XIV | From the Establishment of the Second French Republic to the Founding of the German Empire, 1848-1871 A. D.
Great Events of Period. Continued rapid advancement of science, inventions and discoveries. Increased philanthropic effort and intellectual enlightenment. Unification of Italy. Commercial treaties with China and Japan. American Civil War. Union of Austria and Hungary. Franco-Prussian War. Establishment of the German Empire.
| A. D. | United States | Spain and Portugal | Great Britain | France | Italy and Church | Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Scandinavia | The German Confederation | Russia | Turkey, Greece, China, India, Japan | A. D. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prussia | Austria | ||||||||||
| 1849. Zachary Taylor, President. Railroad from Boston to New York. | 1849. Mooltan in India taken. | 1848-1852. Second Republic. | 1849. Catania, Syracuse, and Palermo taken by assault. Mazzini’s proclamation of provisional government. Victor Emanuel, King. Rome surrenders to the French; Garibaldi leaves city. Bourbon rule begins. | 1849. The king declines the Imperial Crown. Armistice between Prussia and Denmark. | 1849. New constitution promulgated. | 1849. Aids Austria in subduing Hungary. | |||||
| 1850 | 1850. Attempted invasion of Cuba by filibusters. Death of President Taylor; Millard Fillmore, President. Texas boundary settled. Fugitive Slave Law passed. | 1850. The war in Lahore ended. The Punjab annexed to the British Crown. 1850-1853. Kafir War in South Africa. | 1850. Jerome Bonaparte, Field-Marshal. | 1850. Denmark: Bloody battle of Idstedt, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners. | 1850. Treaty of peace with Denmark. New constitution for Prussia. | 1850. Harbor of Sebastopol completed. | 1850. Turkey: Insurrection in Bosnia. 1850-1864. China: Taiping rebellion. | 1850 | |||
| 1851. Erie railway opened. Charleston Convention. Kossuth arrives in New York. | 1851. Death of Dodoy, “Prince of Peace.” | 1851. Continuance of the Kafir war. Kossuth visits England. | 1851. Louis Kossuth sentenced to death at Pesth. | ||||||||
| 1852-1870. Second Empire. 1852. Napoleon III. declared Emperor. | 1852. CAVOUR becomes Prime Minister in Piedmont. | 1852. Emperor of Austria visits Emperor of Prussia. | 1852. Greece: Convention of London by England, France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece in reference to the affairs of Greece. 1852. Turkey: War between the Turks and Montenegrins. | ||||||||
| 1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Gadsden Purchase. | 1853. Queen Victoria visits Ireland. Kafir war ended. | 1853. Denmark: Parliament prorogued and a “fundamental” law issued. 1853. Belgium: Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of the throne, and the Archduchess Maria. Holland: The first chamber adopts the much-disputed law on religious liberty. | 1853. Plot to overthrow the government. | 1853. War declared against Turkey. | |||||||
| 1854. Treaty with Japan. Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. Ostend Manifesto issued. | 1854. Military insurrection under O’Donnell. | 1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Treaty of alliance with France. | 1854. War declared against Russia. | 1854. Treaty with Austria, offensive and defensive. | 1854. Alliance with England and France. | 1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Russia vs. Turkey aided by Great Britain, France and Sardinia. | |||||
| 1854. War with France and England. Siege of Sebastopol. Battle of Balak-lava. | 1854. Japan: Treaty with the United States. | ||||||||||
| 1855. Panama Railroad completed. Troubles in Kansas. | 1855. British fleet bombards and partially destroys Canton, China. | 1855. Important concordant between Italy and Austria. | 1855. Death of Nicholas I. Alexander II., Emperor. | ||||||||
| ROBERT BROWNING (1812-1889). | 1856. Peace with Russia. | 1856. Hungarians granted amnesty. | 1856. Destruction of Sebastopol docks. Evacuation of Crimea. | ||||||||
| 1857. Dred Scott decision. James Buchanan, President. Great financial panic. | 1857-1858. Sepoy Mutiny. Sepoys vs. English. | 1857-1858. Sepoy Mutiny. 1857-1860. China: Second war with Great Britain. | |||||||||
| 1859. John Brown captures Harpers Ferry. | 1859. War with Morocco. | 1858. Completion of the Atlantic telegraph cable. | 1859. THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION. Sardinia-Piedmont and France vs. Austria. | 1859. Sweden: Oscar I., died July 8; succeeded by his son Charles XV. | 1859. THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION. | 1858. Partial emancipation of the serfs. | |||||
| Peace after battle of Solferino. | |||||||||||
| 1860. South Carolina passes ordinance of secession. | 1860. Defeat of the Moors. | 1860. Rebellion in India subdued. Neutrality proclaimed during the American Civil War. | 1860. Commercial treaty with England. | 1860. Garibaldi lands in Sicily, and assumes dictatorship. | |||||||
| 1861-1865. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. Federal Government of United States vs. Southern Confederacy. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President. | 1861. Annexation of Santo Domingo. Intervention in Mexico. | 1861. Victor Emanuel II., King of Sardinia, first King of Italy. | 1861. William I., King. | 1861. New constitution for the Austrian monarchy. | |||||||
| TENNYSON (1809-1892). | 1862. Great distress caused by American Civil War. | 1862. Garibaldi establishes a provisional government. | 1862. BISMARCK, Premier. | 1862. Amnesty to political offenders in Hungary. | 1862. Nesselrode, Chancellor. | 1862. Bloody conflict between Servians and Turks in Belgrade. | |||||
| 1863. Battle of Gettysburg. | DARWIN 1809-1882. | 1863. The French occupy Mexico. | 1863. Denmark: Christian IX. succeeds Frederick VII. | 1863. King resolves to govern without parliament. Congress of German sovereigns at Frankfort. “One Federal State” proposed. | 1863. Termination of serfdom. | ||||||
| 1864. Rupture with Peru. | 1864. Maximilian accepts Mexican crown. | 1864. Florence made capital of Italy. | 1864. Peace between Denmark and the allies, to whom Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg are surrendered. | 1864. DANISH WAR. Austria and Prussia vs. Denmark. | 1864. Emigration of Caucasian tribes into Turkey. | 1864. George of Denmark becomes King of Greece. | |||||
| 1865. Assassination of President Lincoln; Andrew Johnson, President. | 1865. Dispute with Chile. | 1865. Fenian outbreaks in Ireland. British and French governments rescind their recognition of the Confederate States of America. | 1865. Ionian Isles made over to Greece. | 1865. Leopold II. succeeds his father, Leopold I. in Belgium. | |||||||
| 1866. Civil Rights Bill passed. Atlantic telegraph completed. | 1866. Military insurrection headed by General Prim. | 1866. Austrian War. Venetia proclaimed a part of Italy. | 1866-1871. North German Confederation. 1866. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Prussia with smaller North German States and Italy vs. Austria, Hanover, Saxony and South German States. | 1866. Inauguration of trial by jury. War with Bokhara. | |||||||
| Austria-Hungary | |||||||||||
| 1867. General amnesty proclamation. Purchase of Alaska. | 1867. Death of Marshal O’Donnell. | 1867. Great exposition in Paris. | 1867. Garibaldi and the Papal States. | 1867. North German Constitution accepted. | 1867. Autonomy for Hungary announced. Emperor crowned King of Hungary. | 1867. Alaska sold to the United States. | |||||
| 1868. Burlingame treaty with China. | 1868. Queen deposed. | 1868. Gladstone, Premier | PASTEUR 1822-1895. | HELMHOLTZ 1821-1894. | 1868. Japan: End of the Shogunate. Restoration of the Mikado. | ||||||
| 1869. U. S. Grant, President. Union Pacific railway opened for traffic. | 1869. Vatican Council opened at Rome. | ||||||||||
| 1870. Isabella II. abdicates; Amadeus, King. | 1870. Irish Land Act passed. | 1870. Third Republic. 1870-1871. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. France vs. Prussia supported by all German States including South. Battle of Sedan. Surrender of Metz. | 1870. Rome is annexed to Italy and declared the capital. | HENRIK IBSEN 1828-1908. | 1870-1871. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Battle of Sedan. | 1870. Concordat with Rome suspended. | |||||
| 1871. Sagasta, Prime Minister. | HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903). | 1871. Capitulation of Paris. Peace ratified. | 1871- ——. House of Hohenzollern. 1871. King of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany. | 1871. New German Empire recognized. | 1871. Electric telegraph between Russia and Japan. | 1871. Japan: Feudalism abolished. | |||||
| A. D. | United States | Spain and Portugal | Great Britain | France | Italy and Church |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1849. Zachary Taylor, President. Railroad from Boston to New York. | 1849. Mooltan in India taken. | 1848-1852. Second Republic. | 1849. Catania, Syracuse, and Palermo taken by assault. Mazzini’s proclamation of provisional government. Victor Emanuel, King. Rome surrenders to the French; Garibaldi leaves city. Bourbon rule begins. | ||
| 1850 | 1850. Attempted invasion of Cuba by filibusters. Death of President Taylor; Millard Fillmore, President. Texas boundary settled. Fugitive Slave Law passed. | 1850. The war in Lahore ended. The Punjab annexed to the British Crown. 1850-1853. Kafir War in South Africa. | 1850. Jerome Bonaparte, Field-Marshal. | ||
| 1851. Erie railway opened. Charleston Convention. Kossuth arrives in New York. | 1851. Death of Dodoy, “Prince of Peace.” | 1851. Continuance of the Kafir war. Kossuth visits England. | |||
| 1852-1870. Second Empire. 1852. Napoleon III. declared Emperor. | 1852. CAVOUR becomes Prime Minister in Piedmont. | ||||
| 1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Gadsden Purchase. | 1853. Queen Victoria visits Ireland. Kafir war ended. | ||||
| 1854. Treaty with Japan. Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. Ostend Manifesto issued. | 1854. Military insurrection under O’Donnell. | 1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Treaty of alliance with France. | 1854. War declared against Russia. | ||
| 1855. Panama Railroad completed. Troubles in Kansas. | 1855. British fleet bombards and partially destroys Canton, China. | 1855. Important concordant between Italy and Austria. | |||
| ROBERT BROWNING (1812-1889). | 1856. Peace with Russia. | ||||
| 1857. Dred Scott decision. James Buchanan, President. Great financial panic. | 1857-1858. Sepoy Mutiny. Sepoys vs. English. | ||||
| 1859. John Brown captures Harpers Ferry. | 1859. War with Morocco. | 1858. Completion of the Atlantic telegraph cable. | 1859. THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION. Sardinia-Piedmont and France vs. Austria. | ||
| 1860. South Carolina passes ordinance of secession. | 1860. Defeat of the Moors. | 1860. Rebellion in India subdued. Neutrality proclaimed during the American Civil War. | 1860. Commercial treaty with England. | 1860. Garibaldi lands in Sicily, and assumes dictatorship. | |
| 1861-1865. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. Federal Government of United States vs. Southern Confederacy. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President. | 1861. Annexation of Santo Domingo. Intervention in Mexico. | 1861. Victor Emanuel II., King of Sardinia, first King of Italy. | |||
| TENNYSON (1809-1892). | 1862. Great distress caused by American Civil War. | 1862. Garibaldi establishes a provisional government. | |||
| 1863. Battle of Gettysburg. | DARWIN 1809-1882. | 1863. The French occupy Mexico. | |||
| 1864. Rupture with Peru. | 1864. Maximilian accepts Mexican crown. | 1864. Florence made capital of Italy. | |||
| 1865. Assassination of President Lincoln; Andrew Johnson, President. | 1865. Dispute with Chile. | 1865. Fenian outbreaks in Ireland. British and French governments rescind their recognition of the Confederate States of America. | 1865. Ionian Isles made over to Greece. | ||
| 1866. Civil Rights Bill passed. Atlantic telegraph completed. | 1866. Military insurrection headed by General Prim. | 1866. Austrian War. Venetia proclaimed a part of Italy. | |||
| 1867. General amnesty proclamation. Purchase of Alaska. | 1867. Death of Marshal O’Donnell. | 1867. Great exposition in Paris. | 1867. Garibaldi and the Papal States. | ||
| 1868. Burlingame treaty with China. | 1868. Queen deposed. | 1868. Gladstone, Premier | PASTEUR 1822-1895. | ||
| 1869. U. S. Grant, President. Union Pacific railway opened for traffic. | 1869. Vatican Council opened at Rome. | ||||
| 1870. Isabella II. abdicates; Amadeus, King. | 1870. Irish Land Act passed. | 1870. Third Republic. 1870-1871. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. France vs. Prussia supported by all German States including South. Battle of Sedan. Surrender of Metz. | 1870. Rome is annexed to Italy and declared the capital. | ||
| 1871. Sagasta, Prime Minister. | HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903). | 1871. Capitulation of Paris. Peace ratified. | |||
| A. D. | Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Scandinavia | The German Confederation | Russia | Turkey, Greece, China, India, Japan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prussia | Austria | ||||
| 1849. The king declines the Imperial Crown. Armistice between Prussia and Denmark. | 1849. New constitution promulgated. | 1849. Aids Austria in subduing Hungary. | |||
| 1850 | 1850. Denmark: Bloody battle of Idstedt, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners. | 1850. Treaty of peace with Denmark. New constitution for Prussia. | 1850. Harbor of Sebastopol completed. | 1850. Turkey: Insurrection in Bosnia. 1850-1864. China: Taiping rebellion. | |
| 1851. Louis Kossuth sentenced to death at Pesth. | |||||
| 1852. Emperor of Austria visits Emperor of Prussia. | 1852. Greece: Convention of London by England, France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece in reference to the affairs of Greece. 1852. Turkey: War between the Turks and Montenegrins. | ||||
| 1853. Denmark: Parliament prorogued and a “fundamental” law issued. 1853. Belgium: Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of the throne, and the Archduchess Maria. Holland: The first chamber adopts the much-disputed law on religious liberty. | 1853. Plot to overthrow the government. | 1853. War declared against Turkey. | |||
| 1854. Treaty with Austria, offensive and defensive. | 1854. Alliance with England and France. | 1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Russia vs. Turkey aided by Great Britain, France and Sardinia. | |||
| 1854. War with France and England. Siege of Sebastopol. Battle of Balak-lava. | 1854. Japan: Treaty with the United States. | ||||
| 1855. Death of Nicholas I. Alexander II., Emperor. | |||||
| 1856. Hungarians granted amnesty. | 1856. Destruction of Sebastopol docks. Evacuation of Crimea. | ||||
| 1857-1858. Sepoy Mutiny. 1857-1860. China: Second war with Great Britain. | |||||
| 1859. Sweden: Oscar I., died July 8; succeeded by his son Charles XV. | 1859. THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION. | 1858. Partial emancipation of the serfs. | |||
| Peace after battle of Solferino. | |||||
| 1861. William I., King. | 1861. New constitution for the Austrian monarchy. | ||||
| 1862. BISMARCK, Premier. | 1862. Amnesty to political offenders in Hungary. | 1862. Nesselrode, Chancellor. | 1862. Bloody conflict between Servians and Turks in Belgrade. | ||
| 1863. Denmark: Christian IX. succeeds Frederick VII. | 1863. King resolves to govern without parliament. Congress of German sovereigns at Frankfort. “One Federal State” proposed. | 1863. Termination of serfdom. | |||
| 1864. Peace between Denmark and the allies, to whom Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg are surrendered. | 1864. DANISH WAR. Austria and Prussia vs. Denmark. | 1864. Emigration of Caucasian tribes into Turkey. | 1864. George of Denmark becomes King of Greece. | ||
| 1865. Leopold II. succeeds his father, Leopold I. in Belgium. | |||||
| 1866-1871. North German Confederation. 1866. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Prussia with smaller North German States and Italy vs. Austria, Hanover, Saxony and South German States. | 1866. Inauguration of trial by jury. War with Bokhara. | ||||
| Austria-Hungary | |||||
| 1867. North German Constitution accepted. | 1867. Autonomy for Hungary announced. Emperor crowned King of Hungary. | 1867. Alaska sold to the United States. | |||
| HELMHOLTZ 1821-1894. | 1868. Japan: End of the Shogunate. Restoration of the Mikado. | ||||
| HENRIK IBSEN 1828-1908. | 1870-1871. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Battle of Sedan. | 1870. Concordat with Rome suspended. | |||
| 1871- ——. House of Hohenzollern. 1871. King of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany. | 1871. New German Empire recognized. | 1871. Electric telegraph between Russia and Japan. | 1871. Japan: Feudalism abolished. | ||
XV. FROM THE FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE TO THE CLOSE OF THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE, 1871- ——
| A. D. | United States | Spain and Portugal | Great Britain | Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Scandinavia | France | Italy and Church | Germany | Austria-Hungary | Russia | Turkey and Balkans, China, India, Japan | A. D. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1872. One thousandth anniversary of kingdom of Norway celebrated. Death of Charles XV. of Sweden, succeeded by Oscar II. Coinage made uniform in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. | 1871. William I., emperor. | ||||||||||
| 1873. Payment of Alabama claims to the United States. | 1873. Marshal MacMahon, president. | 1873. Khiva captured. | |||||||||
| 1874. Alfonso XII., king. | 1874. Death of Guizot. | ||||||||||
| 1875 | 1875. Civil war. | 1875. Insurrection against the Turks in Herzegovina. Insurrection in Bosnia. | 1875 | ||||||||
| 1877. R. B. Hayes, president. | 1876. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. | 1877. Attempted assassination of emperor. | 1877. War against Turkey. | 1876. Sultan Murad deposed; Abdul Hamid II. succeeds. Six weeks’ armistice between Turkey and Servia. Constitution for Turkey announced. | |||||||
| 1879. Jules Grevy, president. | 1878. Death of Victor Emmanuel II. Humbert, king. Death of Pius IX. Leo XIII., pope. | 1878. Occupation of Bosnia. | 1878. Spread of Nihilism in the empire. | ||||||||
| 1880 | 1880. Many Nihilists imprisoned and executed. | 1880 | |||||||||
| 1881. James A. Garfield, president. President Garfield assassinated, July 2d; Chester A. Arthur, president. | 1883. Sagasta again minister. | 1882. Attempt on life of Queen Victoria. | 1882. Death of Garibaldi. | 1883. Italy joins the alliance between Germany and Austria, thus forming the Triple Alliance. | 1882. Six hundredth anniversary of the House of Hapsburg. | 1881. Alexander II. assassinated. Alexander III., emperor. | 1881. Roumania declared a kingdom. | ||||
| 1885. Grover Cleveland, president. Apache Indian War. | 1885. War with Abyssinia. | 1884. German annexations on African slave coast; December 19, in Pacific Ocean, beginnings of German colonial policy. | 1885. Ship canal from St. Petersburg to Cronstadt opened. Trouble with the Afghans. | 1885. Outbreak of war between Servia and Bulgaria. | |||||||
| 1887. Queen’s Jubilee. | 1887. Sadi-Carnot, president. | 1887. Alliance of Italy with Austria-Hungary and Germany signed. Crispi, prime minister. | 1888. Accession and death of Frederick III. William II., emperor. | 1886. Army put on war footing of one million five hundred thousand men. | 1886. Russia interferes in Bulgaria. 1888. Central Asian railway opened. | 1886. Servia, Bulgaria and Greece compelled by the powers to disarm. Treaty of peace signed between Servia and Bulgaria. | |||||
| 1889. Benjamin Harrison, president. Johnstown flood. | 1889. Trial by jury first put in force. Accession of Carlos I. to Portuguese throne on death of his father, Luis I. | 1889. Great labor strikes. | 1889. Japan’s Constitution proclaimed. | ||||||||
| 1890 | 1890. McKinley tariff bill passed. | 1890. Castillo, premier. | 1890. Stanley returns from Africa. | 1890. Holland: William III. of the Netherlands dies, and is succeeded by his daughter, Wilhelmina, under the regency of her mother. | 1890. War with Dahomey. | 1890. Resignation of Bismarck as chancellor. | 1890-1892. Famine through the empire. | 1890 | |||
| 1891. Switzerland: Celebration of the six hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy. | 1892. Panama scandals. | 1891. Treaty of Italy with Great Britain relative to East Africa. Triple Alliance renewed. | 1891. Triple Alliance renewed. | 1891. Renewal of Triple Alliance. | 1891. Imperial ukase orders expulsion of Jews from Moscow. | ||||||
| 1893. Grover Cleveland, president. Chinese exclusion bill approved. World’s Columbian exposition at Chicago. | 1893. War with Morocco. | 1893. Behring Sea arbitration. | 1893. Belgium: Universal suffrage in combination with plural voting established. | 1893. Pope’s Jubilee at Rome. | 1893. Anti-Jesuit law repealed. | ||||||
| 1894. Manchester ship canal opened. | 1894. Denmark: Fall of the Estrup ministry, succeeded by a cabinet under Reeds-Thott. | 1894. President Carnot assassinated at Lyons. M. Casimir-Perier, president. Captain Dreyfus tried and imprisoned. | 1894. Commercial treaty with Russia. New parliament house opened. | 1894. Commercial treaty with Russia ratified. | 1894. Death of Alexander III. Nicholas II., czar. | 1894. Turkey: British, French and Russian ambassadors present note to sultan demanding reforms in Armenia. 1894-1895. Chinese-Japanese war. | |||||
| 1895. President Casimir-Perier resigns. M. Felix Faure, president. Death of PASTEUR. | 1895. North Sea and Baltic canal opened. Restrictions imposed on American insurance companies. | 1895. Anti-Semitic agitation. | 1895. Diplomatic relations with Abyssinia. Persecution of the Jews. | ||||||||
| 1897. William McKinley, president. | 1897. Assassination of Premier Canovas del Castillo. Scheme of Cuban autonomy approved. | 1897. Blackwell tunnel opened. The Queen’s Diamond Jubilee celebrated. | 1896. Belgium: International Bimetallic Congress assembles at Brussels. | 1897. Ten-hour law for railway employes passed. | 1896. Peace with Abyssinia. Italy abandons claims to a protectorate over that country. | 1896. New civil code for the empire completed. | 1896. Archduke Karl Ludwig, heir to the throne, dies. Millennial exposition at Budapest. | 1896. First official census of the empire. 1897. Judicial reform in Siberia. | 1897. Turko-Grecian war. China: Kiau-Chau, with surrounding zone, leased to Germany for ninety-nine years. Port Arthur and Ta-lien-wan leased to Russia for twenty-five years. | ||
| 1898. Destruction of the “Maine” at Havana. Spanish-American war between United States and Spain. Treaty of Paris. | 1898. Death of Gladstone. Irish local government bill passed. Imperial penny postage goes into effect. | 1898. Review of Dreyfus case granted. | 1898. Pope offers to mediate in the Cuban question. | 1898. Death of Bismarck. Emperor visits Constantinople and Jerusalem. | 1898. Assassination of the empress by an anarchist at Geneva. Ausgleich of 1867 renewed. | 1898. Port Arthur leased from China. | |||||
| 1899. Cuba is relinquished by Spain. Philippines and Porto Rico acquired. | 1899. Death of Premier Canovas of Spain. Spain sells the Caroline, Pelew and Ladrone islands to Germany. | 1899. The Boer war in South Africa. | 1899. Czar proposes universal peace. The Finnish diet is deprived of the exclusive right of legislation and a thorough policy of Russification begun. | ||||||||
| 1900 | 1900. Civil government established in the Philippines. Chinese troubles. | 1900. Field Marshal Roberts takes command in South Africa. | 1900. Assassination of King Humbert of Italy. Victor Emmanuel III., king. | 1900. Abolition of the Roman law throughout Germany. | 1900. Marriage of the heir apparent, Francis Ferdinand. | 1900. China: Boxer uprising. | 1900 | ||||
| 1901. Assassination of President McKinley by the anarchist Czolgosz. Capture of Aguinaldo. Death of ex-President Harrison. | 1901. Census of the Indian empire taken. Death of Queen Victoria and accession of Edward VII. | 1901. The Norwegian Parliament confers the franchise in municipal and communal elections on women tax-payers. Marriage of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands to Duke Henry of Mecklenberg-Schwerin. | 1901. Diplomatic relations with Turkey suspended. | 1901. Bicentenary of the coronation of the first king of Prussia. | 1901. Count Tolstoi excommunicated. | 1901. Turkey pays to the United States the claims advanced in behalf of the missionaries in Asia Minor for losses incurred during the Armenian disturbances of 1895-1896. | |||||
| 1902. Cuban independence under Platt amendment. President Roosevelt recommends the purchase of the Panama Canal company. | 1902. Alfonso XIII., king. | 1902. The British-Japanese alliance signed. Boer war ended. Marquis of Salisbury resigns as premier. | 1902. M. Combes forms a new French ministry. | 1902. Prince Henry of Prussia visits the United States. England and Germany press their Venezuelan claims. | 1902. Triple Alliance renewed. The language question between Germany and Czechs. | 1902. Treaty of alliance signed between Great Britain and Japan. | |||||
| 1903. Panama Canal treaty signed with Colombia. Commercial treaty with China signed. Independence of Panama recognized. | 1903. King Edward visits the king of Italy. Irish land bill passed the Houses of Parliament. | 1903. Dreyfus case reopened. President Loubet visits King Edward. | 1903. Death of Pope Leo XIII. Pope Pius X. | 1903. New tariff bill. Visit of the czar of Russia. | 1903. Russo-Japanese crisis. | 1903. Servia: A band of conspirators invade the royal palace and slay King Alexander and Queen Draga. The national assembly chooses Peter Karageorgevitch king. | |||||
| 1904. Great Baltimore fire. U. S. Senator Burton convicted of malfeasance in office. St. Louis exposition opened. | 1904. Death of ex-Queen Isabella at Paris. | 1904. Col. Younghusband enters Tibet. | 1904. Arbitration treaties with Holland, Spain, Sweden, Norway and the United States. Bill for separation of church and state introduced. | 1904. King and queen of Italy visit England. | 1904. German troops defeated in Africa. | 1904. Ultimatum to the Sultan issued. Great railway strike. | 1904. War with Japan over Manchuria begun. | 1904. Japanese war with Russia. | |||
| 1905. Protocol with Santo Domingo. | 1905. Attempted assassination of the king in Paris. | 1905. Resignation of Lord Curson as viceroy of India. | 1905. Norway: Haakon VII., king. | 1905. The Moroccan situation grows in complexity. | 1905. The railway bills passed in Italy. | 1905. Intervention of Germany in Moroccan affairs. The new commercial treaties. Marriage of the crown prince. | 1905. Treaty with Germany ratified. Universal suffrage on an educational basis advocated. | 1905. Fall of Port Arthur and end of war. Great railway strike at Petrograd, Warsaw and Moscow. Constitution granted by czar and the Duma authorized. | 1905. The Russo-Japanese peace treaty ratified. | ||
| 1906. Riot at Brownsville, Texas. The president visited Panama. Great earthquake at San Francisco. | 1906. King Alfonso married to Princess Victoria of England. | 1906. King Edward visits Paris. | 1906. Death of King Christian of Denmark. Norway and Sweden independent kingdoms. The crown prince of Denmark is proclaimed King Frederick VIII. The Belgian Chamber votes in favor of annexing the Congo Free State. | 1906. M. Fallières, president. The church controversy. The Pope’s encyclical. M. Sarcien, premier. | 1906. Sonnino, premier. International exhibition at Milan. | 1906. Propaganda against Socialism. | 1906. Prince Schillingfurst succeeds Baron Gautch. | 1906. The czar opened the first Russian Duma. | |||
| 1907. Philippine assembly opened. | 1907. King and queen visit England. | 1907. King Edward and Emperor Francis Joseph meet at Ischl. | 1907. Death of Oscar II. of Sweden. Gustav V., king. Norwegian Parliament votes to grant the suffrage to about three hundred thousand women, based upon a property qualification. | 1907. Wine growers’ agitation. French occupation of Morocco. | 1907. Italy signs arbitration treaty with Argentina. | 1907. German emperor visited London. | 1907. Universal suffrage bill passed. | 1907. Third Russian Duma convened. Resignation of Count Witte as prime minister of Russia. | 1907. Abdication of Korean emperor. | ||
| 1908. Voyage of the Pacific fleet to Asiatic waters. | 1908. Asquith, premier. | ||||||||||
| 1909. Tariff revised. | 1909. Belgium: Albert I., king. | 1909. Bosnia and Herzegovina acquired. | |||||||||
| 1910 | 1910. Elections result in great Democratic gains. | 1910. Spain recalled its envoy to the vatican. Portugal becomes a republic. | 1910. Death of King Edward VII. Accession of George V. | 1910. Denmark: Christian X., king. | 1910. Briand cabinet resigned. | 1910. Decree issued by the king of Greece for a revision of the constitution. | 1910. Emperor William received ex-President Roosevelt. | 1910. Death of Count Tolstoi. | 1910. Japan annexed Korea. Montenegro became a kingdom with Nicholas as king. | 1910 | |
| 1911. Extra session of Congress called by President Taft. Canadian reciprocity bill passed. | 1911. Further creation of religious orders prohibited. | 1911. King George formally opens the British Parliament. | 1911. New ministry formed by premier. | 1911. Second Parliament assembles. 1911-1912. War with Turkey over Tripoli. | 1911. The Emperor urged a policy of reclamation. | 1911. Austria strengthens her army and navy. | 1911. Russian army mobilized on Chinese frontier. Premier Stolypin assassinated. | ||||
| 1912. Tariff revision begun by Congress. | 1912. King George returns from Durbar, in India. Steamship “Titanic” sinks with appalling loss of life. | 1912. Large Socialist gains in German Diet. | 1912. Death of Premier Aerenthal. | 1912. Greece joins Balkan Allies in war against Turkey. Death of Mutsuhito; Yoshito becomes mikado of Japan. | |||||||
| 1913. Democratic Party comes into power. Parcels Post System inaugurated. Woodrow Wilson inaugurated president. | 1913. Continued Strife between Royalists and Republicans. Attempted assassination of King Alfonso. | 1913. Colonies aid policy of Naval Expansion. | 1913. Raymond Poincaré inaugurated president. | 1913. Declares support of Triple Alliance. | 1913. Mobilize army on Servian frontier to conserve interests of Empire pending Balkan war. Archduke and Duchess of Austria assassinated in Bosnia. | 1913. Serfdom obliterated from entire empire. | 1913. Assassination of King George of Greece. Constantine, king. China a republic; Yuan, president. | ||||
| Greatest European War in History begins with the British Empire, France, Russia, Belgium, Japan, Servia, Italy, Portugal and Roumania on one side, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria on the other. | |||||||||||
| 1914. Anti-trust legislation begun in Congress. Declares neutrality in the European war. New regional banking system goes into operation. Panama Canal officially opened. | 1914. Portuguese cabinet resigns, Bernardino Machado, premier. Portugal supports the Triple Entente. | 1914. King George urges mutual concessions in Irish Home Rule controversy. Wages war on the Teutonic Alliance as a member of Triple Entente. | 1914. A new political party is formed to be known as the Briandist. Joins Great Britain and Russia in war upon Teutonic Alliance. | 1914. Germany’s new fiscal policy lays a tax on royalty. Declares war on the Triple Entente. | 1914. Austria adopts a strong policy against Balkan expansion. Joins Germany in a declaration of war on the Triple Entente. | 1914. Russian Premier Kokovtsov resigns. As a member of the Triple Entente joins in war on the Teutonic Alliance. | 1914. Greece retains the Aegean islands wrested from Turkey. | ||||
| 1915. American protectorate established over Haiti. La Follette Seaman’s Act passed by Congress. Diplomatic interchanges with Germany concerning rights of neutral ships. Carranza government in Mexico recognized by the United States. | 1915. The Spanish cabinet resigns. Spain maintains strict neutrality in European war. | 1915. War Council created to direct the policies of the Allies in the European war. Gigantic war loans strain British finances. The British blockade of the Central Powers only partially successful. | 1915. Holland continues her policy of strict neutrality. Belgium passes under the military rule of Germany. | 1915. The Viviani coalition ministry resigned. Immense war loans successfully floated. | 1915. Italy joins the Triple Entente in the war. Declares war on Bulgaria. | 1915. Wages a ruthless submarine war on allied shipping and neutral vessels carrying contraband of war. Shows astonishing efficiency in the conduct of the war against the Entente Allies. | 1915. At the suggestion of the United States, its Ambassador, Dr. Dumba, is recalled from Washington. | 1915. Russia declares war on Bulgaria. Loses Poland and its capital, Warsaw, to the Teutonic Allies. | 1915. King Constantine of Greece refuses to support Venizelos’ pro-allies policy. Latter resigns as premier. Turkey successfully repulsed the attempt of the Entente Allies to force the Dardanelles. Bulgaria enters the war on behalf of the Teutonic Allies. Yoshohito crowned emperor of Japan. | ||
| 1916. Year of great industrial and commercial activity and high prices. Woodrow Wilson re-elected President. Woman suffrage a pronounced political power. Santo Domingo passes under the military rule of the United States. President sends a military force into Mexico. | 1916. Martial law is declared throughout Spain on account of the widespread railway strike. | 1916. British and French forces compelled to withdraw from operations against the Dardanelles with disastrous losses. Rebellious uprising in Ireland suppressed by military force. Home Rule agitation continues. Asquith cabinet overthrown, and David Lloyd George made premier with practically dictatorial powers. | 1916. Frequent Belgian protests against German military rule. Many Belgians deported to Germany as a military measure. | 1916. Verdun is successfully defended against violent assaults of the Germanic forces. Gen. Joffre is succeeded as commander-in-chief of the French army by General Petain. A war council succeeds the general ministry. | 1916. Italian military movements ineffective on the Austrian frontier. A change of ministry forecasted. | 1916. German military operations and conquests stand out in marked contrast with those of the Entente Allies. Belgium, Servia, Montenegro, Poland, Lithuania, Albania and Roumania are held under Teutonic rule. Poland is declared independent by Germany and Austria. | 1916. Austria-Hungary proves a powerful aid to the Teutonic Allies in the Balkans. Emperor Francis Joseph dies and is succeeded on the throne by Emperor Charles I. | 1916. Premier Sturmer resigns and is succeeded by M. Trepoff. Russian and Roumanian armies are defeated and driven back with frightful losses in the Balkans. | 1916. Roumania enters the war on side of the Entente, and is conquered by the Teutonic-Bulgar forces with the loss of its capital, Bucharest. President Yuan of China assassinated. Li Yuan-hung becomes president. Premier Okuma of Japan resigns, and is succeeded by Count Terauchi, an aggressive champion of both Japan and China. | ||
| 1917. Famous “Peace Note” issued to the nations of the world by President Wilson. Rupture with Germany, and diplomatic relations severed. War declared by the United States on Germany, and war loan of seven billion dollars passed by Congress. | 1917. Seventh attempt made upon the life of King Alfonso. | 1917. Great Britain rejects the peace overtures of the Central Powers. Sends envoys, headed by ex-premier Balfour, to United States for an Allied War Council. | 1917. France joins Great Britain in rejecting the Kaiser’s peace overtures. Ex-premier Viviana and General Joffre sent to United States as members of the Allied War Council. | 1917. Conference of Entente Allies held in Rome. Much discontent in Italy over the war. | 1917. The German government sends peace overtures to belligerent and neutral nations. Germany declares a rigid blockade of the Entente Powers. | 1917. Austro-Bulgarian army makes a strong drive against Roumania, and Russia. Emperor Charles crowned King of Hungary. | 1917. The Russian government supports France and Great Britain in rejecting peace overtures of the Central Powers. Russian monarchy overthrown; Czar abdicates and a republic is established. | 1917. Great political unrest in India. Turkey revokes all treaties limiting her absolute independence as a nation. | |||
| A. D. | United States | Spain and Portugal | Great Britain | Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Scandinavia | France |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1872. One thousandth anniversary of kingdom of Norway celebrated. Death of Charles XV. of Sweden, succeeded by Oscar II. Coinage made uniform in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. | |||||
| 1873. Payment of Alabama claims to the United States. | 1873. Marshal MacMahon, president. | ||||
| 1874. Alfonso XII., king. | 1874. Death of Guizot. | ||||
| 1875 | 1875. Civil war. | ||||
| 1877. R. B. Hayes, president. | 1876. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. | ||||
| 1879. Jules Grevy, president. | |||||
| 1880 | |||||
| 1881. James A. Garfield, president. President Garfield assassinated, July 2d; Chester A. Arthur, president. | 1883. Sagasta again minister. | 1882. Attempt on life of Queen Victoria. | |||
| 1885. Grover Cleveland, president. Apache Indian War. | |||||
| 1887. Queen’s Jubilee. | 1887. Sadi-Carnot, president. | ||||
| 1889. Benjamin Harrison, president. Johnstown flood. | 1889. Trial by jury first put in force. Accession of Carlos I. to Portuguese throne on death of his father, Luis I. | 1889. Great labor strikes. | |||
| 1890 | 1890. McKinley tariff bill passed. | 1890. Castillo, premier. | 1890. Stanley returns from Africa. | 1890. Holland: William III. of the Netherlands dies, and is succeeded by his daughter, Wilhelmina, under the regency of her mother. | 1890. War with Dahomey. |
| 1891. Switzerland: Celebration of the six hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy. | 1892. Panama scandals. | ||||
| 1893. Grover Cleveland, president. Chinese exclusion bill approved. World’s Columbian exposition at Chicago. | 1893. War with Morocco. | 1893. Behring Sea arbitration. | 1893. Belgium: Universal suffrage in combination with plural voting established. | ||
| 1894. Manchester ship canal opened. | 1894. Denmark: Fall of the Estrup ministry, succeeded by a cabinet under Reeds-Thott. | 1894. President Carnot assassinated at Lyons. M. Casimir-Perier, president. Captain Dreyfus tried and imprisoned. | |||
| 1895. President Casimir-Perier resigns. M. Felix Faure, president. Death of PASTEUR. | |||||
| 1897. William McKinley, president. | 1897. Assassination of Premier Canovas del Castillo. Scheme of Cuban autonomy approved. | 1897. Blackwell tunnel opened. The Queen’s Diamond Jubilee celebrated. | 1896. Belgium: International Bimetallic Congress assembles at Brussels. | 1897. Ten-hour law for railway employes passed. | |
| 1898. Destruction of the “Maine” at Havana. Spanish-American war between United States and Spain. Treaty of Paris. | 1898. Death of Gladstone. Irish local government bill passed. Imperial penny postage goes into effect. | 1898. Review of Dreyfus case granted. | |||
| 1899. Cuba is relinquished by Spain. Philippines and Porto Rico acquired. | 1899. Death of Premier Canovas of Spain. Spain sells the Caroline, Pelew and Ladrone islands to Germany. | 1899. The Boer war in South Africa. | |||
| 1900 | 1900. Civil government established in the Philippines. Chinese troubles. | 1900. Field Marshal Roberts takes command in South Africa. | |||
| 1901. Assassination of President McKinley by the anarchist Czolgosz. Capture of Aguinaldo. Death of ex-President Harrison. | 1901. Census of the Indian empire taken. Death of Queen Victoria and accession of Edward VII. | 1901. The Norwegian Parliament confers the franchise in municipal and communal elections on women tax-payers. Marriage of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands to Duke Henry of Mecklenberg-Schwerin. | 1901. Diplomatic relations with Turkey suspended. | ||
| 1902. Cuban independence under Platt amendment. President Roosevelt recommends the purchase of the Panama Canal company. | 1902. Alfonso XIII., king. | 1902. The British-Japanese alliance signed. Boer war ended. Marquis of Salisbury resigns as premier. | 1902. M. Combes forms a new French ministry. | ||
| 1903. Panama Canal treaty signed with Colombia. Commercial treaty with China signed. Independence of Panama recognized. | 1903. King Edward visits the king of Italy. Irish land bill passed the Houses of Parliament. | 1903. Dreyfus case reopened. President Loubet visits King Edward. | |||
| 1904. Great Baltimore fire. U. S. Senator Burton convicted of malfeasance in office. St. Louis exposition opened. | 1904. Death of ex-Queen Isabella at Paris. | 1904. Col. Younghusband enters Tibet. | 1904. Arbitration treaties with Holland, Spain, Sweden, Norway and the United States. Bill for separation of church and state introduced. | ||
| 1905. Protocol with Santo Domingo. | 1905. Attempted assassination of the king in Paris. | 1905. Resignation of Lord Curson as viceroy of India. | 1905. Norway: Haakon VII., king. | 1905. The Moroccan situation grows in complexity. | |
| 1906. Riot at Brownsville, Texas. The president visited Panama. Great earthquake at San Francisco. | 1906. King Alfonso married to Princess Victoria of England. | 1906. King Edward visits Paris. | 1906. Death of King Christian of Denmark. Norway and Sweden independent kingdoms. The crown prince of Denmark is proclaimed King Frederick VIII. The Belgian Chamber votes in favor of annexing the Congo Free State. | 1906. M. Fallières, president. The church controversy. The Pope’s encyclical. M. Sarcien, premier. | |
| 1907. Philippine assembly opened. | 1907. King and queen visit England. | 1907. King Edward and Emperor Francis Joseph meet at Ischl. | 1907. Death of Oscar II. of Sweden. Gustav V., king. Norwegian Parliament votes to grant the suffrage to about three hundred thousand women, based upon a property qualification. | 1907. Wine growers’ agitation. French occupation of Morocco. | |
| 1908. Voyage of the Pacific fleet to Asiatic waters. | 1908. Asquith, premier. | ||||
| 1909. Tariff revised. | 1909. Belgium: Albert I., king. | ||||
| 1910 | 1910. Elections result in great Democratic gains. | 1910. Spain recalled its envoy to the vatican. Portugal becomes a republic. | 1910. Death of King Edward VII. Accession of George V. | 1910. Denmark: Christian X., king. | 1910. Briand cabinet resigned. |
| 1911. Extra session of Congress called by President Taft. Canadian reciprocity bill passed. | 1911. Further creation of religious orders prohibited. | 1911. King George formally opens the British Parliament. | 1911. New ministry formed by premier. | ||
| 1912. Tariff revision begun by Congress. | 1912. King George returns from Durbar, in India. Steamship “Titanic” sinks with appalling loss of life. | ||||
| 1913. Democratic Party comes into power. Parcels Post System inaugurated. Woodrow Wilson inaugurated president. | 1913. Continued Strife between Royalists and Republicans. Attempted assassination of King Alfonso. | 1913. Colonies aid policy of Naval Expansion. | 1913. Raymond Poincaré inaugurated president. | ||
| Greatest European War in History begins with the British Empire, France, Russia, Belgium, Japan, Servia, Italy, Portugal and Roumania on one side, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria on the other. | |||||
| 1914. Anti-trust legislation begun in Congress. Declares neutrality in the European war. New regional banking system goes into operation. Panama Canal officially opened. | 1914. Portuguese cabinet resigns, Bernardino Machado, premier. Portugal supports the Triple Entente. | 1914. King George urges mutual concessions in Irish Home Rule controversy. Wages war on the Teutonic Alliance as a member of Triple Entente. | 1914. A new political party is formed to be known as the Briandist. Joins Great Britain and Russia in war upon Teutonic Alliance. | ||
| 1915. American protectorate established over Haiti. La Follette Seaman’s Act passed by Congress. Diplomatic interchanges with Germany concerning rights of neutral ships. Carranza government in Mexico recognized by the United States. | 1915. The Spanish cabinet resigns. Spain maintains strict neutrality in European war. | 1915. War Council created to direct the policies of the Allies in the European war. Gigantic war loans strain British finances. The British blockade of the Central Powers only partially successful. | 1915. Holland continues her policy of strict neutrality. Belgium passes under the military rule of Germany. | 1915. The Viviani coalition ministry resigned. Immense war loans successfully floated. | |
| 1916. Year of great industrial and commercial activity and high prices. Woodrow Wilson re-elected President. Woman suffrage a pronounced political power. Santo Domingo passes under the military rule of the United States. President sends a military force into Mexico. | 1916. Martial law is declared throughout Spain on account of the widespread railway strike. | 1916. British and French forces compelled to withdraw from operations against the Dardanelles with disastrous losses. Rebellious uprising in Ireland suppressed by military force. Home Rule agitation continues. Asquith cabinet overthrown, and David Lloyd George made premier with practically dictatorial powers. | 1916. Frequent Belgian protests against German military rule. Many Belgians deported to Germany as a military measure. | 1916. Verdun is successfully defended against violent assaults of the Germanic forces. Gen. Joffre is succeeded as commander-in-chief of the French army by General Petain. A war council succeeds the general ministry. | |
| 1917. Famous “Peace Note” issued to the nations of the world by President Wilson. Rupture with Germany, and diplomatic relations severed. War declared by the United States on Germany, and war loan of seven billion dollars passed by Congress. | 1917. Seventh attempt made upon the life of King Alfonso. | 1917. Great Britain rejects the peace overtures of the Central Powers. Sends envoys, headed by ex-premier Balfour, to United States for an Allied War Council. | 1917. France joins Great Britain in rejecting the Kaiser’s peace overtures. Ex-premier Viviana and General Joffre sent to United States as members of the Allied War Council. | ||
| A. D. | Italy and Church | Germany | Austria-Hungary | Russia | Turkey and Balkans, China, India, Japan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1871. William I., emperor. | |||||
| 1873. Khiva captured. | |||||
| 1875 | 1875. Insurrection against the Turks in Herzegovina. Insurrection in Bosnia. | ||||
| 1877. Attempted assassination of emperor. | 1877. War against Turkey. | 1876. Sultan Murad deposed; Abdul Hamid II. succeeds. Six weeks’ armistice between Turkey and Servia. Constitution for Turkey announced. | |||
| 1878. Death of Victor Emmanuel II. Humbert, king. Death of Pius IX. Leo XIII., pope. | 1878. Occupation of Bosnia. | 1878. Spread of Nihilism in the empire. | |||
| 1880 | 1880. Many Nihilists imprisoned and executed. | ||||
| 1882. Death of Garibaldi. | 1883. Italy joins the alliance between Germany and Austria, thus forming the Triple Alliance. | 1882. Six hundredth anniversary of the House of Hapsburg. | 1881. Alexander II. assassinated. Alexander III., emperor. | 1881. Roumania declared a kingdom. | |
| 1885. War with Abyssinia. | 1884. German annexations on African slave coast; December 19, in Pacific Ocean, beginnings of German colonial policy. | 1885. Ship canal from St. Petersburg to Cronstadt opened. Trouble with the Afghans. | 1885. Outbreak of war between Servia and Bulgaria. | ||
| 1887. Alliance of Italy with Austria-Hungary and Germany signed. Crispi, prime minister. | 1888. Accession and death of Frederick III. William II., emperor. | 1886. Army put on war footing of one million five hundred thousand men. | 1886. Russia interferes in Bulgaria. 1888. Central Asian railway opened. | 1886. Servia, Bulgaria and Greece compelled by the powers to disarm. Treaty of peace signed between Servia and Bulgaria. | |
| 1889. Japan’s Constitution proclaimed. | |||||
| 1890 | 1890. Resignation of Bismarck as chancellor. | 1890-1892. Famine through the empire. | |||
| 1891. Treaty of Italy with Great Britain relative to East Africa. Triple Alliance renewed. | 1891. Triple Alliance renewed. | 1891. Renewal of Triple Alliance. | 1891. Imperial ukase orders expulsion of Jews from Moscow. | ||
| 1893. Pope’s Jubilee at Rome. | 1893. Anti-Jesuit law repealed. | ||||
| 1894. Commercial treaty with Russia. New parliament house opened. | 1894. Commercial treaty with Russia ratified. | 1894. Death of Alexander III. Nicholas II., czar. | 1894. Turkey: British, French and Russian ambassadors present note to sultan demanding reforms in Armenia. 1894-1895. Chinese-Japanese war. | ||
| 1895. North Sea and Baltic canal opened. Restrictions imposed on American insurance companies. | 1895. Anti-Semitic agitation. | 1895. Diplomatic relations with Abyssinia. Persecution of the Jews. | |||
| 1896. Peace with Abyssinia. Italy abandons claims to a protectorate over that country. | 1896. New civil code for the empire completed. | 1896. Archduke Karl Ludwig, heir to the throne, dies. Millennial exposition at Budapest. | 1896. First official census of the empire. 1897. Judicial reform in Siberia. | 1897. Turko-Grecian war. China: Kiau-Chau, with surrounding zone, leased to Germany for ninety-nine years. Port Arthur and Ta-lien-wan leased to Russia for twenty-five years. | |
| 1898. Pope offers to mediate in the Cuban question. | 1898. Death of Bismarck. Emperor visits Constantinople and Jerusalem. | 1898. Assassination of the empress by an anarchist at Geneva. Ausgleich of 1867 renewed. | 1898. Port Arthur leased from China. | ||
| 1899. Czar proposes universal peace. The Finnish diet is deprived of the exclusive right of legislation and a thorough policy of Russification begun. | |||||
| 1900 | 1900. Assassination of King Humbert of Italy. Victor Emmanuel III., king. | 1900. Abolition of the Roman law throughout Germany. | 1900. Marriage of the heir apparent, Francis Ferdinand. | 1900. China: Boxer uprising. | |
| 1901. Bicentenary of the coronation of the first king of Prussia. | 1901. Count Tolstoi excommunicated. | 1901. Turkey pays to the United States the claims advanced in behalf of the missionaries in Asia Minor for losses incurred during the Armenian disturbances of 1895-1896. | |||
| 1902. Prince Henry of Prussia visits the United States. England and Germany press their Venezuelan claims. | 1902. Triple Alliance renewed. The language question between Germany and Czechs. | 1902. Treaty of alliance signed between Great Britain and Japan | |||
| 1903. Death of Pope Leo XIII. Pope Pius X. | 1903. New tariff bill. Visit of the czar of Russia. | 1903. Russo-Japanese crisis. | 1903. Servia: A band of conspirators invade the royal palace and slay King Alexander and Queen Draga. The national assembly chooses Peter Karageorgevitch king. | ||
| 1904. King and queen of Italy visit England. | 1904. German troops defeated in Africa. | 1904. Ultimatum to the Sultan issued. Great railway strike. | 1904. War with Japan over Manchuria begun. | 1904. Japanese war with Russia. | |
| 1905. The railway bills passed in Italy. | 1905. Intervention of Germany in Moroccan affairs. The new commercial treaties. Marriage of the crown prince. | 1905. Treaty with Germany ratified. Universal suffrage on an educational basis advocated. | 1905. Fall of Port Arthur and end of war. Great railway strike at Petrograd, Warsaw and Moscow. Constitution granted by czar and the Duma authorized. | 1905. The Russo-Japanese peace treaty ratified. | |
| 1906. Sonnino, premier. International exhibition at Milan. | 1906. Propaganda against Socialism. | 1906. Prince Schillingfurst succeeds Baron Gautch. | 1906. The czar opened the first Russian Duma. | ||
| 1907. Italy signs arbitration treaty with Argentina. | 1907. German emperor visited London. | 1907. Universal suffrage bill passed. | 1907. Third Russian Duma convened. Resignation of Count Witte as prime minister of Russia. | 1907. Abdication of Korean emperor. | |
| 1909. Bosnia and Herzegovina acquired. | |||||
| 1910 | 1910. Decree issued by the king of Greece for a revision of the constitution. | 1910. Emperor William received ex-President Roosevelt. | 1910. Death of Count Tolstoi. | 1910. Japan annexed Korea. Montenegro became a kingdom with Nicholas as king. | |
| 1911. Second Parliament assembles. 1911-1912. War with Turkey over Tripoli. | 1911. The Emperor urged a policy of reclamation. | 1911. Austria strengthens her army and navy. | 1911. Russian army mobilized on Chinese frontier. Premier Stolypin assassinated. | ||
| 1912. Large Socialist gains in German Diet. | 1912. Death of Premier Aerenthal. | 1912. Greece joins Balkan Allies in war against Turkey. Death of Mutsuhito; Yoshito becomes mikado of Japan. | |||
| 1913. Declares support of Triple Alliance. | 1913. Mobilize army on Servian frontier to conserve interests of Empire pending Balkan war. Archduke and Duchess of Austria assassinated in Bosnia. | 1913. Serfdom obliterated from entire empire. | 1913. Assassination of King George of Greece. Constantine, king. China a republic; Yuan, president. | ||
| Greatest European War in History begins with the British Empire, France, Russia, Belgium, Japan, Servia, Italy, Portugal and Roumania on one side, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria on the other. | |||||
| 1914. Germany’s new fiscal policy lays a tax on royalty. Declares war on the Triple Entente. | 1914. Austria adopts a strong policy against Balkan expansion. Joins Germany in a declaration of war on the Triple Entente. | 1914. Russian Premier Kokovtsov resigns. As a member of the Triple Entente joins in war on the Teutonic Alliance. | 1914. Greece retains the Aegean islands wrested from Turkey. | ||
| 1915. Italy joins the Triple Entente in the war. Declares war on Bulgaria. | 1915. Wages a ruthless submarine war on allied shipping and neutral vessels carrying contraband of war. Shows astonishing efficiency in the conduct of the war against the Entente Allies. | 1915. At the suggestion of the United States, its Ambassador, Dr. Dumba, is recalled from Washington. | 1915. Russia declares war on Bulgaria. Loses Poland and its capital, Warsaw, to the Teutonic Allies. | 1915. King Constantine of Greece refuses to support Venizelos’ pro-allies policy. Latter resigns as premier. Turkey successfully repulsed the attempt of the Entente Allies to force the Dardanelles. Bulgaria enters the war on behalf of the Teutonic Allies. Yoshohito crowned emperor of Japan. | |
| 1916. Italian military movements ineffective on the Austrian frontier. A change of ministry forecasted. | 1916. German military operations and conquests stand out in marked contrast with those of the Entente Allies. Belgium, Servia, Montenegro, Poland, Lithuania, Albania and Roumania are held under Teutonic rule. Poland is declared independent by Germany and Austria. | 1916. Austria-Hungary proves a powerful aid to the Teutonic Allies in the Balkans. Emperor Francis Joseph dies and is succeeded on the throne by Emperor Charles I. | 1916. Premier Sturmer resigns and is succeeded by M. Trepoff. Russian and Roumanian armies are defeated and driven back with frightful losses in the Balkans. | 1916. Roumania enters the war on side of the Entente, and is conquered by the Teutonic-Bulgar forces with the loss of its capital, Bucharest. President Yuan of China assassinated. Li Yuan-hung becomes president. Premier Okuma of Japan resigns, and is succeeded by Count Terauchi, an aggressive champion of both Japan and China. | |
| 1917. Conference of Entente Allies held in Rome. Much discontent in Italy over the war. | 1917. The German government sends peace overtures to belligerent and neutral nations. Germany declares a rigid blockade of the Entente Powers. | 1917. Austro-Bulgarian army makes a strong drive against Roumania, and Russia. Emperor Charles crowned King of Hungary. | 1917. The Russian government supports France and Great Britain in rejecting peace overtures of the Central Powers. Russian monarchy overthrown; Czar abdicates and a republic is established. | 1917. Great political unrest in India. Turkey revokes all treaties limiting her absolute independence as a nation. | |