XI | From the Discovery of America by Columbus to the Peace of Westphalia, 1492-1648 A. D.
Great Events of Period. 1500-1600: The Reformation: Immense development of new life in Europe. Age of Charles V. Power of Spain, and her conquests in America. The monarchy strong in England. 1600-1700: The Thirty Years’ War, at first a life struggle of Roman Catholics and Protestants, results in downfall of Spain, and the ascendency of France, which reached its zenith under Louis XIV.
| A. D. | Britain | Spain and Portugal | Holland | France | Holy Roman Empire | Poland, Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia | Scandinavia and Russia | Ottoman Empire and Persia | China, Japan, India | A. D. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy and Church | Germany and Austria | ||||||||||
| The power of Spain grew rapidly. Greatest power in Europe during most of Sixteenth Century. | 1491. Bretagne united to the crown. | ||||||||||
| 1492. America discovered by COLUMBUS. | 1493-1519. Maximilian I. | ||||||||||
| 1494-1529. WARS WITH FRENCH for control of Italy. | 1494-1529. WARS FOR THE CONTROL OF ITALY between the French and Spanish. | 1494. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy. 1494-1559. Sixty-five years of Italian Wars. | 1495. Diet at Worms. | ||||||||
| 1497-1503. Voyages of Amerigo Vespucius. South American coast explored. | COPERNICUS (1473-1543). | ||||||||||
| 1498. Vasco de Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope. | |||||||||||
| 1500 | 1502. Marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter, Margaret, with James IV., King of Scotland. | 1500. Partition of Naples between France and Spain. | 1502. Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongol power in Russia. | 1502. Persia: Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia. | 1500 | ||||||
| 1503. Naples annexed to the Spanish crown. JULIUS II., pope. | |||||||||||
| 1509. Henry VIII., King. | 1506. Columbus dies at Valladolid. | 1506-1530. Margaret of Austria regent for her nephew Charles. | 1506. Poland: Sigismund I., the Great. | 1505. War with Persia. | 1506. China: Portuguese, first Europeans in China. | ||||||
| 1512. War with France. Alliance with Spain and the Pope against France. | 1510. Council of Tours. | 1512. Maximilian divides the empire into ten circles. | 1512. Selim I. dethrones and puts to death his father. | ||||||||
| 1513. Battle of Flodden; James IV. killed. | 1513. Pope LEO X. patron of literature and the arts. | LUTHER (1483-1546). | 1514. Persians defeated; Kurdistan added to the empire. | ||||||||
| 1515. Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal. | 1515. Francis I. invades Italy. | ||||||||||
| 1516-1556. CHARLES I. of Spain and V. of Germany. | ARIOSTO (1474-1533). | 1517. Beginning of the Reformation. | 1516. Cairo taken. | ||||||||
| 1519. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. | RAPHAEL (1483-1520). | 1519-1556. CHARLES V., King of Spain, Emperor. | 1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Sweden and overthrows Sten Sture. | 1520. Soliman the Magnificent, Sultan. | |||||||
| 1521. First war with Charles V. | 1521. Accession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg. | 1523. Sweden: Revolt under Gustavus Vasa. The Danes expelled. Union of Calmar dissolved. Denmark and Norway: Frederick I. | 1521. Belgrade taken. | ||||||||
| 1525 | 1525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. | 1525. Spanish ascendency by the victory of Pavia. MICHAELANGELO (1475-1564). TITIAN (1477-1576). | HOLBEIN (1498-1559). | 1525. Albert, Grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession. | 1526. Invasion of Hungary. | 1526. India: Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi. | 1525 | ||||
| 1527. Second war with Charles V. | |||||||||||
| 1529. Reformation begins in England. | Rivalry of Spain and France begins. | CALVIN (1509-1564). | 1530. Russia: Ivan IV., the Terrible. | 1529. Invasion of Austria. Siege of Vienna. | |||||||
| 1532. The king marries Anne Boleyn. | 1531-1532. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro. | 1532-1544. Struggle for possession of Italy. | 1533. Norway and Denmark: Christian III. | ||||||||
| 1535. Henry excommunicated by the Pope. | IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556). | 1535. Barbarossa seizes Tunis. | |||||||||
| 1540. Lisbon the market of the world. | 1540. Order of Jesuits founded by LOYOLA. | ||||||||||
| 1543. Invasion of France. | 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. | 1543. Alliance with England against France. | |||||||||
| 1547. Edward VI., King. Formal establishment of Protestantism. | 1547. Henry II., King; Catherine de’ Medici, Queen. | 1545. Council of Trent. | 1546-1547. Schmalkaldic War. | 1547. Turks invade Persia. | |||||||
| 1550 | 1552. Fifth war with Charles V. | 1550. Julius III., Pope. | 1551. Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants. | 1551. Tripoli taken. | 1550 | ||||||
| 1553. Mary Tudor, Queen of England. | 1552. Invasion of Hungary. | ||||||||||
| 1554. Lady Jane Grey executed. | PALISSY (1510-1589). | ||||||||||
| 1555. Persecution of the Protestants. | 1556. Philip II., King. | 1556. Charles V. abdicates. | 1556. India: AKBAR becomes Mogul emperor, a patron of science and literature. Mogul Empire at its greatest splendor. | ||||||||
| 1558. ELIZABETH, Queen. Rise of the Puritans. | CAMOENS (1525-1579). | RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 1562-1598. | 1559. Termination of French wars in Italy. | 1559. Denmark and Norway: Frederick II. | 1559. Military power of the Turks at its greatest height under Soliman. | ||||||
| 1564. Acquisition of the Philippines. | 1562. Religious liberty granted to the Huguenots. | Tintoretto (1512-1594). | 1564. Maximilian II., Emperor. | Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). | |||||||
| 1568. Mary, Queen of Scots, takes refuge in England. | 1567. Duke of Alva, Governor of the Netherlands. | WAR OF LIBERATION. 1568-1648. Sanguinary tribunals. Egmont and Horn beheaded, 1568. | MONTAIGNE (1533-1592). | 1569. Florence a grand duchy. | 1569. Poland and Lithuania united by the Diet of Lublin. | 1570. War with Venice. | |||||
| SPENSER (1553-1599). SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1552-1618). | 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | Reign of Terror under Alva. | 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. | Torquato Tasso (1544-1595). | 1571. Russia devastated by the Tartars, and Moscow burned. | 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | 1573. Japan: Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns; Nobunaga supreme. | ||||
| 1575 | 1576. The Catholic league. | 1576. Rudolph II., (King of Bohemia and Hungary), Emperor. | 1575. Poland: Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits. | 1575 | |||||||
| 1577. Sixth religious war. | 1578. Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia. | ||||||||||
| 1580. Portugal passes under Spanish dominion. | 1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht; William, Prince of Orange, stadholder. | ||||||||||
| 1584. Raleigh’s colony in Virginia. | 1584. William of Orange assassinated. | ||||||||||
| 1585. War with Spain. | 1585. Pope Sixtus V. restores the Vatican library. | ||||||||||
| 1588. Spanish Armada destroyed. | 1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. England saved from Spanish invasion. | 1588. Revolt of Paris. | 1587. Poland: Sigismund III., King. | 1588. Denmark: Christian IV. | |||||||
| Maritime supremacy of England begins. | 1589-1792. House of Bourbon. 1589-1610. HENRY IV. | 1589. Revolt of the Janisaries. | |||||||||
| CERVANTES (1547-1616). | 1590. Siege of Paris raised by the Spaniards. | 1592. The Rialto and Piazza di San Marco built at Venice. | 1592. Sweden: Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to the Swedish crown. | ||||||||
| 1596-1597. Naval expeditions of Drake and Raleigh in South America. Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burned. | 1598-1621. Philip III. | 1598. Edict of Nantes toleration granted to the Protestants. | GALILEO (1564-1642). | 1594. Union of Protestants at Heilbronn. | RUBENS (1577-1640). | 1595. Power in Hungary declines; revolt of Wallachia. | |||||
| SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616). | KEPLER (1571-1630). | ||||||||||
| 1600 | 1603. Union of England and Scotland. | 1603. Japan: Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun: his descendants retain power till 1868. | 1600 | ||||||||
| BACON (1561-1626). | 1583-1645. GROTIUS. | ||||||||||
| 1607. English settlement at Jamestown. | 1609. Expulsion of the Moors. | 1610. Assassination of Henry IV. | 1609. Leghorn becomes the emporium of the Levant trade. | 1608. Protestant union under Frederick the Elector. | 1611. Sweden: GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King. War with Denmark. Oxenstiern, Minister. | 1605. India: Jehangir, Mogul, Emperor. | |||||
| 1614. Last assembly of the states-general. | 1613. Russia: Michael Romanoff, Czar, founder of the present ruling line. | ||||||||||
| 1616. Sweden dominates the North. | |||||||||||
| 1618-1648. | THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR. | 1618-1648. | |||||||||
| 1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding of Plymouth. | 1621. Dutch War. | 1621. Dutch West India Company incorporated. | 1620. Massacre of Prague. | ||||||||
| HARVEY (1578-1657). | 1624. Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu. | ||||||||||
| 1625 | 1625. Charles I., King. | 1625. Naval war with England. | 1625. Breda taken by Spinola. | DESCARTES (1596-1650). | 1626. St. Peter’s dedicated. | 1628. Victories of Wallenstein. | 1625 | ||||
| 1629. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. | War with Austria 1682-1699. | ||||||||||
| 1632. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by Lord Baltimore. | 1631. Influence of France increases. | 1632. Battle of Lutzen. | 1632. War with Russia. Poles advance to Moscow. | 1632. Sweden: Christina, Queen; Oxenstiern, Regent. | 1634. Murad invades Persia. | ||||||
| 1639. Great naval victory by Van Tromp, over the Spanish fleet in the Downs. Vandyck (1599-1641). | 1638. Invasion of Spain. | 1637. Troubles on the Tartar frontier. Bagdad taken by the Turks. | |||||||||
| 1642-1649. CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION. | 1640. Portugal regains independence. VELASQUEZ (1599-1660). | 1640. Turin taken by the French. 1643. LOUIS XIV., King. | 1646. Revolt of Naples under Masaniello. | 1640. Frederick William of Prussia. | 1645. War with Venice. | 1644. China: Establishment of the Manchu dynasty. | |||||
| 1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. The presbyterians expelled from parliament, which receives the name of “the Rump.” | 1648. Wars of the Fronde. | 1648. Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed at Munster. At this time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” in Europe. | |||||||||
| A. D. | Britain | Poland, Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia | Scandinavia and Russia | Ottoman Empire and Persia | China, Japan, India |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1500 | 1502. Marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter, Margaret, with James IV., King of Scotland. | 1502. Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongol power in Russia. | 1502. Persia: Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia. | ||
| 1509. Henry VIII., King. | 1506. Poland: Sigismund I., the Great. | 1505. War with Persia. | 1506. China: Portuguese, first Europeans in China. | ||
| 1512. War with France. Alliance with Spain and the Pope against France. | 1512. Selim I. dethrones and puts to death his father. | ||||
| 1513. Battle of Flodden; James IV. killed. | 1514. Persians defeated; Kurdistan added to the empire. | ||||
| 1515. Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal. | |||||
| 1516. Cairo taken. | |||||
| 1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Sweden and overthrows Sten Sture. | 1520. Soliman the Magnificent, Sultan. | ||||
| 1523. Sweden: Revolt under Gustavus Vasa. The Danes expelled. Union of Calmar dissolved. Denmark and Norway: Frederick I. | 1521. Belgrade taken. | ||||
| 1525 | 1525. Albert, Grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession. | 1526. Invasion of Hungary. | 1526. India: Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi. | ||
| 1529. Reformation begins in England. | 1530. Russia: Ivan IV., the Terrible. | 1529. Invasion of Austria. Siege of Vienna. | |||
| 1532. The king marries Anne Boleyn. | 1533. Norway and Denmark: Christian III. | ||||
| 1535. Henry excommunicated by the Pope. | 1535. Barbarossa seizes Tunis. | ||||
| 1543. Invasion of France. | |||||
| 1547. Edward VI., King. Formal establishment of Protestantism. | 1547. Turks invade Persia. | ||||
| 1550 | 1551. Tripoli taken. | ||||
| 1553. Mary Tudor, Queen of England. | 1552. Invasion of Hungary. | ||||
| 1554. Lady Jane Grey executed. | |||||
| 1555. Persecution of the Protestants. | 1556. India: AKBAR becomes Mogul emperor, a patron of science and literature. Mogul Empire at its greatest splendor. | ||||
| 1558. ELIZABETH, Queen. Rise of the Puritans. | 1559. Denmark and Norway: Frederick II. | 1559. Military power of the Turks at its greatest height under Soliman. | |||
| Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). | |||||
| 1568. Mary, Queen of Scots, takes refuge in England. | 1569. Poland and Lithuania united by the Diet of Lublin. | 1570. War with Venice. | |||
| SPENSER (1553-1599). SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1552-1618). | 1571. Russia devastated by the Tartars, and Moscow burned. | 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | 1573. Japan: Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns; Nobunaga supreme. | ||
| 1575 | 1575. Poland: Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits. | ||||
| 1578. Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia. | |||||
| 1584. Raleigh’s colony in Virginia. | |||||
| 1585. War with Spain. | |||||
| 1588. Spanish Armada destroyed. | 1587. Poland: Sigismund III., King. | 1588. Denmark: Christian IV. | |||
| Maritime supremacy of England begins. | 1589. Revolt of the Janisaries. | ||||
| 1592. Sweden: Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to the Swedish crown. | |||||
| 1596-1597. Naval expeditions of Drake and Raleigh in South America. Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burned. | RUBENS (1577-1640). | 1595. Power in Hungary declines; revolt of Wallachia. | |||
| SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616). | |||||
| 1600 | 1603. Union of England and Scotland. | 1603. Japan: Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun: his descendants retain power till 1868. | |||
| BACON (1561-1626). | |||||
| 1607. English settlement at Jamestown. | 1611. Sweden: GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King. War with Denmark. Oxenstiern, Minister. | 1605. India: Jehangir, Mogul, Emperor. | |||
| 1613. Russia: Michael Romanoff, Czar, founder of the present ruling line. | |||||
| 1616. Sweden dominates the North. | |||||
| 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR. 1618-1648. | |||||
| 1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding of Plymouth. | |||||
| HARVEY (1578-1657). | |||||
| 1625 | 1625. Charles I., King. | ||||
| War with Austria 1682-1699. | |||||
| 1632. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by Lord Baltimore. | 1632. War with Russia. Poles advance to Moscow. | 1632. Sweden: Christina, Queen; Oxenstiern, Regent. | 1634. Murad invades Persia. | ||
| 1637. Troubles on the Tartar frontier. Bagdad taken by the Turks. | |||||
| 1642-1649. CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION. | 1640. Frederick William of Prussia. | 1645. War with Venice. | 1644. China: Establishment of the Manchu dynasty. | ||
| 1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. The presbyterians expelled from parliament, which receives the name of “the Rump.” | 1648. Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed at Munster. At this time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” in Europe. | ||||
| A. D. | Spain and Portugal | Holland | France | Holy Roman Empire | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy and Church | Germany and Austria | ||||
| The power of Spain grew rapidly. Greatest power in Europe during most of Sixteenth Century. | 1491. Bretagne united to the crown. | ||||
| 1492. America discovered by COLUMBUS. | 1493-1519. Maximilian I. | ||||
| 1494-1529. WARS WITH FRENCH for control of Italy. | 1494-1529. WARS FOR THE CONTROL OF ITALY between the French and Spanish. | 1494. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy. 1494-1559. Sixty-five years of Italian Wars. | 1495. Diet at Worms. | ||
| 1497-1503. Voyages of Amerigo Vespucius. South American coast explored. | COPERNICUS (1473-1543). | ||||
| 1498. Vasco de Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope. | |||||
| 1500 | 1500. Partition of Naples between France and Spain. | ||||
| 1503. Naples annexed to the Spanish crown. JULIUS II., pope. | |||||
| 1506. Columbus dies at Valladolid. | 1506-1530. Margaret of Austria regent for her nephew Charles. | ||||
| 1510. Council of Tours. | 1512. Maximilian divides the empire into ten circles. | ||||
| 1513. Pope LEO X. patron of literature and the arts. | LUTHER (1483-1546). | ||||
| 1515. Francis I. invades Italy. | |||||
| 1516-1556. CHARLES I. of Spain and V. of Germany. | ARIOSTO (1474-1533). | 1517. Beginning of the Reformation. | |||
| 1519. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. | RAPHAEL (1483-1520). | 1519-1556. CHARLES V., King of Spain, Emperor. | |||
| 1521. First war with Charles V. | 1521. Accession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg. | ||||
| 1525 | 1525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. | 1525. Spanish ascendency by the victory of Pavia. MICHAELANGELO (1475-1564). TITIAN (1477-1576). | HOLBEIN (1498-1559). | ||
| 1527. Second war with Charles V. | |||||
| Rivalry of Spain and France begins. | CALVIN (1509-1564). | ||||
| 1531-1532. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro. | 1532-1544. Struggle for possession of Italy. | ||||
| IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556). | |||||
| 1540. Lisbon the market of the world. | 1540. Order of Jesuits founded by LOYOLA. | ||||
| 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. | 1543. Alliance with England against France. | ||||
| 1547. Henry II., King; Catherine de’ Medici, Queen. | 1545. Council of Trent. | 1546-1547. Schmalkaldic War. | |||
| 1550 | 1552. Fifth war with Charles V. | 1550. Julius III., Pope. | 1551. Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants. | ||
| PALISSY (1510-1589). | |||||
| 1556. Philip II., King. | 1556. Charles V. abdicates. | ||||
| CAMOENS (1525-1579). | RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 1562-1598. | 1559. Termination of French wars in Italy. | |||
| 1564. Acquisition of the Philippines. | 1562. Religious liberty granted to the Huguenots. | Tintoretto (1512-1594). | 1564. Maximilian II., Emperor. | ||
| 1567. Duke of Alva, Governor of the Netherlands. | WAR OF LIBERATION. 1568-1648. Sanguinary tribunals. Egmont and Horn beheaded, 1568. | MONTAIGNE (1533-1592). | 1569. Florence a grand duchy. | ||
| 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | Reign of Terror under Alva. | 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. | Torquato Tasso (1544-1595). | ||
| 1575 | 1576. The Catholic league. | 1576. Rudolph II., (King of Bohemia and Hungary), Emperor. | |||
| 1577. Sixth religious war. | |||||
| 1580. Portugal passes under Spanish dominion. | 1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht; William, Prince of Orange, stadholder. | ||||
| 1584. William of Orange assassinated. | |||||
| 1585. Pope Sixtus V. restores the Vatican library. | |||||
| 1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. England saved from Spanish invasion. | 1588. Revolt of Paris. | ||||
| 1589-1792. House of Bourbon. 1589-1610. HENRY IV. | |||||
| CERVANTES (1547-1616). | 1590. Siege of Paris raised by the Spaniards. | 1592. The Rialto and Piazza di San Marco built at Venice. | |||
| 1598-1621. Philip III. | 1598. Edict of Nantes toleration granted to the Protestants. | GALILEO (1564-1642). | 1594. Union of Protestants at Heilbronn. | ||
| KEPLER (1571-1630). | |||||
| 1600 | |||||
| 1583-1645. GROTIUS. | |||||
| 1609. Expulsion of the Moors. | 1610. Assassination of Henry IV. | 1609. Leghorn becomes the emporium of the Levant trade. | 1608. Protestant union under Frederick the Elector. | ||
| 1614. Last assembly of the states-general. | |||||
| 1618-1648. | THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR. | 1618-1648. | |||
| 1621. Dutch War. | 1621. Dutch West India Company incorporated. | 1620. Massacre of Prague. | |||
| 1624. Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu. | |||||
| 1625 | 1625. Naval war with England. | 1625. Breda taken by Spinola. | DESCARTES (1596-1650). | 1626. St. Peter’s dedicated. | 1628. Victories of Wallenstein. |
| 1629. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. | |||||
| 1631. Influence of France increases. | 1632. Battle of Lutzen. | ||||
| 1639. Great naval victory by Van Tromp, over the Spanish fleet in the Downs. Vandyck (1599-1641). | 1638. Invasion of Spain. | ||||
| 1640. Portugal regains independence. VELASQUEZ (1599-1660). | 1640. Turin taken by the French. 1643. LOUIS XIV., King. | 1646. Revolt of Naples under Masaniello. | |||
| 1648. Wars of the Fronde. | 1648. Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed at Munster. At this time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” in Europe. | ||||