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‹Better GutenbergThe Circle of KnowledgeOutline Course of Elementary Science for the Grades · 277 of 339Contents›

The Circle of Knowledge

by Henry W. Ruoff

277 of 339 · Contents · Download EPUB

Outline Course of Elementary Science for the Grades

GradesLIFESTRUCTUREGrades
ZOOLOGYBOTANYMINERALOGYGEOLOGYPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRYASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY
I.
II.
III.		Observe—
1. Birds; migration, nesting, feeding.
2. Insects; butterflies, moths, earth-worms.
3. Uses of birds and insects.		Observe—
1. Flowers; color, form, parts.
2. Fruits; color, form, etc.
3. Leaves; shape, color, veining.
4. Stems; form, position, bark, structure.
5. Conditions of growth, habits, etc.		Observe
1. Pebbles and rocks; color, shape, hardness.
2. Kinds of rock; quartzose, calcites.
3. Uses; for soil making and building.		Rain; its effects—
1. On the surface; slopes, ponds, in valleys, streams.
2. Below the surface; springs, caverns, etc.
River Basins—
1. Boundary, uses, etc.
2. Alluvial deposits.		Observe qualities; elastic, porous, etc.
1. Forms of water; their uses.
2. Atmosphere; weight, composition.3. Magnetism; electricity.
4. Solutions.
5. Gases; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid gas.		Observe—
1. Sun, moon, constellations.
2. Wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, dew.
3. Their causes.
4. Effects.		I.
II.
III.
IV.By observing the form and structure, determine some
1. Orders of mammals.
2. Orders of birds.
3. Orders of insects.
4. Orders of reptiles.
Uses of animals.		Observe characteristics of—
1. Exogens and Endogens.
2. Kinds of trees, fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains.
3. Effects of cultivation.		1. Sandstone
2. Argillaceous rocks.
3. Formation of rocks.
a. Sedimentary; sandstone, limestone, etc.
b. Igneous; granite, etc.		1. Ocean; effects of waves, tides, currents.
2. Glaciers; moraines: formation, effects.
3. Volcanoes; geysers; earthquakes.
4. Gradual elevation and depression of the earth’s crust.		1. Heat; sources: sun, fuel, friction.
2. Transmission; conduction, radiation, convection.
3. Uses: warming, cooking, smelting.
4. Physical and chemical changes observed.
5. Carbon; forms; uses.		Climate; causes:
1. Winds, direction of sun’s rays.
2. Surface; mountains, vegetation.
3. Bodies of water; rivers, ocean currents.
Twilight; duration.		IV.
V.Characteristics, habits and uses of—
1. Fishes.
2. Oysters, crabs, starfishes.
3. Coral animals.		Observe characteristics—
1. Plants of the rose, pine, pulse, violet, pink, mustard, composite, lily, grass and fern families.		Formation and uses—
1. Coal.
2. Mineral oils.
3. Natural gas.
4. Iron; ores.		Continent building—
1. Mountains, plains, coast lines.
2. Agencies;
a. Vegetable; peat-bogs, swamps.
b. Animal; coral formation, shell deposits.
c. Chemical springs, geysers, caverns, deposits in lakes and seas.		1. Light—
a. Sources; uses.
b. Transmission, reflection, refraction.
c. Lenses, glasses.
2. Fermentation of fruit juices; yeast.		1. Prevailing winds.
2. U. S. weather maps.
3. Climate of the United States.		V.
VI.Characteristics of Animals of the—
1. Temperate climate.
2. Tropical climate.
3. Polar climate.
Uses made of them.		Peculiarities, habits, uses—
1. Palm, banana, pineapple and orchid families.
2. Mosses; lichens.		1. Minerals and mines of the United States.
2. Gold and silver.
3. Copper.		1. Appalachian and Rocky mountains.
2. River basins and great lakes of the United States.		1. Magnetism; uses: compass, electro-magnets.
2. Electricity; sources and uses.
3. The levers; scales.
4. Equilibrium of bodies.
5. Chlorine.		North and South America—
1. Winds; trades, polar, variable.
2. Wind zones.
3. Weather maps.		VI.
VII.Animals of the different zones of the Old World compared with those of the United States.
Distribution and migration; cause; limits.		1. Zones of vegetation.
2. Limits of migration.
3. Vegetable products of commerce.		Mines and minerals of other countries.Continent structure—
1. South America.
2. Eurasia.
3. Australia.
4. Africa.		Pendulum; inertia, motion.
Forces: gravitation, cohesion, chemical attraction.
Capillary attraction; osmose pressure and flow of liquids. Testing air and water for impurities.		Trades and Monsoons.
1. Deserts; Sahara, Arabia, etc.
2. Heavy rains of India.		VII.
VIII.Relation of animal life to vegetation and civilization.
Checks on animal life.		1. Culture of fruits, vegetables, fibers, grains.
2. Commercial value; benefits to man.		Minerals.
1. Constituents.
2. Commercial value and uses in the arts, etc.		The earth; form, crust—
1. Rock strata; fossils.
2. Geological ages.		Sound; propagation, reflection, vibration, music.
Examination of soils.		The Solar system.
The moon.
The sun; fixed stars.
The tides; ocean currents.		VIII.
GradesLIFESTRUCTURE
ZOOLOGYBOTANYMINERALOGYGEOLOGYPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRYASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY
I.
II.
III.		Observe—
1. Birds; migration, nesting, feeding.
2. Insects; butterflies, moths, earth-worms.
3. Uses of birds and insects.		Observe—
1. Flowers; color, form, parts.
2. Fruits; color, form, etc.
3. Leaves; shape, color, veining.
4. Stems; form, position, bark, structure.
5. Conditions of growth, habits, etc.		Observe
1. Pebbles and rocks; color, shape, hardness.
2. Kinds of rock; quartzose, calcites.
3. Uses; for soil making and building.		Rain; its effects—
1. On the surface; slopes, ponds, in valleys, streams.
2. Below the surface; springs, caverns, etc.
River Basins—
1. Boundary, uses, etc.
2. Alluvial deposits.		Observe qualities; elastic, porous, etc.
1. Forms of water; their uses.
2. Atmosphere; weight, composition.3. Magnetism; electricity.
4. Solutions.
5. Gases; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid gas.		Observe—
1. Sun, moon, constellations.
2. Wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, dew.
3. Their causes.
4. Effects.
IV.By observing the form and structure, determine some
1. Orders of mammals.
2. Orders of birds.
3. Orders of insects.
4. Orders of reptiles.
Uses of animals.		Observe characteristics of—
1. Exogens and Endogens.
2. Kinds of trees, fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains.
3. Effects of cultivation.		1. Sandstone
2. Argillaceous rocks.
3. Formation of rocks.
a. Sedimentary; sandstone, limestone, etc.
b. Igneous; granite, etc.		1. Ocean; effects of waves, tides, currents.
2. Glaciers; moraines: formation, effects.
3. Volcanoes; geysers; earthquakes.
4. Gradual elevation and depression of the earth’s crust.		1. Heat; sources: sun, fuel, friction.
2. Transmission; conduction, radiation, convection.
3. Uses: warming, cooking, smelting.
4. Physical and chemical changes observed.
5. Carbon; forms; uses.		Climate; causes:
1. Winds, direction of sun’s rays.
2. Surface; mountains, vegetation.
3. Bodies of water; rivers, ocean currents.
Twilight; duration.
V.Characteristics, habits and uses of—
1. Fishes
2. Oysters, crabs, starfishes.
3. Coral animals.		Observe characteristics—
1. Plants of the rose, pine, pulse, violet, pink, mustard, composite, lily, grass and fern families.		Formation and uses—
1. Coal.
2. Mineral oils.
3. Natural gas.
4. Iron; ores.		Continent building—
1. Mountains, plains, coast lines.
2. Agencies;
a. Vegetable; peat-bogs, swamps.
b. Animal; coral formation, shell deposits.
c. Chemical springs, geysers, caverns, deposits in lakes and seas.		1. Light—
a. Sources; uses.
b. Transmission, reflection, refraction.
c. Lenses, glasses.
2. Fermentation of fruit juices; yeast.		1. Prevailing winds.
2. U. S. weather maps.
3. Climate of the United States.
VI.Characteristics of Animals of the—
1. Temperate climate.
2. Tropical climate.
3. Polar climate.
Uses made of them.		Peculiarities, habits, uses—
1. Palm, banana, pineapple and orchid families.
2. Mosses; lichens.		1. Minerals and mines of the United States.
2. Gold and silver.
3. Copper.		1. Appalachian and Rocky mountains.
2. River basins and great lakes of the United States.		1. Magnetism; uses: compass, electro-magnets.
2. Electricity; sources and uses.
3. The levers; scales.
4. Equilibrium of bodies.
5. Chlorine.		North and South America—
1. Winds; trades, polar, variable.
2. Wind zones.
3. Weather maps.
VII.Animals of the different zones of the Old World compared with those of the United States.
Distribution and migration; cause; limits.		1. Zones of vegetation.
2. Limits of migration.
3. Vegetable products of commerce.		Mines and minerals of other countries.Continent structure—
1. South America.
2. Eurasia.
3. Australia.
4. Africa.		Pendulum; inertia, motion.
Forces: gravitation, cohesion, chemical attraction.
Capillary attraction; osmose pressure and flow of liquids. Testing air and water for impurities.		Trades and Monsoons.
1. Deserts; Sahara, Arabia, etc.
2. Heavy rains of India.
VIII.Relation of animal life to vegetation and civilization.
Checks on animal life.		1. Culture of fruits, vegetables, fibers, grains.
2. Commercial value; benefits to man.		Minerals.
1. Constituents.
2. Commercial value and uses in the arts, etc.		The earth; form, crust—
1. Rock strata; fossils.
2. Geological ages.		Sound; propagation, reflection, vibration, music.
Examination of soils.		The Solar system.
The moon.
The sun; fixed stars.
The tides; ocean currents.

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