aliquī (689). Pl. Ne. N. and Ac. only aliqua; D. and Ab. sometimes aliquīs (668).
ecquis or ecquī, ecqua or ecquae, ecquid or ecquod, any? Besides the nominative only these forms are found: D. eccui, Ac. ecquem, ecquam, ecquid, Ab. M. and Ne. ecquō. Pl. N. ecquī, Ac. M. ecquōs, F. ecquās.
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whichever, everybody who, everything which. The cumque is sometimes separated from quī by an intervening word. An older form is quīquomque, &c.
quīdam, quaedam, quiddam or quoddam, a, a certain, some one, so and so; Ac. quendam, quandam. Pl. G. quōrundam, quārundam.
quīlibet, quaelibet, quidlibet or quodlibet, any you please.
quisnam, rarely quīnam, quaenam, quidnam or quodnam, who ever? who in the world? Sometimes nam quis, &c.
quispiam, quaepiam, quippiam, quidpiam or quodpiam, any, any one; Ab. also quīpiam (689), sometimes as adverb, in any way.
quisquam, quicquam or quidquam, anybody at all, anything at all, generally a substantive, less frequently an adjective, any at all. There is no distinctive feminine form, and quisquam and quemquam are rarely, and in old Latin, used as a feminine adjective. Ab. also quīquam (689), sometimes as adverb, in any way at all. No plural.
quisque, quaeque, quicque, quidque or quodque, each. Sometimes ūnus is prefixed: ūnusquisque; both parts are declined. quisque and quemque are sometimes feminine. Ab. S. quīque (689) rare, Ab. Pl. quīsque (688) once (Lucr.).
quīvīs, quaevīs, quidvīs or quodvīs, which you will; Ab. also quīvīs (689).
(2.) uter.
693. uter, utra, utrum, whether? which of the two? has the genitive singular utrīus, and the dative singular utrī.
The rest is like aeger (617). uter is sometimes relative, whichsoever, or indefinite, either of the two.
DERIVATIVES OF uter.
694. The derivatives of uter are declined like uter; they are:
neuter, neither of the two, genitive neutrīus, always with ī (657). When used as a grammatical term, neuter, the genitive is always neutrī: as, generis neutrī, of neither gender.
utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, whichever of the two, either of the two.
uterlibet, whichever you please.
uterque, whichsoever, both. G. always utriusque (657).
utervīs, whichever you wish.
alteruter, F. altera utra, Ne. alterutrum or alterum utrum, one or the other, G. alterīus utrīus, once late alterutrīus, D. alterutrī, Ac. M. alterutrum or alterum utrum, F. alterutram once (Plin.) or alteram utram, Ab. alterutrō or alterō utrō, F. alterā utrā. No Pl., except D. alterutrīs once (Plin.).
Correlative Pronouns.
695. Pronouns often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:
| Kind. | Interrogative. | Indefinite. | Demonstrative, Determinative, &c. | Relative. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | quis, quī, who? | quis, quī, aliquis | hīc, iste, ille is, quisque | quī |
| Alternative | uter, which of the two? | uter, alteruter | uterque | uter, quī |
| Number | quot, how many? (431) | aliquot | tot | quot |
| Quantity | quantus, how large? (613) | aliquantus, quantusvīs | tantus | quantus |
| Quality | quālis, of what sort? (630) | quālislibet | tālis | quālis |
The Adverb, the Conjunction, and the Preposition.
I. Nouns as Adverbs.
696. Adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions are chiefly noun or pronoun cases which have become fixed in a specific form and with a specific meaning. Many of these words were still felt to be live cases, even in the developed period of the language; with others the consciousness of their noun character was lost.
697. Three cases are used adverbially: the accusative, the ablative, and the locative.
698. The rather indeterminate meaning of the accusative and the ablative is sometimes more exactly defined by a preposition. The preposition may either accompany its usual case: as, adamussim, admodum, īlicō; or it may be loosely prefixed, with more of the nature of an adverb than of a preposition, to a case with which it is not ordinarily used: as, examussim, intereā. Sometimes it stands after the noun: as, parumper, a little while. Besides the three cases named above, other forms occur, some of which are undoubtedly old case endings, though they can no longer be recognized as such: see 710.
(1.) Accusative.
(a.) Accusative of Substantives.
699. domum, homeward, home; rūs, afield; forās, out of doors (*forā-); vicem, instead; partim, in part; old noenum or noenu, common nōn, for ne-oenum, i.e. ūnum, not one, naught, not; admodum, to a degree, very; adamussim, examussim, to a T; adfatim, to satiety; invicem, in turn, each other.
700. Many adverbs in -tim and -sim denote manner (549): as, cautim, warily, statim, at once, sēnsim, perceptibly, gradually; ōstiātim, door by door, virītim, man by man, fūrtim, stealthily.
(b.) Accusative of Adjectives and Pronouns.
701. Neuters: all comparative adverbs in -ius (361): as, doctius, more learnedly; so minus, less, magis, more (363). prīmum, first, secundum, secondly, &c.; tum, then (to-, that): commodum, just in time; minimum, at least, potissimum, in preference, postrēmum, at last, summum, at most; versum, toward, rursum, russum, rūsum, back; facile, easily, impūne, scotfree, recēns, lately, semel, once (simili-), simul, together (simili-). Plural: cētera, for the rest; quia, because (qui-); in old Latin frūstra, in vain (fraud-).
702. Feminines: bifāriam, twofold; cōram, face to face (com- or co-, *ōrā-); tam, so (tā-, that); quam, as, how. Plural: aliās, on other occasions.
(2.) Ablative.
(a.) Ablative of Substantives.
703. domō, from home, rūre, from the country; hodiē, to-day (ho-, diē-), volgō, publicly, vespere, by twilight, noctū, by nights, nights, lūce, by light, tempore, in times, betimes; sponte, voluntarily, forte, by chance; quotannīs, yearly; grātiīs or grātīs, for nothing, ingrātiīs or ingrātīs, against one’s will; īlicō, on the spot (169, 4; 170, 2), forīs, out of doors (*forā-).
(b.) Ablative of Adjectives and Pronouns.
704. Many adverbs in -ō are formed from adjectives of time: as, perpetuō, to the end, crēbrō, frequently, rārō, seldom, repentīnō, suddenly, sērō, late, prīmō, at first. Many denote manner: as, arcānō, privily, sēriō, in earnest. Some are formed from participles: as, auspicātō, with auspices taken; compositō, by agreement. A plural is rare: alternīs, alternately.
705. Instead of -ō, neuter ablatives commonly have -ē: as, longē, far, doctē, wisely. So also superlatives: facillimē, most easily, anciently FACILVMED (362). Consonant stems have -e: as, repente, suddenly.
706. From pronouns some end in -ī (689): as, quī, how? indefinite, quī, somehow; atquī, but somehow; quī-quam, in any way at all.
707. Feminines: many in -ā: ūnā, together; circā, around; contrā, against (com-, 347); extrā, outside (ex, 347); in classical Latin, frūstrā, in vain (fraud-). So, especially, adverbs denoting the ‘route by which:’ hāc, this way; rēctā, straightway.
(3.) Locative.
708. In -ī, from names of towns and a few other words: Karthāginī, at Carthage; Rōmae, for Rōmāī, at Rome; domī, at home; illī, commonly illī-c, there (illo-), istī, commonly istī-c, where you are, hī-c, here (ho-); old sei, common sī, at that, in that case, so, if; sīc, so (sī, -ce).
709. In -bī̆, from some pronouns: ibī̆, there (i-); ubī̆ (for *quobī̆, 146), where; alicubī̆, somewhere; sī-cubi, if anywhere, nē-cubi, lest anywhere.
Other Endings.
710. Besides the above, other endings are also found in words of this class: as,
-s in abs, from, ex, out of; similarly us-que, in every case, ever, us-quam, anywhere at all. -tus has the meaning of an ablative: as, intus, from within, within; antīquitus, from old times, anciently; funditus, from the bottom, entirely. -ō denotes the ‘place to which’ in adverbs from pronoun stems: as, eō, thither; quō, whither; illō, or illūc, for illoi-ce, thither, after hūc; hōc, commonly hūc, perhaps for hoi-ce (99) hither. -im denotes the ‘place from which:’ as, istim, commonly istinc, from where you are; illim, commonly illinc, from yonder; hinc, hence; exim, thereupon; also -de: as, unde, whence (quo-, 146), sī-cunde, if from any place, nē-cunde, lest from anywhere. -ter: as comparative (347): praeter, further, beyond, inter, between; denoting manner: ācriter, sharply; amanter, affectionately; rarely from -o- stems: as, firmiter, steadfastly.
Correlative Adverbs.
711. Adverbs derived from pronoun stems often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:
| Interrogative. | Indefinite. | Demonstrative, Determinative, &c. | Relative. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place | ubī̆, where? | alicubī̆ usquam uspiam ubivīs | hīc, istīc, illīc ibī̆, ibī̆dem | ubī̆ |
| quō, whither? | aliquō quōlibet quōvīs | hūc, istūc, illūc eō, eōdem | quō | |
| quorsum, whitherward? | aliquōvorsum | horsum, istorsum | quorsum | |
| unde, whence? | alicunde undelibet | hinc, istinc, illinc inde, indidem | unde | |
| Time | quandō, when? | aliquandō umquam | nunc, tum, tunc | quom or cum |
| quotiēns, how often? | aliquotiēns | totiēns | quotiēns | |
| Way | quā, by what way? | aliquā quāvīs | hāc, istāc, illāc eā, eādem | quā |
| Manner | utī or ut, how? | aliquā | ita, sīc | utī or ut (146) |
| Degree | quam, how? | aliquam | tam | quam |
II. Sentences as Adverbs.
712. Some adverbs are condensed sentences: as,
īlicet, you may go, straightway (īre licet); scīlicet, you may know, obviously, of course (scīre licet); vidē̆licet, you can see, plainly (vidēre licet); nūdiustertius, now is the third day, day before yesterday (num dius, i.e. diēs, tertius); forsitan, maybe (fors sit an); mīrum quantum, strange how much, astonishingly; nesciō quō pactō, nesciō quōmodo, somehow or other, unfortunately.
(B.) Inflection of the Verb.
713. The verb is inflected by attaching person endings to the several stems.
The Stem.
714. The stem contains the meaning of the verb, and also denotes the mode (mood) and the time (tense) of the action as viewed by the speaker.
715. There are three Moods, Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative.
716. There are six Tenses in the indicative, three of the present system, Present, Imperfect, and Future; and three of the perfect system, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. The subjunctive lacks the futures; the imperative has only the present.
717. The meanings of the moods and tenses are best learnt from reading. No satisfactory translation can be given in the paradigms, especially of the subjunctive, which requires a variety of translations for its various uses.
718. The verb has two principal stems: I. The Present stem, which is the base of the present system; II. The Perfect stem, which is the base of the perfect active system.
719. The perfect system has no passive; its place is supplied by the perfect participle with a form of sum, am, or less frequently of fuī, am become.
720. Many verbs have only the present system: as, maereō, mourn; some have only the perfect system: as, meminī, remember. Some verbs have a present and perfect system made up of two separate roots or stems: as, present indicative ferō, carry, perfect indicative tulī, and perfect participle lātus; present possum, can, perfect potuī.
The Person Ending.
721. The person ending limits the meaning of the stem by pointing out the person of the subject. There are three Persons, the First, used of the speaker, the Second, of what is spoken to, and the Third, of what is spoken of. The person ending furthermore indicates number and voice.
722. There are two Numbers: the Singular, used of one, and the Plural, used of more than one.
723. There are two Voices: the Active, indicating that the subject acts, and the Passive, indicating that the subject acts on himself, or more commonly is acted on by another.
724. Only transitive verbs have all persons of the passive. Intransitive verbs have in the passive only the third person singular, used impersonally; the participle in this construction is neuter.
725. Some verbs have only the passive person endings, but with a reflexive or an active meaning; such are called Deponents: see 798.
726. The person endings are as follows:
| Voice. | Active. | Passive. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood. | Ind. & Sub. | Imperative. | Ind. & Sub. | Imperative. | ||||
| Number. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. |
| First person. | -m | -mus | not used | not used | -r | -mur | not used | not used |
| Second person. | -s | -tis | none, -tō | -te, -tōte | -ris, -re | [-minī] | -re, -tor | [-minī] |
| Third person. | -t | -nt | -tō | -ntō | -tur | -ntur | -tor | -ntor |
727. In the perfect indicative active, the second person singular ends in -tī, and the third person plural in -runt for an older -ront, or in -re. -re is most used in poetry and history, and by Cato and Sallust; -runt by Cicero, and almost always by Caesar.
728. In the indicative -m is not used in the present (except in sum, am, and inquam, quoth I), in the perfect or future perfect, or in the future in -bō. -s is not used in es for ess, thou art, and in ēs, eatest (171, 1).
729. In inscriptions, -d sometimes stands for -t (149, 2) in the third person singular, and sometimes -t is not used: as, FECID, made, for fēcit; DEDE, gave, for dedēt or dedit. And other forms of the third person plural of the indicative active are sometimes used: as, Pisaurian DEDROT, DEDRO (with syncope, 111) for dederunt, gave; EMERV, bought, for ēmērunt; once DEDERI, probably for dedēre (856).
730. In the passive second person singular, Terence has always, Plautus commonly -re; later it is unusual in the present indicative, except in deponents; but in other tenses -re is preferred, especially in the future -bere, by Cicero, -ris by Livy and Tacitus. The second person plural passive is wanting; its place is supplied by a single participial form in -minī, which is used without reference to gender, for gender words and neuters alike (297).
731. Deponents have rarely -mino, in the imperative singular: as, second person, prōgredimino, step forward thou (Plaut.); in laws, as third person: FRVIMINO, let him enjoy; or -tō and -ntō for -tor and -ntor: as, ūtitō, let him use; ūtuntō, let them use. In a real passive, -ntō is rare: as, CENSENTO, let them be rated.
Nouns of the Verb.
732. The verb is accompanied by some nouns, which are conveniently, though not quite accurately, reckoned parts of the verb; they are:
Three Infinitives, Present Active and Passive, and Perfect Active, sometimes called the Infinitive Mood. For the future active and passive and the perfect passive, compound forms are used.
The Gerund and the Gerundive.
Two Supines.
Three Participles, Present and Future Active, and Perfect Passive.
Principal Parts.
733. The several verb stems can readily be found, when once the principal parts are known; these are given in the dictionary.
734. The Principal Parts of a verb are the Present Indicative Active, Present Infinitive Active, Perfect Indicative Active, and Perfect Participle: as,
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
|---|---|---|---|
| regō, rule | regere | rēxī | rēctus |
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| moneō, advise | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| audiō, hear | audīre | audīvī | auditus |
735. The Principal Parts of deponents are the Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, and Perfect Participle: as,
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Part. |
|---|---|---|
| queror, complain | querī | questus |
| mīror, wonder | mīrārī | mīrātus |
| vereor, fear | verērī | veritus |
| partior, share | partīrī | partītus |
Designation of the Verb.
736. A verb is usually named by the present indicative active first person singular: as, regō; laudō, moneō, audiō; or by the present infinitive active: as, regere; laudāre, monēre, audīre. Deponents are named by the corresponding passive forms: as, queror; mīror, vereor, partior; or querī; mīrārī, verērī, partīrī.
737. For convenience, verbs with -ere in the present infinitive active are called Verbs in -ere; those with -āre, -ēre, or -īre, Verbs in -āre, -ēre, or -īre, respectively. In like manner deponents are designated as Verbs in -ī; or Verbs in -ārī, -ērī, or -īrī, respectively.
Theme of the Verb.
738. The several stems of the verb come from a form called the Theme. In primitives, the theme is a root; in denominatives, the theme is a noun stem.
Thus, reg- in reg-ō is a root; while vesti- in vesti-ō, dress, is a noun stem. The noun stem is sometimes modified in form. Oftentimes the noun stem is only presumed: as, audi- in audi-ō.
739. Some verbs have a denominative theme in the present system, and a primitive theme in the perfect system, others have the reverse.
740. Most verbs with an infinitive of more than two syllables in -āre, -ēre, or -īre, or, if deponent, in -ārī, -ērī, or -īrī, are denominative; most other verbs are primitive.
Thus, laudāre, monēre, audīre; mīrārī, verērī, partīrī, are denominative; while esse, dare, (dē)lēre, regere, querī, are primitive. A few verbs, however, which have the appearance of denominatives, are thought to be primitive in their origin.
Arrangement of the Verb.
741. Verbs are divided into two classes, according to the form of the present system: I. Root verbs, and verbs in -ere, mostly primitive; II. Verbs in -āre, -ēre, or -īre, mostly denominative.
742. Verbs are sometimes arranged without regard to difference of kind, in the alphabetical order of the vowel before -s of the second person singular of the present indicative active, ā, ē, i, ī: thus, laudās, monēs, regis, audīs, sometimes called the first, second, third, and fourth conjugation respectively.
I. Primitive Verbs.
743. A few of the oldest and commonest verbs of everyday life have a bare root as stem in the present indicative or in parts of it; and some of them have other peculiarities; such are called Root Verbs, or by some, irregular (744-781). Most primitives are verbs in -ere, like regō (782).
(A.) Root Verbs.
Irregular Verbs.
(a.) With a Prevalent Bare Root.
744. Primitives with the bare root as present indicative stem in almost all their forms are sum, am, dō, give, put, and compounds; and with the root doubled, bibō, drink, serō, sow, and sistō, set.
(1.) sum, am (es-, s-).
745. sum, am, is used only in the present system (720). The perfect system is supplied by forms of fuī (fu-).
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| sum | esse | (fuī) | —— |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| sum, I am | sumus, we are | ||
| es, thou art | estis, you are | ||
| est, he is | sunt, they are | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| eram, I was | erāmus, we were | ||
| erās, thou wert | erātis, you were | ||
| erat, he was | erant, they were | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| erō, I shall be | erimus, we shall be | ||
| eris, thou wilt be | eritis, you will be | ||
| erit, he will be | erunt, they will be | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuī, I have been, or was | fuimus, we have been, or were | ||
| fuistī, thou hast been, or wert | fuistis, you have been, or were | ||
| fuit, he has been, or was | fuērunt or -re, they have been, or were | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| fueram, I had been | fuerāmus, we had been | ||
| fuerās, thou hadst been | fuerātis, you had been | ||
| fuerat, he had been | fuerant, they had been | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuerō, I shall have been | fuerimus, we shall have been | ||
| fueris, thou wilt have been | fueritis, you will have been | ||
| fuerit, he will have been | fuerint, they will have been | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| sim, may I be | sīmus, let us be | ||
| sīs, mayst thou be | sītis, be you, may you be | ||
| sit, let him be, may he be | sint, let them be, may they be | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| essem, I should be | essēmus, we should be | ||
| essēs, thou wouldst be | essētis, you would be | ||
| esset, he would be | essent, they would be | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuerim, I may have been | fuerīmus, we may have been | ||
| fuerīs, thou mayst have been | fuerītis, you may have been | ||
| fuerit, he may have been | fuerīnt, they may have been | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| fuissem, I should have been | fuissēmus, we should have been | ||
| fuissēs, thou wouldst have been | fuissētis, you would have been | ||
| fuisset, he would have been | fuissent, they would have been | ||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
| es or estō, be thou, thou shalt be | este or estōte, be you, you shall be | ||
| estō, he shall be | suntō, they shall be | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. esse, to be | Pres. See 749 | ||
| Perf. fuisse, to have been | Perf. —— | ||
| Fut. futūrus esse, to be going to be | Fut. futūrus, going to be | ||
746. For the first person sum, Varro mentions esum as an archaic form. This e was probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the -m, and for es, see 728. For sim, &c., and siem, &c., see 841. In the imperfect eram, &c., and the future erō, &c., s has become r (154).
747. The indicative and imperative es is for older ess (171, 1), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. The e of es and est is not pronounced after a vowel or -m, and is often omitted in writing: as experrēcta es, pronounced experrēctas; epistula est, pronounced epistulast; cōnsilium est, pronounced cōnsiliumst. In the dramatists, -s preceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a following es or est: thus, tū servos es becomes tū servos; similis est, similist; virtūs est, virtūst; rēs est, rēst.
748. Old forms are: SONT (inscr. about 120 B.C.); with suffix -scō (834), escit (for *esscit), gets to be, will be, escunt; present subjunctive, siem, siēs, siet, and sient (841), common in inscriptions down to 100 B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperative estōd rare.
749. The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms: sontem (accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning of being, actual, the real man, and has only the secondary meaning of guilty, and īnsōns, innocent; and -sēns in absēns, away, praesēns, at hand, dī cōnsentēs, gods collective; also once INSENTIBVS. sum has no gerund or gerundive.
750. A subjunctive present fuam, fuās, fuat, and fuant occurs in old Latin; and an imperfect forem, forēs, foret, and forent, in all periods. The present infinitive fore, to get to be, become, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system are FVVEIT (29, 1), FVET; fūit, fūimus, fūerim, fūerit, fūerint, fūisset (Plaut., Enn.). fuī has no perfect participle or supine.
751.
possum, can.
| Principal parts: possum, posse; (potuī, see 875.) | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | possum, potes, potest | possumus, potestis, possunt |
| Imp. | poteram, poterās, poterat | poterāmus, poterātis, poterant |
| Fut. | poterō, poteris, poterit | poterimus, poteritis, poterunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | possim, possīs, possit | possīmus, possītis, possint |
| Imp. | possem, possēs, posset | possēmus, possētis, possent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | posse | —— |
752. possum is formed from pote, able, and sum, juxtaposed (166, 2; 396). The separate forms potis sum, &c., or pote sum, &c., are also used, and sometimes even potis or pote alone takes the place of a verb; in either case potis and pote are indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.
753. t is retained before a vowel, except in possem, &c., for potessem, &c., and in posse; t before s changes to s (166, 2). Old forms are: possiem, &c., (748), potessem, potisset, potesse. Rare forms are POTESTO (inscr. 58 B.C.), and passives, as potestur, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484). possum has no participles; the perfect system, potuī, &c., is like fuī, &c. (745).
(2.) dō, give, put (dā-, da-).
754. There are two verbs dō, one meaning give, and one meaning put. The dō meaning put is oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out by pōnō. The present system of dō is as follows:
| Principal parts: dō, dare, dedī, datus. | ||
|---|---|---|
| ACTIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | dō, dās, dat | damus, datis, dant |
| Imp. | dabam, dabās, dabat | dabāmus, dabātis, dabant |
| Fut. | dabō, dabis, dabit | dabimus, dabitis, dabunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | dem, dēs, det | dēmus, dētis, dent |
| Imp. | darem, darēs, daret | darēmus, darētis, darent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| dā or datō, datō | date or datōte, dantō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | dare | dāns |
| GERUND. | ||
| Gen. | dandī, &c. | |
| PASSIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | ——, daris or -re, datur | damur, daminī, dantur |
| Imp. | dabar, dabāre or -ris, dabātur | dabāmur, dabāminī, dabantur |
| Fut. | dabor, dabere or -ris, dabitur | dabimur, dabiminī, dabuntur |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | ——, dēre or -ris, dētur | ——, dēminī, dentur |
| Imp. | darer, darēre or -ris, darētur | darēmur, darēminī, darentur |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| dare or dator, dator | daminī, dantor | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | |
| Pres. | darī | dandus |
755. In the present system a is short throughout in the first syllable, except in dās and dā. For dedī, datus, and supines datum, datū, see 859 and 900.
756. Old forms: danunt of uncertain origin (833) for dant. From another form of the root come duis, duit; interduō, concrēduō, perfect concrēduī; subjunctive duim, duīs (duās), duit and duint (841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing; crēduam, crēduās or crēduīs, crēduat or crēduit.
757. Real compounds of dō have a present system like regō (782); in the perfect and the perfect participle, e and a become i: as, abdō, put away, abdere, abdidī, abditus; crēdō, put trust in. perdō, fordo, destroy, and vēndō, put for sale, have gerundives perdendus, vēndundus, and perfect participles perditus, vēnditus; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō and vēneō. reddō, give back, has future reddibō 3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds with circum, pessum, satis, and vēnum, dō remains without change, as in 754.
(3.) bibō, serō, and sistō.
758. bibō, drink, serō, sow (for *si-sō, 154), and sistō, set, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system like regō (782).
(b.) With the Bare Root in Parts.
inquam, eō, and queō.
759. inquam, eō, and queō have the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).
(1.) inquam, say I, quoth I.
760. inquam, say I, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | inquam, inquis, inquit | ——, ——, inquiunt |
| Fut. | ——, inquiēs, inquiet | ——, ——, —— |
761. Rare forms are: subjunctive inquiat (Cornif.), indicative imperfect inquiēbat (Cic.), used twice each; indicative present inquimus (Hor.), perfect inquiī (Catull.), inquīstī (Cic.), once each; imperative inque, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2), inquitō, 3 times (Plaut.). For inquam, see 728.
762.
(2.) eō, go (ī- for ei-, i-)
| Principal parts: eō, īre, iī, itum. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | eō, īs, it | īmus, ītis, eunt |
| Imp. | ībam, ībās, ībat | ībāmus, ībātis, ībant |
| Fut. | ībō, ībis, ībit | ībimus, ībitis, ībunt |
| Perf. | iī, īstī, iīt or īt | iimus, īstis, iērunt or -re |
| Plup. | ieram, ierās, ierat | ierāmus, ierātis, ierant |
| F. P. | ierō, ieris, ierit | ierimus, ieritis, ierint |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | eam, eās, eat | eāmus, eātis, eant |
| Imp. | īrem, īrēs, īret | īrēmus, īrētis, īrent |
| Perf. | ierim, ierīs, ierit | ierīmus, ierītis, ierint |
| Plup. | īssem, īssēs, īsset | īssēmus, īssētis, īssent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| ī or ītō, ītō | īte or ītōte, euntō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | īre | iēns, Gen. euntis |
| Perf. | īsse | itum |
| Fut. | itūrus esse | itūrus |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | |
| Gen. | eundī | |
| Dat. | eundō | |
| Acc. | eundum | —— |
| Abl. | eundō | —— |
763. The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundive eundum and participle itum; but transitive compounds, as adeō, go up to, have a complete passive: as, adeor, adīris, &c. ambiō, go round, canvass, follows denominatives in -īre (796), but has once or twice the imperfect ambībat, ambībant, ambībātur (Liv., Tac., Plin. Ep.), and once the future ambībunt (Plin.); future perfect ambīssit, ambīssint, once each (prol. Plaut.).
764. The ī is weakened from ei (98): as, eis, eit, eite, abeis, abei (Plaut.); EITVR, ABEI, ADEITVR (inscr. 130 B.C.), VENEIRE (49 B.C.), PRAETEREIS. Before o, u, or a, the root becomes e. For u in euntis, see 902.
765. Old forms are: īerō (Plaut.), īī, īerant (Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186 B.C., ADIESET, ADIESENT, ADIESE, and of 146 B.C., REDIEIT (29, 2; 132); INTERIEISTI. A future in -iet, as trānsiet (Sen.), is late and rare.
766. A double i is found in iissēs and iisset once each (Ciris, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: as rediissēs, interiisset. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as, abiisse, abiistī; also in rediistis once (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single long ī is found rarely in late writers in the singular: as, adī (Val. Fl.).
767. A few examples are found of a perfect system with v, as īvī, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.
(a) Examples of simple forms with v are: īvisse (Plaut.), īvit (Cato), īvī (Varro), īverat (Catull.). (b) Compound forms: exīvī (Plaut.), obīvit (Verg.), subīvit (Stat.); trānsīvisse (Claud. ap. Tac.), inīvimus, trānsīvī, trānsīvimus (Curt.), trānsīvit, trānsīverant (Sen.), exīvit (Gell.). Apparent compounds (396): īntrō īvit (C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).
(3.) queō, can.
768. queō, can, and nequeō, can’t, have the perfect quīvī, the rest like eō (762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare. queō is commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).
edō; volō (nōlō, mālō) and ferō.
(1.) edō, eat (ed-, ēd-).
769. edō, eat, has a present system with a formative vowel like regō throughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, with d of the root changed to s, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:
| Principal parts: edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | edō, ēs or edis, ēst or edit | edimus, ēstis or editis, edunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | edim, edīs, edit or edam, edās, edat | edīmus, edītis, edint or edāmus, edātis, edant |
| Imp. | ēssem, ēssēs, ēsset or ederem, ederēs, ederet | ēssēmus, ——, ēssent or ederēmus, ederētis, ederent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| ēs or ede, ēstō or editō | ēste or edite | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | ēsse | edēns |
770. For ēs, see 728; for edim, &c., 841. In the passive, the indicative present ēstur is used, and imperfect subjunctive ēssētur. The perfect participle ēsus is for an older ēssus (170, 7). Supines ēssum, ēssū (Plaut.).
771. comedō, eat up, has also the following root forms: comēs, comēst, comēstis; comēstō; comēsse; comēssēs, comēsset, comēssēmus. The present subjunctive has also comedim, comedīs, comedint. The participle perfect is comēssus, comēsus, or comēstus, future comēssūrus. exedō, eat out, has exēst and exēsse; subjunctive exedint. adedō, eat at, has adēst.
772. volō (nōlō, mālō) and ferō have the bare root in some parts only of the present system; in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel, like regō (782). volō (nōlō, mālō) lack some forms, as will be seen below.
773.
(2.) volō, will, wish, want, am willing (vol-, vel-).
| Principal parts: volō, velle, voluī, ——. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | volō, vīs, volt or vult | volumus, voltis or vultis, volunt |
| Imp. | volēbam, volēbās, volēbat | volēbāmus, volēbātis, volēbant |
| Fut. | volam, volēs, volet | volēmus, volētis, volent |
| Perf. | voluī, voluistī, voluit | voluimus, voluistis, voluērunt or -re |
| Plup. | volueram, voluerās, voluerat | voluerāmus, voluerātis, voluerant |
| F. P. | voluerō, volueris, voluerit | voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | velim, velīs, velit | velīmus, velītis, velint |
| Imp. | vellem, vellēs, vellet | vellēmus, vellētis, vellent |
| Perf. | voluerim, voluerīs, voluerit | voluerīmus, voluerītis, voluerint |
| Plup. | voluissem, voluissēs, voluisset | voluissēmus, voluissētis, voluissent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | velle | volēns |
| Perf. | voluisse | |
774. volo for volō is rare (2443). volt and voltis became vult and vultis about the time of Augustus (141). For volumus, see 142; velim, &c., 841; vellem, &c., velle, 166, 8. sīs, an thou wilt, is common for sī vīs (Plaut., Ter., Cic., Liv.). sultis, an ‘t please you, is used by Plautus for sī voltis.
775. nōlō, won’t, is formed from ne-, not, and volō, juxtaposed, and mālō, like better, abbreviated from māvolō for *magsvolo (779, 170, 2).
776. nōlō, won’t, don’t want, object, am not willing.
| Principal parts: nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ——. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | nōlō, nōn vīs, nōn volt or vult | nōlumus, nōn voltis or vultis, nōlunt |
| Imp. | nōlēbam, nōlēbās, nōlēbat | nōlēbāmus, nōlēbātis, nōlēbant |
| Fut. | ——, nōlēs, nōlet | nōlēmus, nōlētis, nōlent |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | nōlim, nōlīs, nōlit | nōlīmus, nōlītis, nōlint |
| Imp. | nōllem, nōllēs, nōllet | nōllēmus, nōllētis, nōllent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| nōlī or nōlītō, nōlītō | nōlīte or nōlītōte, nōluntō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | nōlle | —— |
777. nevīs and nevolt, from ne-, not, are found in Plautus. nōlō has usually no participles, but oblique cases of nōlēns are used a few times by post-Augustan writers (Cels., Luc., Quintil., Ta., Juv., Mart., Plin.). The perfect system, nōluī, &c., is like that of volō (772).
778. mālō, like better, choose rather.
| Principal parts: mālō, mālle, māluī, ——. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | mālō, māvīs, māvolt or māvult | mālumus, māvoltis or māvultis, mālunt |
| Imp. | mālēbam, mālēbās, mālēbat | mālēbāmus, mālēbātis, mālēbant |
| Fut. | ——, mālēs, mālet | mālēmus, mālētis, mālent |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | mālim, mālīs, mālit | mālīmus, mālītis, mālint |
| Imp. | māllem, māllēs, māllet | māllēmus, māllētis, māllent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | mālle | —— |
779. Old forms are māvolō, māvolunt; māvolet; māvelim, māvelīs, māvelit; māvellem. The perfect system, māluī, &c., is like that of volō (772).
(3.) ferō, carry (fer-).
780. ferō, carry, is used only in the present system (720). The other parts are supplied by forms of tollō, lift (tol-, tlā-). The present system of ferō is as follows:
| Principal parts: ferō, ferre; (tulī, lātus). | ||
|---|---|---|
| ACTIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | ferō, fers, fert | ferimus, fertis, ferunt |
| Imp. | ferēbam, ferēbās, ferēbat | ferēbāmus, ferēbātis, ferēbant |
| Fut. | feram, ferēs, feret | ferēmus, ferētis, ferent |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | feram, ferās, ferat | ferāmus, ferātis, ferant |
| Imp. | ferrem, ferrēs, ferret | ferrēmus, ferrētis, ferrent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| fer or fertō, fertō | ferte or fertōte, feruntō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | ferre | ferēns |
| GERUND. | ||
| Gen. | ferendī, &c. | |
| PASSIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | feror, ferris or -re, fertur | ferimur, feriminī, feruntur |
| Imp. | ferēbar, ferēbāre or -ris, ferēbātur | ferēbāmur, ferēbāminī, ferēbantur |
| Fut. | ferar, ferēre or -ris, ferētur | ferēmur, ferēminī, ferentur |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | ferar, ferāre or -ris, ferātur | ferāmur, ferāminī, ferantur |
| Imp. | ferrer, ferrēre or -ris, ferrētur | ferrēmur, ferrēminī, ferrentur |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| ferre or fertor, fertor | feriminī, feruntor | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | |
| Pres. | ferrī | ferendus |
781. For tulī, see 860; the full form tetulī, &c., is found in old Latin, and TOLI, &c., in inscriptions; the compound with re- is rettulī for *retetulī (861). For the participle lātus, see 169, 1.
(B.) Verbs In -ere .
The Third Conjugation.
782.
regō, rule.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| regō | regere | rēxī | rēctus |
| ACTIVE VOICE. | |||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| regō, I rule, or am ruling | regimus, we rule, or are ruling | ||
| regis, thou rulest, or art ruling | regitis, you rule, or are ruling | ||
| regit, he rules, or is ruling | regunt, they rule, or are ruling | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| regēbam, I was ruling, or I ruled | regēbāmus, we were ruling, or we ruled | ||
| regēbās, thou wert ruling, or thou ruledst | regēbātis, you were ruling, or you ruled | ||
| regēbat, he was ruling, or he ruled | regēbant, they were ruling, or they ruled | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| regam, I shall rule | regēmus, we shall rule | ||
| regēs, thou wilt rule | regētis, you will rule | ||
| reget, he will rule | regent, they will rule | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| rēxī, I have ruled, or I ruled | rēximus, we have ruled, or we ruled | ||
| rēxistī, thou hast ruled, or thou ruledst | rēxistis, you have ruled, or you ruled | ||
| rēxit, he has ruled, or he ruled | rēxērunt or -re, they have ruled, or they ruled | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| rēxeram, I had ruled | rēxerāmus, we had ruled | ||
| rēxerās, thou hadst ruled | rēxerātis, you had ruled | ||
| rēxerat, he had ruled | rēxerant, they had ruled | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| rēxerō, I shall have ruled | rēxerimus, we shall have ruled | ||
| rēxeris, thou wilt have ruled | rēxeritis, you will have ruled | ||
| rēxerit, he will have ruled | rēxerint, they will have ruled | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| regam, may I rule | regāmus, let us rule | ||
| regās, mayst thou rule | regātis, may you rule | ||
| regat, let him rule | regant, let them rule | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| regerem, I should rule | regerēmus, we should rule | ||
| regerēs, thou wouldst rule | regerētis, you would rule | ||
| regeret, he would rule | regerent, they would rule | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| rēxerim, I may have ruled | rēxerīmus, we may have ruled | ||
| rēxerīs, thou mayst have ruled | rēxerītis, you may have ruled | ||
| rēxerit, he may have ruled | rēxerint, they may have ruled | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| rēxissem, I should have ruled | rēxissēmus, we should have ruled | ||
| rēxissēs, thou wouldst have ruled | rēxissētis, you would have ruled | ||
| rēxisset, he would have ruled | rēxissent, they would have ruled | ||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
| rege or regitō, rule, thou shalt rule | regite or regitōte, rule, you shall rule | ||
| regitō, he shall rule | reguntō, they shall rule | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. regere, to rule | Pres. regēns, ruling | ||
| Perf. rēxisse, to have ruled | |||
| Fut. rēctūrus esse, to be going to rule | Fut. rēctūrus, going to rule | ||
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. regendī, of ruling | |||
| Dat. regendō, for ruling | |||
| Acc. regendum, ruling | Acc. *rēctum, to rule, not used | ||
| Abl. regendō, by ruling | Abl. *rēctū, in ruling, not used | ||
Verbs In -ere .
The Third Conjugation.
783.
regor, am ruled.
| PASSIVE VOICE. | |
|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| regor, I am ruled | regimur, we are ruled |
| regeris or -re, thou art ruled | regiminī, you are ruled |
| regitur, he is ruled | reguntur, they are ruled |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| regēbar, I was ruled | regēbāmur, we were ruled |
| regēbāre or -ris, thou wert ruled | regēbāminī, you were ruled |
| regēbātur, he was ruled | regēbantur, they were ruled |
| Future Tense. | |
| regar, I shall be ruled | regēmur, we shall be ruled |
| regēre or -ris, thou wilt be ruled | regēminī, you will be ruled |
| regētur, he will be ruled | regentur, they will be ruled |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| rēctus sum, I have been, or was ruled | rēctī sumus, we have been, or were ruled |
| rēctus es, thou hast been, or wert ruled | rēctī estis, you have been, or were ruled |
| rēctus est, he has been, or was ruled | rēctī sunt, they have been, or were ruled |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| rēctus eram, I had been ruled | rēctī erāmus, we had been ruled |
| rēctus erās, thou hadst been ruled | rēctī erātis, you had been ruled |
| rēctus erat, he had been ruled | rēctī erant, they had been ruled |
| Future Perfect Tense. | |
| rēctus erō, I shall have been ruled | rēctī erimus, we shall have been ruled |
| rēctus eris, thou wilt have been ruled | rēctī eritis, you will have been ruled |
| rēctus erit, he will have been ruled | rēctī erunt, they will have been ruled |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| regar, may I be ruled | regāmur, may we be ruled |
| regāre or -ris, mayst thou be ruled | regāminī, may you be ruled |
| regātur, let him be ruled | regantur, let them be ruled |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| regerer, I should be ruled | regerēmur, we should be ruled |
| regerēre or -ris, thou wouldst be ruled | regerēminī, you would be ruled |
| regerētur, he would be ruled | regerentur, they would be ruled |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| rēctus sim, I may have been ruled | rēctī sīmus, we may have been ruled |
| rēctus sīs, thou mayst have been ruled | rēctī sītis, you may have been ruled |
| rēctus sit, he may have been ruled | rēctī sint, they may have been ruled |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| rēctus essem, I should have been ruled | rēctī essēmus, we should have been ruled |
| rēctus essēs, thou wouldst have been ruled | rēctī essētis, you would have been ruled |
| rēctus esset, he would have been ruled | rēctī essent, they would have been ruled |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |
| regere or regitor, be ruled, thou shalt be ruled | regiminī, be ruled |
| regitor, he shall be ruled | reguntor, they shall be ruled |
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| Pres. regī, to be ruled | regendus, to be ruled |
| Perf. rēctus esse, to have been ruled | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. |
| Fut. *rēctum īrī, to be going to be ruled, not used (2273) | rēctus, ruled |
Verbs In -iō , -ere .
784. Verbs in -iō, -ere, as capiō, capere, take (cap-), drop an i in some forms of the present and imperfect. The present system is as follows:
| ACTIVE VOICE. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | capiō, capis, capit | capimus, capitis, capiunt |
| Imp. | capiēbam, capiēbās, capiēbat | capiēbāmus, capiēbātis, capiēbant |
| Fut. | capiam, capiēs, capiet | capiēmus, capiētis, capient |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | capiam, capiās, capiat | capiāmus, capiātis, capiant |
| Imp. | caperem, caperēs, caperet | caperēmus, caperētis, caperent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| cape or capitō, capitō | capite or capitōte, capiuntō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | capere | capiēns |
| GERUND. | ||
| Gen. | capiendī, &c. | |
| PASSIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | capior, caperis or -re, capitur | capimur, capiminī, capiuntur |
| Imp. | capiēbar, capiēbāre or -ris, capiēbātur | capiēbāmur, capiēbāminī, capiēbantur |
| Fut. | capiar, capiēre or -ris, capiētur | capiēmur, capiēminī, capientur |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | capiar, capiāre or -ris, capiātur | capiāmur, capiāminī, capiantur |
| Imp. | caperer, caperēre or -ris, caperētur | caperēmur, caperēminī, caperentur |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| capere or capitor, capitor | capiminī, capiuntor | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | |
| Pres. | capi | capiendus |
785. There are a dozen verbs in -īō, -ere, like capiō, and three deponents in -ior, -ī, all formed from consonant roots with a short vowel: see 836. aiō, say, and fīō, grow, become, have certain peculiarities arising from the blending of the root with the suffix.
(1.) aiō, say, say ay, avouch (ag-).
786. aiō, say, is defective, and has only these parts in common use:
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Ind. Pres. | aiō, ais, ait | ——, ——, aiunt |
| Ind. Imp. | aiēbam, aiēbās, aiēbat | aiēbāmus, aiēbātis, aiēbant |
| Subj. Pres. | ——, aiās, aiāt | ——, ——, —— |
787. For aiō, sometimes written aiiō (23), see 153, 2. Old forms are: present ais, aīs, a͡is, or with -n interrogative āin, a͡in; aīt, ait, or a͡it; imperfect a͡ibam, a͡ibās, a͡ibat, and a͡ibant; imperative once only, aī (Naev.). A participle aientibus, affirmative, occurs once (Cic.).
(2.) fīō, become, am made.
788. fīō, become, and factus sum supplement each other: in the present system, the passive of faciō, make, except the gerundive, faciendus, is not used, fīō, &c., taking its place; in the perfect system, only factus sum, &c., is used.
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Ind. Pres. | fīō, fīs, fit | ——, ——, fīunt |
| Ind. Imp. | fīēbam, fīēbās, fīēbat | fīēbāmus, fīēbātis, fīēbant |
| Ind. Fut. | fīam, fīēs, fīet | fīēmus, fīētis, fīent |
| Subj. Pres. | fīam, fīās, fīat | fīāmus, fīātis, fīant |
| Subj. Imp. | fierem, fierēs, fieret | fierēmus, fierētis, fierent |
| Imper. | fī | fīte |
| Infin. Pres. | fierī | Part. Pres. —— |
789. In fīō, &c., ī represents an older ei, seen in FEIENT (inscr. 45 B.C.). The infinitive fierī for fierei owes its passive ending to analogy; the active form fiere occurs twice (Enn., Laev.). The vowel before -er- in fierem, &c., and fierī, is sometimes long in the dramatists, where a cretic (- ⏑ -) is required, but otherwise always short.
790. -fīō is used in apparent compounds (394): as, patē̆fit. In real compounds commonly -ficior: as, cōnficior; but sometimes -fīō: as, cōnfit, cōnfīunt, cōnfīat, cōnfieret, cōnfierent, cōnfī̆erī; dēfit, dēfīet, dēfīat, dēfierī; effit, effīant, ecfīerī; īnfit; interfīat, interfīerī; superfit, superfīat.
791. Some verbs in -iō, -ere (or -ior, -ī), have occasionally the form of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), in some parts of the present system, oftenest before an r, and particularly in the passive infinitive: as,
fodīrī, 3 times (Cato, Col. 2), circumfodīrī (Col.), ecfodīrī (Plaut.); adgredīrī (adgredīrier), 4 times (Plaut.), prōgredīrī (Plaut.); morīrī 6 times (Plaut. 4, Pomp., Ov.), ēmorīrī twice (Plaut., Ter.); orīrī, always; parīre, twice (Plaut., Enn.); usually potīrī (potīrier). Also cupīret (Lucr.); adgredīre, adgredībor, adgredīmur (Plaut.); morīmur (Enn.); orīris (Varr., Sen.), adorītur (Lucil., Lucr.), orīrētur (Cic., Nep., Sall., Liv.), adorīrētur (Liv., Suet.); parībis (Pomp.), PARIRET (inscr.); potīris (Manil.), potītur (Lucil., Ov.), &c., &c.
II. Denominative Verbs.
(1.) VERBS IN -āre.
The First Conjugation.
792.
laudō, praise.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| laudō | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| ACTIVE VOICE. | |||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| laudō, I praise, or am praising | laudāmus, we praise, or are praising | ||
| laudās, thou praisest, or art praising | laudātis, you praise, or are praising | ||
| laudat, he praises, or is praising | laudant, they praise, or are praising | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| laudābam, I was praising, or I praised | laudābāmus, we were praising, or we praised | ||
| laudābās, thou wert praising, or thou praisedst | laudābātis, you were praising, or you praised | ||
| laudābat, he was praising, or he praised | laudābant, they were praising, or they praised | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| laudābō, I shall praise | laudābimus, we shall praise | ||
| laudābis, thou wilt praise | laudābitis, you will praise | ||
| laudābit, he will praise | laudābunt, they will praise | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| laudāvī, I have praised, or I praised | laudāvimus, we have praised, or we praised | ||
| laudāvistī, thou hast praised, or thou praisedst | laudāvistis, you have praised, or you praised | ||
| laudāvit, he has praised, or he praised | laudāvērunt or -re, they have praised, or they praised | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| laudāveram, I had praised | laudāverāmus, we had praised | ||
| laudāverās, thou hadst praised | laudāverātis, you had praised | ||
| laudāverat, he had praised | laudāverant, they had praised | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| laudāverō, I shall have praised | laudāverimus, we shall have praised | ||
| laudāveris, thou wilt have praised | laudāveritis, you will have praised | ||
| laudāverit, he will have praised | laudāverint, they will have praised | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| laudem, may I praise | laudēmus, let us praise | ||
| laudēs, mayst thou praise | laudētis, may you praise | ||
| laudet, let him praise | laudent, let them praise | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| laudārem, I should praise | laudārēmus, we should praise | ||
| laudārēs, thou wouldst praise | laudārētis, you would praise | ||
| laudāret, he would praise | laudārent, they would praise | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| laudāverim, I may have praised | laudāverīmus, we may have praised | ||
| laudāverīs, thou mayst have praised | laudāverītis, you may have praised | ||
| laudāverit, he may have praised | laudāverint, they may have praised | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| laudāvissem, I should have praised | laudāvissēmus, we should have praised | ||
| laudāvissēs, thou wouldst have praised | laudāvissētis, you would have praised | ||
| laudāvisset, he would have praised | laudāvissent, they would have praised | ||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
| laudā or laudātō, praise, thou shalt praise | laudāte or laudātōte, praise, you shall praise | ||
| laudātō, he shall praise | laudantō, they shall praise | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. laudāre, to praise | Pres. laudāns, praising | ||
| Perf. laudāvisse, to have praised | |||
| Fut. laudātūrus esse, to be going to praise | Fut. laudātūrus, going to praise | ||
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. laudandī, of praising | |||
| Dat. laudandō, for praising | |||
| Acc. laudandum, praising | Acc. laudātum, to praise | ||
| Abl. laudandō, by praising | Abl. *laudātū, in praising, not used | ||
Verbs In -āre .
The First Conjugation.
793.
laudor, am praised.
| PASSIVE VOICE. | |
|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| laudor, I am praised | laudāmur, we are praised |
| laudāris or -re, thou art praised | laudāminī, you are praised |
| laudātur, he is praised | laudantur, they are praised |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| laudābar, I was praised | laudābāmur, we were praised |
| laudābāre or -ris, thou wert praised | laudābāminī, you were praised |
| laudābātur, he was praised | laudābantur, they were praised |
| Future Tense. | |
| laudābor, I shall be praised | laudābimur, we shall be praised |
| laudābere or -ris, thou wilt be praised | laudābiminī, you will be praised |
| laudābitur, he will be praised | laudābuntur, they will be praised |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| laudātus sum, I have been, or was praised | laudātī sumus, we have been, or were praised |
| laudātus es, thou hast been, or wert praised | laudātī estis, you have been, or were praised |
| laudātus est, he has been, or was praised | laudātī sunt, they have been, or were praised |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| laudātus eram, I had been praised | laudātī erāmus, we had been praised |
| laudātus erās, thou hadst been praised | laudātī erātis, you had been praised |
| laudātus erat, he had been praised | laudātī erant, they had been praised |
| Future Perfect Tense. | |
| laudātus erō, I shall have been praised | laudātī erimus, we shall have been praised |
| laudātus eris, thou wilt have been praised | laudātī eritis, you will have been praised |
| laudātus erit, he will have been praised | laudātī erunt, they will have been praised |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| lauder, may I be praised | laudēmur, may we be praised |
| laudēre or -ris, mayst thou be praised | laudēminī, may you be praised |
| laudētur, let him be praised | laudentur, let them be praised |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| laudārer, I should be praised | laudārēmur, we should be praised |
| laudārēre or -ris, thou wouldst be praised | laudārēminī, you would be praised |
| laudārētur, he would be praised | laudārentur, they would be praised |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| laudātus sim, I may have been praised | laudātī sīmus, we may have been praised |
| laudātus sīs, thou mayst have been praised | laudātī sītis, you may have been praised |
| laudātus sit, he may have been praised | laudātī sint, they may have been praised |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| laudātus essem, I should have been praised | laudātī essēmus, we should have been praised |
| laudātus essēs, thou wouldst have been praised | laudātī essētis, you would have been praised |
| laudātus esset, he would have been praised | laudātī essent, they would have been praised |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |
| laudāre or laudātor, be praised, thou shalt be praised | laudāminī, be praised |
| laudātor, he shall be praised | laudantor, they shall be praised |
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| Pres. laudārī, to be praised | laudandus, to be praised |
| Perf. laudātus esse, to have been praised | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. |
| Fut. *laudātum īrī, to be going to be praised, not used (2273) | laudātus, praised |
(2.) VERBS IN -ēre.
The Second Conjugation.
794.
moneō, advise.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| moneō | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| ACTIVE VOICE. | |||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| moneō, I advise, or am advising | monēmus, we advise, or are advising | ||
| monēs, thou advisest, or art advising | monētis, you advise, or are advising | ||
| monet, he advises, or is advising | monent, they advise, or are advising | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| monēbam, I was advising, or I advised | monēbāmus, we were advising, or we advised | ||
| monēbās, thou wert advising, or thou advisedst | monēbātis, you were advising, or you advised | ||
| monēbat, he was advising, or he advised | monēbant, they were advising, or they advised | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| monēbō, I shall advise | monēbimus, we shall advise | ||
| monēbis, thou wilt advise | monēbitis, you will advise | ||
| monēbit, he will advise | monēbunt, they will advise | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| monuī, I have advised, or I advised | monuimus, we have advised, or we advised | ||
| monuistī, thou hast advised, or thou advisedst | monuistis, you have advised, or you advised | ||
| monuit, he has advised, or he advised | monuērunt or -re, they have advised, or they advised | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| monueram, I had advised | monuerāmus, we had advised | ||
| monuerās, thou hadst advised | monuerātis, you had advised | ||
| monuerat, he had advised | monuerant, they had advised | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| monuerō, I shall have advised | monuerimus, we shall have advised | ||
| monueris, thou wilt have advised | monueritis, you will have advised | ||
| monuerit, he will have advised | monuerint, they will have advised | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| moneam, may I advise | moneāmus, let us advise | ||
| moneās, mayst thou advise | moneātis, may you advise | ||
| moneat, let him advise | moneant, let them advise | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| monērem, I should advise | monērēmus, we should advise | ||
| monērēs, thou wouldst advise | monērētis, you would advise | ||
| monēret, he would advise | monērent, they would advise | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| monuerim, I may have advised | monuerīmus, we may have advised | ||
| monuerīs, thou mayst have advised | monuerītis, you may have advised | ||
| monuerit, he may have advised | monuerint, they may have advised | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| monuissem, I should have advised | monuissēmus, we should have advised | ||
| monuissēs, thou wouldst have advised | monuissētis, you would have advised | ||
| monuisset, he would have advised | monuissent, they would have advised | ||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
| monē or monētō, advise, thou shalt advise | monēte or monētōte, advise, you shall advise | ||
| monētō, he shall advise | monentō, they shall advise | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. monēre, to advise | Pres. monēns, advising | ||
| Perf. monuisse, to have advised | |||
| Fut. monitūrus esse, to be going to advise | Fut. monitūrus, going to advise | ||
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. monendī, of advising | |||
| Dat. monendō, for advising | |||
| Acc. monendum, advising | Acc. *monitum, to advise, not used | ||
| Abl. monendō, by advising | Abl. monitū, in advising | ||
Verbs In -ēre .
The Second Conjugation.
795.
moneor, am advised.
| PASSIVE VOICE. | |
|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| moneor, I am advised | monēmur, we are advised |
| monēris or -re, thou art advised | monēminī, you are advised |
| monētur, he is advised | monentur, they are advised |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| monēbar, I was advised | monēbāmur, we were advised |
| monēbāre or -ris, thou wert advised | monēbāminī, you were advised |
| monēbātur, he was advised | monēbantur, they were advised |
| Future Tense. | |
| monēbor, I shall be advised | monēbimur, we shall be advised |
| monēbere or -ris, thou wilt be advised | monēbiminī, you will be advised |
| monēbitur, he will be advised | monēbuntur, they will be advised |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| monitus sum, I have been, or was advised | monitī sumus, we have been, or were advised |
| monitus es, thou hast been, or wert advised | monitī estis, you have been, or were advised |
| monitus est, he has been, or was advised | monitī sunt, they have been, or were advised |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| monitus eram, I had been advised | monitī erāmus, we had been advised |
| monitus erās, thou hadst been advised | monitī erātis, you had been advised |
| monitus erat, he had been advised | monitī erant, they had been advised |
| Future Perfect Tense. | |
| monitus erō, I shall have been advised | monitī erimus, we shall have been advised |
| monitus eris, thou wilt have been advised | monitī eritis, you will have been advised |
| monitus erit, he will have been advised | monitī erunt, they will have been advised |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| monear, may I be advised | moneāmur, may we be advised |
| moneāre or -ris, mayst thou be advised | moneāminī, may you be advised |
| moneātur, let him be advised | moneantur, let them be advised |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| monērer, I should be advised | monērēmur, we should be advised |
| monērēre or -ris, thou wouldst be advised | monērēminī, you would be advised |
| monērētur, he would be advised | monērentur, they would be advised |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| monitus sim, I may have been advised | monitī sīmus, we may have been advised |
| monitus sīs, thou mayst have been advised | monitī sītis, you may have been advised |
| monitus sit, he may have been advised | monitī sint, they may have been advised |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| monitus essem, I should have been advised | monitī essēmus, we should have been advised |
| monitus essēs, thou wouldst have been advised | monitī essētis, you would have been advised |
| monitus esset, he would have been advised | monitī essent, they would have been advised |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |
| monēre or monētor, be advised, thou shalt be advised | monēminī, be advised |
| monētor, he shall be advised | monentor, they shall be advised |
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| Pres. monērī, to be advised | monendus, to be advised |
| Perf. monitus esse, to have been advised | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. |
| Fut. *monitum īrī, to be going to be advised, not used (2273) | monitus, advised |
(3.) VERBS IN -īre.
The Fourth Conjugation.
796.
audiō, hear.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| audiō | audīre | audīvī | audītus |
| ACTIVE VOICE. | |||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| audiō, I hear, or am hearing | audīmus, we hear, or are hearing | ||
| audīs, thou hearest, or art hearing | audītis, you hear, or are hearing | ||
| audit, he hears, or is hearing | audiunt, they hear, or are hearing | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| audiēbam, I was hearing, or I heard | audiēbāmus, we were hearing, or we heard | ||
| audiēbās, thou wert hearing, or thou heardst | audiēbātis, you were hearing, or you heard | ||
| audiēbat, he was hearing, or he heard | audiēbant, they were hearing, or they heard | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| audiam, I shall hear | audiēmus, we shall hear | ||
| audiēs, thou wilt hear | audiētis, you will hear | ||
| audiet, he will hear | audient, they will hear | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| audīvī, I have heard, or I heard | audīvimus, we have heard, or we heard | ||
| audīvistī, thou hast heard, or thou heardst | audīvistis, you have heard, or you heard | ||
| audīvit, he has heard, or he heard | audīvērunt or -re, they have heard, or they heard | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| audīveram, I had heard | audīverāmus, we had heard | ||
| audīverās, thou hadst heard | audīverātis, you had heard | ||
| audīverat, he had heard | audīverant, they had heard | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| audīverō, I shall have heard | audīverimus, we shall have heard | ||
| audīveris, thou wilt have heard | audīveritis, you will have heard | ||
| audīverit, he will have heard | audīverint, they will have heard | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| audiam, may I hear | audiāmus, let us hear | ||
| audiās, mayst thou hear | audiātis, may you hear | ||
| audiat, let him hear | audiant, let them hear | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| audīrem, I should hear | audīrēmus, we should hear | ||
| audīrēs, thou wouldst hear | audīrētis, you would hear | ||
| audīret, he would hear | audīrent, they would hear | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| audīverim, I may have heard | audīverīmus, we may have heard | ||
| audīverīs, thou mayst have heard | audīverītis, you may have heard | ||
| audīverit, he may have heard | audīverint, they may have heard | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| audīvissem, I should have heard | audīvissēmus, we should have heard | ||
| audīvissēs, thou wouldst have heard | audīvissētis, you would have heard | ||
| audīvisset, he would have heard | audīvissent, they would have heard | ||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
| audī or audītō, hear, thou shalt hear | audīte or audītōte, hear, you shall hear | ||
| audītō, he shall hear | audiuntō, they shall hear | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. audīre, to hear | Pres. audiēns, hearing | ||
| Perf. audīvisse, to have heard | |||
| Fut. audītūrus esse, to be going to hear | Fut. audītūrus, going to hear | ||
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. audiendī, of hearing | |||
| Dat. audiendō, for hearing | |||
| Acc. audiendum, hearing | Acc. audītum, to hear | ||
| Abl. audiendō, by hearing | Abl. audītū, in hearing | ||
Verbs In -īre .
The Fourth Conjugation.
797.
audior, am heard.
| PASSIVE VOICE. | |
|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| audior, I am heard | audīmur, we are heard |
| audīris or -re, thou art heard | audīminī, you are heard |
| audītur, he is heard | audiuntur, they are heard |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| audiēbar, I was heard | audiēbāmur, we were heard |
| audiēbāre or -ris, thou wert heard | audiēbāminī, you were heard |
| audiēbātur, he was heard | audiēbantur, they were heard |
| Future Tense. | |
| audiar, I shall be heard | audiēmur, we shall be heard |
| audiēre or -ris, thou wilt be heard | audiēminī, you will be heard |
| audiētur, he will be heard | audientur, they will be heard |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| audītus sum, I have been, or was heard | audītī sumus, we have been, or were heard |
| audītus es, thou hast been, or wert heard | audītī estis, you have been, or were heard |
| audītus est, he has been, or was heard | audītī sunt, they have been, or were heard |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| audītus eram, I had been heard | audītī erāmus, we had been heard |
| audītus erās, thou hadst been heard | audītī erātis, you had been heard |
| audītus erat, he had been heard | audītī erant, they had been heard |
| Future Perfect Tense. | |
| audītus erō, I shall have been heard | audītī erimus, we shall have been heard |
| audītus eris, thou wilt have been heard | audītī eritis, you will have been heard |
| audītus erit, he will have been heard | audītī erunt, they will have been heard |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |
| Present Tense. | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| audiar, may I be heard | audiāmur, may we be heard |
| audiāre or -ris, mayst thou be heard | audiāminī, may you be heard |
| audiātur, let him be heard | audiantur, let them be heard |
| Imperfect Tense. | |
| audīrer, I should be heard | audīrēmur, we should be heard |
| audīrēre or -ris, thou wouldst be heard | audīrēminī, you would be heard |
| audīrētur, he would be heard | audīrentur, they would be heard |
| Perfect Tense. | |
| audītus sim, I may have been heard | audītī sīmus, we may have been heard |
| audītus sīs, thou mayst have been heard | audītī sītis, you may have been heard |
| audītus sit, he may have been heard | audītī sint, they may have been heard |
| Pluperfect Tense. | |
| audītus essem, I should have been heard | audītī essēmus, we should have been heard |
| audītus essēs, thou wouldst have been heard | audītī essētis, you would have been heard |
| audītus esset, he would have been heard | audītī essent, they would have been heard |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |
| audīre or audītor, be heard, thou shalt be heard | audīminī, be heard |
| audītor, he shall be heard | audiuntor, they shall be heard |
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| Pres. audīrī, to be heard | audiendus, to be heard |
| Perf. audītus esse, to have been heard | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. |
| Fut. audītum īrī, to be going to be heard (2273) | audītus, heard |
The Deponent Verb.
798. Deponents, that is, verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning (725), have these active noun forms: participles, the future infinitive, the gerund, and the supines. The perfect participle is usually active, but sometimes passive; the gerundive always passive. The following is a synopsis of deponents:
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| queror, complain, querī, questus | mīror, wonder, mīrārī, mīrātus | |||
| vereor, fear, verērī, veritus | ||||
| partior, share, partīrī, partītus | ||||
| I. -ī | II. (1.) -ārī | (2.) -ērī | (3.) -īrī | |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||||
| Pres. | queror | mīror | vereor | partior |
| Imp. | querēbar | mīrābar | verēbar | partiēbar |
| Fut. | querar | mīrābor | verēbor | partiar |
| Perf. | questus sum | mīrātus sum | veritus sum | partītus sum |
| Plup. | questus eram | mīrātus eram | veritus eram | partītus eram |
| F. P. | questus erō | mīrātus erō | veritus erō | partītus erō |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||||
| Pres. | querar | mīrer | verear | partiar |
| Imp. | quererer | mīrārer | verērer | partīrer |
| Perf. | questus sim | mīrātus sim | veritus sim | partītus sim |
| Plup. | questus essem | mīrātus essem | veritus essem | partītus essem |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||||
| querere | mīrāre | verēre | partīre | |
| PARTICIPLES. | ||||
| Pres. | querēns | mīrāns | verēns | partiēns |
| Perf. | questus | mīrātus | veritus | partītus |
| Fut. | questūrus | mīrātūrus | veritūrus | partītūrus |
| INFINITIVE. | ||||
| Pres. | querī | mīrārī | verērī | partīrī |
| Perf. | questus esse | mīrātus esse | veritus esse | partītus esse |
| Fut. | questūrus esse | mīrātūrus esse | veritūrus esse | partītūrus esse |
| GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. | ||||
| Gen. | querendī, &c. | mīrandī, &c. | verendī, &c. | partiendī, &c. |
| querendus | mīrandus | verendus | partiendus | |
| SUPINE. | ||||
| Acc. | questum | *mīrātum | *veritum | *partītum |
| Abl. | *questū | mīrātū | *veritū | *partītū |
799. Three deponents in -ior, -ī, gradior, walk, morior, die, and patior, suffer, and their compounds, have a present system like the passive of capiō (784). But adgredior and prōgredior and morior and ēmorior have sometimes the forms of verbs in -īrī; for these, and for orior, arise, orīrī, ortus, and potior, become master of, potīrī, potītus, see 791. By far the largest number of deponents are verbs in -ārī, like mīror, mīrārī (368).
800. Some verbs waver between active and passive person endings: as, adsentiō, agree, adsentīre, and adsentior, adsentīrī; populō, ravage, populāre, and populor, populārī: see 1481.
801. A few verbs are deponent in the present system only: as, dēvortor, turn in, perfect dēvortī; revortor, turn back, perfect revortī, but with active perfect participle revorsus. Four are deponent in the perfect system only: fīdō, trust, fīdere, fīsus, and the compounds, cōnfīdō, diffīdō; and audeō, dare, audēre, ausus, gaudeō, feel glad, gaudēre, gāvīsus, and soleō, am used, solēre, solitus. Most impersonals in -ēre have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system: see 815, 816.
Periphrastic Forms.
802. (1.) The future active participle with a form of sum is used to denote an intended or future action: as,
rēctūrus sum, I am going to rule, intend to rule.
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | rēctūrus sum, es, est | rēctūrī sumus, estis, sunt |
| Imp. | rēctūrus eram, erās, erat | rēctūrī erāmus, erātis, erant |
| Fut. | rēctūrus erō, eris, erit | rēctūrī erimus, eritis, erunt |
| Perf. | rēctūrus fuī, fuistī, fuit | rēctūrī fuimus, fuistis, fuērunt |
| Plup. | rēctūrus fueram, fuerās, fuerat | rēctūrī fuerāmus, fuerātis, fuerant |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | rēctūrus sim, sīs, sit | rēctūrī sīmus, sītis, sint |
| Imp. | rēctūrus essem, essēs, esset | rēctūrī essēmus, essētis, essent |
| Perf. | rēctūrus fuerim, fuerīs, fuerit | rēctūrī fuerīmus, fuerītis, fuerint |
| Plup. | rēctūrus fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset | rēctūrī fuissēmus, fuissētis, fuissent |
| INFINITIVE. | ||
| Pres. | rēctūrus esse | |
| Perf. | rēctūrus fuisse | |
803. A future perfect is hardly ever used: as, fuerit victūrus (Sen.). In the imperfect subjunctive, forem, forēs, foret, and forent are sometimes used (Nep., Sall., Liv., Vell.).
804. (2.) The gerundive with a form of sum is used to denote action which requires to be done: as,
regendus sum, I am to be ruled, must be ruled.
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | regendus sum, es, est | regendī sumus, estis, sunt |
| Imp. | regendus eram, erās, erat | regendī erāmus, erātis, erant |
| Fut. | regendus erō, eris, erit | regendī erimus, eritis, erunt |
| Perf. | regendus fuī, fuistī, fuit | regendī fuimus, fuistis, fuērunt |
| Plup. | regendus fueram, fuerās, fuerat | regendī fuerāmus, fuerātis, fuerant |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | regendus sim, sīs, sit | regendī sīmus, sītis, sint |
| Imp. | regendus essem, essēs, esset | regendī essēmus, essētis, essent |
| Perf. | regendus fuerim, fuerīs, fuerit | regendī fuerīmus, fuerītis, fuerint |
| Plup. | regendus fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset | regendī fuissēmus, fuissētis, fuissent |
| INFINITIVE. | ||
| Pres. | regendus esse | |
| Perf. | regendus fuisse | |
Defective Verbs.
805. (1.) Some verbs have only a few forms: as,
inquam, quoth I (760); aiō, avouch (786). See also apage, avaunt, get thee behind me, cedo, give, tell, fārī, to lift up one’s voice, havē̆ or avē̆ and salvē, all hail, ovat, triumphs, and quaesō, prithee, in the dictionary.
806. (2.) Many verbs have only the present system; such are:
807. (a.) sum, am (745); ferō, carry (780); fīō, grow, become (788).
808. (b.) Some verbs in -ere: angō, throttle, bītō, go, clangō, sound, claudō or claudeō, hobble, fatīscō, gape, glīscō, wax, glūbō, peel, hīscō, gape, temnō, scorn, vādō, go, vergō, slope. Also many inceptives (834): as, dītēscō, get rich, dulcēscō, get sweet, &c., &c.
809. (c.) Some verbs in -ēre: albeō, am white, aveō, long, calveō, am bald, cāneō, am gray, clueō, am called, hight, flāveō, am yellow, hebeō, am blunt, immineō, threaten, lacteō, suck, līveō, look dark, maereō, mourn, polleō, am strong, renīdeō, am radiant, squāleō, am scaly, ūmeō, am wet.
810. (d.) Some verbs in -īre: balbūtiō, sputter, feriō, strike, ganniō, yelp, ineptiō, am a fool, superbiō, am stuck up, tussiō, cough. Also most desideratives (375).
811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect active system.
812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly coepī, have begun, began (120); and with a present meaning, ōdī, have come to hate, hate; and meminī, have called to mind, remember. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active. | Passive. | Active. | Active. | |
| Perf. | coepī | coeptus sum | ōdī | meminī |
| Plup. | coeperam | coeptus eram | ōderam | memineram |
| F. P. | coeperō | coeptus erō | ōderō | meminerō |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||||
| Perf. | coeperim | coeptus sim | ōderim | meminerim |
| Plup. | coepissem | coeptus essem | ōdissem | meminissem |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||||
| Perf. | —— | —— | —— | mementō, mementōte |
| INFINITIVE. | ||||
| Perf. | coepisse | coeptus esse | ōdisse | meminisse |
| PARTICIPLES. | ||||
| Perf. | coeptus | —— | —— | |
| Fut. | coeptūrus | ōsūrus | —— | |
813. A few forms of the present system of coepī occur in old writers: as, coepiō (Plaut.), coepiam (Caec., Cato), coepiat (Plaut.), coeperet (Ter.), and coepere (Plaut.); perfect once coēpit (Lucr.). ōsus sum or fuī (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), exōsus sum (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and perōsus sum (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. meminī is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. ōdī and meminī have no passive.
814. coeptūrus is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and ōsūrus is very rare (Cic., Gell.). exōsus and perōsus, as active participles, hating bitterly, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple ōsus is not used as a participle.
815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,
(a.) pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (b.) Also a few verbs in -ēre denoting feeling: as, miseret (or miserētur, miserēscit), it distresses, miseritum est; paenitet, it repents, paenituit; piget, it grieves, piguit or pigitum est; pudet, it shames, puduit or puditum est; taedet, it is a bore, taesum est.
816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,
lubet or libet, it suits, lubitum or libitum est, lubuit or libuit; licet, it is allowed, licuit or licitum est; oportet, it is proper, oportuit; rē fert or rēfert, it concerns, rē ferre or rēferre, rē tulit or rētulit. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as pugnātur, there is fighting, pugnandum est, there must be fighting, see 724.
817. Of the impersonals in -ēre, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,
paenitēns, repenting, paenitendus, to be regretted, late; pigendus, irksome; pudēns, modest, pudendus, shameful, puditūrum, going to shame; lubēns or libēns, with willing mind, gladly, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, be it allowed (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), licēns, unrestrained, licitus, allowable; gerunds pudendum, pudendō, pigendum.
Redundant Verbs.
818. (1.) Some verbs have more than one form of the present stem: thus,
819. (a.) Verbs in -ere have rarely forms of verbs in -ēre in the present system: as, abnueō, nod no, abnuēbunt (Enn.), for abnuō, abnuent; congruēre, to agree (Ter.), for congruere. For verbs in -iō, -ere (or -ior, -ī), with forms of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), see 791. Once pīnsībant (Enn.).
820. (b.) Some verbs in -āre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, lavis, washest, lavit, &c., for lavās, lavat, &c.; sonit, sounds, sonunt, for sonat, sonant. Others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ēre: as, dēnseō, thicken, dēnsērī, for dēnsō, dēnsārī.
821. (c.) Some verbs in -ēre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, fervit, boils, fervont, for fervet, fervent. See also fulgeō, oleō, scateō, strīdeō, tergeō, tueor in the dictionary. cieō, set a going, sometimes has a present stem in -īre, particularly in compounds: as, cīmus, ciunt, for ciēmus, cient.
822. (d.) Some verbs in -īre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, ēvenunt, turn out, for ēveniunt; ēvenat, ēvenant, for ēveniat, ēveniant, and advenat, pervenat, for adveniat, perveniat (Plaut.).
823. (2.) Some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem: as,
eō, go, old īī (765), common iī, rarely īvī (767); pluit, it rains, pluit, sometimes plūvit. See also pangō, parcō, clepō, vollō or vellō, intellegō, pōnō, nectō, and adnectō, saliō and īnsiliō, applicō, explicō and implicō, dīmicō and necō in the dictionary. Some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb: as, canō, make music, cecinī, concinuī, occinuī; pungō, punch, pupugī, compunxī, expunxī; legō, pick up, lēgī, dīlēxī, intellēxī, neglēxī; emō, take, buy, ēmī (adēmī, exēmī), cōmpsī, dēmpsī, prōmpsī, sūmpsī.
Formation of Stems.
Variable Vowel.
824. The final vowel of a tense stem is said to be variable when it is -o- in some of the forms, and -u-, -e-, or -i- in others.
825. The sign for the variable vowel is -o|e-: thus, rego|e-, which may be read ‘rego- or rege-,’ represents rego- or regu-, rege- or regi-, as seen in rego-r or regu-nt, rege-re or regi-t.
826. The variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in -ere, except in the subjunctive, in the future in -bō or -bor, and in the future perfect, as may be seen in the paradigms. It is usually short; but in the active, o is long: as, regō, laudābō, laudāverō; and poets rarely lengthen i in the second and third person singular of the present. For the future perfect, see 882.
827. In old Latin, the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was o: as, COSENTIONT; o was long retained after v, u, or qu (107, c): as, vīvont, ruont, sequontur; or, if o was not retained, qu became c: as, secuntur.
I. The Present System.
PRESENT INDICATIVE STEM.
I. Primitives.
(A.) ROOT VERBS.
828. A root without addition is used as the present stem, in the present tense or parts of the present tense, in root verbs (744-781): as,
es-t, is; da-t, gives; inqui-t, quoth he; i-t, goes; nequi-t, can’t; ēs-t, eats; vol-t, will; fer-t, carries. With reduplicated root (189): bibi-t, drinks; seri-t, sows; sisti-t, sets.
(B.) VERBS IN -ere.
829. (1.) The present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a variable vowel -o|e-, which appears in the first person singular active as -ō, to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants: as,
| Present Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| rego|e- | regō, guide | reg- |
| verto|e- | vertō, turn | vert- |
Other examples are: tegō, cover, petō, make for; mergō, dip, serpō, creep; pendō, weigh; dīcō, say, fīdō, trust, scrībō, write, with long ī for ei (98); dūcō, lead, with long ū for eu, ou (100); lūdō, play, with long ū for oi, oe (99); laedō, hit, claudō, shut; rādō, scrape, cēdō, move along, fīgō, fix, rōdō, gnaw, glūbō, peel. *furō, rave; agō, drive, alō, nurture. gignō, beget, (gen-, gn-), has reduplication, and sīdō, settle, light (sed-, sd-), is also the result of an ancient reduplication (189).
830. In some present stems an original consonant has been modified: as, gerō, carry (ges-), ūrō, burn (154); trahō, draw (tragh-), vehō, cart (152); or has disappeared: as, fluō, flow (flūgu-).
831. Some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem: as, frangō, break (frag-). Other examples are: iungō, join, linquō, leave, pangō, fix, pingō, paint; findō, cleave, fundō, pour; -cumbō, lie, lambō, lick, rumpō, break (164, 3). The nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle, or both.
832. (2.) The present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel -o|e-, which appears in the first person singular active as -ō, to a root: thus, -nō, -scō, -tō, -iō: as,
| Present Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| lino|e- | linō, besmear | li- |
| crēsco|e- | crēscō, grow | crē- |
| pecto|e- | pectō, comb | pec- |
| capio|e- | capiō, take | cap- |
833. (a.) -nō is added to roots in a vowel, or in a continuous sound, -m-, -r-, or -l-.
So regularly linō, besmear, sinō, let; temnō, scorn, cernō, sift, spernō, spurn, only. The third persons plural danunt (Naev., Plaut.) for dant, prōdīnunt, redīnunt (Enn.) for prōdeunt, redeunt hardly belong here; their formation is obscure. In a few verbs, -n is assimilated (166, 6): as, tollō, lift. Sometimes the doubled l runs into the perfect (855): as, vellī, fefellī. minuō, lessen, and sternuō, sneeze, have a longer suffix -nuo|e-.
834. (b.) -scō, usually meaning ‘begin to,’ forms presents called Inceptives or Inchoatives.
-scō is attached: first, to roots: as, nāscor, am born, nōscō, learn, pāscō, feed, scīscō, resolve; consonant roots have ī, less commonly ē, before the suffix: as, tremīscō or tremēscō, fall a-trembling, nancīscor, get (831); but discō, learn (170, 1), and poscō, demand (170, 10), are shortened; see 168. Secondly, to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs, especially of those in -ēre: as, clārēscō, brighten; the stem is often assumed only, as in inveterāscō, grow old, mātūrēscō, get ripe. Many inceptives are used only in composition: as, extimēscō, get scared, obdormīscō, drop asleep.
835. (c.) -tō occurs in the following presents from guttural roots: flectō, turn, nectō, string, pectō, comb, plector, am struck, amplector, hug, complector, clasp. From a lingual root vid-, comes vīsō, go to see, call on (153). From vowel roots: bētō or bītō, go, and metō, mow.
836. (d.) -iō is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel; the following have presents formed by this suffix:
capiō, take, cupiō, want, faciō, make, fodiō, dig, fugiō, run away, iaciō, throw, pariō, bring forth, quatiō, shake, rapiō, seize, sapiō, have sense, and their compounds; the compounds of *laciō, lure, and speciō or spiciō, spy, and the deponents gradior, step, morior, die, and patior, suffer, and their compounds. For occasional forms like those of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), see 791. For aiō, see 786; for fīō, 788.
837. A few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel -o|e-, for an older -io|e-, to a vowel root: as,
ruō, tumble down, rui-s, rui-t, rui-mus, rui-tis, ruu-nt (114). Vowel roots in -ā-, -ē-, or -ī- have a present stem like that of denominatives: as, stō, stand, stā-s, sta-t, stā-mus, stā-tis, sta-nt; fleō, weep, flē-s, fle-t, flē-mus, flē-tis, fle-nt; neō, spin, has once neu-nt for ne-nt (Tib.); sciō, know, scī-s, sci-t, scī-mus, scī-tis, sciu-nt.
838. Most present stems formed by adding the suffix -iō to a root ending in -l-, -r-, or -n-, and all formed by adding -iō to a long syllable, have the form of denominatives in -īre in the present system: as, saliō, leap, salīre, aperiō, open, aperīre, veniō, come, venīre; farciō, cram, farcīre.
II. Denominatives.
839. The present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel -o|e-, for an older -io|e-, to a theme consisting of a noun stem: as,
| Uncontracted Present Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| cēnao|e- | cēnō, dine | cēnā- |
| flōreo|e- | flōreō, blossom | flōre- |
| vestio|e- | vestiō, dress | vesti- |
| acuo|e- | acuō, point | acu- |
The noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme: thus, laud- becomes laudā- in laudō for *laudā-ō, and flōr- becomes flōre- in flōre-ō.
840. In many of the forms, the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel: as,
plantō, plantās (118, 3) for *plantāi̭ō, *plantāi̭es (153, 2); monēs for *monēi̭es (118, 1), audīs for *audīi̭es (118, 3). The long ā, ē, or ī, is regularly shortened in some of the forms: as, scit, arat, habet, for Plautine scīt, arāt, habēt. In a few forms no contraction occurs: as, moneō, audiō, audiu-nt, audie-ntis, &c., audie-ndus, &c. (114). Denominatives from stems in -u-, as acuō, are not contracted, and so have the forms of verbs in -ere (367).
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.
841. The suffix of the present subjunctive of sum, am, is -ī-, which becomes -i- before -m, -t, and -nt: si-m, sī-s, si-t, sī-mus, sī-tis, si-nt (35, 2, 3). So also in the singular and in the third person plural, dui-m, &c. (756), and edi-m, &c. (769), and in all the persons, veli-m, &c. (nōli-m, &c., māli-m, &c.). An old suffix is -iē- (-ie-), in sie-m, siē-s, sie-t, and sie-nt.
842. (1.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in -ere, -ēre, and -īre, ends in -ā-, which becomes -a- in some of the persons; this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative: as,
rega-m, regā-s, rega-t, regā-mus, regā-tis, rega-nt; capia-m, capiā-s, &c.; monea-m, moneā-s, &c.; audia-m, audiā-s, &c. ea-m, quea-m, fera-m, and the old fua-m (750), also have the formative subjunctive vowel.
843. (2.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in -āre ends in -ē-, which becomes -e- in some of the persons: as,
laude-m, laudē-s, laude-t, laudē-mus, laudē-tis, laude-nt. dō, give, also has de-m, dē-s, &c.
IMPERATIVE.
844. Root verbs have a root as imperative stem (745-780): as, es, &c., fer, &c. But the imperative of nōlō has a stem in -ī-, like verbs in -īre: thus, nōlī, nōlī-tō, nōlī-te, nōlī-tōte.
845. The imperative stem of verbs in -ere, and of verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, is the same as that of the indicative: as,
rege, regi-tō, regu-ntō, rege-re; cape, capi-tō, capiu-ntō; fī; laudā, &c.; monē, &c.; audī, &c.
846. The second person singular imperative active of dīcō, dūcō, and faciō, is usually dīc, dūc, and fac, respectively, though the full forms, dīce, &c., are also used, and are commoner in old Latin. Compounds of dūcō may have the short form: as, ēdūc. ingerō has once inger (Catull.). sciō has regularly the singular scī-tō, plural scī-tōte, rarely scī-te.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.
847. The imperfect indicative stem ends in -bā-, which becomes -ba- in some of the persons: as,
daba-m, dabā-s, daba-t, dabā-mus, dabā-tis, daba-nt; ība-m; quība-m. In verbs in -ere and -ēre, the suffix is preceded by a form ending in -ē-: as, regēba-m; monēba-m; so also volēba-m (nōlēba-m, mālēba-m), and ferēba-m; in verbs in -iō, -ere, and in -iō, -īre, by a form ending in -iē-: as, capiēba-m; audiēba-m; in verbs in -āre, by one ending in -ā-: as, laudāba-m. In verse, verbs in -īre sometimes have -ī- before the suffix (Plaut., Ter., Catull., Lucr., Verg., &c.): as, audība-t. āiō, say, has sometimes a͡iba-m, &c. (787).
848. The suffix of the imperfect indicative of sum, am, is -ā-, which becomes -a- before -m, -t, and -nt (35, 2, 3)the s becomes r between the vowels (154): era-m, erā-s, era-t, erā-mus, erā-tis, era-nt.
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
849. The imperfect subjunctive stem ends in -rē-, which becomes -re- in some of the persons: as,
dare-m, darē-s, dare-t, darē-mus, darē-tis, dare-nt; īre-m, fore-m, ferre-m. In verbs in -ere, the -rē- is preceded by a form ending in -e-: as, regere-m, capere-m; in verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, by one ending in -ā-, -ē-, or -ī-, respectively: as, laudāre-m, monēre-m, audīre-m.
850. The suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of sum, am, is -sē-, which becomes -se- in some of the persons; esse-m, essē-s, esse-t, essē-mus, essē-tis, esse-nt; so also ēssē-s, &c. (769). volō, wish, nōlō, won’t, and mālō, prefer, have velle-m, nōlle-m, and mālle-m respectively (166, 8).
FUTURE.
851. The future stem of sum, am, is ero|e-: erō, eri-s, eri-t, eri-mus, eri-tis, eru-nt. dō has dabō, eō has ībō, and queō has quībō.
852. (1.) The future stem of verbs in -ere and -īre ends in -a- in the first person singular, otherwise in -ē-, which becomes -e- in some of the persons: as,
rega-m, regē-s, rege-t, regē-mus, regē-tis, rege-nt; capia-m, capiē-s, &c.; audia-m, audiē-s, &c. The first person singular is not a future form, but the subjunctive present, used with a future meaning (842); forms in -em occur in manuscripts of Plautus: as, faciem, sinem. Verbs in -īre sometimes have -bo|e-, chiefly in the dramatists: as, scībō, opperībo-r (Plaut., Ter.), lēnību-nt (Prop.); rarely verbs in -ere (819): as, exsūgēbō (Plaut.). For reddibō, instead of the usual reddam, see 757.
853. (2.) The future stem of verbs in -āre and -ēre ends in -bo|e-, which is preceded by a form ending in long -ā- or -ē- respectively: as,
laudābō, laudābi-s, laudābi-t, laudābi-mus, laudābi-tis, laudābu-nt. monēbō, monēbi-s, &c.
II. The Perfect System.
PERFECT INDICATIVE STEM.
854. There are two kinds of perfect stems: (A.) Some verbs have as perfect stem a root, generally with some modification, but without a suffix (858-866). (B.) Some perfects are formed with a suffix, -s-, or -v- or -u- (867-875).
855. Some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root, but from the present stem without the formative vowel, treated as a root: as, prehendī, seized, from prehend- (866); poposcī, asked, fefellī, deceived (858); iūnxī, joined (867).
856. The first person of the perfect ends in -ī, sometimes written ei (29, 2). -t, -stī, sometimes written -stei (29, 2), -stis, and -mus are preceded by short i; -re is always, and -runt is usually, preceded by long ē: as,
rēxī, rēxi-stī, rēxi-t, rēxi-mus, rēxi-stis, rēxē-runt (rēxe-runt), or rēxē-re.
857. Sometimes -t is preceded by long ī: as, iīt, petiīt, REDIEIT (29, 2). -runt is sometimes preceded by short e (Plaut., Ter., Lucr., Hor., Ov., Verg., Phaedr.). This is the original form; -ē- is by analogy to -ēre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
858. (1.) Some verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by prefixing to the root its initial consonant with the following vowel, which, if a, is usually represented by e; this is called the Reduplicated Perfect, and the first syllable is called the Reduplication: as,
| Perfect Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| pu-pug- | pungō, punch | pug- |
| pe-pig- | pangō, fix | pag- |
Other examples are: cadō, fall, cecidī (cad-, 104, c); pariō, bring forth, peperī (par-, 104, c); pellō, push, pepulī (pol-, 105, h); poscō, demand, poposcī (855); fallō, deceive, fefellī (855, 104, c); see also 923-932. caedō, cut, has cecīdī (108, a); and a few old forms are quoted from verbs having an o or an u in the root with e in the reduplication: as, memordī, pepugī.
859. Four verbs with vowel roots also have a reduplicated perfect stem: dō, give, put, dare, dedī; bibō, drink, bibere, bibī; stō, stand, stāre, stetī, and sistō, set, sistere, -stitī, rarely stitī. Also four verbs in -ēre: mordeō, bite, momordī, pendeō, hang, pependī, spondeō, promise, spopondī, tondeō, clip, -totondī. In the root syllable of spopondī, promised, stetī, stood, stitī, set, and the old scicidī, clove, an s is dropped (173, 2).
860. In compounds the reduplication is commonly dropped: as,
cecidī, fell, compound concidī, tumbled down. Compounds of cucurrī, ran, sometimes retain the reduplication: as, prōcucurrī. Compounds of bibī, drank, didicī, learned, poposcī, asked, stitī, set, stetī, stood, and dedī, gave, put, retain it, the last two weakening e to i: as, restitī, staid back. abscondidī, hid away, usually becomes abscondī; in apparent compounds, e is usually retained: as, circum stetī, stood round, vēnum dedī, put for sale. The reduplication is also lost in the simple verbs tulī, carried, old tetulī, and in scindō, split, scidī, which last is rare as a simple verb.
861. Some compounds with re- drop only the vowel of the reduplication (111, a): as, reccidī, fell back; rettulī, brought back (see also 781); repperī, found; rettudī, beat back. Some perfects occur only in composition: as, percellō, knock down, perculī; cōntundō, smash to pieces, contudī; diffindō, split apart, diffidī; but fidī also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb.
862. (2.) Some verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (135, 1): as,
| Perfect Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| ēd- | edō, eat | ed- |
| lēg- | legō, pick up, read | leg- |
Other examples are: fodiō, dig, fōdī; fundō, pour, fūdī; linquō, leave, līquī; see 936-946. Three verbs in -ēre also have this form, sedeō, sit, sēdī, strīdeō, grate, strīdī, videō, see, vīdī; and one in -īre, veniō, come, vēnī.
863. The following verbs in -ere with a in the present stem, have long ē in the perfect stem (145):
agō, do, ēgī, frangō, break, frēgī, pangō, fix, rarely pēgī, but always compēgī, impēgī, oppēgī; capiō, take, cēpī, faciō, make, fēcī, iaciō, throw, iēcī. So also the old co-ēpī, began, common coepī.
864. Two verbs in -āre and some in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel: iuvō, help, iuvāre, iūvī, lavō, wash, lavāre or lavere, lāvī; caveō, look out, cavēre, cāvī; see 996.
865. Verbs in -uō, -uere, both primitives and denominatives, have usually a perfect stem in short u of the theme (124): as, luō, pay, luī; acuō, sharpen, acuī: see 947, 948. Forms with long ū are old and rare (126): as, fūī, adnūī, cōnstitūī, īnstitūī. fluō, flow, and struō, pile, have flūxī and strūxi (830).
866. (3.) Some verbs in -ere from roots ending in two consonants have a perfect stem consisting of the root: as,
| Perfect Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| mand- | mandō, chew | mand- |
| pand- | pandō, open | pand- |
Other examples are: vortō or vertō, turn, vortī or vertī; scandō, climb, -scendī; prehendō, seize, prehendī (855); vollō or vellō, pluck, vollī or vellī; see 949-951. Similarly ferveō, boil, fervere or fervēre, has fervī or ferbuī (823), and prandeō, lunch, prandēre, has prandī.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
867. Many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -s- to a root, which generally ends in a mute: as,
| Perfect Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| carp-s- | carpō, pluck | carp- |
| scalp-s- | scalpō, dig | scalp- |
| ges-s- | gerō, bear | ges- |
| dīx- | dīcō, say | dīc- |
Other examples are: dūcō, lead, dūxī (100); fingō, mould, fīnxī (855); lūdō, play, lūsī (166, 2); scrībō, write, scrīpsī (164, 1); struō, pile, strūxī (164, 1); vīvō, live, vīxī (98). Some verbs with a short vowel in the present, have a long vowel in the perfect: as, regō, guide, rēxī (135); intellegō, understand, intellēxī (823); tegō, cover, tēxī; iungō, join, iūnxī (855). And some verbs with a long vowel in the present, have a short vowel in the perfect: as, ūrō, burn, ussī (830). See 952-961.
868. Some verbs in -ēre also have a perfect in -s-: as algeō, am cold, alsī (170, 3); haereō, stick, haesī (166, 2): see 999, 1000. Also some in -īre: as, sarciō, patch, sarsī (170, 3): see 1014, 1015.
PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
869. (1.) Some verbs in -ere, with vowel roots, and almost all verbs in -āre or -īre, form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -v- to a theme ending in a long vowel: as,
| Perfect Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| crē-v- | crēscō, grow | crē- |
| laudā-v- | laudō, praise | laudā- |
| audī-v- | audiō, hear | audī- |
For other verbs in -ere with a perfect stem in -v-, and particularly terō, cernō, spernō, and sternō, see 962-970.
870. A few verbs in -ere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ī: as, cupiō, want, cupīvī; petō, aim at, petīvī; quaerō, inquire, quaesīvī; arcēssō, fetch, arcēssīvī; see 966-970.
871. A few verbs in -ēre also have a perfect stem in -v-: as, fleō, weep, flēre, flēvī; see 1001-1003. And three verbs in -ēscere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ē: -olēscō, grow, -olēvī; quiēscō, get quiet, quiēvī; suēscō, get used, suēvī.
872. One verb in -āscere has a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ā: advesperāscit, it gets dusk, advesperāvit.
873. (2.) Many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -u- to a consonant root: as,
| Perfect Stem. | Verb. | From Theme. |
|---|---|---|
| al-u- | alō, nurture | al- |
| gen-u- | gignō, beget | gen- |
Other examples are: colō, cultivate, coluī; cōnsulō, consult, cōnsuluī; -cumbō, lie, -cubuī; fremō, roar, fremuī; ēliciō, draw out, ēlicuī; molō, grind, moluī; rapiō, snatch, rapuī; serō, string, -seruī; stertō, snore, -stertuī; strepō, make a racket, strepuī; texō, weave, texuī; volō, will, voluī; compescō, check, compescuī (855); see 971-976.
874. Some verbs in -āre also have a perfect stem in -u-: as, crepō, rattle, crepāre, crepuī (993); and many in -ēre: as, moneō, warn, monēre, monuī: see 1004-1006; also four in -īre: as, saliō, leap, salīre, saluī (1019).
875. The perfect potuī to the present possum (751) is from a lost present *poteō, *potēre (922). pōnere (for *po-sinere, 112; 170, 2) forms an old perfect posīvī (964), later posuī, as if pos- were the stem.
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
876. The perfect subjunctive stem ends in -erī-, for which -eri- is sometimes used (35, 2, 3): as,
rēxeri-m, rēxerī-s, rēxeri-t, rēxerī-mus, rēxerī-tis, rēxeri-nt.
877. In the perfect subjunctive, long ī is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 25 times, as follows: -īs, 18 times (Plaut. 3, Pac., Enn., Ter., Hor., Tib., Sen., inscr., once each, Ov. 8), -īmus, 4 times (Plaut. 3, Ter. 1), -ītis, 3 times (Plaut. 2, Enn. 1).
878. In the perfect subjunctive, short i is found, as in the future perfect, some 9 times, thus: -is, 8 times (Plaut. in anapests 3, Verg. 2, Hor. 3), -imus once (Verg.). But before -tis, short i is not found.
PERFECT IMPERATIVE.
879. One verb only, meminī, remember, has a perfect imperative; in this imperative, the person endings are not preceded by a vowel, thus: memen-tō, memen-tōte.
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE.
880. The pluperfect indicative stem ends in -erā-, which becomes -era- in some of the persons: as,
rēxera-m, rēxerā-s, rēxera-t, rēxerā-mus, rēxerā-tis, rēxera-nt.
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
881. The pluperfect subjunctive stem ends in -issē-, which becomes -isse- in some of the persons: as,
rēxisse-m, rēxissē-s, rēxisse-t, rēxissē-mus, rēxissē-tis, rēxisse-nt.
FUTURE PERFECT.
882. The future perfect stem ends in -erō- and -eri-: as,
rēxerō, rēxeri-s, rēxeri-t, rēxeri-mus, rēxeri-tis, rēxeri-nt.
883. In the future perfect, short i is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 40 times, as follows: -is, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); -imus, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); -itis, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).
884. In the future perfect, long ī is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: -īs, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), -īmus, once (Catull.), -ītis, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).
SHORT OR OLD FORMS.
885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.
886. (a.) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in -s- (867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,
Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, dīxtī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, accestis (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, exstīnxem (Verg.), intellēxēs (Plaut.), vīxet (Verg.); plural, once only, ērēpsēmus (Hor.). Infinitive, dīxe (Plaut.), cōnsūmpse (Lucr.).
887. (b.) A perfect subjunctive stem in -sī- or in -ssī-, and a future perfect indicative stem in -so|e- or in -sso|e-, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,
Perfect subjunctive: faxim, faxīs, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B.C.), faxit, faxīmus, faxītis, faxint; ausim, ausīs, ausit; locāssim, amāssīs, servāssit, amāssint, prohibēssīs, prohibēssit, cohibēssit, licēssit.
Future perfect indicative: faxō, faxis, faxit, faxitis, capsō, recepsō, iussō, occīsit, capsimus; levāssō, invītāssitis, mulcāssitis, exoculāssitis, prohibēssis, prohibēssint. Denominatives in -āre have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, impetrāssere.
888. Passive inflections, as future perfect faxitur, turbāssitur, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of faxō and ausim, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B.C. Denominatives in -īre never have the above formations. But ambiō, canvass, is thought to have a future perfect ambīssit twice (Plaut. prol.).
889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix -v- (869) are very common in all periods.
890. (a.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -āv-, -ēv-, and -ōv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,
laudāvistī, laudāstī; laudāvistis, laudāstis; laudāvērunt, laudārunt (but the form in -re, as laudāvēre, is never contracted); laudāverim, laudārim, &c.; laudāveram, laudāram, &c.; laudāvissem, laudāssem, &c.; laudāverō, laudārō, &c.; laudāvisse, laudāsse.
-plēvistī, -plēstī; -plēvistis, -plēstis; -plēvērunt, -plērunt; plēverim, -plērim, &c.; -plēveram, -plēram, &c.; -plēvissem, -plēssem, &c.; -plēverō, -plērō, &c.; -plēvisse, -plēsse.
nōvistī, nōstī; nōvistis, nōstis; nōvērunt, nōrunt; nōverim, nōrim, &c.; nōveram, nōram, &c.; nōvissem, nōssem, &c.; nōverō always retains the v, but cōgnōrō, &c.; nōvisse, nōsse.
891. The verbs in which v belongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, except moveō, mostly in compounds. From iuvō, iuerint (Catull.), adiuerō (Enn.), once each, and twice adiuerit (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.
892. Contractions in the perfect before -t and -mus are rare: as, inrītāt, disturbāt; suēmus or su͡emus (Lucr.), nōmus (Enn.), cōnsu͡emus (Prop.).
893. (b.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -īv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-; but contraction is common only in the forms which have -is-: as,
audīvistī, audīstī; audīvistis, audīstis; audīvērunt, audiērunt; audīverim, audierim, &c.; audīveram, audieram, &c.; audīvissem, audīssem, &c.; audīverō, audierō, &c.; audīvisse, audīsse. Sometimes audiī, audiit, audīt. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are audīerās and audīerit, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, sinō has sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), sīrīs (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), sīreis (Pac.), or seirīs (Plaut.), sīrit (Plaut., Liv.), sīrītis (Plaut.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sierint (Cic., Curt.), or sīrint (Plaut.). dēsinō is thought to have dēsīmus in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. Ep.).
Nouns of the Verb.
INFINITIVE.
894. The active infinitive has the ending -re in the present, and -isse in the perfect: as,
dare; regere, capere; laudāre, monēre, audīre. rēxisse; laudāvisse or laudāsse, monuisse, audīvisse or audīsse.
895. For -rē in old Latin, see 134, 2. The infinitive of fīō, become, ends in -rī, fī̆erī, with a passive ending (789); twice fīere (Enn. Laev.). An older form for -re is -se, found in esse, to be, ēsse, to eat, and their compounds. For velle, to wish (mālle, nōlle), see 166, 8. In the perfect, eō, go, sometimes has -iisse in compounds (766), and in poetry, petō, go to, has rarely petiisse.
896. The present infinitive passive of verbs in -ere has the ending -ī; that of other verbs has -rī: as,
regī, capī; laudārī, monērī, audīrī. ferō, carry, has ferrī. The length of the ī is sometimes indicated by the spelling ei (29, 2): as, DAREI.
897. A longer form in -ier for -ī, and -rier for -rī, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as, FIGIER, to be posted, GNOSCIER, to be read (inscr. 186 B.C.); dīcier, to be said, cūrārier, to be looked after (Plaut.); dominārier, to be lord paramount (Verg.).
898. The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect -āssere, see 887.
GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.
899. The gerundive stem is formed by adding -ndo-, nominative -ndus, -nda, -ndum, to the present stem: as,
dandus, stem dando-; regendus, capiendus; laudandus, monendus, audiendus. Verbs in -ere and -īre often have -undus, when not preceded by u or v, especially in formal style: as, capiundus; eō, go, always has eundum, and orior, rise, oriundus. For the adjective use, see 288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For -bundus, see 289; -cundus, 290.
SUPINE.
900. The supine stem is formed by the suffix -tu-, which is often changed to -su- (912).
This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, nūntiātum, to report, nūntiātū, in reporting, stem nūntiātu-. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as, sum, eō, ferō; regō, emō, tegō; amō, dēleō, doceō, &c., &c.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
901. The present participle stem is formed by adding -nt- or -nti-, nominative -ns, to the present stem: as,
dāns, giving, stems dant-, danti-; regēns, capiēns; laudāns, monēns, audiēns.
902. The adjective sontem (accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle of sum, has o before the suffix, and absēns and praesēns have e; the participle of eō has ē in the nominative singular, otherwise u, iēns, euntis, &c. n rarely drops before -s (63): as, LIBES (inscr.), exsultās (Enn.), animās (Lucr.).
903. Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as, clēmēns, merciful, ēlegāns, choice, ēvidēns, clear, frequēns, thick, petulāns, wanton, recēns, fresh, repēns, sudden, &c., &c. For potēns, powerful, see 922.
FUTURE PARTICIPLE.
904. The future participle suffix is -tūro-, nominative -tūrus, -tūra, -tūrum, which is often changed to -sūro-, nominative -sūrus, -sūra, -sūrum (912).
This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, rēctūrus, going to guide; laudātūrus, going to praise.
905. Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as, mortuus, dead, moritūrus; see also in the dictionary arguō, fruor, orior, ruō, secō. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as, āgnōscō, īgnōscō, hauriō, iuvō, pariō. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as, acquiēscō, appāreō, ardeō, caleō, careō, doleō, ēsuriō, fugiō, haereō, incidō, iaceō, -nuō, parcō, rauciō, recidō, sonō, stō, valeō.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
906. The perfect participle suffix is -to-, nominative -tus, -ta, -tum, which is often changed to -so-, nominative -sus, -sa, -sum (912).
907. The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,
adultus, grown up; ēmersus, rising out from; exōsus, perōsus, hating bitterly; placitus, engaging; iūrātus, sworn, coniūrātus, conspiring; prānsus, having lunched, cēnātus, having dined, pōtus, drunk, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as, meditātus, having studied, or studied. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle (811), particularly verbs in -ēre, with a parallel adjective in -idus (287). Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participle meminēns is said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).
908. The perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways:
909. (1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles of most verbs in -ere and -ēre are formed: as,
gestus, carried, aptus, fit, solūtus, loosed (142), iūnctus, joined (831), sparsus, sprinkled (170, 3); doctus, taught.
910. In some consonant root participles of verbs in -ere, -āre, or -ēre, which have the suffix -u- in the perfect stem (873), the -to- is preceded by a short i: as, genitus, born (971-976); domitus, tamed (993); monitus, warned (1003, 1004, 1009). In old Latin, e occurs: as, MERETA (41); e is retained in vegetus, sprightly. One participle has -tuo-: mortuus, dead.
911. Some verbs in -āre have participles from consonant roots: as, frictus, rubbed, fricō, fricāre; see 993. Also some in -īre: as, fartus, stuffed (170, 3), farciō, farcīre; fultus, propped, fulciō, fulcīre; see 1011-1015, and 1017, 1019, 1020.
912. Roots in -d- and -t- change -to- to -so-, before which the dentals change to s (159). After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the double ss is simplified to s: as, fossus, dug, but dīvīsus, divided; vorsus or versus, turned. The suffix -so- is also found with some roots in -l-, -m-, or -r- and a few others: as, pulsus (159).
913. (2.) From a theme in long ā or in long ī; in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in -āre or -īre respectively: as,
laudātus, praised; audītus, heard.
914. A few perfect participles of verbs in -ere are formed from a presumed theme in long ī, or long ē, or from one in long ū: as, petītus, aimed at; exolētus, grown out; see 967-970; tribūtus, assigned; see 947, 948.
915. (1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel (135, 1): as,
adspectus, beheld; captus, taken; coctus, cooked; commentus, devising; cultus, tilled; dictus, said, verb dīcō; ductus, led, dūcō; factus, made; fossus, dug; gestus, carried; inlectus, allured; questus, complaining; raptus, seized; tersus, neat; textus, woven; vorsus, turned.
916. (2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short (135, 1; 122, f): as,
fīxus, fastened, verb fīgō; -flīctus, dashed, -flīgō; pāstus, fed, pāscō; pollūctus, offered up, pollūceō; scrīptus, written, scrībō; -cāsus, fallen, cadō. Also āctus, driven, agō; vīsus, seen, videō; frūctus, enjoying, fruor; lēctus, culled, legō; pīctus, painted, pingō; rēctus, ruled, regō; ēsus, eaten, edō; strūctus, piled, struō; tēctus, covered, tegō; ūnctus, anointed, unguō; frāctus, broken, frangō; pāctus, fixed, pangō. Furthermore, iūnctus, joined, iungō; sānctus, hallowed, sanciō (831); also, fūnctus, having performed, fungor.
917. (1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,
lātus, borne (169, 1); nātus, born; -plētus, filled; trītus, worn; nōtus, known; sūtus, sewed. So also an isolated rūtus, in the law phrase rūta caesa, or rūta et caesa, diggings and cuttings, i.e. minerals and timber.
918. (2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are:
citus, datus, hurried, given
itum, ratus, gone, thinking
-rutus, satus, fallen, planted
situs, status, lying, set
litus, quitus, besmeared, been able
919. As citus, so always percitus and incitus (once incītus, doubtful); usually concitus, rarely concītus; excitus and excītus equally common; always accītus. ambītus always has long ī (763). āgnitus, recognized, cōgnitus, known, and the adjectives inclutus or inclitus, of high renown, and putus, clean, have a short root vowel. For dēfrūtum, dēfrutum, see 134, 1.
List of Verbs Arranged According to the Principal Parts.
920. I. The principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in -ere are formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb (922-986).
921. II. The principal parts of verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, are usually formed as follows:
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| moneō, advise | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| audiō, hear | audīre | audīvī | audītus |
For other formations, see 989-1022.
I. Primitive Verbs.
(A.) ROOT VERBS.
922. Root verbs have their principal parts as follows:
| sum, am | esse | —— | —— |
| ——, become, get, am | fore | fuī | —— |
For fuam, &c., forem, &c., fore, see 750. fuī, &c., serves as the perfect system of sum.
| pos-sum, can | pos-se | —— | —— |
| ——, can | —— | potuī | —— |
potuī, &c., serves as the perfect system of possum. Of the present system of potuī, only potēns, powerful, is used, and only as an adjective.
dō, give, put dare dedī datus
For compounds, see 757.
bibō, drink bibere bibī pōtus
So the compounds, with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system (860).
serō, sow serere sēvī satus
Compounds have i for a in the perfect participle: as, cōn-situs.
| sistō, set | sistere | -stitī, rarely stitī | status |
| inquam, quoth I | —— | inquiī once | —— |
| eō, go | īre | iī, very rarely īvī | itum, -itus |
| queō, can | quīre | quīvī | quitus |
| ne-queō, can’t | ne-quīre | ne-quīvī | ne-quitus |
| edō, eat | ēsse | ēdī | ēsus |
| volō, will, wish, want | velle | voluī | —— |
| nōlō, won’t | nōlle | nōluī | —— |
| mālō, like better | mālle | māluī | —— |
| ferō, carry | ferre | (tulī) | (lātus) |
For tulī, old tetulī, and lātus, see 780; for the perfect of re-ferō, 861.
(B.) VERBS IN -ere.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
923. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
924. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
canō, make music canere cecinī (cantātus)
For con-cinō, oc-cinō, and prae-cinō, see 971 and 823.
tendō, stretch tendere tetendī tentus
For tennitur (Ter.), dis-tennite (Plaut.), see 166, 4; late participle tēnsus. Compounds have -tendī (860) and -tentus. But sometimes ex-tēnsus, and in late writers, dē-tēnsus, dis-tēnsus, os-tēnsus, and re-tēnsus.
925. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
pangō, fix pangere pepigī, agreed pāctus
In meaning, the perfect pepigī corresponds to pacīscor; pānxit, made, set in verse (Enn.), pānxerit, set (Col.), pēgit (Pac.), pēgerit (Cic.), fixed, once each. For com-pingō and im-pingō, see 938.
pungō, punch pungere pupugī pūnctus
For com-pungō and ex-pungō, see 954 and 823.
tangō, touch tangere tetigī tāctus
In old Latin: tagō (Turp.), tagit, tagam (Pac.). Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, con-tingō, con-tingere, con-tigī (860), con-tāctus; in old Latin: at-tigās (Plaut., Ter., Acc., Pac.), at-tigat (Pac.), at-tigātis (Plaut., Pac.).
926. (c.) With the present stem in -lo|e- (833).
tollō, take off tollere (sus-tulī) (sub-lātus)
As the perfect and perfect participle of tollō are appropriated by ferō, tollō takes those of sus-tollō. The original perfect is tetulī (860).
927. (d.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| discō, learn | discere | didicī | —— |
| poscō, demand | poscere | poposcī | —— |
For poposcī, see 855. For -didicī and -poposcī, see 860.
928. (e.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
pariō, bring forth parere peperī partus
For forms in -īre, see 791. com-periō, 1012; re-periō, 1011.
929. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, is -sus (912).
930. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
cadō, fall cadere cecidī -cāsus
Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, oc-cidō, oc-cidere, oc-cidī (860), oc-cāsus. Rarely e in the present and perfect systems (Enn., Lucr., Varr.): as, ac-cedere, ac-cedisset (109). For the perfect of re-cidō, see 861.
caedō, fell, cut caedere cecīdī caesus
Compounds have ī for ae: as, ac-cīdō, ac-cīdere, ac-cīdī (860), ac-cīsus.
parcō, spare parcere pepercī ——
pepercī, &c. (regularly in Cic., Caes., Hor., Ov., Mart.; Nep. once; also Plaut. twice, Ter. once). Old parsī, &c. (Plaut. 8, Cato, Ter., Nov., Nep., once each); once parcuit (Naev.). Compounds: com-perce (Plaut.), con-parsit (Ter.), in-perce, im-percitō, re-percis (Plaut.), re-parcent (Lucr.).
pendō, weigh, pay pendere pependī pēnsus
931. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
tundō, pound tundere tutudī not used tūnsus
For the perfect of re-tundō, see 861; other compounds have the perfect -tudī (861), but once con-tūdit (Enn.). Perfect participle, tūsus (Plin., Mart.); compounds: con-tūnsus (Plin.), con-tūsus (Cato, Varr., Caes., Lucr., Sal., Verg., &c.); ob-tūnsus (Plaut., Verg., Liv., Sen.), op-tūsus, ob-tūsus (Lucr., Sen., Quintil., Tac.); per-tūssus (Plaut.), per-tūsus (Cato, Lucr., Liv., Sen., &c.); re-tūnsus (Plaut., Verg.), re-tūsus (Cic., Lucr., Hor.); sub-tūsus (Tib.).
932. (c.) With the present stem in -ro|e-, or -lo|e- (833).
currō, run currere cucurrī cursum
For perfect of compounds, see 860.
fallō, cheat fallere fefellī falsus
Compound re-fellō, re-fellere, re-fellī (860), ——.
pellō, push pellere pepulī pulsus
For the perfect of re-pellō, see 861. Other compounds have -pulī (860).
933. (1 c.) The following verbs in -ere are without the reduplication (861):
934. (a.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| findō, split apart | findere | -fidī, rarely fidī | fissus |
| scindō, rend | scindere | -scidī, rarely scidī | scissus |
935. (b.) With the present stem in -lo|e- (833).
per-cellō, knock down per-cellere per-culī per-culsus
936. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
937. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
agō, drive agere ēgī āctus
Real compounds have i for a in the present system: as, ab-igō, ab-igere, ab-ēgī, ab-āctus; but per-agō retains a. cōgō and dēgō are contracted: cōgō, cōgere, co-ēgī, co-āctus; dēgō, dēgere, ——, ——.
emō, take, buy emere ēmī emptus
co-emō retains e in the present system, and usually inter-emō and per-emō; other compounds have -imō. For cōmō, dēmō, prōmō, and sūmō, see 952.
——, strike —— īcī ictus
Forms of the present system are īcit (Plaut., Lucr.), īcitur (Plin.), īcimur (Lucr.).
legō, pick up, read legere lēgī lēctus
Compounds with ad, inter, nec-, per, prae, and re-, have -legō in the present system, others -ligō. For dī-ligō, intel-legō, neg-legō, see 952.
938. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
com-pingō, fix together com-pingere com-pēgī com-pāctus
A compound of pangō (925, 823).
frangō, smash frangere frēgī frāctus
Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, cōn-fringō, cōn-fringere, cōn-frēgī, cōn-frāctus.
im-pingō, drive in im-pingere im-pēgī im-pāctus
A compound of pangō (925, 823). So also op-pēgī.
| linquō, leave | linquere | līquī | -lictus |
| rumpō, burst | rumpere | rūpī | ruptus |
So the compounds. But Plautus has con-rumptus and dir-rumptus.
vincō, conquer vincere vīcī victus
939. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
pavēscō, get afraid pavēscere ex-pāvī ——
940. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
capiō, take capere cēpī captus
Compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle: as, in-cipiō, in-cipere, in-cēpī, in-ceptus. In the present system, e is rare: as, re-cepit (Lucr.); u is frequent in old Latin.
coepiō, begin rare coepere once coepī coeptus
See 812-814.
faciō, make facere fēcī factus
For fac, see 846; for passive, 788. Compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle: as, ef-ficiō, ef-ficere, ef-fēcī, ef-fectus.
| fugiō, run away | fugere | fūgī | —— |
| iaciō, throw | iacere | iēcī | iactus |
Compounds have -iciō (104, c), -icere, -iēcī, -iectus: as, ē-iciō, ē-icere, ē-iēcī, ē-iectus. In old Latin the present system has rarely -ieciō; -iecere. dis-siciō is sometimes used (Lucr., Verg.) for dis-iciō.
941. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912).
942. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
cūdō, hammer cūdere -cūdī -cūsus
943. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem (829).
sīdō, settle sīdere sīdī, -sīdī, -sēdī -sessus
944. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
fundō, pour fundere fūdī fūsus
945. (d.) With the present stem in -so|e- for -to|e- (835).
vīsō, go to see vīsere vīsī ——
946. (e.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
fodiō, dig fodere fōdī fossus
For forms in -īre, see 791.
947. (2 c.) The following verbs in -ere (367) with the present stem in -o|e- (837, 840), have the perfect stem in -u- or in -v- of the theme (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| acuō, sharpen | acuere | acuī | acūtus adjective |
| arguō, make clear | arguere | arguī | argūtus rare |
| con-gruō, agree | con-gruere | con-gruī | —— |
| ex-uō, doff | ex-uere | ex-uī | ex-ūtus |
| im-buō, give a smack of | im-buere | im-buī | im-būtus |
| ind-uō, don | ind-uere | ind-uī | ind-ūtus |
| in-gruō, impend | in-gruere | in-gruī | —— |
| luō, pay, atone for | luere | luī | -lūtus, washed |
| metuō, fear | metuere | metuī | metūtus once |
| -nuō, nod | -nuere | -nuī | —— |
| pluit, it rains | pluere | pluit, plūvit | —— |
| ruō, tumble down | ruere | ruī | -rutus |
| so-lvō, loose | so-lvere | so-lvī | so-lūtus |
| spuō, spit | spuere | -spuī | —— |
| statuō, set | statuere | statuī | statūtus |
Compounds have i for a throughout: as, cōn-stituō, cōn-stituere, &c.
| volvō, roll | volvere | volvī | volūtus |
| suō, sew | suere | -suī | sūtus |
| tribuō, assign | tribuere | tribuī | tribūtus |
948. Two verbs in -ere with the present stem in -nuo|e- (833), have the perfect stem in -nu- (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| minuō, lessen | minuere | minuī | minūtus |
| sternuō, sneeze | sternuere | sternuī | —— |
949. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
950. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829); most have a nasal (831).
| -cendō, light | -cendere | -cendī | -cēnsus |
| -fendō, hit | -fendere | -fendī | -fēnsus |
| mandō, chew | mandere | mandī once | mānsus |
| pandō, open | pandere | pandī | passus, pānsus |
For dis-pennite (Plaut.), see 166, 4. dis-pandō, dis-pendō, has perfect participle dis-pessus (Plaut., Lucr.), dis-pānsus (Lucr., Plin., Suet.).
pre-hendō, seize pre-hendere pre-hendī pre-hēnsus
Rarely prae-hendō; but very often prēndō, prēndere, prēndī, prēnsus.
scandō, climb scandere -scendī -scēnsus
Compounds have e for a throughout: as, dē-scendō, dē-scendere, &c.
| vorrō, verrō, sweep | vorrere, verrere | -vorrī, -verrī | vorsus, versus |
| vortō, vertō, turn | vortere, vertere | vortī, vertī | vorsus, versus |
951. (b.) With the present stem in -lo|e- (833).
vollō, vellō, tear vollere, vellere vollī, vellī volsus, vulsus
Late perfect vulsī (Sen., Luc.); -vulsī (Laber., Col., Sen., Luc.).
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
952. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- (867), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
953. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
carpō, nibble, pluck carpere carpsī carptus
Compounds have e for a: as, dē-cerpō, dē-cerpere, dē-cerpsī, dē-cerptus.
| com-būrō, burn up | com-būrere | com-bussī | com-būstus |
| cōmō, put up | cōmere | cōmpsī | cōmptus |
Compound of com- and emō (937, 823). See also dēmō, prōmō, sūmō.
| coquō, cook | coquere | coxī | coctus |
| dēmō, take away | dēmere | dēmpsī | dēmptus |
| dīcō, say | dīcere | dīxī | dictus |
For dīc, see 846.
dī-ligō, esteem dī-ligere dī-lēxī dī-lēctus
Compound of dis- and legō (937, 823). See also intel-legō and neg-legō.
dūcō lead dūcere dūxī ductus
For dūc, ē-dūc, see 846.
-flīgō, smash -flīgere -flīxī -flīctus
Of the simple verb, flīgit occurs (L. Andr.), flīgēbant (Lucr.), and flīgī (L. Andr., Acc.).
| gerō, carry | gerere | gessī | gestus |
| intel-legō, understand | intel-legere | intel-lēxī | intel-lēctus |
| neg-legō, disregard | neg-legere | neg-lēxī | neg-lēctus |
In the perfect system very rarely intel-lēgī and neg-lēgī (862, 823).
| nūbō, veil, marry (a man) | nūbere | nūpsī | nūpta |
| prōmō, take out | prōmere | prōmpsī | prōmptus |
| regō, guide, rule | regere | rēxī | rēctus |
In the present system, con-rigō and ē-rigō; commonly por-rigō, sometimes porgō; rarely sur-rigō, commonly surgō; always pergō.
| rēpō, creep | rēpere | rēpsi | —— |
| scalpō, dig | scalpere | scalpsī | scalptus |
| scrībō, write | scrībere | scrīpsī | scrīptus |
| sculpō, carve | sculpere | sculpsī | sculptus |
| struō, build up | struere | strūxī | strūctus |
| sūgō, suck | sūgere | sūxī | suctus |
| sūmō, take up | sūmere | sūmpsī | sūmptus |
| tegō, cover | tegere | tēxī | tēctus |
| trahō, drag | trahere | trāxī | tractus |
| ūrō, burn | ūrere | ussī | ustus |
| vehō, cart | vehere | vēxī | vectus |
| vīvō, live | vīvere | vīxī | —— |
954. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| cingō, gird | cingere | cīnxī | cīnctus |
| com-pungō, prick over | com-pungere | com-pūnxī | com-pūnctus |
A compound of pungō (925, 823).
| ē-mungō, clean out | ē-mungere | ē-mūnxī | ē-mūnctus |
| ex-pungō, prick out | ex-pungere | ex-pūnxī | ex-pūnctus |
A compound of pungō (925, 823).
| fingō, mould | fingere | fīnxī | fīctus |
| iungō, join | iungere | iūnxī | iūnctus |
| pingō, paint | pingere | pīnxī | pīctus |
| plangō, beat | plangere | plānxī | plānctus |
| stinguō, poke, poke out | stinguere | -stīnxī | -stīnctus |
| stringō, peel, graze | stringere | strīnxī | strīctus |
| tingō, wet | tingere | tīnxī | tīnctus |
| unguō, anoint | unguere | ūnxī | ūnctus |
Sometimes ungō, ungere, &c., in the present system.
955. (c.) With the present stem in -no|e- (833).
temnō, scorn temnere (con-tempsī) (con-temptus)
956. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| ad-liciō, lure | ad-licere | ad-lexī | —— |
| in-liciō, inveigle | in-licere | in-lexī | in-lectus |
| pel-liciō, lead astray | pel-licere | pel-lexī | pel-lectus |
| -spiciō, spy | -spicere | -spēxī | -spectus |
Forms of the simple verb are old and rare: as, specitur, spicit, spece (Plaut.), specimus (Varr.), spiciunt (Cato), spēxit (Naev., Enn.).
957. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- (867), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
958. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| cēdō, move along | cēdere | cessī | cessus |
| claudō, shut | claudere | clausī | clausus |
Sometimes clūdō, clūdere, clūsī, clūsus. Compounds have ū for au throughout.
| dī-vidō, separate | dī-videre | dī-vīsī | dī-vīsus |
| fīgō, pin | fīgere | fīxī | fīxus, twice fīctus |
| fluō, flow | fluere | flūxī | fluxus adjective |
| laedō, hurt | laedere | laesī | laesus |
Compounds have ī for ae throughout: as, in-līdō, in-līdere, &c.
| lūdō, play | lūdere | lūsī | lūsus |
| mittō, send | mittere | mīsī | missus |
| mergō, dip, duck | mergere | mersī | mersus |
| plaudō, clap | plaudere | plausī | plausus |
Also ap-plaudō, ap-plaudere, &c. Other compounds have usually ō for au throughout: as, ex-plōdō, &c.; but ex-plaudō (Lucr.).
premō, squeeze premere pressī pressus
Compounds have i for e in the present system: as, com-primō, &c.
| rādō, scrape | rādere | rāsī | rāsus |
| rōdō, gnaw | rōdere | rōsī | rōsus |
| spargō, scatter | spargere | sparsī | sparsus |
Compounds usually have e for a throughout: as, cōn-spergō, &c.
| trūdō, shove | trūdere | trūsī | trūsus |
| vādō, go | vādere | -vāsī | -vāsus |
959. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| algēscō, get cold | algēscere | alsī | —— |
| ardēscō, flame out | ardēscere | arsī (ex-arsī) | —— |
| lūcēscō, grow light | lūcēscere | -lūxī | —— |
Sometimes in the present system lūcīscō, lūcīscere, &c.
| frīgēscō, grow cold | frīgēscere | -frīxī | —— |
| vīvēscō, get alive | vīvēscere | (re-vīxī) | —— |
In composition, also re-vīvīscō, re-vīvīscere.
960. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- (835).
| flectō, turn | flectere | flexī | flexus |
| nectō, bind together | nectere | nexī, nexuī | nexus |
Perfect system rare: nexit (Lucil., Acc.); nexuit, ad-nexuerant (Sall.).
pectō, comb pectere pexī once pexus
961. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
quatiō, shake quatere -cussī quassus
Compounds drop the a (111, a): as, in-cutiō, in-cutere, in-cussī, in-cussus.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
962. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by a long vowel of the root (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
963. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
terō, rub terere trīvī trītus
Perfect infinitive once in pentameter verse (823) at-teruisse (Tib.).
964. (b.) With the present stem in -no|e- (833).
| cernō, sift, separate, see | cernere | crēvī, decided | certus, -crētus |
| linō, besmear | linere | lēvī, rarely līvī | litus |
In the present system some forms in -īre are used by late writers.
sinō, leave, let sinere sīvī situs
Perfect system forms of sinō and dē-sinō in -v- are: sīvī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); dē-sīvit (Sen.), sīvistis (Cic.), once each; sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), dē-sīverit (Cato, Gell.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sīvisset (Cic., Liv.). Much oftener without -v-: as, dē-siī (Sen.), sīstī (Plaut., Cic.); dē-sīstī often, siit once (Ter.), dē-siit (Varr., Sen., &c.), dē-sīt (Mart., &c.), dē-siimus (Lent.), dē-sīmus (893), sīstis; dē-siērunt (Cic., Liv.); dē-sierat, dē-sierit (Cic.); dē-sīssem, &c., sīsset, sīssent, dē-sīsse. For sīrīs, &c., see 893; for pōnō, 972.
| spernō, spurn | spernere | sprēvī | sprētus |
| sternō, strew | sternere | strāvī | strātus |
965. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| crēscō, grow | crēscere | crēvī | crētus |
| nōscō, get to know | nōscere | nōvī | nōtus adjective |
Compounds: ī-gnōscō, ī-gnōvī, ī-gnōtum; ā-gnōscō, ā-gnōvī, ā-gnitus; cō-gnōscō, cō-gnōvī, cō-gnitus; dī-nōscō, dī-nōvī, rarely dī-gnōscō, dī-gnōvī, ——; inter-nōscō, inter-nōvī, ——. Old passive infinitive GNOSCIER (inscr. 186 B.C.).
| pāscō, feed | pāscere | pāvī | pāstus |
| scīscō, enact | scīscere | scīvī | scītus |
966. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem (870), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
967. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
petō, aim at petere petīvī petītus
In the perfect, sometimes petiī (Cic., Ov., Liv., Val. Fl., Plin. Ep.), PETIEI (inscr.), petī late (Sen., Stat.); petiit (Cic., Hor., Tac., Suet.), petīt (Verg., Ov., Phaedr., Sen., Luc., Suet.), petiisse (Verg., Hor., Ov., Val. Fl., Stat.).
quaerō, inquire quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus
Compounds sometimes retain ae in old Latin, but usually have ī for ae throughout: as, con-quīrō, con-quīrere, &c.
968. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| ab-olēscō, vanish away | ab-olēscere | ab-olēvī | —— |
| ad-olēscō, grow up | ad-olēscere | ad-olēvī | ad-ultus |
| con-cupīscō, hanker for | con-cupīscere | con-cupīvī | con-cupītus |
| -dormīscō, fall asleep | -dormīscere | -dormīvī | —— |
| ex-olēscō, grow out | ex-olēscere | ex-olēvī | ex-olētus |
| in-veterāscō, get set | in-veterāscere | in-veterāvī | —— |
| obs-olēscō, get worn out | obs-olēscere | obs-olēvī | obs-olētus adj. |
| quiēscō, get still | quiēscere | quiēvī | quiētus adjective |
| re-sipīscō, come to | re-sipīscere | re-sipīvī | —— |
| suēscō, get used | suēscere | suēvī | suētus |
| vesperāscit, gets dusk | vesperāscere | vesperāvit | —— |
969. (c.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
cupiō, want cupere cupīvī cupītus
Once with a form in -īre (791), cupīret (Lucr.).
sapiō, have a smack sapere sapīvī ——
Compounds have i for a: as, re-sipiō, &c.
970. (d.) With the present stem in -sso|e- (375).
ar-cēssō, send for ar-cēssere ar-cēssīvī ar-cēssītus
Sometimes ac-cersō, &c.; infinitive rarely ar-cēssīrī or ac-cersīrī.
| capēssō, undertake | capēssere | capēssīvī | —— |
| facēssō, do, make off | facēssere | facēssīvī | facēssītus |
Perfect system rare: facēssierīs or facēsserīs (Cic.), facēssīsset (Tac.).
| in-cēssō, attack | in-cēssere | in-cēssīvī | —— |
| lacēssō, provoke | lacēssere | lacēssīvī | lacēssītus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
971. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -u- (873), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus (910):
972. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| alō, bring up | alere | aluī | altus, rarely alitus |
| colō, till, stay round, court | colere | coluī | cultus |
| con-cinō, chime with | con-cinere | con-cinuī | —— |
A compound of canō (924, 823). See also oc-cinō and prae-cinō.
| cōn-sulō, consult | cōn-sulere | cōn-suluī | cōn-sultus |
| depsō, knead | depsere | depsuī | depstus |
| fremō, growl | fremere | fremuī | —— |
| gemō, groan | gemere | gemuī | —— |
| molō, grind | molere | moluī | molitus |
| oc-cinō, sing ominously | oc-cinere | oc-cinuī | —— |
Once with reduplication, oc-cecinerit (Liv.).
| oc-culō, hide | oc-culere | oc-culuī | oc-cultus |
| pīsō, pīnsō, bray | pīsere, pīnsere | pīnsuī, pīsīvī | pistus |
Once (818, 847) pīnsībant (Enn.). Perfect once pīnsuī (Pomp.), once (823, 893) pīsiērunt (Varr.). Perfect participle often pīnsītus (Col.), once pīnsus (Vitr.).
pōnō, place pōnere po-suī po-situs
A compound of po- and sinō (964). Perfect in old Latin po-sīvī (893); po-suī is first used by Ennius (875). Perfect participle in verse sometimes, po-stus, -po-stus; inf. inposīsse (Plaut.).
| prae-cinō, play before | prae-cinere | prae-cinuī | —— |
| serō, string | serere | -seruī | sertus |
| stertō, snore | stertere | (dē-stertuī) | —— |
| strepō, make a racket | strepere | strepuī | —— |
| texō, weave | texere | texuī | textus |
| tremō, quake | tremere | tremuī | —— |
| vomō, throw up | vomere | vomuī | —— |
973. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem (829).
gignō, beget gignere genuī genitus
Present sometimes also without reduplication, genit, &c. (Varr., Lucr.).
974. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
ac-cumbō, lie by ac-cumbere ac-cubuī ac-cubitus
So also in-cumbō; dis-cumbō has dis-cubuī, dis-cubitum. Compounds with dē, ob, prō, re-, and sub, have -cubuī, ——.
975. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| ē-liciō, coax out | ē-licere | ē-licuī | ē-licitus |
| rapiō, seize | rapere | rapuī | raptus |
Compounds have i for a in the present and perfect systems, and e in the perfect participle: as, ē-ripiō, ē-ripere, ē-ripuī, ē-reptus. Old Latin has u in dē-rupier and in sub-rupiō, sub-rupere, sub-rupuī, sub-ruptus; shortened forms are: surpuit, surpuerit (Plaut.), surpit (Plaut. prol.), surpere (Lucr.), surpite, surpuerat (Hor.). For sub-repsit (Plaut.), see 887.
976. (e.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (835); for com-pēscuī, see 855.
| acēscō, get sour | acēscere | -acuī | —— |
| alēscō, grow up | alēscere | (co-aluī) | (co-alitus) |
| ārēscō, dry up | ārēscere | -āruī | —— |
| calēscō, get warm | calēscere | -caluī | —— |
| candēscō, get white | candēscere | -canduī | —— |
| cānēscō, get grey | cānēscere | cānuī | —— |
| clārēscō, get bright | clārēscere | clāruī | —— |
| com-pescō, check | com-pescere | com-pescuī | —— |
| con-ticēscō, get all still | con-ticēscere | con-ticuī | —— |
Also in the present system, con-ticīscō, con-ticīscere, &c.
| crēbrēscō, get common | crēbrēscere | -crēbruī | —— |
| crūdēscō, wax bad | crūdēscere | (re-crūduī) | —— |
| -dolēscō, get pained | -dolēscere | -doluī | —— |
| dūrēscō, get hard | dūrēscere | dūruī | —— |
| ē-vīlēscō, get cheap | ē-vīlēscere | ē-vīluī | —— |
| fervēscō, boil up | fervēscere | -ferbuī, -fervī | —— |
| flōrēscō, blossom out | flōrēscere | -flōruī | —— |
| horrēscō, bristle up | horrēscere | -horruī | —— |
| languēscō, get weak | languēscere | languī | —— |
| latēscō, hide away | latēscere | -lituī | —— |
| liquēscō, melt | liquēscere | (dē-licuī) | —— |
| madēscō, get moist | madēscere | maduī | —— |
| marcēscō, pine away | marcēscere | (ē-marcuī) | —— |
| mātūrēscō, ripen | mātūrēscere | mātūruī | —— |
| nigrēscō, get black | nigrēscere | nigruī | —— |
| nōtēscō, get known | nōtēscere | nōtuī | —— |
| ob-mūtēscō, get still | ob-mūtēscere | ob-mūtuī | —— |
| ob-surdēscō, get deaf | ob-surdēscere | ob-surduī | —— |
| oc-callēscō, get hard | oc-callēscere | oc-calluī | —— |
| pallēscō, grow pale | pallēscere | palluī | —— |
| pūtēscō, get soaked | pūtēscere | pūtuī | —— |
| rigēscō, stiffen up | rigēscere | riguī | —— |
| rubēscō, redden | rubēscere | rubuī | —— |
| sānēscō, get well | sānēscere | -sānuī | —— |
| senēscō, grow old | senēscere | -senuī | —— |
| stupēscō, get dazed | stupēscere | (ob-stupuī) | —— |
Also op-stipēscō or ob-stipēscō, op-stipuī or ob-stipuī.
| tābēscō, waste away | tābēscere | tābuī | —— |
| tepēscō, get lukewarm | tepēscere | tepuī | —— |
| -timēscō, get scared | -timēscere | -timuī | —— |
| torpēscō, get numb | torpēscere | torpuī | —— |
| tremēscō, quake | tremēscere | (con-tremuī) | —— |
Also in the present system, con-tremīscō, con-tremīscere, &c.
| tumēscō, swell up | tumēscere | -tumuī | —— |
| valēscō, get strong | valēscere | -valuī | —— |
| vānēscō, wane | vānēscere | (ē-vānuī) | —— |
DEPONENTS IN -ī.
977. (1.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -tus, except morior, which has -tuus:
978. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| fruor, enjoy | fruī | frūctus |
| loquor, speak | loquī | locūtus |
| queror, complain | querī | questus |
| sequor, follow | sequī | secūtus |
979. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
fungor, get quit fungī fūnctus
980. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
apīscor, lay hold of apīscī aptus
Compounds have i and e for a: as, ad-ipīscor, ad-ipīscī, ad-eptus.
| com-minīscor, devise | com-minīscī | com-mentus |
| ex-pergīscor, stretch myself, wake | ex-pergīscī | ex-per-rēctus |
Perfect participle rarely ex-pergitus (Lucil., Lucr.).
| nancīscor, get | nancīscī | nactus, nānctus |
| nāscor, am born | nāscī | nātus |
| ob-līvīscor, forget | ob-līvīscī | ob-lītus |
| pacīscor, bargain | pacīscī | pactus |
Compounds: dē-pecīscor, dē-pecīscī, dē-pectus; com-pectus.
| pro-ficīscor, start on | pro-ficīscī | pro-fectus |
| ulcīscor, avenge | ulcīscī | ultus |
981. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| morior, die | morī | mortuus |
| orior, rise | orīrī | ortus |
| potior, master | potīrī | potītus |
For forms in -īrī of these three verbs, see 791. For potīrī, twice potī (Enn., Pac.).
982. (2.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -sus (912):
983. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| lābor, tumble down | lābī | lapsus |
| nītor, rest on | nītī | nīsus, nīxus |
| ūtor, use | ūtī | ūsus |
984. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
dē-fetīscor, get tired out dē-fetīscī dē-fessus
985. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- (835).
| am-plector, hug round | am-plectī | am-plexus |
| com-plector, hug up | com-plectī | com-plexus |
986. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| gradior, step | gradī | gressus |
| patior, suffer | patī | passus |
Compounds of these two verbs have e for a: as, ad-gredior, per-petior, per-pessus; for forms of -gredior in -īrī, see 791.
II. Denominative Verbs.
987. Most verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre (or in -ārī, -ērī, and -īrī), are denominatives.
988. Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root.
(1.) VERBS IN -āre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
989. (1.) The following verb in -āre has a reduplicated perfect stem (859):
stō, stand stāre stetī ——
For -stitī, see 860. The compound prae-stō has rarely the perfect participle prae-stātus (Brut., Plin.), and prae-stitus (Liv.).
990. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in -tus:
iuvō, help iuvāre iūvī iūtus once
In the perfect system, iuverint, adiuverō, and adiuverit occur once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., and Ter.; see 891. Perfect participle usual only in the compound ad-iūtus.
lavō, bathe lavāre lāvī lautus
Forms in -ere are very common in the present tense (820): lavis (Plaut., Hor.), lavit (Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.), lavimus (Hor.), lavitur (Val. Fl.), lavitō (Cato), lavere often, lavī (Pomp.). Perfect participle often lōtus in writers of the empire; supine, lautum, lavātum.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
991. (1 a.) Two verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, both preceded by a long -ā- of the root:
| flō, blow | flāre | flāvī | flātus |
| nō, swim | nāre | nāvī | —— |
992. (1 b.) Most verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ā-: as,
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| līberō, free | līberāre | līberāvī | līberātus |
| nōminō, name | nōmināre | nōmināvī | nōminātus |
| spērō, hope | spērāre | spērāvī | spērātus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
993. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -u (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles, -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus (910):
crepō, rattle crepāre crepuī (in-crepitus)
Forms of the perfect system in -v- (823) are: in-crepāvit (Plaut.), dis-crepāvit (Varr.), in-crepārit (Suet.).
cubō, lie cubāre cubuī ——
Forms of the perfect system in -v- (823) are: ex-cubāverant (Caes.), cubāris (Prop.), in-cubāvēre (Plin.), cubāsse (Quintil.). Compound perfect participle in-cubitus (Plin.).
| domō, tame | domāre | domuī | domitus |
| ē-necō, murder | ē-necāre | ē-necuī | ē-nectus |
The simple verb has necāvī, necātus; twice necuit (Enn., Phaedr.). ē-necō sometimes has i for e in the present and perfect system; once (823) ē-nicāvit, and once (887) ē-nicāssō (Plaut.); perfect participle also ē-necātus (Plin.).
fricō, rub down fricāre fricuī frictus
Perfect participle also fricātus (Vitr.), cōn-fricātus (Varr., Plin.), dē-fricātus (Catull., Col., Plin.), īn-fricātus (Col., Plin.), per-fricātus (Vitr., Plin.).
micō, quiver micāre micuī ——
So the compounds; except dī-micō, dī-micāvī, dī-micātum; twice in pentameter verse (823) dī-micuisse (Ov.).
-plicō, fold -plicāre -plicuī -plicitus
A few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the perfect and perfect participle usually -plicāvī, -plicātus; but sometimes ap-plicuī (Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.); com-plicuī (Sen.), ex-plicuī (Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.), im-plicuī (Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.); ap-plicitus (Col., Quintil., Plin. Ep.), ex-plicitus (Caes., Sen., Plin. Ep.), im-plicitus (Plaut., Cic., Liv.); once re-plictus (Stat.).
secō, cut secāre secuī sectus
The compound with ex sometimes has i for e; once (823) exicāveris (Cato).
sonō, sound sonāre sonuī ——
Also (820) sonit, sonunt (Enn., Acc.), sonere (Acc., Lucr.); re-sonunt (Enn.). Perfect (823) re-sonārint (Hor.), re-sonāvit (Man.), sonātūrus (Hor.).
tonō, thunder tonāre tonuī (at-tonitus)
Once (820) tonimus (Varr.). Perfect participle once in-tonātus (Hor.).
vetō, forbid vetāre vetuī vetitus
In old Latin, votō, &c. (143). Perfect once (823) vetāvit (Pers.).
DEPONENTS IN -ārī.
994. There are many deponents in -ārī, with the perfect participle in -ātus: as,
hortor, exhort hortārī hortātus
For the primitive fārī, speak, and compounds, see the dictionary.
(2.) VERBS IN -ēre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
995. (1.) The following verbs in -ēre have a reduplicated perfect stem (859), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
mordeō, bite mordēre momordī morsus
The compound prae-mordeō has once (823) prae-morsisset (Plaut.).
pendeō, am hung pendēre pependī ——
The compound prō-pendeō has the perfect participle prō-pēnsus.
spondeō, covenant spondēre spopondī spōnsus
For dē-spondī and re-spondī, see 860; rarely dē-spopondī (Plaut.).
tondeō, shear tondēre -totondī, -tondī tōnsus
For dē-tondunt (Varr.), see 821. Perfect only in the compounds at-tondī and dē-tondī (860); once dē-totonderat (Varr.), and perhaps dē-totondit (Enn.).
996. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| caveō, look out | cavēre | cāvī | cautus |
| faveō, am friendly | favēre | fāvī | —— |
| foveō, warm, cherish | fovēre | fōvī | fōtus |
| moveō, move | movēre | mōvī | mōtus |
For short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see 891.
voveō, vow vovēre vōvī vōtus
997. (2 b.) Three verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
sedeō, sit sedēre sēdī -sessus
Real compounds have i for e in the present system: as, ob-sideō, &c. Compounds with dis-, prae, and re- have no perfect participle.
strīdeō, grate strīdēre strīdī ——
Often with a present system in -ere (821).
videō, see vidēre vīdī vīsus
998. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
ferveō, boil fervēre fervī, ferbuī ——
Sometimes with forms in -ere (821) in verse. The perfect system is rare.
prandeō, lunch prandēre prandī prānsus
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
999. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| augeō, increase | augēre | auxī | auctus |
| in-dulgeō, am kind | in-dulgēre | in-dulsī | —— |
| lūceō, beam | lūcēre | lūxī | —— |
| lūgeō, mourn | lūgēre | lūxī | —— |
| torqueō, twist | torquēre | torsī | tortus |
1000. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
| algeō, feel cold | algēre | alsī | —— |
| ardeō, blaze | ardēre | arsī | —— |
| cō-nīveō, wink and blink | cō-nīvēre | cō-nīxī, cō-nīvī | —— |
The perfects cō-nīxī (Turp.), cō-nīvī (Crass.), occur once each.
fulgeō, flash fulgēre fulsī ——
Forms of the present in -ere (821) occur in verse: fulgit (Pomp., Lucil., Lucr.), fulgere (Pac., Acc., Lucil., Lucr., Verg.); ef-fulgere (Verg., Claud.).
| haereō, stick | haerēre | haesī | —— |
| iubeō, order | iubēre | iussī | iussus |
In old Latin, IOVBEO, after IOVSI (IVSI); later iussī, iussus, after iubeō.
| maneō, stay | manēre | mānsī | mānsum |
| mulceō, stroke | mulcēre | mulsī | mulsus adjective |
Perfect participle per-mulsus rare (Cornif., Varr.).
| mulgeō, milk | mulgēre | mulsī | mulsus once |
| rīdeō, laugh | rīdēre | rīsī | -rīsus |
| suādeō, advise | suādēre | suāsī | suāsus |
| tergeō, wipe | tergēre | tersī | tersus |
For forms in -ere in the present, as tergit, &c. (Varr., Prop., Stat., Col.), see 821.
turgeō, am swelling turgēre tursī once ——
Of the perfect system, turserat (Enn.).
urgeō, push urgēre ursī ——
PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
1001. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long -ē- of the root:
| dē-leō, wipe out | dē-lēre | dē-lēvī | dē-lētus |
| fleō, weep | flēre | flēvī | flētus |
| neō, spin | nēre | nēvī | —— |
For neunt (Tib.), see 837.
-pleō, fill -plēre -plēvī -plētus
1002. (1 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), preceded by long -ī-, and the perfect participle in -tus, preceded by short -i- of the root:
cieō, set a going ciēre cīvī citus
Somewhat defective; also with a form in -īre (821). For the perfect participle of compounds, see 919.
1003. (1 c.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -itus (910):
ab-oleō, destroy ab-olēre ab-olēvī ab-olitus
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
1004. (2 a.) Most verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, which is usually preceded by a short i (910): as,
| doceō, teach | docēre | docuī | doctus |
| habeō, have | habēre | habuī | habitus |
So also post-habeō; other compounds have i for a: as, pro-hibeō, pro-hibēre, pro-hibuī, pro-hibitus; twice contracted, prōbet, prōbeat (Lucr.). Compounds with dē and prae are regularly contracted, dēbeō, praebeō, &c.: but in Plautus once de-hibuistī, and regularly prae-hibeō, &c., throughout.
mereō, earn merēre meruī meritus
Often deponent (800): mereor, merērī, meritus.
misceō, mix miscēre miscuī mixtus, mistus
The present stem is an extension of the suffix -sco|e- (834); -sc- of the present runs over into the perfect.
| moneō, advise | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| placeō, am pleasing | placēre | placuī | placitus |
So the compounds com-placeō and per-placeō; dis-pliceō has i for a throughout.
taceō, hold my tongue tacēre tacuī tacitus adjective
The compound re-ticeō has i for a and no perfect participle.
teneō, hold tenēre tenuī -tentus
Compounds have i for e in the present and perfect: as, dē-tineō, dē-tinuī, dē-tentus.
| terreō, scare | terrēre | terruī | territus |
| torreō, roast | torrēre | torruī | tostus |
1005. (2 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
cēnseō, count, rate cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus
1006. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and no perfect participle (907):
arceō, check arcēre arcuī ——
The compounds co-erceō and ex-erceō have e for a, and perfect participles co-ercitus and ex-ercitus.
| caleō, am warm | calēre | caluī | —— |
| candeō, glow white | candēre | canduī | —— |
| careō, have not | carēre | caruī | —— |
| doleō, ache | dolēre | doluī | —— |
| egeō, need | egēre | eguī | —— |
The compound ind-igeō, ind-igēre, ind-iguī, ——, has i for e.
| ē-mineō, stick out | ē-minēre | ē-minuī | —— |
| flōreō, bloom | flōrēre | flōruī | —— |
| horreō, bristle up | horrēre | horruī | —— |
| iaceō, lie | iacēre | iacuī | —— |
| lateō, lie hid | latēre | latuī | —— |
| liceō, am rated | licēre | licuī | —— |
| liqueō, am melted | liquēre | licuī | —— |
| madeō, am soaked | madēre | maduī | —— |
| niteō, shine | nitēre | nituī | —— |
| noceō, am hurtful | nocēre | nocuī | —— |
| oleō, smell | olēre | oluī | —— |
For forms in -ere in the present system, see 821.
| palleō, look pale | pallēre | palluī | —— |
| pāreō, wait on, am obedient | pārēre | pāruī | —— |
| pateō, am open | patēre | patuī | —— |
| rigeō, am stiff | rigēre | riguī | —— |
| sileō, am silent | silēre | siluī | —— |
| sorbeō, suck up | sorbēre | sorbuī | —— |
The perfect system of the simple verb is rare: sorbuit, sorbuerint (Plin.); also (823) sorpsit (Val. Max.); ab-sorbeō and ex-sorbeō have -sorbuī; but ab-sorpsī (Plin., Luc., Macr.), ex-sorpsī (Sen.).
| studeō, am eager | studēre | studuī | —— |
| stupeō, am dazed | stupēre | stupuī | —— |
| timeō, fear | timēre | timuī | —— |
| valeō, am strong | valēre | valuī | —— |
| vigeō, feel strong | vigēre | viguī | —— |
1007. For audeō, gaudeō, and soleō, see 801; for lubet or libet, licet, miseret, oportet, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet, see 815 and 816.
DEPONENTS IN -ērī.
1008. (1 a.) The following deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -tus:
reor, reckon, think rērī ratus
1009. (1 b.) The following deponents in -ērī have the perfect participle in -tus, which is preceded by a short i (910):
| liceor, bid | licērī | licitus |
| misereor, pity | miserērī | miseritus |
Perfect participle also misertus (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active forms are: miserēte, miserērent (Enn.), misereās (Ter.), miseret (Lucr.), miserent (Val. Fl.). Passive forms are sometimes used impersonally (724): as, miserētur, &c.
tueor, look to, protect tuērī tuitus late
Forms in -ī also occur in verse (821). As perfect participle, generally tūtātus.
vereor, am awed at verērī veritus
1010. (2.) One deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -sus (912):
fateor, confess fatērī fassus
Compounds have i and e for a: as, cōn-fiteor, cōn-fessus.
(3.) VERBS IN -īre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
1011. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has a reduplicated perfect stem (861), and the perfect participle in -tus:
re-periō, find re-perīre re-pperī re-pertus
1012. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has no reduplication in the perfect stem, and the perfect participle in -tus:
com-periō, find out com-perīre com-perī com-pertus
As deponent: com-periar (Ter.), com-perior (Sall., Tac.).
1013. (2.) The following verb in -īre has a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle in -tus:
veniō, come venīre vēnī ventum, -ventus
For ē-venunt, ē-venat, ē-venant, ad-venat, per-venat, see 822.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
1014. (1.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle in -tus:
farciō, stuff farcīre farsī fartus
Compounds have usually e for a throughout.
| fulciō, prop | fulcīre | fulsī | fultus |
| hauriō, drain | haurīre | hausī | haustus |
A perfect subjunctive haurierint is quoted from Varro (823).
| saepiō, hedge in | saepīre | saepsī | saeptus |
| sanciō, hallow | sancīre | sānxī | sānctus adjective |
Perfect participle rarely sancītus (Lucr., Liv.). A pluperfect sancierat is quoted from Pomponius Secundus (823).
| sarciō, patch | sarcīre | sarsī | sartus |
| vinciō, bind | vincīre | vīnxī | vīnctus |
1015. (2.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
sentiō, feel sentīre sēnsī sēnsus
The compound with ad is generally deponent (800).
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
1016. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long ī of the root:
sciō, know scīre scīvī scītus
1017. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus:
sepeliō, bury sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus
1018. (1 c.) Most verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ī-: as,
audiō, hear audīre audīvī audītus
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
1019. (2.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
am-iciō, don am-icīre am-icuī am-ictus
Perfect rare: once am-icuī (Brut.), once am-ixī (Varr.).
| ap-eriō, open | ap-erīre | ap-eruī | ap-ertus |
| op-eriō, cover over | op-erīre | op-eruī | op-ertus |
| saliō, leap | salīre | saluī | —— |
Compounds have i for a throughout: as, īn-siliō. A perfect system in -v- (823, 893), as ex-silīvī, occurs in late writers (Col., Sen., Plin., &c.).
DEPONENTS IN -īrī.
1020. (1 a.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -tus:
| ex-perior, try | ex-perīrī | ex-pertus |
| op-perior, wait for | op-perīrī | op-pertus |
Perfect participle once op-perītus (Plaut.).
1021. (1 b.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -ītus:
| blandior, am agreeable | blandīrī | blandītus |
| largior, shower | largīrī | largītus |
| mentior, tell lies | mentīrī | mentītus |
| mōlior, work hard | mōlīrī | mōlītus |
| partior, share | partīrī | partītus |
| sortior, draw lots | sortīrī | sortītus |
1022. (2.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -sus (912):
| mētior, measure | mētīrī | mēnsus |
| ōrdior, begin | ōrdīrī | ōrsus |