Part First ❧ Words
Parts of Speech.
2. The principal kinds of words or Parts of Speech are Nouns, Verbs, and Conjunctions.
3. I. Nouns are Substantive or Adjective.
4. (A.) Nouns Substantive, otherwise called Substantives, are divided, as to meaning, into Concrete and Abstract.
5. (1.) Concrete Substantives denote persons or things. Concrete Substantives are subdivided into Proper Names, which denote individual persons or things: as, Cicerō, Cicero; Rōma, Rome; and Common Names, otherwise called Appellatives, which denote one or more of a class: as, homo, man; taurus, bull.
6. Appellatives which denote a collection of single things are called Collectives: as, turba, crowd; exercitus, army. Appellatives which denote stuff, quantity, material, things not counted, but having measure or weight, are called Material Substantives: as, vīnum, wine; ferrum, iron; faba, horsebeans.
7. (2.) Abstract Substantives denote qualities, states, conditions: as, rubor, redness; aequitās, fairness; sōlitūdō, loneliness.
8. (B.) Nouns Adjective, otherwise called Adjectives, attached to substantives, describe persons or things: as, ruber, red; aequus, fair; sōlus, alone.
9. Pronouns are words of universal application which serve as substitutes for nouns.
Thus, taurus, bull, names, and ruber, red, describes, particular things; but ego, I, is universally applicable to any speaker, and meus, mine, to anything belonging to any speaker.
10. Adverbs are mostly cases of nouns used to denote manner, place, time or degree: as, subitō, suddenly; forās, out of doors; diū, long; valdē, mightily, very.
11. Prepositions are adverbs which are used to modify as prefixes the meaning of verbs, or to define more nicely the meaning of cases: as, vocō, I call, ēvocō, I call out; ex urbe, from town.
12. II. Verbs are words which denote action, including existence or condition: as, regit, he guides; est, he is; latet, he is hid.
13. III. Conjunctions connect sentences, nouns, or verbs: as, et, and; sed, but.
14. Interjections are cries which express feeling, and are not usually a part of the sentence: as, ā, ah; heu, alas.
15. There is no Article in Latin: thus, mēnsa may denote table, a table, or the table.