Toadstools, Mushrooms, Fungi, Edible and Poisonous

Family II — Polyporaceæ

Hymenophore inferior, facing the ground. Hymenium consisting of tubes with poriform mouths which are round or angular, sometimes sinuous or torn, lined with 4-spored sporophores and cystidia.

Fleshy, coriaceous or woody fungi, most abundant and luxuriant in warm countries. Intermediate between the Agaricaceæ and the Hydnaceæ, connected with the former by Dædalea and Lenzites, and with the latter by Fistulina and Irpex. Fries.

Within this large family are famed edible species, notably in Boletinus, Boletus and Fistulina. In the woody species the razor-strop man finds material for his strops (Polyporus celulinus); the surgeon styptics; the peasant punk to catch sparks from his flint, and the 4th of July urchin a fire-holder to light his pyrotechnics. The Chinese have placed some species in their fathomless materia medica, while the Polyporus of the locust tree is used in America as a medicine for horses. No fungoid growth is more universal. They are the ever active pruners of our trees and converters of forest debris. They begin the task in Nature’s laboratory of changing decaying wood into assimilable shape as food to feed the very trees that dropped it. Some are of annual growth, others add to their substance year after year, often attaining enormous size. In summer and in winter they are ever present objects for interesting study.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Boletinus. Page 398.

Hymenium composed of broader radiating gills connected by very numerous more narrow anastomosing branches or partitions and forming large angular pores. Tubes somewhat tenacious, not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other, adnate or subdecurrent, yellowish. Peck.

Boletus. Page 404.

Stratum of tubes easily separable from the hymenophore. Stem central.

Strobilomyces. Page 475.

Tubes like Boletus, but pileus with large scales. Stem central.

Fistulina. Page 477.

Fleshy, lateral, tubes crowded but distinct.

Polyporus. Page 479.

Stratum of tubes distinct from hymenophore, but not separable, not stratose; fleshy and tough, stipitate or sessile.

Fomes.

Tubes as in Polyporus, often stratose; woody, sessile; dimidiate. (No edible species reported.)

Polystictus.

Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose, generally developing from the center to the margin, at first shallow and punctiform, coriaceous or membranaceous. (No edible species reported.)

Poria.

Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose; entirely resupinate. (No edible species reported.)

Mucronoporus.

Tubes studded with reddish-brown spines, intermingled with the basidia, otherwise as in Polystictus (and also as in Polyporus and Fomes). Atkinson. (No edible species reported.)

Trametes.

Tubes immersed in flesh of pileus, of various depths, hence not forming a heterogeneous stratum, subcylindrical, not stratose; corky; sessile.

Dædalea.

Tubes as in Trametes, but sinuous and labyrinthiform; corky; not stratose; sessile. (No edible species reported.)

Hexagonia.

Tubes from the first dilated in hexagonal channels, not stratose; plants corky, sessile. Atkinson. (No edible species reported.)

Favolus.

Tubes large at first, radiating from a central stem, or from a lateral attachment in sessile or dimidiate forms; plants tough and fleshy. Atkinson. (No edible species reported.)

Cyclomyces.

Gills or tubes in concentric circles. Stem central, subcentral or none. Atkinson. (No edible species reported.)

Merulius. Page 490.

Subgelatinous. Tubes very shallow, formed by anastomosing wrinkles; resupinate.

Boleti´nus Kalchb

Hymenophore not even (as in Boletus), but extended in blunt points descending like a trama among the tubes. Tubes not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other. Stem ringed, hollow. Spores pale yellowish. Sylloge, Vol. VI, p. 51.

Professor Peck has for excellent reasons, given in his Boleti of the United States, emended the generic diagnosis of Fries thus: Hymenium composed of broader radiating lamellæ connected by very numerous more narrow anastomosing branches or partitions and forming large angular pores. Tubes somewhat tenacious, not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other, adnate or subdecurrent, yellowish.

Professor Peck classifies Boletinus as follows:

	Stem hollow		B. cavipes
	Stem solid		1
1.	Stem lateral or eccentric		B. porosus
1.	Stem central		2
	2.	Pileus pale yellow, silky	B. decipiens
	2.	Pileus red or adorned with red scales	3
3.	Pileus red		B. paluster
3.	Pileus soon red-squamose		B. pictus
Boleti of the United States, p. 76.

There are six species given as found in the United States—B. cavipes Kalchb., B. pictus Pk., B. paluster Pk., B. decipiens Pk., B. porosus Pk., B. appendiculatus Pk.—of these I have found and eaten four. B. decipiens has, at this writing, not been seen by Professor Peck, but Professor Farlow, of Harvard, has informed him of authentic specimens. There is every probability of its being as edible as the others; a description of it is, therefore, given.

In consistency Boletinus is of the best, being rather like that of marshmallows, and the same as Boletus subaureus. The flavor is mild and pleasant.

Professor Peck mentions that the smell of B. porosus is sometimes unpleasant. I have been fortunate in not having had this experience.

B. ca´vipes Kalchb. Pileus broadly convex, rather tough, flexible, soft, subumbonate, fibrillose-scaly, tawny-brown, sometimes tinged with reddish or purplish. Flesh yellowish. Tubes slightly decurrent, at first pale-yellow, then darker and tinged with green, becoming dingy-ochraceous with age. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, somewhat fibrillose or floccose, slightly ringed, hollow, tawny-brown or yellowish-brown, yellowish at the top and marked by the decurrent dissepiments of the tubes, white within. Veil whitish, partly adhering to the margin of the pileus, soon disappearing. Spores 8–10×4µ.

Pileus 1.5–4 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long, 3–6 lines thick. Swamps and damp mossy ground under or near tamarack trees. New York, Peck; New England, Frost.

The pileus is clothed with a fibrillose tomentum which becomes more or less united into floccose tufts or scales. The umbo is not always present and is generally small. The young stem may sometimes be stuffed, but, if so, it soon becomes hollow, though the cavity is irregular. The freshly shed spores have a greenish-yellow or olivaceous hue, but in time they assume a pale or yellowish-ochraceous hue. This species is apparently northern in its range. It loves cold sphagnous swamps in mountainous regions. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains under spruce trees. Haddonfield, N.J., among scrub pines. Mt. Gretna, Pa., among pines.

It is of excellent consistency and of mild pleasant flavor. It is at its best in patties, croquettes and escallops.

B. appendicula´tus Pk. Pileus fleshy, convex, glabrous, ochraceous-yellow, the margin appendiculate with an incurved membranous veil. Flesh pale-yellow, unchangeable. Tubes rather small, yellow, their mouths angular, unequal, becoming darker or brownish where wounded. Stem solid, slightly thickened at the base, yellow. Spores pale-yellow, oblong, 10–12×4µ. Pileus 4–8 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Under or near fir trees. Washington. September to December. Yeomans. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 23, No. 10.

B. pic´tus Pk. Pileus convex or nearly plane, at first covered with a red fibrillose tomentum which soon divides into small scales revealing the yellow color of the pileus beneath. Flesh yellow, often slowly changing to dull pinkish or reddish tints where wounded. Tubes tenacious, at first pale yellow, becoming darker or dingy ochraceous with age, sometimes changing to pinkish-brown where bruised, concealed in the young plant by the copious whitish webby veil. Stem equal or nearly so, solid, slightly and somewhat evanescently annulate, clothed and colored like or a little paler than the pileus, yellowish at the top. Spores ochraceous, 9–11×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods and mossy swamps. New York, Peck; New England, Frost; North Carolina, Curtis. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains, 1882. Haddonfield, N.J., Angora, West Philadelphia, Mt. Gretna, Pa. August and September. In mixed woods, principally oak. Leominster, Mass. C.F. Nixon, Ph. G.

It is sometimes found upon much decayed chestnut stumps.

The caps of some species are so cracked as to appear distinctly areolate. The white webby veil is often persistent. The fungus is one of the handsomest. Its rich variegated colors impress it upon eye-memory. It is one of the very best edible species.

B. palus´ter Pk.—Pileus thin, broadly convex, plane or slightly depressed, sometimes with a small umbo, floccose-tomentose, bright red. Tubes very large, slightly decurrent, yellow, becoming ochraceous or dingy ochraceous. Stem slender, solid, subglabrous, red, yellowish at the top. Spores pinkish-brown, 8–9×4µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 2–3 lines thick.

Wet places and sphagnous mossy swamps. New York, Peck. Maine, Harvey. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Angora, West Philadelphia and Mt. Gretna, Pa. September. McIlvaine.

A few specimens found at Mt. Gretna had stems slightly reticulated. Its taste is sweet, smell mild, and cooked it is of excellent body and flavor.

B. deci´piens (B. and C.) Pk. Pileus dry, minutely silky, whitish-yellow or pale-buff, flesh buff, one-third in. thick; hymenium plane or somewhat concave, yellow, consisting of large, unequal, flexuous radiating tubes resembling multiseptate lamellæ. Stem equal, solid but spongy. Veil floccose, evanescent, adhering for a time to the margin of the pileus. Spores rather minute, oblong, ochraceo-ferruginous (rusty yellow), 8–10×3.5–4µ.

Pileus 2 in. broad. Stem 2–2.5 in. long, 3–4 lines thick.

Thin woods. North and South Carolina. M.A. Curtis.

Specimens of this species have not been seen by me. The authors remark that its affinities are clearly with Boletinus flavidus and its allies, from which it is distinguished by its large radiating pores. They also say that when dry it is scarcely distinguishable from Paxillus porosus Berk., except by its spores. This would imply that its stem is eccentric or lateral, and I have been informed by Mr. Ravenel that it is sometimes so. But specimens of this kind, labeled Boletinus decipiens B. and C., have been received, which show by their spores that they are Paxillus porosus. Besides, Professor Farlow informs me that authentic specimens of B. decipiens in the Curtisian Herbarium have only central stems, from which things I suspect that the two species have been confused. The spore dimensions here given are derived from a specimen in the Curtis Herbarium, through the kindness of Professor Farlow. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I have not recognized this Boletinus. Its affinities are with excellent edible species.

B. poro´sus (Berk.) Pk. (Plate CXIII.) Pileus fleshy, viscid when moist, shining, reddish-brown. Flesh 3–9 lines thick, the margin thin and even; hymenium porous, yellow, formed by radiating lamellæ a line to half a line distant, branching and connected by numerous irregular veins of less prominence and forming large angular pores. Stem lateral, tough, diffused into the pileus, reticulated at the top by the decurrent walls of the tubes, colored like the pileus. Spores semi-ovate.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 6–16 lines long, 4–6 lines thick.

Var. opa´cus (Paxillus porosus Berk., Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 2, p. 32). Pileus dry, glabrous or subtomentose, not shining, brown or tawny-brown. Spores brownish-ochraceous, 9–11×6–8µ.

Damp ground in woods and open places. Ohio, Lea, Morgan; North Carolina, Curtis; New England, Frost, Farlow; Wisconsin, Bundy; New York, Peck.

This species is remarkable for its lateral or eccentric stem. There is often an emargination in the pileus on the side of the stem which gives it a kidney shape. In the typical form it is described as viscid when moist, and the Wisconsin plant is also described as viscid, but in all the New York specimens that I have seen it is dry and sometimes minutely tomentose. I have, therefore, separated these as a variety. The color of the pileus varies from yellowish-brown to reddish-brown or umber. A disagreeable odor is sometimes present. The tubes are rather short and tough and do not easily separate from the hymenophore and from each other. In the young plant they are not separable. They sometimes become slightly blue where wounded. As in other species they are pale yellow when young, but become darker or dingy-ochraceous with age. The spores have been described as bright yellow, but I do not find them so in the New York plant. The plant is incongruous among the Paxilli by reason of its wholly porous hymenium, but in this place it seems to be among its true allies. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Fine specimens were sent to me by Mr. H.I. Miller, Terre Haute, and Dr. J.R. Weist, Richmond, Ind. They were in condition to be eaten and enjoyed. No disagreeable odor was perceptible.

B. borea´lis Pk. Pileus fleshy, convex, obtuse or subumbonate, brownish-yellow, obscurely and somewhat reticulately streaked with reddish-brown lines. Pores large, angular, unequal, slightly decurrent, brownish-yellow. Stem short, equal or slightly tapering upward, brownish-yellow with a whitish myceloid tomentum at the base. Spores oblong, 10–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem about 1 in. long.

Sandy soil. Capstan Island, Labrador. October. Waghorne.

The markings of the pileus appear as if due to the drying of a glutinous substance. The radiating lamellæ and the transverse partitions of the interspaces are very plainly shown. Described from two dried specimens. Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. 22, No. 5.

Bole´tus Dill

Gr—a clod.

The name of a fungus considered a great delicacy among the Romans, derived from bolos, a clod, probably to denote the round figure of the plant.

Hymenium wholly composed of small tubes, connected together in a stratum, the surface of which is dotted with their poriform mouths, and which is distinct from the hymenophore on account of the latter not descending into a trama. Tubes packed close together, easily separating from the hymenophore and from one another. Pores or mouths of the tubes round or angular (in the subgenus Gyrodon sinuous or gyroso-plicate). Spores normally fusiform, rarely oval or somewhat round. Growing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent, with central stems. Mostly edible, and of importance as articles of food; a few poisonous. Fries.

No American species in Gyrodon. It is therefore omitted in synopsis of tribes. C.M.

This genus abounds in species and is related to Boletinus on one hand and to Polyporus on the other. From the latter it is distinguished by the absence of a trama and from both by the tubes being easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other. Some of the species are very variable, others are so closely allied that they appear to almost run together.

The species are generally terrestrial, but B. hemichrysus is habitually wood-growing, and others are occasionally so.

The spores vary so much in color in such closely related species that this character is scarcely available for general classification, but it is valuable as a specific character and should always be noted.

SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES.

Pileus and stem yellow-pulverulent, stem not reticulated with veins		(p. 421.)	Pulverulenti
Pileus and stem not yellow-pulverulent, or if so then the stem reticulated with veins			1
1.	Tubes yellowish with reddish, or reddish-brown mouths	(p. 453.)	Luridi
1.	Tubes of one color, or mouths not reddish.		2
	2. Stem lacunose-reticulated and lacerated.	(p. 436.)	Laceripedes
	2. Stem reticulated with veins, not lacerated.		3
	2. Stem not reticulated.		5
3.	Tubes white, becoming flesh-colored.	(p. 466.)	Hyporhodii
3.	Tubes not becoming flesh-colored.		4
	4. Tubes free, or if adnate then stuffed when young.	(p. 444.)	Edules
	4. Tubes adnate, not stuffed when young.	(p. 438.)	Calopodes
5.	Pileus viscid or glutinous when moist.		6
5.	Pileus dry.		7
	6. Tubes adnate.	(p. 406.)	Viscipelles
	6. Tubes free or nearly so, yellowish.	(p. 444.)	Edules
	6. Tubes free or nearly so, whitish.	(p. 459.)	Versipelles
7.	Stem solid.		8
7.	Stem spongy within, soon cavernous or hollow.	(p. 471.)	Cariosi
	8. Tubes becoming flesh-colored.	(p. 466.)	Hyporhodii
	8. Tubes not becoming flesh-colored.		9
9.	Tubes adnate.		10
9.	Tubes free or nearly so.		11
	10. Pileus subtomentose.	(p. 430.)	Subtomentosi
	10. Pileus glabrous or pruinose.	(p. 423.)	Subpruinosi
11.	Tubes yellowish or stuffed when young.	(p. 444.)	Edules
11.	Tubes whitish, not stuffed.	(p. 459.)	Versipelles
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

C.H. Peck, N.Y. State Botanist, has contributed to Mycological literature his careful arrangement and analysis of species of this genus, in his “Boleti of the United States.” Species of the genus are found in every state of the Union. Several species are common to all the states. Comprehending, as do the states, all sorts of climates within their vast range of latitude, differences in appearance and structure in the same species must be expected, dependent largely, as they are in most fungi, upon habitat and environment. These variations will frequently suggest new species. Descriptions which are typical and which can be recognized as standard are most desirable. Professor Peck’s are accepted by the writer as such, that there may be uniformity, and are quoted as fully as space will permit. Such variations as are attributable to locality will be noted.

Since 1882 the writer has given great attention to the edible qualities of the Boleti. He is convinced by many personal tests and those made by his family and friends, that much, if not all, of the suspicion thrown about Boleti is unjust and erroneous. He is able to state positively that change of color when bruised or broken; bitter and pepperiness have nothing whatever to do with the edible qualities of species exhibiting them, excepting in B. felleus, which exhibits an intense bitter, not lost in cooking. It is not poisonous.

The writer has the courage of his convictions, and has taken interest in eating species with a bad reputation whenever opportunity afforded, that their just dues might be given them. He has never experienced the slightest inconvenience. But others may not be so fortunate.

Before cooking Boleti the stem, unless crisp and tender, should be removed, as should the tubes unless young and fresh. They broil, fry, stew, make good soups and dry well. See recipes.

It is believed that all species of Boleti up to this time found in America are described in this volume. When no remarks of the writer follow the descriptions, he has not had an opportunity to test the edible quality of the species.

Viscipelles — Viscum, Bird Lime; Pellís, a Skin

Pileus covered with a viscose pellicle. Stem solid, neither bulbous, lacerated nor reticulated with veins. Tubes adnate, rarely sinuate, of one color.

The first four and several of the final species here described recede somewhat from the character of the central or typical species of the group.

	Stem with an annulus	1
	Stem without an annulus	9
1.	Stem dotted both above and below the annulus	2
1.	Stem dotted above the annulus	3
1.	Stem not dotted	4
	2. Tubes salmon color	B. salmonicolor
	2. Tubes yellowish	B. subluteus
3.	Annulus entirely viscose	B. flavidus
3.	Annulus membranous, fugacious	B. elegans
3.	Annulus membranous, persistent	B. luteus
	4. Pileus squamose	B. spectabilis
	4. Pileus not squamose	5
5.	Tubes whitish or grayish	6
5.	Tubes yellow or yellowish	7
	6. Flesh white, unchangeable	B. Elbensis
	6. Flesh white, changing to bluish	B. serotinus
7.	Spores globose or broadly elliptical	B. sphærosporus
7.	Spores much longer than broad	8
	8. Annulus fugacious	B. flavus
	8. Annulus persistent	B. Clintonianus
9.	Stem dotted with glandules	10
9.	Stem not dotted	16
	10. Pileus some shade of yellow	11
	10. Pileus some other color	15
11.	Stem rhubarb color	B. punctipes
11.	Stem some other color	12
	12. Stem four lines or more thick	13
	12. Stem less than four lines thick	B. Americanus
13.	Pileus adorned with tufts of hairs or fibrils	B. hirtellus
13.	Pileus glabrous	14
	14. Stem yellow within	B. subaureus
	14. Stem whitish or yellowish-white within	B. granulatus
15.	Pileus white	B. albus
15.	Pileus not white	B. granulatus
	16. Stem squamulose	17
	16. Stem not squamulose	18
17.	Pileus dull red	B. dichrous
17.	Pileus some other color	B. collinitus
	W.G.S.us yellow	19
	W.G.S.us bay-red or chestnut	20
	W.G.S.us some other color	21
19.	Flesh pale-yellow	B. unicolor
19.	Flesh white	B. bovinus
	20. Stem short, one inch or less	B. brevipes
	20. Stem longer, two inches or more	B. badius
21.	Tubes olivaceous or golden-yellow	B. mitis
21.	Tubes ferruginous	22
	22. Taste mild	B. rubinellus
	22. Taste acrid or peppery	B. piperatus
Peck, Boleti of the U.S., p. 83.

B. specta´bilis Pk.—spectabilis, distinguished. Pileus broadly convex, at first covered with a red tomentum, then scaly, viscid when moist, red, the tomentose scales becoming grayish-red, brownish or yellowish. Flesh whitish or pale-yellow. Tubes at first yellow and concealed by a reddish glutinous membrane, then ochraceous, convex, large, angular, adnate. Stem nearly equal, annulate, yellow above the annulus, red or red with yellow stains below. Spores purplish-brown, 13–15×6–7µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Thin woods in swamps. New York, Peck; Wisconsin, Bundy.

This is a rare and showy species which inhabits the cold northern swamps of the country. It probably extends into Canada. When cut, the flesh emits a strong, unpleasant odor. Wounds of the flesh made by insects or other small animals have a bright-yellow color. When young, the tomentose veil covers the whole plant, but it soon parts into scales on the pileus and partly or wholly disappears from the stem. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

London, Can., J. Dearness; Peck, Rep. 44, N.Y. State Bot.

B. Elben´sis Pk. Pileus convex, glabrous, viscid when moist, dingy gray or pinkish-gray inclining to brownish, obscurely spotted or streaked as if with patches of innate fibrils. Flesh white. Tubes at first whitish, becoming dingy or brownish-ochraceous, nearly plane, adnate or slightly decurrent, rather large, angular. Stem nearly equal, annulate, whitish above the ring, colored like the pileus below, sometimes slightly reticulated at the top. Spores ferruginous-brown, 10–12×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 4–6 lines thick. Thin woods of tamarack, spruce and balsam. New York. Peck.

Its locality is thus far limited to the Adirondack region of this state. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. sero´tinus Frost.—late. Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1874. Pileus flat or convex, viscid, sordid brown, streaked with the remnants of the veil, especially near the margin, which is white, very thin, and when partly grown singularly pendent. Flesh white, changing to bluish. Tubes large, angular, unequal, slightly decurrent, at first sordid white or gray, sometimes tinged with green near the stem, afterward cinnamon-yellow. Stem reticulated above the ring which adheres partly to it and partly to the margin of the pileus, white but stained by the brownish spores and tinged with yellow at maturity. Spores 10×6µ.

Shaded grassy ground. New England, Frost.

Probably this is only a variety of the preceding species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. salmoni´color Frost. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., 1874. Pileus convex, soft, very glutinous, brownish or tawny-white with a faint tinge of red, wine-color when dry, the margin thin. Flesh tinged with red. Tubes simple, even, angular, adnate, pale salmon color. Stem small, dotted above with bright ferruginous red, sordid below, annulus dingy salmon-color. Spores 8×2.5µ.

Borders of pine woods. New England. Frost.

Apparently a distinct species. No specimens seen. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. el´egans Schum. Pileus convex or plane, viscose, golden-yellow or somewhat rust-color. Flesh pale-yellow. Tubes decurrent, golden or sulphur-yellow, the mouths minute, simple. Stem unequal, firm, golden or reddish, dotted above the fugacious white or pale-yellowish annulus.

Pileus 3–4.5 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long.

Woods, especially under or near larch trees. North Carolina, Curtis; Wisconsin, Bundy; Minnesota, Johnson. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Cordier and Gillet give the species as edible though not delicate.

West Philadelphia on lawns under larches, 1887–1891. McIlvaine.

The caps are of good flavor and consistency. They are best fried or broiled.

B. Clin´tonianus Pk. Pileus convex, very viscid or glutinous, glabrous, soft, shining, golden-yellow, reddish yellow or chestnut color, the margin thin. Flesh pale yellow, becoming less bright or dingy on exposure to the air. Tubes nearly plane, adnate or subdecurrent, small, angular or subrotund, pale-yellow, becoming dingy-ochraceous with age, changing to brown or purplish-brown where bruised. Stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base, straight or flexuous, yellow at the top, reddish or reddish-brown below the annulus, sometimes varied with yellow stains, the annulus white or yellow, persistent, forming a thick band about the stem. Spores brownish-ochraceous, 10–11×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 2–5 in. long, 4–9 lines thick.

Mossy or grassy ground in woods or open places, especially under or near tamarack trees. New York, Peck; New England, Frost.

This is apparently closely related to B. elegans, from which it differs in its thick persistent ring, in its stem which is not at all dotted and in its longer and darker-colored spores. Its smaller tubes and persistent ring separate it also from B. flavus. In the typical form the pileus is bay-red or chestnut color, but plants growing in open places generally have it yellowish or reddish-yellow. It is mild to the taste and I have eaten it sparingly. It sometimes grows in tufts. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. inflex´us Pk.—curving. Pileus convex, glabrous, viscid, yellow, often red or reddish on the disk, the margin thin, inflexed, concealing the marginal tubes. Flesh whitish, not changing color where wounded. Tubes rather long, adnate, yellowish, becoming dingy-yellow with age, the mouths small, dotted with reddish glandules. Stem rather slender, not ringed, solid, viscid, dotted with livid-yellow glandules. Spores yellowish, 10–12×4–5µ.

Pileus about 1 in. broad. Stem about 2 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Open woods. Trexlertown. September. Herbst.

This Boletus belongs to the tribe Viscipelles. It is remarkable for and easily recognized by the inflexed margin of the pileus, which imitates to some extent the appendiculate veil of Boletus versipellis. It sometimes grows in tufts. The paper in which fresh specimens were wrapped was stained yellow. Boletus Braunii Bres. has an inflexed margin, but that is a much larger plant with a yellowish-brown pileus, a fibrillose stem and much smaller spores. Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. 22, No. 5.

B. fla´vus With. Pileus convex, compact, covered with a brownish separating gluten, pale-yellow. Flesh pale-yellow. Tubes large, angular, adnate, yellow. Stem yellow, becoming brownish, reticulated above the membranous fugacious dirty yellowish annulus. Spores 8–10×3–4µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 6–10 lines thick.

Woods. Minnesota, Johnson; Wisconsin, Bundy.

This is apparently a rare species in this country. I have not seen it. It is said to resemble B. luteus, from which it is separated by the large angular mouths of the tubes. In British Fungi the spores are described as “spindle-shaped, yellowish-brown;” in Sylloge, as “ovoid-oblong, acute at the base, granulose, pale ochraceous.” Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. fistulo´sus Pk. Pileus convex, viscid, glabrous, yellow, the margin at first incurved or involute. Flesh yellow. Tubes plane or subventricose, medium size, round with thin walls, adnate or sometimes depressed around the stem, yellow. Stem rather slender, subequal, viscid, glabrous, hollow, yellow, with a white mycelioid tomentum at the base. Spores elliptical, 13×6µ.

Pileus about 1 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, about 3 lines thick.

Grassy woods. Auburn, Ala. July. Underwood.

A small but pretty species of a yellow color throughout. It is remarkable for its hollow stem, which is suggestive of the specific name. It is referable to the tribe Viscipelles. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 24, No. 3.

B. sphæros´porus Pk.—globose-spored. (Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XII.) Pileus at first hemispherical, then convex, glabrous, viscid, creamy-yellow, becoming reddish-brown or chestnut color with age. Flesh pale yellowish-brown. Tubes adnate or slightly decurrent, large, angular, pale-yellow, becoming brown, sometimes tinged with green. Stem stout, equal, even or slightly reticulated at the top, the membranous annulus persistent, sometimes partly adhering to the margin of the pileus. Spores globose or broadly elliptical, 8–9µ long.

Pileus 3–8 in. broad. Stem 1–3 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.

Low ravines and sandy places. Wisconsin, Trelease; Iowa, McBride.

The spores easily serve to distinguish this species from its allies. The European B. sphærocephalus has ovoid spores, but its tube mouths are minute and rotund and its stem is densely squamose. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. lu´teus L.—yellow. Pileus gibbous or convex, covered with a brownish separating gluten, becoming yellowish-brown and virgate-spotted. Flesh white. Tubes adnate, minute, simple, yellow, becoming darker with age. Stem stout, yellowish and dotted above the large membranous brownish-white annulus, brownish-white or yellowish below. Spores fusiform, yellowish-brown, 6–7×3–4µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 6–10 lines thick.

Pine woods and groves. New York, Peck.

B. luteus has an international reputation for edibility. I have found it at Waretown and Haddonfield, N.J.; in Bartram’s Garden, West Philadelphia, always under pines. At Waretown it was gregarious. Pine needles, sand, anything through which it grows, adheres to the glutinous cap. It must be carefully cleaned before cooking. It is then of choice consistency and good flavor.

B. sublu´teus Pk.—luteus, yellow. Pileus convex or nearly plane, viscid or glutinous when moist, often obscurely virgate-spotted, dingy-yellowish, inclining to rusty-brown. Flesh whitish, varying to dull-yellowish. Tubes plane or convex, adnate, small, subrotund, yellow becoming ochraceous. Stem equal, slender, pallid or yellowish, dotted both above and below the ring with reddish or brownish glandules; ring submembranous, glutinous, at first concealing the tubes, then generally collapsing and forming a narrow whitish or brownish band around the stem. Spores subfusiform, ochraceo-ferruginous, 8–10×4–5µ. Pileus 1.5–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–2.5 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Sandy soil in pine woods. New York, Peck, Clinton; New England, Frost.

The species is closely related to B. luteus, from which it differs in its smaller size, more slender stem and glutinous collapsing veil. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Found at Waretown, N.J., 1887, under pines and in same locality as B. luteus, for which it can be readily mistaken. It is usually covered with adherent sand or pine needles. Its flesh is tender with a pleasant glutinosity. Flavor good.

B. fla´vidus Fr.—light yellowish. Pileus thin, gibbous, then plane, viscose, livid, yellowish. Flesh pallid. Tubes decurrent, with large angular compound mouths, dirty yellowish. Stem slender, subequal, pallid, sprinkled with fugacious glandules above the entirely viscose ring. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, straight, subhyaline, 8–10×3–4µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 2–3 lines thick.

Pine woods and swamps. Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; North Carolina, Curtis; New England, Frost; California, H. and M.; Rhode Island, Bennett.

Fries says that this species is more slender than its allies, and differs from them all in its merely glutinous veil. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Dr. Curtis, of North Carolina, places it among edible species.

Many specimens were found by the writer near Waretown and Haddonfield, N.J., and a few at Mt. Gretna, Pa. The stems are thin and slightly spreading at the top. They are hard. The caps are excellent.

B. America´nus Pk. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes umbonate, soft, very viscid or glutinous when moist, slightly tomentose on the margin when young, soon glabrous or the margin sometimes remaining scaly, rarely scale-spotted from the drying of the gluten, yellow, becoming dingy or less bright with age, sometimes vaguely dotted or streaked with bright red. Flesh pale-yellow, less clear or pinkish-gray on exposure to the air. Tubes plane or convex, adnate, rather large, angular, pale-yellow, becoming sordid-ochraceous. Stem slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, firm, not at all annulate, yellow, often pallid or brownish toward the base, marked with numerous brown or reddish-brown persistent glandular dots, yellow within. Spores oblong or subfusiform, ochraceo-ferruginous, 9–11×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–2.5 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Woods, swamps and open places, especially under or near pine trees. New York, Peck, Clinton; Minnesota, Arthur.

A slight subacid odor is sometimes perceptible in our plant. It sometimes grows on much decayed wood. Its mycelium is white. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

The caps, only, are good.

B. subau´reus Pk.—sub and aureus, golden. (Plate CXIV, fig. 2, p. 414.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, viscose, pale-yellow, sometimes adorned with darker spots, the young margin slightly grayish-tomentose. Flesh pale-yellow. Tubes small or medium; somewhat angular, adnate or subdecurrent, pale-yellow becoming dingy-ochraceous. Stem equal, stout, glandular-dotted, yellow without and within. Spores oblong or subfusiform, ochraceo-ferruginous, 8–10×4µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 1.5–2.5 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Thin woods and open places. New York, Peck; North Carolina, C.J. Curtis; Massachusetts, Mississippi, G. Survey (Rep. 51).

This plant might almost be considered a stout variety of the preceding, but in addition to its thicker pileus and stouter stem, it has smaller tubes of a clearer yellow color, and the exuding drops are yellow, not whitish, as in that species. In habit it appears more like B. granulatus, from which it is distinct in color. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

From early October, through heavy frosts and until long after November snows I found this species at Mt. Gretna, Pa., in 1897–1898. Specimens were sent to Professor Peck and identified as this species. It grew in grass on borders of woods, or gravelly ground, sometimes among pine needles. Large troops of it were frequent, and tufts containing many individuals were common.

I regard B. subaureus as among the most valuable of our food species. Its plentifulness, lateness, excellent quality will commend it to all Mycophagists. It can be cooked in any way. The tubes need not be removed.

Fig.	Page.	Fig.	Page.
1. Boletus gracilis,	467	3. Boletus castaneus,	472
2. Boletus subaureus,	414

B. hirtel´lus Pk.—slightly hairy. Pileus broadly convex, soft, viscose, golden-yellow, adorned with small tufts of hairs or fibrils. Flesh pale-yellow. Tubes adnate, medium size, angular, becoming dingy-ochraceous. Stem subcespitose, equal, stout, glandular dotted, yellow. Spores pale, ochraceous-brown, 9–10×4µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Sandy soil under pine trees. New York, Peck.

This species is very rare and was formerly confused with the preceding from which it is separated by the hairy adornment of the pileus and the darker, more brown color of the spores. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. punc´tipes Pk.—punctum, a dot; pes, a foot. Pileus convex or nearly plane, glutinous when moist, yellow, the thin margin at first minutely grayish-pulverulent, becoming recurved with age. Tubes short, nearly plane, adnate, small, subrotund, at first brownish, then sordid-ochraceous. Stem rather long, tapering upward, grandular-dotted, rhubarb-yellow. Spores 9–10×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 3–5 lines thick. Mixed woods. New York, Peck.

The rhubarb-colored stem and the brownish color of the young hymenium are the distinguishing features of this species. The glandules occur also on the tubes. The species is rare. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Not seen by Professor Peck since its discovery in 1878.

Spores when first dropped are olive-green on white paper, but the green hue soon changes to brownish-ochraceous. Peck, 44th Rep. N. Y. State Bot.

Ontario, Prof. Dearness (Lloyd, R. 4).

B. al´bus Pk.—white. Pileus convex, viscid when moist, white. Flesh white or yellowish. Tubes plane, small or medium, subrotund, adnate, whitish, becoming yellow or ochraceous. Stem equal or slightly tapering downward, both it and the tubes glandular-dotted, white, sometimes tinged with pink toward the base. Spores ochraceous, subfusiform, 8–9×4µ.

Pileus 1.5–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Woods, especially of pine or hemlock. New York, Peck; New England, Frost.

This species is easily known by its white pileus, but its color is lost in drying. Sometimes the fresh plant emits a peculiar fetid odor. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. granula´tus—granula, a granule. Pileus convex or nearly plane, very viscid or glutinous and rusty-brown when moist, yellowish when dry. Flesh pale-yellowish. Tubes short, adnate, yellowish, their mouths simple, granulated. Stem dotted with glandules above, pale-yellowish. Spores spindle-shaped, yellowish-orange, 7.5–10×2–3µ.

Pileus 1.5–4 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Woods, especially of pine and in open places under or near pine trees. Very common.

The plant is generally gregarious and sometimes grows in circles, whence the name B. circinans Pers. Occasionally it is cespitose. The pileus is very variable in color—pinkish-gray, reddish-brown, yellowish-gray, tawny-ferruginous or brownish—and is sometimes obscurely spotted by the drying gluten. The flesh is rather thick and often almost white, except near the tubes, where it is tinged with yellow. The tubes are small, at first almost white or very pale-yellow, but they become dingy-ochraceous with age. The stem is generally short, stout and firm, whitish-pallid or yellowish, and often dotted to the base, though the glandules are more numerous and distinct on the upper part. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. granulatus is of frequent and general occurrence. I have found it in the pine woods of New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and in West Virginia and Pennsylvania in mixed woods.

It is a late-growing species, appearing in September and continuing until frost.

All authors, with one exception (Gillet), give the species as edible. From frequent and copious testings, the writer vouches for its edibility and excellence. It bears favorable comparison with any of the late Boleti.

B. bre´vipes Pk.—brevis, short; pes, foot. Pileus thick, convex, covered with a thick, tough gluten when young or moist, dark chestnut color, sometimes fading to dingy-tawny, the margin inflexed. Flesh white or tinged with yellow. Tubes short, nearly plane, adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, small, subrotund, at first whitish becoming dingy-ochraceous. Stem whitish, not dotted or rarely with a few very minute inconspicuous dots at the apex, very short. Spores subfusiform, 7.5×3µ.

Pileus 1.5–2.5 in. broad. Stem.5–1 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Sandy soil in pine groves and woods. New England, Frost; New York, Peck.

The species is closely related to B. granulatus, from which it differs especially in its darker colored pileus, more copious gluten, shorter stem and the almost entire absence of granules from the tube mouths and stem. In the rare instances in which these are present they are extremely minute and inconspicuous. The plant occurs very late in the season and the pileus appears as if enveloped in slime and resting stemless on the ground. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Specimens found in pine woods of New Jersey, identified by Professor Peck. Lambertville, N.J., C.S. Ridgway; Haddonfield, N.J., T.J. Collins; Pleasantville, Isaac F. Shaner.

B. brevipes is a disreputable, dirty, tramp-looking fungus, from which the collector would expect no good. Nevertheless, when it has had a good scrubbing it becomes respectable and is sweet, tender, good eating. When other species abound, it does not pay for the cleansing.

B. collini´tus Fr.—collino, to besmear. Pileus convex, even, becoming pale when the brown gluten separates. Flesh white. Tubes adnate, elongated, naked, the mouths two-parted, pallid, becoming yellow. Stem firm, often tapering downward, somewhat reticulate with appressed squamules, white, becoming brown.

Woods of pine or fir. North Carolina, Curtis; New England, Frost.

I have seen no specimens of this apparently rare species. It is said to be solitary in its mode of growth and to resemble B. luteus in size and color, but to be distinct from it by its ringless, dotless stem. Dr. Curtis records it as edible. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I found three specimens at Haddonfield, N.J., October, 1897, under scrub pines. Cap 2½ in. across, convex, gibbous; stem equal, 2½ in. long, ½ in. in diameter, slightly tapering at base. The two-parted mouths to the tubes were very distinct. The stems were tough, but the caps, washed and fried, were good.

B. di´chrous Ellis. Pileus convex, viscose, dull red. Flesh soft, dull, yellowish-white, changing to greenish-blue where wounded, finally yellow. Tubes subdepressed around the stem, large, unequal, straw-colored, changing color like the flesh where wounded. Stem thickened below, solid, covered with a red scaly coat, except at the yellow apex, yellow within. Spores elliptical, slightly bent at one end, 2µ long.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 3 in. long, 6 lines thick.

Dry soil in oak and pine woods. New Jersey. Ellis.

I have seen no specimens of this species. From the description, its affinities appear to be with B. bicolor, but it is placed here because of its viscose pileus. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. ba´dius Fr.—bay-brown. Pileus convex, even, soft, viscose or glutinous, shining when dry, tawny-chestnut. Flesh whitish, tinged with yellow, bluish next the tubes. Tubes large, angular, long, adnate or sinuate-depressed, whitish-yellow, becoming tinged with green. Stem subequal, even, solid, paler, brown-pruinate. Spores fusoid-oblong.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Woods, especially of pine. New York, Peck; Minnesota, Johnson; Wisconsin, Bundy; Nova Scotia, Somers.

In the American plant the spores are 10–12×4–5µ.

Cordier classes it among the edible species. Peck, Boleti of the United States.

B. mi´tis Krombh.—mild. Pileus convex, then plane or depressed, firm, viscid, yellowish-flesh color, reddish-rust color when dry. Flesh pale, grayish-yellow. Tubes short, olivaceous or golden-yellow, their mouths compound, angular, unequal. Stem firm, short, even, narrowed toward the base, colored like the pileus. Spores 12–14×4µ.

Pileus 2–2.5 in. broad. Stem 2–2.5 in. long.

Mixed woods. New England, Frost.

This species is unknown to me and is recorded by Mr. Frost only. Peck, Boleti of the United States.

B. uni´color Frost MS. Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, viscid when moist, even, sometimes streaked as if with minute innate brown fibrils, pale-yellow. Flesh pale-yellow. Tubes adnate or slightly decurrent, rather short, compound, lemon-yellow, becoming darker with age. Stem even, equal or narrowed toward the base, colored like the pileus. Spores reddish-yellow, 9–11×4µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Pine woods and open sedgy places. New England, Frost.

Specimens not seen. The species seems too near B. bovinus, of which it may possibly be a variety, but its yellow flesh and the colors ascribed to the tubes and spores require its separation. Rev. C.J. Curtis sends notes of a species found by him in North Carolina, which agree with this in its characters so far as noted. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. ignora´tus Pk. Pileus convex, viscid, bright lemon-color, marked with wrinkled lines of orange color, which are distributed over the pileus, giving it a streaked appearance. Flesh white, solid, does not change color when cut or broken; taste slightly acid. Pores lemon-color, moderately large, free, connected with the stem by web-like filaments. Stem larger at the apex, somewhat tapering toward the base, yellow, smooth, solid. Spores 4.5×11µ.

This closely approaches Boletus unicolor Fr., from which it scarcely differs except in its white flesh and free tubes. Fungi of Maryland, Mary E. Banning. Peck, 44th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

B. bovi´nus—bos, an ox. Pileus nearly plane, glabrous, viscid, pale yellow. Flesh white. Tubes very short, subdecurrent, their mouths compound, pale yellow or grayish, becoming rust-colored. Stem equal, even, colored like the pileus. Spores fusiform, dingy greenish-ocher, 7.5–10×3–4µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–2 in. long, sometimes cespitose.

Pine woods. North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; New England, Frost, Palmer, Bennett, Sprague, Farlow; California, H. and M.

The shallow tubes, 2–3 lines long, are said to resemble the pores of Merulius lacrymans. The species is recorded edible by Curtis, Gillet and Palmer. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains under hemlocks, 1882–1885, and near Haddonfield, N.J., under pines. McIlvaine, 1892. Gregarious and in clusters. The pore surface was in some specimens broadly wrinkled.

Smell and taste pleasant. Cooked, the quality is of the best in Boleti.

B. rubinel´lus Pk.—dim. of ruber, red. Pileus broadly conical or convex, viscid when moist, subtomentose or slightly pubescent when dry, red fading to yellow on the margin. Flesh whitish or yellowish, taste mild. Tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, dingy-reddish, becoming subferruginous. Stem equal, slender, even, colored like the tubes, yellow within, sometimes yellow at the base. Spores oblong-fusiform, ferruginous-brown, 12.5–15×4µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 1–3 lines thick.

Mixed woods or under or near coniferous trees in open places. New York, Peck. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. pipera´tus Bull.—piper, pepper. Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, yellowish, cinnamon or subferruginous. Flesh white or yellowish, taste acrid, peppery. Tubes rather long and large, angular, often unequal, plane or convex, adnate or subdecurrent, reddish-rust color. Stem slender, subequal, tawny-yellow, bright yellow at the base. Spores subfusiform, ferruginous-brown, 9–11×4µ.

Pileus 1–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Woods and open places. Common and variable.

This species may easily be recognized by its peppery flavor. The pileus sometimes appears as if slightly tomentose, and both this and the preceding species recede from the character of the tribe by the slight viscidity of the pileus. This is sometimes cracked into areas and sometimes the margin is very obtuse by the elongation of the tubes. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Haddonfield, N.J., 1892. McIlvaine.

This fungus is reckoned poisonous by Stevenson. Massee gives its taste as very hot. The taste of the American plant is peppery but not offensively so. This pepperiness it loses in cooking. It has been eaten by the writer and his friends with enjoyment and without any discomfort.

Fig.	Page.	Fig.	Page.
1. Boletus eccentricus,	470	4. Boletus subsanguineus,	420
2. Boletus badiceps,	436	5. Boletus crassipes,	452
3. Boletus fulvus,	465

B. subsanguin´eus Pk.—sub and sanguineus, bloody. (Plate CXVI, fig. 4, p. 420.) Pileus convex or slightly depressed in the center, glabrous, viscid, bright-red or scarlet. Flesh thick, firm but flexible, white, slowly changing to a pale brownish-lilac on exposure to the air, taste slightly bitter. Tubes very short, 2–4 mm. long, adnate, but often separating from the stem with the expansion of the pileus, reddish, the mouths minute, stuffed at first, pinkish, then brownish-yellow, changing to a light-brown where wounded. Stem short, thick, uneven, often tapering downward, streaked with red, pale-yellow at the top, white at the base, marked at the top by the decurrent walls of the tubes.

Pileus 2.5–10 cm. broad. Stem 2.5–5 cm. long, 2–4 cm. thick.

Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Under beech trees. West Philadelphia, Pa. August. C. McIlvaine.

This is a very showy species, easily recognized by its bright-red viscid pileus and its short, thick and uneven or somewhat lacunose stem. It is closely related to the European B. sanguineus With., from which it is separated by its minute tubes, its uneven stem and the brownish hues assumed where wounded.

The spore characters of this and the four succeeding species are unknown, but the other characters are quite distinctive and apparently sufficient for the recognition of the species. The descriptions have been derived from colored figures and other data furnished by Mr. McIlvaine, who says all are edible. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, No. 27.

When slowly stewed for thirty minutes, there is no better Boletus.

Pulverulenti

Pileus clothed with a yellow dust or a yellow powdery down. Stem more or less yellow powdered, neither bulbous nor distinctly reticulated.

The species which constitute this tribe are easily distinguished from all others by the sulphur-colored pulverulence which coats the pileus and stem like a universal veil. They appear thus far to be peculiar to this country. Though strongly resembling each other in the tribal character they are very diverse in other respects. One species, by its viscidity, connects with the preceding tribe; another by its differently colored tube mouths is related to the Luridi; and the third is peculiar in its ligneous habitat.

	Plant growing on the ground	1
	Plant growing on wood	B. hemichrysus
1.	Tubes adnate, of one color	B. Ravenelii
1.	Tubes free, with red mouths	B. auriflammeus
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S., p. 103.

B. hemichry´sus B. and C.—half-golden. Pileus convex, at length plane or irregularly depressed, floccose-squamulose, covered with a yellow powder, sometimes cracked, bright golden-yellow. Flesh thick, yellow. Tubes adnate or decurrent, yellow, becoming reddish-brown, the mouths large, angular. Stem short, irregular, narrowed below, sprinkled with a yellow dust, yellowish tinged with red; mycelium yellow. Spores oblong, minute, dingy-ochraceous.

Var. muta´bilis. Flesh slightly changing to blue where wounded. Stem reddish, yellow within, sometimes eccentric. Spores oblong-elliptical, 7.5–9×3–4µ.

Pileus 1.5–2.5 in. broad. Stem about 1 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Roots of pine, Pinus palustris. The variety on stumps of Pinus strobus.

South Carolina, Ravenel; North Carolina, Curtis; New York, Peck.

The species is remarkable for its habitat, which is lignicolous. The New York variety grew on a stump of white pine. By its eccentric stem it connects this genus with Boletinus, through Boletinus porosus. According to the authors of this species it resembles Boletus variegatus. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Ravenel´ii B. and C.—after Ravenel. Pileus convex or nearly plane, slightly viscid when young or moist, covered with a sulphur-yellow powdery down, becoming naked and dull-red on the disk. Flesh whitish. Tubes at first plane, adnate, pale-yellow, becoming yellowish-brown or umber, dingy-greenish where bruised, the mouths large or medium size, subrotund. Stem nearly equal, clothed and colored like the young pileus, yellow within, with a slight evanescent webby or tomentose ring. Spores ochraceous-brown, 10–12×5–6µ.

Pileus 1–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–4 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods and copses. South Carolina, Ravenel; North Carolina, Curtis; New York, Peck; New England, Frost.

This is a very distinct and very beautiful species. Mr. Ravenel remarks in his notes that “this plant is not infested by larvæ and preserves more constant characters than any other Boletus with which I am acquainted.” The webby powdered filaments constitute a universal veil which at first covers the whole plant and conceals the young tubes. As the pileus expands this generally disappears from the disk, and, separating between the margin and the stem, a part adheres to each. The flesh is sometimes stained with yellow. The tubes in some instances become convex and slightly depressed around the stem. They are almost white when young, and often exhibit brownish hues where wounded. The plant is sometimes cespitose. I have observed a greenish tint to the freshly shed spores, but it soon disappears. Boletus subchromeus Frost Ms. is this species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. auriflam´meus B. and C.—flaming yellow. Pileus convex, dry, powdered, bright golden-yellow. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes plane or convex, free, yellow, their broad angular mouths scarlet. Stem slightly tapering upward, powdered, colored like the pileus. Spores 10–12.5×5µ.

Pileus 8–12 lines broad. Stem 1–1.5 in. long.

Woods. North Carolina, Curtis; New York, Peck.

This is evidently a rare species and as beautiful as it is rare. The whole plant is bright-yellow except the tube mouths, and is sprinkled with yellow dust or minute yellow branny particles. In the New York specimen the scarlet color is wanting in the marginal tube mouths and the stem is marked with fine subreticulating elevated lines. In other respects it agrees well with the diagnosis of the species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Subpruinosi — Sub, Pruina, Hoar Frost

Pileus glabrous, but more often pruinose. Tubes adnate, yellowish. Stem equal, even, neither bulbous nor reticulated.

The species of this tribe have the pileus neither viscid nor distinctly and permanently tomentose. Typically it is glabrous or merely pruinose, but Fries has admitted into the group one species with a pulverulent, and one with a silky pileus. The species are not sharply distinguished from those of the following tribes, and possibly some have been admitted here which might as well have been placed there. Some of the species are variable in color and their characters are not sufficiently well known.

	Tubes bright-yellow, golden or subochraceous	1
1.	Tubes pale or whitish-yellow	6
1.	Tubes changing to blue where wounded	2
1.	Tubes not changing to blue	3
	2. Stem pallid, with a circumscribing red line at the top	B. glabellus
	2. Stem yellow, sometimes with red stains	B. miniato-olivaceus
	2. Stem red, yellow at the top	B. bicolor
3.	Stem viscid or glutinous when moist	B. auriporus
3.	Stem not viscid	4
	4. Plant growing on Scleroderma	B. parasiticus
	4. Plant terrestrial	5
5.	Tubes greenish-yellow	B. alutaceus
5.	Tubes golden-yellow	B. tenuiculus
	6. Pileus reticulated with subcutaneous brown lines	B. dictyocephalus
	6. Pileus not reticulated	7
7.	Tubes changing to blue where wounded	B. pallidus
7.	Tubes not changing to blue	8
	8. Stem uniformly colored	B. subglabripes
	8. Stem yellowish, streaked with brown	B. innixus
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. minia´to-oliva´ceus Frost—olive-red. Pileus at first convex and firm, then nearly plane, soft and spongy, glabrous, vermilion, becoming olivaceous. Flesh pale-yellow, changing to blue where wounded. Tubes bright lemon-yellow, adnate or subdecurrent. Stem glabrous, enlarged at the top, pale-yellow, brighter within, sometimes lurid at the base. Spores 12.5×6µ.

Var. sensi´bilis (Boletus sensibilis Rep. 32, p. 33).

Pileus at first pruinose-tomentose, red, becoming glabrous and ochraceous-red with age. Tubes bright-yellow tinged with green, becoming sordid-yellow. Stem lemon-yellow with red or rhubarb stains at the base, contracted at the top when young, subcespitose. Spores 10–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–6 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods and their borders. New England, Frost; New York, Peck.

Though the sensitive Boletus differs considerably in some respects from the olive-red Boletus, it is probably only a variety, and as such I have subjoined it here. In it every part of the plant quickly changes to blue where wounded, and even the pressure of the fingers in handling the fresh specimens is sufficient to induce this change of color. I have not found the typical plant in New York, but specimens received from Mr. Frost are not, in the dry state, distinguishable from the variety. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia. Haddonfield, N.J. Cheltenham, Pa., McIlvaine.

Years ago I marked it edible and excellent when young. My friends have eaten it, and continue to do so. Yet Professor Peck (48th Rep., p. 202) reports a case brought to his notice of an entire family being sickened by eating B. sensibilis. All recovered. It may, therefore, be one of those species which, while disagreeing with some persons, can be eaten by the majority. Clitocybe illudens, Lepiota Morgani and others of the Agaricaceæ are such species.

Fig.		Page.	Fig.	Page.
1–2.	Boletus bicolor,	425	4. Boletus pallidus,	429
3.	Boletus rubropunctus,	429

B. bi´color Pk.—two-color. (Plate CXVII, figs. 1, 2, p. 424.) Pileus convex, glabrous or merely pruinose-tomentose, dark-red, firm, becoming soft, paler and sometimes spotted or stained with yellow when old. Flesh yellow, not at all or but slightly and slowly changing to blue where wounded. Tubes nearly plane, adnate, bright-yellow, becoming ochraceous, slowly changing to blue where wounded, their mouths small, angular or subrotund. Stem subequal, firm, solid, red, generally yellow at the top. Spores pale, ochraceous-brown, 10–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 1–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Woods and open places. New York, Peck; Wisconsin, Bundy.

The color of this plant is somewhat variable. In the typical form the pileus and stem are dark red, approaching Indian red, but when old the color of the pileus fades and is often intermingled with yellow. The surface sometimes cracks and becomes cracked in areas. From the European B. Barlæ this species is separated by its solid stem; from B. versicolor by its small tube mouths and its red stem. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Plentiful at Mt. Gretna, Pa., July, August, September, 1898, in mixed woods. Very variable in shape and color. Identified by Professor Peck from painting and description.

Fine eating, one of the very best.

B. glabel´lus Pk.—smooth. Pileus fleshy, thick, broadly convex or nearly plane, soft, dry, subglabrous, smoky-buff. Flesh white, both it and the tubes changing to blue where wounded. Tubes nearly plane, adnate, ochraceous, tinged with green, their mouths small, subrotund. Stem subequal, glabrous, even, reddish toward the base, pallid above, with a narrow reddish circumscribing zone or line at the top. Spores oblong, brownish-ochraceous, tinged with green when fresh, 10–12.5×4µ.

Pileus 3–5 in. broad. Stem 1–3 in. long, 5–10 lines thick.

Grassy ground under oaks. New York, Peck.

The species is well marked by the reddish band or line on the stem just below the tubes, but this disappears in drying. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. aluta´ceus Morgan—yellowish. Pileus cushion-shaped, glabrous, alutaceous with a tinge of red. Flesh white, inclining to reddish. Tubes semifree, medium in size, unequal, angular, greenish-yellow. Stem nearly equal, striate, reticulate at the apex, colored like the pileus. Spores fusiform, brownish-olive, 12.5×5µ.

Pileus 3 in. broad.

Rocky woods of oak and chestnut. Kentucky, Morgan.

The general aspect of the figure of this species recalls some of the forms of Boletus subtomentosus. The tubes are nearly equal in length to the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Quite frequent at Mt. Gretna, Pa., in mixed woods, principally oak and chestnut.

Stem should be removed, and tubes when old. It cooks well and is especially good.

B. tenui´culus Frost—thin. Pileus nearly plane, thin, lurid-red on a yellow ground. Flesh unchangeable. Tubes short, adnate, small, golden-yellow. Stem slender, equal, colored like the pileus. Spores 10×6µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 4–6 in. long.

Woods. New England. Frost.

The thin pileus and long slender stem readily distinguish this species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. auri´porus Pk.—golden-pore. Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous or merely pruinose-tomentose, grayish-brown, yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes plane or slightly depressed around the stem, adnate or subdecurrent, bright golden-yellow, retaining their color when dried. Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, viscid or glutinous when moist, especially toward the base, colored like or a little paler than the pileus. Spores 7.5–10×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–3 in. broad. Stem 1–3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Thin woods and shaded banks. New York, Peck; New England, Frost.

This species is remarkable for the rich yellow color of the tubes, which is retained unchanged in the dried specimens, and for the viscid stem. This character, however, is not noticeable in dry weather and was overlooked in the original specimens.

Boletus glutinipes Frost Ms. is not distinct. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Hopkins’ Woods, Haddonfield, N.J. Grassy oak woods. 1891–1894. McIlvaine.

The caps are delicious.

B. innix´us Frost. Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, yellowish-brown, slightly cracked in areas when old, yellow in the interstices. Flesh white. Tubes adnate, lemon-yellow, unchangeable. Stem slender, short, much thickened at the base in large specimens, yellowish, streaked with brown, brownish within. Spores 10×5µ.

Grassy woods. New England. Frost.

The whole plant often reclines as if for support, Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. parasi´ticus Bull.—a parasite. Pileus convex or nearly plane, dry, silky, becoming glabrous, soon tessellately cracked, grayish or dingy-yellow. Tubes decurrent, medium size, golden yellow. Stem equal, rigid, incurved, yellow without and within. Spores oblong-fusiform, pale-brown, 12.5–15×4µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Parasitic on species of Scleroderma. New York, Gerard; New England, Sprague, Bennett.

This species is very rare in this country. It is remarkable for its peculiar habitat. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

New York, Lydia M. Patchen; Westfield, on Scleroderma vulgare.

I found many specimens of this rare species during August, 1897, growing on Scleroderma vulgare.

Professor Peck, to whom I sent specimens, identified them as B. parasiticus. The tubes were large, unequal, dissepiments thin, decurrent. The Sclerodermas frequently appear to be parasitic upon the Boletus. I have seen the host plant thrown entirely free from the ground by the Boletus.

B. parasiticus is edible, but it is not of agreeable flavor.

B. dictyoceph´alus Pk.—reticulate. Pileus convex, glabrous, reticulate with brown lines beneath the thin separable cuticle, brownish-orange, darker in the center and there tinged with pink. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes nearly plane, slightly depressed around the stem, grayish-yellow, becoming brown where bruised. Stem equal or slightly tapering at the top, solid, rimose, dotted with scales, lemon-yellow, darker toward the base. Spores 15–20×6µ.

Pileus 2.5 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 5–6 lines thick.

Mixed woods. North Carolina. C.J. Curtis.

The description here given has been derived from a single dried specimen and from the notes kindly sent by Mr. Curtis. The species is apparently well marked and very distinct by the peculiar reticulations of the pileus. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. subgla´bripes Pk.—rather smooth. Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, reddish inclining to chestnut color. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes adnate, nearly plane in the mass, pale yellow, becoming convex and darker or greenish-yellow with age, the mouths small, subrotund. Stem equal, solid, scurfy, pale yellow. Spores oblong-fusiform, 12.5–15×4–5µ.

The smoothish-stemmed Boletus is well marked by its cylindric minutely scurfy stem which is colored like the tubes. Its cap is smooth and nearly always some shade of red or bay. Specimens occur occasionally in which it approaches grayish-brown or wood-brown. The flesh is white and unchangeable when cut or broken.

The tubes at first have a nearly plane surface, but this becomes somewhat convex with age, and slightly depressed around the stem. The tube mouths are small and nearly round. The color of the tubes is at first a beautiful pale yellow, but it becomes darker or slightly greenish-yellow with age.

The stem is colored very nearly like the tubes, but sometimes it has a slight reddish tint toward the base. Its peculiar feature consists of the minute, branny particles upon it. They are so small and pale that they are easily overlooked.

There is a variety in which the cap is corrugated or irregularly pitted and wrinkled. Its name is Boletus subglabripes corrugis Pk.

The cap is 1½-4 in. broad, the stem is 2–3 in. long and 4–8 lines thick. The plants are found in woods in July and August. Peck, 51st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

B. pal´lidus Frost—pale. (Plate CXVII, fig. 4, p. 424.) Pileus convex, becoming plane or centrally depressed, soft, glabrous, pallid or brownish-white, sometimes tinged with red. Flesh white. Tubes plane or slightly depressed around the stem, nearly adnate, very pale or whitish-yellow, becoming darker with age, changing to blue where wounded, the mouths small. Stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base, rather long, glabrous, often flexuous, whitish, sometimes streaked with brown, often tinged with red within. Spores pale ochraceous-brown, 10–12×5–6µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 3–5 lines long, 4–8 lines thick.

Woods. New England, Frost; New York, Peck.

The species is readily recognized by its dull pale color, rather long stem, and tubes changing to blue where wounded. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Common in West Virginia mountains, Angora, West Philadelphia, Mt. Gretna, Pa. Solitary, on ground in mixed woods.

The caps are tender and delicately flavored.

B. rubropunc´tus Pk.—red-dotted. (Plate CXVII, fig. 3, p. 424.) Pileus convex, glabrous, reddish-brown. Flesh yellowish, unchangeable. Tubes nearly plane, depressed about the stem, their mouths small, round, bright golden-yellow, not changing color where bruised. Stem firm, solid, tapering upward, yellow, punctate with reddish dots or squamules. Spores olive-green, 12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods. Port Jefferson. July. Cold Spring Harbor, H.C. Beardslee.

This is a pretty Boletus, well marked by the red dots of the stem. It is apparently a very rare species. B. radicans is said to have the stem sprinkled with red particles, but that is a larger plant with the margin of the pileus persistently involute or incurved and with a radicating stem, characters which are not shown by our fungus. Peck, 50th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

I found my specimens at Mt. Gretna, Pa., August-September, 1898.

Identified for the writer by Professor Peck from painting and description.

Taste and smell slight. Cooks well and is pleasant to the taste. The tubes should be removed.

Subtomento´si — Sub, Tomentosus, Downy

Pileus when young villose or subtomentose, rarely becoming glabrous with age, destitute of a viscid pellicle. Tubes of one color, adnate. Stem at first extended, neither bulbous nor reticulated with veins, wrinkled or striated in some species. Flesh in some changing color where wounded.

The tubes are generally yellow or greenish-yellow. In some species they are occasionally somewhat depressed around the stem, but they do not form a rounded free stratum, nor, with the exception of B. rubeus, are they stuffed when young as in most of the Edules. The species are scarcely separable from those of the preceding tribe except by the more evidently tomentose young pileus.

	Tubes brown, becoming cinnamon	B. variegatus
	Tubes not having these colors	1
1.	Flesh or tubes changing to blue where wounded	2
1.	Flesh or tubes not changing to blue	5
	2. Stem glabrous	3
	2. Stem not glabrous	4
3.	Flesh yellow under the cuticle	B. rubeus
3.	Flesh red under the cuticle	B. chrysenteron
	4. Stem velvety at the base	B. striæpes
	4. Stem with a reddish bloom or scurf	B. radicans
	4. Stem with brown dot-like scales	B. mutabilis
5.	Tubes whitish, becoming yellow	B Roxanæ
5.	Tubes yellow	6
	6. Tube mouths large and angular	B. subtomentosus
	6. Tube mouths minute	B. spadiceus
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. variega´tus Swartz. Pileus at first convex, then plane, obtuse, moist, sprinkled with superficial bundled hairy squamules, dark-yellow, the acute margin at first flocculose. Flesh yellow, here and there becoming blue. Tubes adnate, unequal, minute, brown then cinnamon. Stem firm, equal, even, dark-yellow, sometimes reddish. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline or very pale-yellowish, 7.5–10×3–4µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 6 lines thick.

Woods, especially of pine. North Carolina, Curtis, Schweinitz; California, Harkness, Moore; Rhode Island, Bennett. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains, 1882–1885. Haddonfield, N.J., McIlvaine; Doylestown, Pa., Paschall. Quite common on flat benches where hemlocks and spruces have grown.

When the caps are cooked they are sweet, nutty, excellent.

B. Roxa´næ Frost. Pileus broadly convex, at first subtomentose, then covered with red hairs in bundles, yellowish-brown. Flesh yellowish-white. Tubes at first whitish, then light-yellow, arcuate-adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, the mouths small. Stem enlarged toward the base, striate at the apex, yellowish or pale-cinnamon. Spores 10×4µ.

Var. auri´color. Pileus and subequal stem bright-yellow, the tomentum of the pileus yellow.

Pileus 1.5–3 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Borders of woods. New England, Frost; New York, Peck.

Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. striæ´pes Secr.—striate stem. Pileus convex or plane, soft, silky, olivaceous, the cuticle rust-color within. Flesh white, yellow next the tubes, sparingly changing to blue. Tubes adnate, greenish, their mouths minute, angular, yellow. Stem firm, curved, marked with brownish-black striations, yellow, velvety and brownish-rufescent at the base. Spores 10–13×4µ.

Pine and oak woods. Minnesota, Johnson.

I have seen no specimens of this species, which is recorded from but one locality in our country. The character—flesh sparingly changing to blue—is given on the authority of Rev. M.J. Berkeley. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. chrysen´teron Fr.—golden within. Pileus convex or plane, soft, floccose-squamulose, often cracked in areas, brown or brick-red. Flesh yellow, red beneath the cuticle, often slightly changing to blue where wounded. Tubes subadnate; greenish-yellow, changing to blue where wounded; their mouths rather large, angular, unequal. Stem subequal, rigid, fibrous-striate, red or pale-yellow. Spores fusiform, pale-brown, 11–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–3 in. broad. Stem 1–3 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods and mossy banks.

The species is common and very variable. The color of the pileus may be yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, brick-red, tawny or olivaceous. The subcutaneous reddish tint and the reddish chinks of the cracked pileus are distinguishing features. Wounds of the tubes sometimes become blue then greenish. Authors disagree concerning the edible qualities of this Boletus. Stevenson gives it as edible, but Cordier and Gillet say that it is regarded with suspicion. In one strongly marked form the tubes are decidedly depressed around the stem, in another the flesh is whitish tinged with red. It may be doubted whether these are varieties or distinct species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I have found, and eaten plentifully of this species in West Virginia, North Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, from July until October. I have no hesitancy in recommending it in all of its varieties. Excepting from very young specimens the tubes and stems should be removed. The flesh is sweet, delicate and toothsome.

B. fumo´sipes Pk. Pileus convex or nearly plane, minutely tomentose, sometimes minutely rivulose, dark olive-brown. Flesh whitish. Tubes at first nearly plane, becoming convex with age, their mouths whitish when young, becoming yellowish-brown, changing to bluish-black where bruised. Stem equal, solid, smoky-brown, minutely scurfy under a lens. Spores purplish-brown, 12.5–15×5–6µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 3–4 lines thick.

Woods. Port Jefferson. July.

This species resembles small dark-colored forms of B. chrysenteron, and this resemblance is still more noticeable in those specimens in which the pileus cracks in areas, for in these the chinks become red as in that species. The different color of the stem and tubes will at once separate these species. Peck, 50th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

B. ru´beus Frost—red. Pileus broadly convex, very finely appressed subtomentose, bright brick-red when young, becoming mottled with red and yellow, yellow under the cuticle, the thin margin at first inflexed, then horizontal, curved upward when old. Flesh pale-yellow, changing to blue where wounded. Tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, lemon-yellow and stuffed when young, becoming yellow and sometimes red at the mouths. Stem small, often flexuous, colored like the pileus, reddish within, white-tomentose at the base. Spores 9–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 1–3 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Deep woods. Rare. New England, Frost.

This is apparently too closely related to B. chrysenteron, and it also resembles B. bicolor. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. frater´nus Pk. Pileus convex, becoming plane or depressed, slightly tomentose, deep red when young, becoming dull red with age. Flesh yellow, slowly changing to greenish-blue where wounded. Tubes rather long, becoming ventricose, slightly depressed about the stem, their walls sometimes slightly decurrent, the mouths large, angular or irregular, sometimes compound, bright yellow, quickly changing to blue where wounded. Stem short, cespitose, often irregular, solid, subtomentose, slightly velvety at the base, pale reddish-yellow, paler above and below, yellow within, quickly changing to dark green where wounded. Spores 12.5×6µ.

Pileus 1–1.5 in. broad. Stem 1–1.5 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Shaded streets. Auburn, Alabama. July. Underwood.

The species is apparently allied to B. rubeus, but is very distinct by its small size, cespitose habit, color of the flesh of the stem and by the peculiar hues assumed where wounded. When the pileus cracks the chinks become yellow as in B. subtomentosus. The species belongs to the tribe Subtomentosi. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 24, No. 3.

B. subtomento´sus L.—sub; tomentosus, downy. Pileus convex or nearly plane, soft, dry, villoso-tomentose, subolivaceous, concolorous beneath the cuticle, often cracked in areas. Flesh white or pallid. Tubes adnate or somewhat depressed around the stem, yellow, their mouths large, angular. Stem stout, somewhat ribbed-sulcate, scabrous or scurfy with minute dots. Spores 10–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–4 in. broad. Stem 1–2.5 in. long, 2–5 lines thick.

Common and variable. The pileus is usually olivaceous or yellowish-brown, but it may be reddish-brown or tawny-red. When it cracks the chinks become yellow. The species, as I understand it, may be distinguished from its near relative, B. chrysenteron, by its paler flesh, the clearer yellow tubes not changing to blue where wounded, and by the chinks of the pileus becoming yellow. The species is recorded edible by Cordier, Curtis and Palmer. Gillet says it is only medium in quality. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Found and eaten in West Virginia, North Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Specimens received from Indiana, Minnesota, Alabama. I have not seen any change of color in flesh or tubes. It is common in Woodland Cemetery and Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. If the tubes are not removed the dish is slimy. The B. chrysenteron also makes such a dish when stewed, but fried, and well done, both species are decidedly good.

B. cæspito´sus Pk.—cespitose. Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly concave by the elevation of the margin, even, brown or blackish-brown, the margin often a little paler or reddish-brown. Flesh slightly tinged with red. Tubes adnate or slightly decurrent, yellow, their mouths rather large, angular, concolorous. Stem short, even, solid, glabrous, tapering upward, brown or reddish-brown. Spores oblong-elliptic, 10µ long, 5µ broad.

Pileus 1–2.5 cm. broad. Stem 2–2.5 cm. long, 4–6 mm. thick.

Cespitose. Virginia. August. R.S. Phifer.

A small species growing in tufts and referable to the tribe Subtomentosi. The tubes retain their bright yellow color in the dried specimens. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, January 27, 1900.

Edible qualities not stated.

B. spadi´ceus Schaeff.—nut brown. Pileus convex or plane, moderately compact, dry, tomentose, opaque, date-brown, irregularly cracked. Flesh white, unchangeable, brownish-red above. Tubes adnate, yellow, their mouths minute, subrotund. Stem firm, clavate, even, woolly-scaled, yellow or brownish, yellowish-white within. Spores 12×4µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad.

Woods. New England, Frost.

This species is admitted on the authority of Mr. Frost who alone has recorded it in this country. But specimens received from him under this name do not in my opinion belong to it, and its occurrence here is somewhat doubtful. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

In oak woods near Bartram’s Garden, West Philadelphia, in 1887–1888, I found several Boleti answering the description, exactly, of B. spadiceus. They proved to be good eating.

B. radi´cans Pers.—radix, a root. Pileus convex, dry, subtomentose, olivaceous-cinereus, becoming pale-yellowish, the margin thin, involute. Flesh pale-yellow, instantly changing to dark blue, taste bitterish. Tubes adnate, their mouths large, unequal, lemon-yellow. Stem even, tapering downward and radicating, flocculose with a reddish bloom, pale-yellow, becoming naked and dark with a touch.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long, 6 lines thick.

Woods. Ohio, Morgan.

Of the American plant Mr. Morgan says that the pileus is quite firm and dry, becomes reddish or brownish-yellow and nearly glabrous, that the flesh is pale-yellow, but that he has not observed any bluish tinge, and that the spores are olive, fusiform, 10–12.5×5µ. Those of the European plant have been described as very pale ocher, almost white, 6µ long, 3µ broad. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Near Bryn Mawr, Pa. W.C. Alderson, 1894.

Several specimens brought to me were eaten. The change in color of flesh was instantaneous upon exposure to the air. Taste strong and raw rather than bitterish. The caps alone were cooked, and dish marked “fine.”

B. muta´bilis Morg.—changeable. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII. Pileus convex, then plane or depressed, compact, dry, subtomentose, brown. Flesh bright-yellow, promptly changing to blue where wounded. Tubes adnate or subdecurrent, their mouths large, angular, unequal, some of them compound, yellow changing to greenish yellow and quickly becoming blue where wounded. Stem stout, solid, flexuous, subsulcate, yellowish beneath the brown dot-like scales, bright yellow within. Spores olive, fusiform, 12–13×5µ.

Pileus 2.5–4 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 6 lines thick.

Thick woods. Ohio, Morgan.

A shade of yellow sometimes appears beneath the brown of the pileus, and as the plants grow old the pileus becomes blackish, glabrous and shining. The stem increases in thickness above and downward. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. badi´ceps Pk.—badius, bay and head. (Plate CXVI, p. 420.) Pileus firm, convex or somewhat centrally depressed when mature, dry, velvety, obliquely truncate on the margin, bay-red or dark-maroon color. Flesh white unchangeable, taste and odor mild, sweet, suggestive of molasses. Tubes plane, adnate, white or whitish, becoming dingy with age, the mouths minute. Stem equal or slightly swollen in the middle, radicating, glabrous, solid, brownish.

Pileus 4–8 cm. broad. Stem 4–5 cm. long, 1.5–3 cm. thick.

Oak woods. West Philadelphia, Pa. August and September. Charles McIlvaine.

The truncate or beveled margin of the pileus is a striking feature in this species. It is about 4 mm. broad and as even as if cut with a knife. Sometimes the surface of the stem ruptures transversely just below the top, the liberated shreds above curling upward against the tubes and those below curving outward and downward. In mature plants brownish spots appear in the flesh of the pileus. “When cooked it is of high flavor and tender as kidney,” C. McIlvaine. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, January 27, 1900.

Fig.	Page.	Fig.	Page.
1. Boletus separans,	445	4. Boletus scarer areolatus,	461–463
2. Boletus russelli,	436	5. Boletus edulis,	445
3. Boletus illudens,	439

Laceri´pedes — Lacerated Stem

Stem elongated, coarsely pitted or deeply and lacunosely reticulated in small hollows, the ridges somewhat intumescent in wet weather and more or less lacerated, giving a rough or shaggy appearance to the stem.

The species of this tribe are few, very closely allied and so far as known are peculiar to this country.

	Pileus viscid	1
	Pileus dry	B. Russelli
1.	Stem red in the depressions, tubes tinged with green	B. Morgani
1.	Stem pale-yellow, tubes not greenish	B. Betula
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Rus´selli Frost—Russell’s Boletus. (Plate CXVIII, fig. 2, p. 436.) Pileus thick, hemispherical or convex, dry, covered with downy scales or bundles of red hairs, yellowish beneath the tomentum, often cracked in areas. Flesh yellowish, unchangeable. Tubes subadnate, often depressed around the stem, rather large, dingy-yellow or yellowish-green. Stem very long, equal or tapering upward, roughened by the lacerated margins of the reticular depressions, red or brownish-red. Spores olive-brown, 18–22×8–10µ.

Pileus 1.5–4 in. broad. Stem 3–7 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

This is distinguished from the other species by the dry squamulose pileus and the color of the stem. The latter is sometimes curved at the base. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Russelli occurs in the West Virginia mountains, where I found and ate it in August, 1883. Though solitary in its method of growth, it is frequent in many parts of Pennsylvania, among leaves in mixed woods. August to October.

Taste when raw, sweet, mild. Cooked it is rather soft, tasty. Tubes and stem should be removed.

B. Mor´gani Pk. Pileus convex, soft, glabrous viscid, red or yellow, or red fading to yellow on the margin. Flesh whitish tinged with red and yellow, unchangeable. Tubes convex, depressed around the stem, rather long and large, bright-yellow becoming greenish-yellow. Stem elongated, tapering upward, pitted with long, narrow depressions, yellow, red in the depressions, colored within like the flesh of the pileus. Spores olive-brown, 18–22µ long, about half as broad.

Pileus 1.5–2.5 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Rocky hillsides in woods of deciduous trees. Kentucky, Morgan.

In wet weather the anastomosing ridges of the stem swell and become broadly winged, thereby giving the stem a peculiar lacerated appearance. The glabrous viscid pileus and the coloration of the stem distinguish the species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Morgani is found in like localities with B. Russelli. Excepting in its smooth, viscid cap and whitish flesh, it closely resembles the latter. The ridges in the stems of both species swell when moist.

Its edible qualities are the same as B. Russelli.

B. Be´tula Schw.—birch. Pileus convex, viscose and shining in wet weather, tessellately cracked and reticulated, orange-fawn color, rather small. Flesh yellowish-white. Tubes separating, rather large, yellow, almost like those of B. subtomentosus but not greenish. Stem long, attenuated downward, everywhere covered with a deciduous reticulated bark two lines high and separating like the bark of birches, pale-yellow without and within.

Pileus 1.5 in. broad. Stem 5–6 in. long.

Ligneous earth. North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

During several seasons I found B. Betula in Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia.

Edible qualities good.

Calo´podes. Gr — Beautiful; Gr — Feet

Stem stout, at first bulbous, typically venose-reticulated with veins. Tubes adnate, their mouths not reddish.

The reticulate stem and adnate tubes of one color distinguish the species of this tribe. In the Luridi the mouths of the tubes are differently colored, and in the closely related Edules the tubes are more or less depressed around the stem or sub-free, and their pores are commonly stuffed when young. Fries did not admit species with whitish tubes into this tribe, but we have done so in those cases in which this was the only character to exclude them.

	Tubes yellow or yellowish	1
	Tubes white or whitish, at least when young	7
1.	Tubes or flesh changing to blue where wounded	2
1.	Tubes or flesh not changing to blue where wounded	5
	2. Pileus red, at least when young	3
	2. Pileus some other color	4
3.	Stem red	B. Peckii
3.	Stem yellow or reddish only at the base	B. speciosus
	4. Tubes angular, pileus olivaceous	B. calopus
	4. Tubes rotund, pileus not olivaceous	B. pachypus
5.	Pileus viscid	B. Curtisii
5.	Pileus pulverulent, stems cespitose	B. retipes
5.	Pileus neither viscid nor pulverulent	6
	6. Stem yellow	B. ornatipes
	6. Stem brown	B. modestus
	6. Stem yellowish-white	B. rimosellus
7.	Pileus some shade of red	8
7.	Pileus some shade of brown or gray	9
	8. Stem pallid or yellowish	B. rubignosus
	8. Stem dark-brown	B. ferrugineus
9.	Pileus pale-brown, stem flexuous	B. flexuosipes
9.	Pileus gray or grayish-black, stem straight	B. griseus
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. specio´sus Frost—handsome. Pileus at first very thick, subglobose, compact, then softer, convex, glabrous or nearly so, red. Flesh pale-yellow or bright lemon-yellow, changing to blue where wounded. Tubes adnate, small, subrotund, plane or but slightly depressed around the stem, bright lemon-yellow, becoming dingy-yellow with age, changing to blue where wounded. Stem stout, subequal or somewhat bulbous, reticulated, bright lemon-yellow without and within, sometimes reddish at the base. Spores oblong-fusiform, pale ochraceous-brown, 10–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 3–7 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 10–24 lines thick.

Thin woods. New England, Frost; New York, Peck.

This is a very beautiful Boletus. When young the whole plant except the surface of the pileus is of a vivid lemon-yellow color. Wounds quickly change to green, then to blue. The color of the pileus approaches closely to solferino. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Caps of specimens found in mixed woods at Mt. Gretna, Pa., were minutely areolate when old. Stems yellow at top and with purplish red over the bright yellow toward the bulbous base, solid, bright yellow within.

Stems and caps are edible and rank high in flavor and texture.

B. illu´dens Pk.—deceiving. (Plate CXVIII, fig. 3, p. 436.) Pileus convex, dry, subglabrous, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, sometimes tinged with red, especially in the center. Flesh pallid or yellowish. Tubes bright yellow, plane or somewhat convex when old, adnate, their mouths angular or subrotund, often larger near the stem. Stem nearly equal, sometimes abruptly pointed at the base, glabrous, pallid or yellowish, coarsely reticulated either wholly or at the top only. Spores oblong or subfusiform, yellowish-brown tinged with green, 11–12.5×4–5µ.

Pileus 1.5–3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–2.5 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Woods and copses. Port Jefferson. July. Peck, 50th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Found in plenty at Mt. Gretna, Pa., September, 1898. On ground and old stumps in mixed woods. Identified by Professor Peck.

Taste and smell pleasant. Cooked as egg-plant it is one of the best. Remove tubes.

B. Peck´ii Frost—after C.H. Peck. Pileus convex, firm, dry, subglabrous, red, fading to yellowish-red or buff-brown with age, the margin usually retaining its red color longer than the disk. Tubes adnate or slightly decurrent, nearly plane, yellow, changing to blue where wounded. Stem equal or subventricose, reticulated, red, yellow at the top. Spores oblong, pale ochraceous-brown, 9–12×4–5µ.

Var. læ´vipes. Stem reticulated above, even below.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods of frondose trees. New York, Peck. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. cal´opus Fr. Gr—beautiful; Gr—foot. Pileus globose, then convex, unpolished, subtomentose, olivaceous. Flesh pallid, slightly changing to blue when wounded. Tubes adnate, their mouths minute, angular, yellow. Stem firm, conical, then elongated and subequal, reticulated, wholly scarlet or at the apex only, sometimes colored like the pileus toward the base. Spores fusiform, yellowish-brown, 7–8×3–4µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem longer than the diameter of the pileus.

Woods. North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; New England, Sprague, Bennett. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. orna´tipes Pk.—ornate-stem. (Boletus retipes, Rep. 23.) Pileus convex, firm, dry, glabrous or very minutely tomentose, grayish-brown or yellowish-brown. Flesh yellow or pale-yellow. Tubes adnate, plane, or concave, rarely convex, the mouths small or medium size, clear-yellow. Stem firm, subequal, distinctly and beautifully reticulated, yellow without and within. Spores oblong, ochraceous-brown, 12–16×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Thin woods and open places. New York, Peck.

The color of the tubes becomes darker with age, but it does not change to blue where wounded. The species is related to the next following one with which it has sometimes been confused, but from which it is clearly distinct. The color of the spores is quite dark and approaches snuff-brown. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Edible. Good.

B. re´tipes B. and C.—reticulate stem. Pileus convex, dry, powdered with yellow, sometimes rivulose or cracked in areas. Tubes adnate, yellow. Stem subequal, cespitose, reticulate to the base, pulverulent below. Spores greenish-ochraceous, 12–15×4–5µ.

Pileus 1.5–2 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

The tufted mode of growth, pulverulent pileus and paler-colored spores separate this species from the preceding one. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia, 1882–1885. Mt. Gretna, Pa.; New Jersey, McIlvaine.

The caps, alone, of this species, are desirable, the stems not cooking well. Its way of bunching itself gratifies the collector, as do its flavor and quality.

B. pa´chypus Fr. Gr—thick-footed. Pileus convex, subtomentose, brownish or pale tan-color. Flesh thick, whitish, changing slightly to blue. Tubes rather long, somewhat depressed around the stem, their mouths round, pale-yellow, at length tinged with green. Stem thick, firm, reticulated, at first ovate-bulbous, then elongated, equal, variegated with red and pale-yellow. Spores large, ovate, pale yellowish-ochraceous, 12.5–14×5–6µ.

Pileus 4–8 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long.

Woods, either of pine or beech.

This species is noted for its thick, stout stem, which sometimes attains a diameter of more than two inches. It approaches the Edules in habit, but according to Gillet it is poisonous, or at least to be suspected, has a penetrating unpleasant odor and a somewhat nauseous flavor. He also describes the pores as at first whitish. The stem is sometimes intensely blood-red. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

A common species in West Virginia mountains, 1881–1885, in beech groves. August to frost. It is rare in the pines of New Jersey, though I have found it there. Like B. felleus, its size and attractiveness induce the finder to over and over again try cooking it, hoping the discovery of a successful way to rid it of its unpleasantness. I have never succeeded. It is not poisonous.

B. rimosel´lus Pk.—cracked. Pileus broadly convex, flat or irregular, glabrous, tessellately cracked, dark-brown. Flesh whitish. Tubes adnate or sinuately decurrent, somewhat depressed around the stem, pale-yellow, becoming darker or brownish with age. Stem tapering upward, broadly reticulated with brown veins, yellowish-white. Spores fusiform, 15–17.5×5–6µ.

Pileus 3–5 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 6–9 lines thick.

Mixed woods. North Carolina, C.J. Curtis.

I have described this species from the notes and a single dried specimen sent me by Mr. Curtis. More extended observation may require some modification of the description. The color of the spores is described as brown. They are remarkable for their size. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. modes´tus Pk.—modest. Pileus convex or nearly plane, often irregular, firm, dry, very minutely tomentose, yellowish-brown. Flesh gray or pinkish-gray. Tubes nearly plane, adnate or subdecurrent, the mouths angular, pale-ochraceous. Stem equal, reticulated, brown. Spores elliptical, 10×5µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Grassy ground in thin woods. New York, Peck.

Miss Banning finds in Maryland what appears to be a form of this species in which the part of the hymenium near the stem consists of lamellæ, the rest of tubes. The species needs further investigation. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Cur´tisii Berk.—after Dr. Curtis. Pileus hemispherical or convex, viscose, golden-yellow. Tubes depressed around the stem, nearly free, their mouths umber, at length tawny. Stem slender, attenuated upward, polished, reticulated, straw-colored. Spores ferruginous, subelliptical, slightly attenuated at each end.

Pileus 1 in. or more broad. Stem 2 in. long, 2–3 lines thick.

Pine woods. North and South Carolina, Curtis.

In the original description the stem of this species is said to be hollow. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. gri´seus Frost—gray. Pileus broadly convex, firm, dry, subglabrous, gray or grayish-black. Flesh whitish or gray. Tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, nearly plane, their mouths small, subrotund, white or whitish. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, distinctly reticulated, whitish or yellowish, sometimes reddish toward the base. Spores ochraceous-brown, 10–14×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Thin woods and open places. New York, Peck.

Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. flexuos´ipes Pk.—flexuous stem. Pileus convex or plane, even, subtomentose, pale-brown. Flesh white, unchangeable, the cuticle separable. Tubes long, convex, decurrent, white or whitish, becoming brownish with age. Stem flexuous, solid, reticulated, whitish or pallid, changing to brown where bruised. Spores 7.5–10×4µ.

Pileus 3–4 in. broad. Stem 4–6 in. long, 8–15 lines thick.

Mixed woods. North Carolina, C.J. Curtis. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. ferrugi´neus Frost—rust color. Pileus convex, soft, subtomentose, dark reddish-brown. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes generally adnate, dingy-white, their mouths stained brown by the spores. Stem short, reticulated, dark-brown. Spores 10–13×6µ.

Pileus 3–6 in. broad.

Borders of woods. New England, Frost. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Alabama, 1897.

B. rubigino´sus Fr.—rusty. Pileus convex, soft, pubescent, soon bare, brownish-rust color. Flesh subspongy, white, unchangeable. Tubes adnate, their mouths unequal, white. Stem firm, stout, reticulated, at first whitish or pallid, then yellowish, subcinereous or yellowish-olivaceous where touched.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 1 in. thick.

Woods. North Carolina, Curtis.

Although apparently distinct, this and the two preceding species are not sufficiently well known. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. tabaci´nus Und. Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, subglabrous, often cracked in areas, tawny-brown. Flesh at maturity soft and similarly colored. Tubes concave or nearly plane, depressed around the stem, their mouths small, angular, colored like the pileus. Stem subequal, solid, reticulated, concolorous. Spores oblong or subfusiform, 12.5–14×5µ. Pileus 2.5–5 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long, 6–10 lines thick.

Along road-sides. Alabama. May. Underwood.

The species is referable to the section Calopodes, but the tubes are more or less depressed about the stem. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 23, No. 10.

Edu´les — Edulis, Edible

Tubes subfree, rounded-depressed around the stem, their mouths not at first reddish, but commonly white-stuffed. Stem stout, bulbous as in the Luridi but not, with a few exceptions, reticulate nor dotted with pointed scales nor red. Flesh scarcely changeable. Taste pleasant.

This tribe is not sharply limited but partakes to some extent of the characters of Calopodes and Luridi. From the former its nearly free and at first white-stuffed tubes and its generally even stem separate it, from the latter its tubes with concolorous mouths or at least with mouths not red or reddish when young will distinguish it. The species are generally of large or medium size and noted for their esculent qualities.

	Stem brownish-lilac or chocolate color	1
	Stem some other color	2
1.	Stem reticulated	B. separans
1.	Stem not reticulated, furfuraceous	B. eximius
	2. Pileus viscid	B. limatulus
	2. Pileus not viscid	3
3.	Tubes yellow with no tinge of green	4
3.	Tubes tinged with green or becoming green where bruised	6
	4. Pileus whitish	B. æstivalis
	4. Pileus not whitish	5
5.	Stem glabrous	B. affinis
5.	Stem pubescent	B. impolitus
	6. Pileus becoming white-spotted where bruised	B. leprosus
	6. Pileus not becoming spotted	7
7.	Pileus glabrous	B. edulis
7.	Pileus not glabrous	8
	8. Stem reticulated, whitish or pallid	B. variipes
	8. Stem even, brownish-red	B. decorus

Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. sep´arans Pk. (Plate CXVIII, fig. 1, p. 436.) Pileus convex, thick, glabrous, subshining, often pitted, pitted or corrugated, brownish-red or dull-lilac, sometimes fading to yellowish on the margin. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes at first nearly plane, adnate, white and stuffed, then convex, depressed around the stem, ochraceous-yellow or brownish-yellow and sometimes separating from the stem by the expansion of the pileus. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, reticulated either wholly or in the upper part only, colored like the pileus or a little paler, sometimes slightly furfuraceous. Spores subfusiform, brownish-ochraceous, 12–15×5–6µ.

Pileus 3–6 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.

Thin grassy woods. New York, Peck. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia. September, 1881. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. October, 1887, McIlvaine. Indiana, October, 1898. Dr. J.R. Weist, H.I. Miller.

One of the handsomest of Boleti. It varies greatly in size and color, but traces of purple or lilac are always detectable. The reticulations upon the stem are often obscure, especially in young specimens.

It is pleasant when raw, and quite equal to any Boletus when cooked.

B. edu´lis Bull.—edulis, edible. (Plate CXVIII, fig. 5, p. 436.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, moist, at first compact, then soft, variable in color, grayish-red, brownish-red or tawny-brown, often paler on the margin. Flesh white or yellowish, reddish beneath the cuticle. Tubes convex, nearly free, long, minute, round, white, then yellow and greenish. Stem short or long, straight or flexuous, subequal or bulbous, stout, more or less reticulate, especially above, whitish, pallid or brownish. Spores oblong-fusiform, 12–15×4–5µ.

Var. cla´vipes. Plate CXIX. Stem tapering upward from an enlarged base, everywhere reticulated.

Pileus 4–6 in. broad. Stem 2–6 in. long, 6–18 lines thick.

Woods and open places. Not rare. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Indiana, H.I. Miller, Dr. J.R. Weist; New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, McIlvaine.

Some species of fungi appear to have that prize of Fairyland—the Wishing Cap—and by its power be able to take on any form they please. Boletus edulis is one of them. Its variableness is puzzling. It is eaten everywhere where found and is a favorite. Carefully sliced, dried and kept where safe from mold it may be prepared for the table at any season.

B. edulis Bull.—Var. clavipes Pk. (Plate CXIX, fig. 1, p. 445.) Pileus fleshy, convex, glabrous, grayish-red, bay-red or chestnut-color. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes at first concave or nearly plane, white and stuffed, then convex, slightly depressed around the stem, ochraceous yellow. Stem mostly obclavate (inversely club-shaped) and reticulate to the base. Spores oblong-fusiform, 12–15×4–5µ.

The club-stemmed Boletus is so closely related to the edible Boletus and so closely connected by the intermediate forms that it seems to be only a variety of it, but one worthy of illustration. It differs in the more uniform color of the cap, in having the tubes less depressed around the stem and less tinted with green when mature, and in having the stem more club-shape and commonly reticulated to the base. The lower reticulations are usually coarser but less permanent than the upper. The cap is more highly colored when young and is apt to become paler with age, but the margin does not become paler than the central part, as it so often does in the edible Boletus. Individuals sometimes occur in which the stem is nearly cylindric and reticulated only on the upper part. These connect so closely with the edible Boletus that we have considered this to be a mere variety of it. In size and in edible qualities it is very similar to that species. Peck, 51st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Same in quality as B. edulis.

B. vari´ipes Pk.—variable stem. Pileus convex or nearly plane, thick, soft, dry, scaly, pointed scaly or minutely tomentose, grayish or pale grayish-brown, sometimes tinged with yellow or ochraceous. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes convex or nearly plane, slightly depressed around the stem, at first white, then greenish-yellow, their mouths small, subrotund, ochraceous, stuffed when young. Stem firm, reticulated, whitish or pallid. Spores oblong-fusiform, ochraceous-brown tinged with green, 12–15×5µ. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. August, 1898. Stem slightly reticulated at top, indistinctly striate below. Smell and taste strong, like B. felleus, but sweetish, not bitter. When tubes are removed and cap fried it is excellent.

Var. al´bipes. Stem whitish, wholly reticulated, the reticulations coarser near the base. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. August, 1898. Taste slightly acrid, smell slight. Excellent.

Var. pallid´ipes. Stem pallid, slightly furfuraceous, even or obscurely reticulated toward the base, distinctly reticulated above. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Satiny, shining. Taste slightly acrid, smell slight. Excellent.

Var. tenu´ipes. Stem slender, elongated. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. August, 1898, on decaying chestnut stump and on ground. Excellent. McIlvaine.

This species, with its varieties, grows in mixed woods, the density of which has much to do with its general appearance. Individuals growing where the sun plays upon them, show the reticulations plainer than those maturing in the shade. The tubes should be removed before cooking. The caps are best fried.

B. exi´mius Pk.—select. Pileus at first very compact, subglobose or hemispherical, subpruinose, purplish-brown or chocolate color, sometimes with a faint tinge of lilac, becoming convex, soft, smoky-red or pale-chestnut. Flesh grayish or reddish-white. Tubes at first concave or nearly plane, stuffed, colored nearly like the pileus, becoming paler with age and depressed around the stem, their mouths minute, rotund. Stem stout, generally short, equal or tapering upward, abruptly narrowed at the base, minutely branny, colored like or a little paler than the pileus, purplish-gray within. Spores subferruginous, 12.5–15×5–6µ.

Pileus 3–10 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.

Woods and their borders. New England, Frost; New York, Peck. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

In mixed woods and in new clearings near Bartram’s Garden, Philadelphia, Pa. McIlvaine.

A patch of it is treasure trove.

B. lepro´sus Pk.—leprous. Pileus very convex, glabrous, soft like kid, cinereous-yellowish-drab or pale-brown, slowly changing to whitish where bruised, the cuticle separable. Flesh white, changing to yellowish. Tubes yellow or brownish-yellow, changing to greenish where wounded, plane, depressed around the stem, short, small, stuffed when young. Stem solid, enlarged at the top, lemon-yellow. Spores oblong-fusiform, 12.5–15×5µ.

Pileus 4–6 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long, 1 in. thick.

Mixed woods. North Carolina, C.J. Curtis.

This plant is remarkable for the whitish or leprous spots which the pileus assumes, even from being handled, and for the change in the color of the flesh and tubes. The stem is very thick at the top but tapers downward. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. affi´nis Pk.—related. Pileus convex above or nearly plane, subglabrous, reddish-brown or chestnut color fading to tawny or dingy-ochraceous with age. Flesh white. Tubes plane or convex, adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, at first white and stuffed, then glaucous-yellow or subochraceous, changing to rusty-ochraceous where wounded. Stem subequal, even, glabrous, colored like or paler than the pileus. Spores rusty-ochraceous, 9–12×4–5µ.

The Related boletus belongs to the tribe of Boleti known as Edules because of their especially esculent character, but it differs from the general character of the tribe in having its tubes not at all or but slightly shortened around the stem and in its stem not being thickened or bulbous at the base. The species is quite variable in the color of the cap, which is generally darker in young plants, paler in old ones. It may be brown, reddish-brown or blackish-brown when young, but is more or less tinged with tawny or ochraceous when old. It is smooth and even or minutely tomentose and sometimes slightly rugose. In wet weather the margin of the cap sometimes curves upward, giving a very convex surface to the tubes. Sometimes the wounded flesh slowly assumes a yellowish hue. The peculiar rusty-ochraceous hue of the spores is also seen sometimes in the tubes of old specimens. As in many species, the flesh of old plants is more soft than that of young ones. The stem is quite variable and is often narrowed downward. It is sometimes very obscurely reticulated at the top.

The cap is generally 2–4 in. broad, the stem 1.5–3 in. long, 4–8 lines thick. The plants are found in thin woods or in bushy places in July and August.

Var. maculo´sus Pk. differs from the type simply in having a few yellowish spots scattered over the cap.

While not as high flavored as some Boleti this is, nevertheless, a fairly good and perfectly safe one. Peck, 49th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Very open timber in Woodlands Cemetery, Philadelphia. August, 1898. McIlvaine.

A solitary species which does not appear to be plentiful. The whole fungus is edible, but the stems and tubes are of different texture from the caps and do not cook well with them.

B. æstiva´lis Fr.—pertaining to summer. Pileus convex or nearly plane, even, glabrous, whitish, granulose in dry weather. Flesh yellow below, white above. Tubes nearly free, the mouths minute, equal, yellow. Stem very thick, bulbous, even, glabrous, pale yellow, reddish within at the base. Spores elongated-oval, greenish-brown, rather dark, 11×4–5µ.

Pileus 4–6 in. broad. Stem 4–5 in. long.

Woods and woodland pastures. Minnesota, Johnson; California, H. and M.

A large species, recorded as edible and said to be pleasant and delicate in flavor. I have seen no specimens of this. Peck, Boleti of the United States.

West Virginia mountains, 1882, Haddonfield, N.J., 1894, McIlvaine, on grassy margin of woods.

The flesh is sweet, nutty. Remove stems and tubes when old.

B. impoli´tus Fr.—unpolished. Pileus convex, dilated, flocculose, at length grained in lines, unpolished, tawny-brown. Flesh white or whitish, unchangeable, yellowish under the cuticle. Tubes free, their mouths minute, yellow. Stem stout, subbulbous, even, pubescent, pale-yellow, sometimes with a reddish zone near the top. Spores oval or fusiform, pale greenish-brown, 7.5–10×5µ.

Pileus 4–6 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long.

Oak woods. California, Harkness and Moore.

This species is recorded as edible and said to be among the most delicious. It is evidently rare in this country. According to Quelet the spores are ellipsoid, papillate, 15–18µ long. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Near Bartram’s Garden, West Philadelphia, Pa., 1885. Thin mixed woods. McIlvaine.

That this species is edible and delicious is vouched for by many. I can add my own pleasurable experience.

B. deco´rus Frost.—decorous. Pileus convex, rather firm, tomentose, brownish tinged with red, the margin often darker colored. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes becoming free, yellow, changing to green where wounded. Stem bulbous, minutely branny, brownish-red, the bulb sometimes white and attenuated at the base. Spores 13×5µ.

Rich woods. New England, Frost. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Leominster, Mass., C.F. Nixon, August, 1897; Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa., August, 1897, McIlvaine.

Cap 2–3 in. broad. Stem 2–2½ in. high, but variable in size. Its edible qualities are excellent.

B. lima´tulus Frost—polished. Pileus nearly flat, thin, glabrous, viscid when moist, somewhat polished and shining when dry, rich yellowish-brown. Flesh reddish in the pileus, darker in the stem. Tubes depressed around the stem, greenish-yellow, their mouths yellowish-brown. Stem small, subbulbous, colored like the pileus. Spores 12–15×4–5µ.

Pileus 1–2.5 in. broad.

Woods. New England, Frost.

By the differently-colored tube mouths, this species approaches those of the next following tribe, but it is placed here because these are not red or reddish. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. au´ripes Pk.—yellow-stem. Pileus convex, subglabrous, yellowish-brown, sometimes cracking in areas when old. Flesh yellow, fading to whitish with age. Tubes nearly plane, their mouths small, subrotund, at first stuffed, yellow. Stem nearly equal, solid, even or slightly reticulated at the top, bright yellow, a little paler within. Spores ochraceous-brown tinged with green, 12×5µ.

Pileus 3–6 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 8–12 lines thick.

Under mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. Port Jefferson. July.

The whole plant, except the upper surface of the pileus, is of a beautiful yellow color. The stem is sometimes more highly colored than the tubes. The species is referable to the tribe Edules. Peck, 50th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. August, September, 1898. McIlvaine.

In mixed woods in which Kalmia latifolia is plentiful. The specimens found were in its vicinity. The caps are excellent.

B. leptoceph´alus Pk. Gr—thin; Gr—head. Pileus thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, dry, minutely cracked, especially near the margin, light tawny-brown, sometimes tinged with reddish-brown. Flesh yellowish-white, taste at first mild, then slightly acrid. Tubes subventricose, depressed about the stem, nearly free, dingy olive-yellow, the mouths small, subrotund. Stem nearly equal, enlarged at the top, solid, glabrous or slightly pruinose-mealy, reticulated above, colored like the pileus, white within, with a white mycelium at the base. Spores greenish-olivaceous, fusiform, 12.5–17.5µ long, 5–6µ broad.

Pileus 10–12.5 cm. broad. Stem 10–12.5 cm. long, 1.2–1.6 cm. thick.

Dry, open woods. July. Earle.

The reticulation of the upper part of the stem appears to be formed by the decurrent walls of the tubes. The species belongs to the tribe Edules. Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. 25.

Edible.

B. fra´grans Vitt.—fragrant. Fasciculate or solitary. Pileus 1–4 in. across, convex, dark-brown or umber-brown, often wavy, slightly tomentose, margin incurved. Flesh very thick, yellowish, sometimes unchangeable, at others changing to green or blue, and finally becoming reddish when broken. Tubes shortened around the stem and almost free, ½ in. or more long, openings small, roundish, yellow then greenish. Stem at first stout, ovate, usually tapering at the base, then lengthening and becoming thinner upward, even, variegated with yellow and red, solid. Spores pale-olive, elongato-fusiform, 10–12×4µ.

In woods, under oaks, etc. Pileus bronze-brown, sometimes with purple shades. Often grows in dense clusters, and in this particular differing from any other British species. Very good for eating. Massee.

Haddonfield, N.J. Oak woods. August to September, 1894. Mt. Gretna, Pa., 1898. McIlvaine.

Solitary. A handsome valuable species which appears to be rare in the United States. Shade a beautiful bronze. Cap 3–4 in. across. A dozen or more individuals were found and eaten. Excellent.

B. frustulo´sus Pk.—frustulum, a small bit. Pileus thick, convex or nearly plane, subglabrous, cracked in areas, white or whitish. Flesh whitish. Tubes equal to or a little longer than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, depressed about the stem, whitish, becoming pale brown. Stem equal, solid, whitish, reticulated above. Spores 15–17×5–6µ.

Pileus 3–5 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 6–10 lines thick.

Open grounds and clay banks. Ocean Springs, Mississippi and Akron, Alabama. May and June. Underwood.

The deeply cracked surface of the pileus is the most notable feature of this species. This sometimes is seen even in quite young plants. The cracked areas are quite unequal in size. The deep chinks with sloping sides cause them to appear like frusta of polygonal pyramids. In some specimens the reticulations of the stem extend nearly or quite to its base, and make the place of the species ambiguous between the Calopodes and Edules. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 24, No. 3.

Mt. Gretna, Pa., September, 1898, on soil over red conglomerate and on road-sides. McIlvaine.

The deep cracks in the cap readily distinguish this species. After rains the caps are frequently slightly dished and widely cracked at margin. The exposed flesh dries with a fine silky gloss. The caps are excellent. The tubes and stem should be removed.

B. cras´sipes Pk.—thick-footed. (Plate CXVI, fig. 5, p. 420.) Pileus convex or centrally depressed, firm, dry, velvety, brown tinged with yellow, the wavy or lobed involute margin extending beyond the tubes. Flesh lemon-yellow, unchangeable, taste sweet, odor like that of yeast. Tubes rather short, depressed around the stem, almost free, yellowish mottled with brown, the mouths minute, stuffed when young. Stem stout, thick, sometimes swollen in the middle and sometimes bulbous, beautifully reticulated but the reticulations sometimes disappearing with age, orange-yellow tinged with brown. Flesh of a brighter yellow than that of the pileus.

Pileus 5–10 cm. broad. Stem 6–8 cm. long, 2.5–3.5 cm. thick.

Oak woods. Mt. Gretna, Pa. August and September. McIlvaine.

The thick, beautifully reticulated stem, the deep velvety brown color of the pileus and the yellow color of the flesh serve to distinguish this species. Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. 27, January, 1900.

It is one of the best edible mushrooms. I have also found it in New Jersey.

Lu´ridi

Stratum of tubes rounded toward the stem and free, their mouths at first closed and red. Pileus compact, then soft, cushion-shaped, the flesh juicy, changeable. Stem stout, at first short, bulbiform, then elongated and subequal, subreticulated or dotted.

Growing especially in frondose woods. Very poisonous.

In this tribe the tubes and their mouths are differently colored, the latter being red or some shade of red. By this character the species are easily distinguished from those of other tribes.

	Flesh distinctly changing color where wounded	1
	Flesh not at all or scarcely changing color where wounded	7
1.	Flesh white or whitish	2
1.	Flesh yellow or yellowish	5
	2. Flesh changing to red or violet	B. Satanus
	2. Flesh changing to blue	3
3.	Stem roughened	B. alveolatus
3.	Stem even	4
	4. Stem hairy at the base	B. subvelutipes
	4. Stem not hairy at the base	B. vermiculosus
5.	Stem red	B. luridus
5.	Stem yellow or reddish only at the base	6
	6. Pileus purplish-red	B. purpureus
	6. Pileus gray	B. firmus
	6. Pileus yellow or yellowish	B. magnisporus
7.	Pileus blood-red	B. Frostii
7.	Pileus reddish-tawny or brown	B. Sullivantii
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

All authors, up to this date, agree in stating that the species within this series are poisonous. Experiments made by Smiedeberg and Koppe with Boletus Satanus developed symptoms closely resembling poisoning by Amanitæ. Kobert, who made analysis of B. luridus, shows that it contains muscarine, which is one of the most deadly poisons. Such a mass of evidence commands respect. It is urged upon finders of these species to either leave them alone or test them in minute quantities until they have established their ability to eat them without injury.

I have taken special pains to establish the edibility of B. Satanus and B. luridus. For fifteen years I have eaten them in quantity when opportunity afforded, in West Virginia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. My family, and my friends in widely separated localities, have partaken freely of them many times and without discomfort. They are remarkably fine eating. The same can be said of B. alveolatus, B. purpureus, B. subvelutipes. I have not seen the other species of this tribe.

I have determined so many of the reputed poisonous species to be edible, that unless positively authenticated, I do not accept repute as truth, but carefully test suspicious species upon myself. When sure there is no danger, I as carefully have them tested by my numerous under-tasters—male and female.

B. Sa´tanus Lenz.—Satanic. Pileus convex, glabrous, somewhat gluey, brownish-yellow or whitish. Flesh whitish, becoming reddish or violaceous where wounded. Tubes free, yellow, their mouths bright red becoming orange-colored with age. Stem thick, ovate-ventricose, marked above with red reticulations. Spores 12×5µ.

Pileus 3–8 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long.

Woods. Rare. North Carolina, Curtis; New York, Peck; California, H. and M., N.J. Ellis.

Though mild to the taste, this Boletus is said to be very poisonous, a character suggestive of the specific name. Fries describes the color of the spores as earthy-yellow; Smith as rich brown. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Boletus Satanus is sometimes plentiful in spots. Where it luxuriates it is a rich decoration to the ground, and earth upon upturned-roots upon which it often grows. It does not live long after reaching maturity, but decomposes into a putrescent mass.

Its reputation rivals that of the original possessor of its name. But old proverb sayeth that even “The Devil is not as black as he is painted.” See remarks heading Luridi.

B. alveola´tus B. and C. Pileus convex, glabrous, shining, bright crimson or maroon-color, sometimes paler and varied with patches of yellow. Flesh firm, white, changing to blue where wounded. Tubes adnate, subdecurrent, yellow with maroon-colored mouths, the hymenial surface uneven with irregular alveolar depressions. Stem very rough with the margins of rather coarse subreticular depressions, the reticulations bright-red above with yellow stains. Spores yellowish-brown, 12.5–15×4–5µ.

Pileus 3–6 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 9 lines thick.

Damp woods. New England, Frost. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, in mixed woods and on banks of streams. McIlvaine.

B. alveolatus appears to be more generally distributed than B. Satanus. It is not as clannish, though occasionally three or four are found growing together. When growing from the banks of creeks, or between the roots of beech and other trees in low places, it is often deformed in cap and stem. The texture is firm, close and the taste is very pleasant. It botanically takes its place in this suspected series. I consider it one of the best Boleti. See remarks heading Luridi.

B. lu´ridus Schaeff.—lurid in color. Pileus convex, tomentose, brown-olivaceous, then somewhat viscose, sooty. Flesh yellow, changing to blue where wounded. Tubes free, yellow, becoming greenish, their mouths round, vermilion, becoming orange. Stem stout, vermilion, somewhat orange at the top, reticulate or punctate. Spores greenish-gray, 15×9.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long.

The lurid Boletus, though pleasant to the taste, is reputed very poisonous. Boletus rubeolarius Pers., having a short bulbous scarcely reticulated stem, is regarded as a variety of this species. The red-stemmed Boletus, B. erythropus Pers., is also indicated as a variety of it by Fries. It is smaller than B. luridus, has a brown or reddish-brown pileus and a slender cylindrical stem, not reticulated, but dotted with squamules. It has been reported from California by Harkness and Moore. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Var. erythropus received from Dr. J.W. Harshberger, Philadelphia, May, 1896.

Often shining as if varnished and very handsome. I frequently found it in West Virginia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania in mixed woods among leaves. Its reputation is bad. It is undoubtedly edible by many, and is delicious. The caution heading Luridi should be carefully observed.

B. purpu´reus Fr.—purple. Pileus convex, opaque, dry, somewhat velvety, purplish-red. Flesh in the young plant only becoming blue, then dark-yellow. Tubes nearly free, yellow or greenish-yellow, their mouths minute, purple-orange, changing to blue where wounded. Stem stout, firm, adorned with purple veins or dots, sometimes reticulated at the apex only, yellow, reddish within, especially at the base. Spores greenish-brown, 10–12×5–6µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 6–8 lines thick.

Woods. North Carolina, Curtis; New York, Peck; Minnesota, Johnson. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia, Mt. Gretna, Pa., McIlvaine.

At Mt. Gretna, Pa., 1897–1898, B. purpureus was common in oak and chestnut woods. It is a showy species, easily distinguished by its velvety cap. In young specimens the stem is robust, then tapering upward. When old the cap loses its rich color toward the margin, becoming yellowish. The flesh is thick, firm and of excellent flavor. It undoubtedly proved itself delicious and harmless to many eating it.

B. vermiculo´sus Pk.—wormy. Pileus broadly convex, thick, firm, dry, glabrous, or very minutely tomentose, brown, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, sometimes tinged with red. Flesh white or whitish, quickly changing to blue where wounded. Tubes plane or slightly convex, nearly free, yellow, their mouths small, round, brownish-orange, becoming darker or blackish with age, changing promptly to blue where wounded. Stem subequal, firm, even, paler than the pileus. Spores ochraceous-brown, 10–12×4–5µ.

Var. Spra´guei. (Boletus Spraguei Frost, Bull. Buff. Soc., p. 102.) Stem yellow above, minutely velvety below.

Pileus 3–5 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 4–10 lines thick.

Woods. New York, Peck; Ohio, Morgan; New England, Frost.

The species is separated from B. luridus by its dry pileus, white flesh, even stem, which is neither reticulated nor dotted, and by its smaller spores. I can not distinguish specimens of B. Spraguei received from Mr. Frost, from this species. The name is scarcely appropriate, for specimens are not always infested by larvæ. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I have not seen this species, therefore, have not tested it. CAUTION.

B. subvelu´tipes Pk.—velvety-stem. Pileus convex, firm, subglabrous, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown. Flesh whitish, both it and the tubes changing to blue where wounded. Tubes plane or slightly convex, nearly free, yellowish, their mouths small, brownish-red. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, firm, even, somewhat pruinose above, velvety with a hairy tomentum toward the base, yellow at the top, reddish-brown below, varied with red and yellow within. Spores 15–18×5–6µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Woods. New York, Peck.

This species resembles the preceding one in general appearance, but it is very distinct by its much longer spores and by the velvety hairiness toward the base of the stem. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Boletus subvelutipes is common in some localities in Pennsylvania, especially on the Springton Hills, in chestnut and oak woods. I have frequently eaten it and found it excellent. Others should carefully test it.

B. fir´mus Frost—firm. Pileus convex, very firm, slightly tomentose, gray, often pitted. Flesh yellowish or deep-yellow, changing to blue where wounded. Tubes adnate, deeply arcuate, unequal, yellow, their mouths tinged with red. Stem solid, hard, very finely reticulated, yellowish, reddish at the base. Spores 13×3µ.

Pileus 2.5–4 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long.

Rich moist wood. New England, Frost.

Apparently a well-marked and very distinct species. According to the author, it is readily distinguished by its tenacity and generally distorted growth. I have not seen it nor the next. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Professor Peck’s measurement of spores, 50th Report, New York State Botanist, is 13µ long, 6µ wide.

B. magnis´porus Frost. Pileus convex, firm, tomentose, golden-yellow; tubes scarcely adnate, even, greenish-yellow, their mouths light cinnabar-red. Stem long, slender, yellow above, red below. Spores 15–18×6µ.

Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 in. broad.

Woods and thickets. New England, Frost; Ohio, Morgan. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I have not recognized it. CAUTION.

B. Fros´tii Russell. Pileus convex, polished, shining, blood-red, the margin thin. Flesh scarcely changing to blue. Tubes nearly free, greenish-yellow, becoming yellowish-brown with age, their mouths blood-red or cinnabar. Stem equal or tapering upward, distinctly reticulated, firm, blood-red. Spores 12.5–15×5µ.

Pileus 3–4 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Grassy places under trees or in thin woods. New England, Frost; New York, Peck; New Jersey, Ellis.

This is a highly colored, beautiful Boletus, but it is not common. The stem sometimes fades with age, and both it and the tubes are apt to lose their color in drying. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I have not recognized it. CAUTION.

B. Sullivan´tii B. and M. Pileus hemispherical, glabrous, reddish-tawny or brown, brownish when dry, cracked in squares. Tubes free, convex, medium size, angular, longer toward the margin, their mouths reddish. Stem solid, violaceous at the thickened base, red-reticulated at the apex, expanded into the pileus. Spores pallid ochraceous, oblong-fusiform, 10–20µ long.

Pileus 3–4 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long.

Compact soil. Ohio. Sullivant.

The species is said to be intermediate between Boletus scaber and B. edulis. From the former it differs in its reticulated stem, from the latter, in its larger tubes and from both in its stratum of tubes being remote from the stem. I have not seen it. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Un´derwoodii Pk. Pileus rather thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, slightly velvety, bright brownish-red, becoming paler with age. Flesh yellow, changing to greenish-blue where wounded. Tubes adnate or slightly decurrent, greenish-yellow, becoming bluish where wounded, their mouths very small, round, cinnabar red, becoming brownish-orange. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, somewhat irregular, solid, yellow without and within. Spores 10–12 x 5µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Grassy woods. Auburn, Alabama. July. Underwood.

This species is remarkable for its adnate or subdecurrent tubes, in which it departs from the character of the tribe to which it belongs according to the colors of the tubes. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 24, No. 3.

B. par´vus Pk.—parvus, small. Pileus convex, becoming plane, often slightly umbonate, subtomentose, reddish. Flesh yellowish-white, slowly changing to pinkish where wounded. Tubes nearly plane, adnate, their mouths rather large, angular, at first bright red, becoming reddish-brown. Stem equal or slightly thickened below, red. Spores oblong, 12.5×4µ. Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 2–3 lines thick.

Grassy woods. Auburn, Ala. July. Underwood. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 24, No. 3.

Versipel´les—verto, to change; pellis, a skin.

Tubes at first white or whitish, minute, round, equal, forming a convex stratum free from the stem.

	Stem black		B. alboater
	Stem some other color		1
1.	Stem yellow at the base		B. chromapes
1.	Stem not yellow at the base		2
	2.	Margin of the pileus appendiculate	B. versipellis
	2.	Margin not appendiculate	3
3.	Stem scabrous or punctate-squamulose		B. scaber
3.	Stem even		4
	4.	Pileus white or whitish	B. albellus
	4.	Pileus dark-brown	B. sordidus
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. alboa´ter Schw.—black and white. Pileus convex, subtomentose-velvety, black. Tubes free, their mouths rather small, white. Stem black.

Pileus 3 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long.

Moist woods. Frequent. North Carolina and Pennsylvania, Schweinitz.

In Epicrisis, p. 424, Fries adds to the description here quoted, that the stem is flocculose-veiled. He subjoins to this as a subspecies, Boletus floccosus Schw.; but in Syn. N.A. Fung., Schweinitz makes this a synonym of Boletus floccopus. The species does not appear to have been recognized by recent collectors, which seems strange unless there is some error concerning it. Can it be a black variety of Boletus scaber? Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. Gravelly woods. McIlvaine.

Cap 1½-4 in. across, convex, slightly depressed, margin involute when young, black, densely velvety in youth and age—beautifully so. Flesh firm, thick, solid, white changing to grayish. Tubes white, stuffed, sometimes blackish when young, excepting a grayish-white circle around stem, becoming yellowish-white when matured, rotund, minute, up to ½ in. long, plane when young; when caps expand tubes draw away from stem leaving a deep white depression. This drawing away apparently elongates many dissepiments, creating a gill-like effect, decurrent upon stem. Stem 2–3 in. long, swollen toward base when young, equal, expanding into cap and tapering to a point at base; ¾-1 in. thick, slightly compressible, hard, sooty-black, velvety near base, satiny and glossy upward, has the appearance of having been blackened with burnt cork, usually with narrow white band next to the tubes, no trace of veil, composed of rather hard waved fibers, white when split, but changing to sooty black toward base, lighter upward.

Smell like common mushroom; taste nutty.

Gregarious in sandy-conglomerate soil in mixed woods, among moss and leaves. Mt. Gretna, Pa.

Differs from B. alboater Schw., in having densely tomentose cap, tubes widely separated from stem in age.

A young specimen of apparently same species in same patch had very short, decurrent tubes (not over 1 line) which were sooty-black.

Delicious.

B. sor´didus Frost—sordid. Pileus convex, subtomentose, dirty dark-brown. Flesh white, slightly tinged with green. Tubes long, nearly free, at first white, changing to bluish-green. Stem smaller at the top, brownish, marked with darker streaks, generally greenish above. Spores 10–13×5µ.

Pileus about 2 in. broad.

Recent excavations in woods. New England, Frost; Ohio, Morgan.

The Ohio plant occurs in damp woods, has the flesh sometimes tinged with red and green, the tubes white, then sordid, but changing to bluish-green when bruised, their mouths large and angular, the stem somewhat flexuous and striate and the spores fusiform and dirty-brown, Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. versipel´lis Fr. Pileus convex, dry, at first compact and minutely tomentose, then squamose or smooth, reddish or orange-red, the margin appendiculate with the inflexed remains of the membranous veil. Flesh white or grayish. Tubes at first concave or nearly plane, almost or quite free, minute, sordid-white, their mouths gray. Stem equal or tapering upward, solid, wrinkled-scaly, whitish or pallid. Spores oblong-fusiform, 14–18×4–6µ.

Pileus 2–6 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 4–10 lines thick.

Woods and open places, especially in sandy soil. North Carolina, Curtis; New England, Frost; New York, Peck; California, H. and M. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. McIlvaine.

The caps are good cooked in any way.

B. sca´ber Fr.—scaber, rough. (Plate CXVIII, fig. 4, p. 436.) Pileus convex, glabrous, viscid when moist, at length wrinkled or lined. Tubes free, convex, white, then sordid, their mouths minute, rotund. Stem solid, attenuated above, roughened with fibrous scales. Spores oblong-fusiform, snuff-brown, 14–18×4–6µ.

Pileus 1–5 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 3–8 lines thick.

Woods, swamps and open places. Very common and appearing through summer and autumn.

This may fairly be called our most common and variable species. It is recorded in nearly every local list of fungi. The pileus is convex, hemispherical or even subconical. It may be glabrous, minutely tomentose, subvelvety or squamulose. The flesh is white or whitish and sometimes slightly changeable where wounded. The tubes are generally rather long and with a rounded or convex surface. The stem is distinctly scabrous or roughened with small blackish-brown or reddish dots or scales, the ground color generally being whitish, grayish or pallid. The spores have been described as pale-brown and light-yellowish. When caught in a mass on white paper they appear to me to approach snuff-brown. The viscidity of the pileus is not always clearly discernible. Indeed the pileus is often quite as dry as in B. versipellis. When moistened by heavy rains it sometimes is smooth and clammy to the touch but scarcely viscid. Several varieties have been indicated which are expressive of the variations in the color of the pileus.

Var. testa´ceus. Pileus brick-red.

Var. auranti´acus. Pileus orange or orange-red.

These appear to connect this species and B. versipellis.

Var. aluta´ceus. Pileus yellowish-tan color.

Var. fuligin´eus. Pileus fuliginous or cinereous-fuliginous.

Var. fus´cus. Pileus brown or dark-brown.

Var. oliva´ceus. Pileus olivaceous.

Var. ni´veus. Pileus white, when old sometimes stained with blue or livid-blue.

To these might be added:

Var. areola´tus. Pileus rimose-areolate. (Plate CXVIII, fig. 4, p. 436.)

Var. mutab´ilis. Flesh changing slightly to brown or pinkish where wounded.

Var. graci´lipes. Stem very slender, 2–3 in. long, 2–3 lines thick. Pileus thin, translucent when held toward the light.

This Boletus is classed among the edible species, but it is said to be less agreeable than B. edulis. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia, North Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

The numerous varieties with their peculiarities here given by Professor Peck will enable the finder of a Boletus with a distinctly scabrous stem—roughened with scales, not reticulate—to select its name. For the mycophagist it is enough to know that he has Boletus scaber. In all of its varieties it is edible. The stems, often the tubes, unless young, should be discarded, as they do not cook in the same time as the caps. The comparative excellence of the species rests with the devourer. It deserves a high place.

B. scaber, var. areolatus, Plate CXVIII, fig. 4, has slight flavor, but is of pleasing consistency.

B. durius´culus Schulz—somewhat hard. Pileus 2–5 in. across, hemispherical, minutely velvety, viscid when moist, varying in color from pale-brown, through dingy-chestnut, to umber-brown, often becoming cracked in areas when dry, interstices paler. Flesh thick, white or tinged yellow, when cut becoming reddish copper-color. Tubes ½-¾ in. long, shortened round the stem and free, openings about ⅔ mm. across, often compound, irregularly angular, bright-yellow. Stem 4–7 in. long, fusiform, thickest part 1½-2 in. across, situated below the middle, yellowish, rough with blackish points, which are sometimes arranged in a subreticulate manner, apex sometimes more or less grooved, solid, flesh of upper part becoming coppery like the pileus. Spores elongato-cylindrical, pale-umber, 14–16×5–6µ.

In woods. Esculent and very delicious. Allied to Boletus scaber, but distinguished by the bright-yellow tubes and the very firm flesh, which turns coppery-red when exposed to the air; this color eventually changes to a dingy grayish-violet. Also allied to Boletus porphyrosporus. Massee.

Snow Hill, N.J. Gravelly soil, mixed woods, 1892. McIlvaine.

The stem and tubes should be removed. The caps are very fine.

B. albel´lus Pk.—whitish. Pileus convex or gibbous, soft, glabrous, whitish. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes convex, free, or nearly so, small, subrotund, whitish, unchangeable. Stem glabrous or minutely branny, substriate, bulbous or thickened at the base, whitish. Spores brownish-ochraceous, 14–16×5–6µ.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.

Woods. New York, Peck.

This is closely related to B. scaber, of which it may possibly prove to be a dwarf form; but it is easily distinguished by its smooth or only slightly scurfy and subbulbous stem. It presents no appearance of the colored dot-like squamules which are a constant and characteristic feature of that species. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia. Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia. McIlvaine.

Specimens found at Mt. Gretna, Pa., had a satiny, glossy stem, beautifully furfuraceous, and stem not thickened at base. Professor Peck, to whom specimens were sent, writes: “Stem is a little more furfuraceous, and not thickened at the base, otherwise the agreement is very good.” It is good fried.

B. chro´mapes Frost. Pileus convex or nearly plane, slightly and sometimes fasciculately tomentose, pale-red. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes subadnate, more or less depressed around the stem, white or whitish, becoming brown. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, rough-spotted, whitish or pallid, chrome-yellow at the base both without and within, sometimes reddish above. Spores oblong, 12–14×4–5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Woods. New England, Frost; New York, Peck.

The yellow base of the stem appears to be a peculiar and constant character by which the species may easily be recognized. It imitates Boletus piperatus in this respect, but in everything else it is very distinct from that plant. Sometimes the stem is so badly infested by larvæ that it is difficult to procure a sound specimen. The spores have a subferruginous color with a slight incarnate tint, but the rough-dotted stem indicates a relationship with B. scaber. Through this species, Boletus conicus and B. gracilis, the Versipelles and the Hyporhodii appear to run together. In the Catalogue of Plants of Amherst the specific name is “chromapus.” It would be more in accordance with present custom to write it “chromopus.” Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

A dozen or more specimens referable to this species were found by me at Mt. Gretna, Pa., August, 1897, in mixed woods. The caps were eaten and were excellent.

B. nebulo´sus Pk. Pileus convex, dry, snuff-brown or smoky-brown. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes convex, depressed around the stem, pallid or brownish, becoming purplish-brown where wounded, the mouths small, rotund. Stem enlarged toward the base, solid, scurfy, colored like the pileus. Spores 12.5–15×6µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Shaded banks by road-side. Raybrook. August.

No young or immature specimens were seen, and the description is to that extent incomplete. Peck, 51st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

By a painting made by the writer September, 1885, Professor Peck identified the species of which it is a picture as B. nebulosus Pk. The following notes accompany it, which have been verified many times since their writing:

Oak woods. West Philadelphia, Pa., September. Mt. Gretna, Pa., September.

Pileus chestnut-brown and darker, covered with small, low, black spots; convex, often depressed in center, sharp on margin. Flesh white, thick, solid, unchangeable. Tubes very small, and light pinkish-brown. When touched they change to a deeper hue. Stem same color as pileus, but a shade lighter, solid, scurfy, having a striate appearance, enlarging toward base.

Taste sweet and pleasant. Cooked it is juicy, meaty and very fine.

B. ful´vus Pk.—brownish-yellow. (Plate CXVI, fig. 3, p. 420.) Pileus thick, convex or subcampanulate, dry, glabrous, rimose-areolate, tawny-yellow, the extreme margin dark-brown. Flesh spongy, tough, white, slowly assuming a reddish tint upon exposure to the air. Tubes rather long, ventricose, depressed around the stem and free or nearly so, greenish-yellow, the mouths small, tawny-yellow. Stem rather long, often narrowed and striate at the top, dotted with brownish-orange granules or points, radicating, tough, stuffed with greenish-yellow fibers, colored like the pileus. Spores unknown.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 4–5 in. long, 4–8 lines thick.

Cespitose on decaying stumps. West Philadelphia, Pa. August. McIlvaine.

Mr. McIlvaine says that there were between twenty and thirty specimens on and about an old stump and that they were as attractive to the eye as a cluster of Clitocybe illudens. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 27, January, 1900.

Excellent in flavor, rather spongy, but fine.

Hyporho´dii. Gr—somewhat rose-colored.

Tubes adnate to the stem, whitish, then white-incarnate from the rosy spores.

In this tribe the tubes are at first whitish, but with the development of the spores they usually assume a pinkish or flesh-colored hue. Wounds of the tubes in some species cause a change in color but not to blue, nor are the tube mouths differently colored as in the Luridi. The stem in some is more or less reticulated but this is scarcely a constant or reliable character in these species. Typically the spores are rosy or flesh-colored, but I have admitted species in which they incline to rust-colored, giving more weight to the color of the tubes than to that of the spores.

	Pileus black or blackish	B. nigrellus
	Pileus some other color	1
1.	Stem more than four lines thick	2
1.	Stem slender, generally less than four lines thick	B. gracilis
	2. Stem not reticulated	3
	2. Stem more or less reticulated	4
3.	Tubes angular, flesh-colored	B. conicus
3.	Tubes round, white	B. alutarius
	4. Taste mild	B. indecisus
	4. Taste bitter	B. felleus
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. con´icus Rav.—conical. Pileus convex or subconical, clothed with bundled appressed yellowish flocci. Flesh white, unchangeable, tasteless. Tubes ventricose, flesh-colored, becoming darker from the spores, the mouths small, angular, slightly fringed. Stem glabrous, tapering upward, pale-yellow. Spores fusiform, subferruginous.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 2 in. long, 6 lines thick.

Damp pine woods. South Carolina, Ravenel.

The species is compared to Boletus scaber, from which it differs in its smaller tubes and smooth stem, and from both this and B. albellus it differs in the color of the tubes and in the yellowish flocci of the pileus. I have seen no specimens, but on account of the color of the tubes I have placed the species with the Hyporhodii. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. gra´cilis Pk.—slender. (Plate CXIV, fig. 1, p. 414.) Pileus convex, glabrous or minutely tomentose, rarely squamulose, ochraceous-brown, tawny-brown or reddish-brown. Flesh white. Tubes plane or convex, depressed around the stem, nearly free, whitish, becoming pale flesh-colored, their mouths subrotund. Stem long, slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, pruinose or minutely branny, even or marked by slender elevated anastomosing lines which form long narrow reticulations. Spores subferruginous, 12.5–17.5×5–6µ.

Var. lϫvipes. Stem even.

Pileus 1–2 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.

Woods. New York, Peck; New England, Frost; Ohio, Morgan.

The slender habit separates this species from all the others here included in this tribe. Its spores are not a clear incarnate in color, but incline to dull-ferruginous, and by this character this and the preceding species connect this tribe with Versipelles. In color B. gracilis resembles some forms of B. felleus, but in size, habit and color of spores it is easily distinct. The tomentum of the pileus sometimes breaks into tufts or squamules. This is Boletus vinaceus, Frost MS. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. gracilis, var. lævipes, was found by the writer in Woodland Cemetery, West Philadelphia, August, 1897, and at Mt. Gretna, Pa., September, 1898. The stem of some specimens spreads at the top. The pileus is often cracked on the margin, and the upturning of the margin often exposes the tubes. Painting, as of this species, identified by Professor Peck.

The taste is at first sweet, then bitter. The bitterness is lost in cooking. Edible, good.

B. indeci´sus Pk.—undecided. (Plate CXXII, fig. 1, p. 468.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, dry, slightly tomentose, ochraceous-brown, often wavy or irregular on the margin. Flesh white, unchangeable; taste mild. Tubes nearly plane or convex, adnate, grayish becoming tinged with flesh color when mature, changing to brownish where wounded, their mouths small, subrotund. Stem minutely furfuraceous, straight, or flexuous, reticulated above, pallid without and within. Spores oblong, brownish flesh color, 12.5–15×4µ.

Pileus 3–4 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Thin oak woods. New York, Peck.

The mild taste and darker colored spores will separate this Boletus from any form of B. felleus. Its stem reticulated above distinguishes it from B. alutarius. It resembles B. modestus in some respects, but its tubes are not at all yellow. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Kentucky, Lloyd, Rep. 4.

Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia, July, 1897, McIlvaine; Trenton, N.J., August, 1897, Sterling. In open mixed woods.

Boletus indecisus so closely resembles B. felleus in some of its forms that until the color of the spores is ascertained, the sweet taste, without trace of bitter, is the only thing that will enable the finder to discriminate between them. Young B. felleus are at first pleasant to the taste and do not, at once, develop their intense bitter in the mouth. They may readily be taken for B. indecisus. If, by mistake, a single B. felleus is cooked with mild species, the dish will be spoiled. Specimens believed to be B. indecisus should be tested. A minute will perfectly satisfy anyone.

The B. indecisus is delicious.

Fig.	Page.	Fig.	Page.
1. Boletus indecisus,	468	2–3–4. Boletus felleus,	460

B. aluta´rius Fr.—aluta, tanned leather. Pileus convex, then nearly plane, soft, velvety, becoming glabrous, brownish tan color. Flesh almost unchangeable, taste mild, watery. Tubes depressed around the stem, plane, short, round, white, becoming brownish where wounded. Stem solid, bulbous, nearly even, small, irregular prominences at the top. Spores 14×4µ.

Pileus 3–4 in. broad. Stem 4–5 in. long.

Grassy woods. Minnesota, Johnson. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains, 1882–1885. Margins of woods. Cheltenham, Pa. Margins of woods, 1888–1889, grassy woods and margins. McIlvaine.

Common in West Virginia mountains where it grows with B. felleus, from which it is impossible to distinguish it without tasting. It is delicious when cooked. But I long ago ceased collecting for the table any Boletus questionable for B. felleus. I have been deceived so many times—taken the bitter for the sweet—that, preferring the sweet, I take no chances for the bitter.

B. fel´leus Bull.—fel, gall. Bitter. (Plate CXXII, fig. 2, 3, 4, p. 468.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, firm, becoming soft, glabrous, even, variable in color, pale-yellowish, grayish-brown, yellowish-brown, reddish-brown or chestnut. Flesh white, often changing to flesh color where wounded, taste bitter. Tubes adnate, long, convex, depressed around the stem, their mouths angular, white, becoming tinged with flesh-color. Stem variable, equal or tapering upward, short or long, sometimes bulbous or enlarged at the base, subglabrous, generally reticulated above, colored like or a little paler than the pileus. Spores oblong-fusiform, flesh-colored, 12.5–17.5×4–5µ.

Var. obe´sus. Pileus large. Stem thick, coarsely and distinctly reticulated nearly or quite to the base.

Pileus 3–8 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.

The variety is large and solitary in its mode of growth. It is remarkable for the coarse reticulations of the stem which extend nearly or quite to the base. After heavy rains the pileus is viscid. It may prove to be a distinct species.

The flesh in the American plant does not always assume incarnate hues where wounded. The color of the fresh tubes often changes to a deeper tint where wounded. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, McIlvaine; Indiana, H.I. Miller.

A very common species in woods and on thin margins, on open grassy places, and about decayed stumps. I saw hundreds of plants, var. obesus, some a foot in diameter, in a wheat stubble near oak woods.

One of the most attractive of Boleti. Its cap resembles a handsomely browned cake. Its solidity is inviting; its flesh, generous in quantity, excites appetite. Until one experiences its intense lasting bitter, one clings to it with hope. Even after tasting, it is thrown away with regret. It is not poisonous, but a small piece of one will embitter a whole dish. McIlvaine, Bull. Phila. Myc. Center. July, 1898.

B. nigrel´lus Pk.—blackish. Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, dry, subglabrous, blackish. Flesh soft, white, unchangeable. Tubes plane or convex, adnate, sometimes slightly depressed around the stem, their mouths small, subrotund, whitish becoming flesh-colored, slowly changing to brown or blackish where wounded. Stem equal, short, even, colored like or a little paler than the pileus. Spores dull flesh-colored, 10–12×5–6µ.

Pileus 3–6 in. broad. Stem 1.5–2.5 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.

Woods and copses. New York, Peck.

The blackish color of the pileus and stem distinguishes this species. From Boletus alboater Schw., the adnate, flesh-colored tubes will separate it. The surface of the pileus sometimes becomes cracked in areas. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Mt. Gretna, Pa., August, 1898. McIlvaine.

Another distinguishing mark from B. alboater is the velvety pileus of the latter. B. nigrellus is mild in taste and smell and an excellent species for the table.

B. eccen´tricus Pk.—eccentric. (Plate CXVI, fig. 1, p. 420.) Pileus thick, firm, convex, irregular, glabrous, more or less lobed or wavy on the involute margin, gray or yellowish-gray. Flesh white, close-grained, elastic, unchangeable, taste and odor farinaceous. Tubes convex, depressed around the stem, not reaching the margin of the pileus, somewhat uneven and pitted on the surface, yellowish-brown, the mouths subangular, at first concolorous, becoming reddish or reddish-purple. Stem eccentric, tapering downward, solid, uneven with short irregular shallow grooves or obscure reticulations, tinged with red at the top, grayish below, tinged with red or purple within at the base.

Pileus 5–10 cm. broad. Stem 4–5 cm. long, 3–4 cm. thick at the top.

Sandy soil in grassy places in woods. Mt. Gretna, Pa. August and September.

The species is well marked by its eccentric stem, thick irregular pileus and the reddish or reddish-purple mouths of the mature tubes. Mr. McIlvaine remarks that when it is cooked it is delicate and savory. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, No. 27.

In commenting upon this new species to the writer, Professor Peck says: “I suspect that the spores of this (B. eccentricus) are pinkish or rosy. If so, it belongs here (in Hyporhodii). If not, it may have to go in the Luridi, or possibly may be made the type of a new tribe.”

Cario´si — Caries, Rottenness

Stem never reticulated, stuffed with a spongy pith, at length commonly excavated. Tubes at first white, then often yellowish, their mouths minute, round.

Fries adds to these characters, “spores white.” But in our species the spores are pale-yellow when shed in a mass on white paper. They are more elliptical in outline than the spores of most Boleti. The character of the stem is peculiar and easily distinguishes the tribe. The exterior is firm, the interior soft and spongy, becoming irregularly hollow or cavernous in the typical species.

	Flesh unchangeable	1
	Flesh quickly changing to blue where wounded	B. cyanescens
1.	Pileus minutely velvety-tomentose	B. castaneus
1.	Pileus granulated	B. Murray
	Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. cyanes´cens Bull.—cyaneus, deep-blue. Pileus convex or nearly plane, opaque, floccose-scaly or covered with an appressed tomentum, pale-buff, grayish-yellow, yellowish or somewhat brown. Flesh rigid, white, quickly changing to blue where wounded. Tubes free, white, becoming yellowish, the mouths minute, round, changing color like the flesh. Stem ventricose, hoary with fine hairs, stuffed, becoming cavernous, contracted and even at the top, colored like the pileus. Spores subelliptical, 10–12.5×6–7.5µ.

Pileus 2–5 in. broad. Stem 2–4 in. long, 8–18 lines thick.

Woods and open places. New York, Peck; New England, Frost, Bennett; Minnesota, Johnson; Wisconsin, Bundy. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

High ground in woods. Solitary. West Virginia mountains, Springton Hills, Pa., Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Mt. Gretna, Pa., McIlvaine.

Boletus cyanescens is a sparse grower. The quality of the juice varies. That of young specimens stains the fingers blue, that of old, brown. The caps are firm and make an excellent dish cooked in any way.

B. casta´neus Bull.—chestnut. (Plate CXIV, fig. 3, p. 414.) Pileus convex, nearly plane or depressed, firm, even, dry, minutely velvety-tomentose, cinnamon or reddish-brown. Flesh white, unchangeable. Tubes free, short, small, white becoming yellow. Stem equal or tapering upward, even, stuffed or hollow, clothed and colored like the pileus. Spores 10–12.5×6–7.5µ.

Pileus 1.5–3 in. broad. Stem 1–2.5 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.

Woods and open places. Rather common and wide spread. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

Boletus castaneus is one of the neatest looking of fungi. The prevailing color is cinnamon, that of the tubes white or very light yellow, spotted with brown wherever insects have touched them. The pore surface of mature specimens is usually irregular. Whoever has seen the stalagmites of Luray Cave will recognize their color on the stems of B. castaneus. These are brittle, snapping like pipe stems, with a small tube in center.

The fungus is common from June until September. It is gregarious, occasionally three or four individuals form a group. Either raw or cooked the caps are edible and will become favorites.

B. Mur´rayi B. and C. Pileus hemispherical, granulated, vivid red. Flesh yellow. Tubes decurrent, about 1 line deep, yellow. Stem clavate, even, pale-yellow. Spores pale-yellow.

Pileus 2–3 in. broad, nearly 1.5 thick.

New England, Murray.

On account of the color of the spores this species has been placed with the Cariosi. The description does not mention the character of the interior of the stem, and the decurrent tubes depart from the character of the typical species so that its true position is uncertain. The species seems well marked by the character of the pileus. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. isabelli´nus Pk. Pileus convex, firm, minutely tomentose, whitish, becoming darker and smoother with age. Flesh isabelline. Tubes adnate, minute, sometimes larger near the stem, nearly round, whitish. Stem nearly equal, subglabrous, hollow, whitish. Spores subelliptical, 7.5–9×5–6µ. Pileus 2–3 in. broad. Stem 1–2 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.

Woods. Ocean Springs, Miss. June. Underwood.

The species belongs to the Cariosi. Peck, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol 24, No. 3.

Appendix (Boletus)

The descriptions of the following species are scarcely sufficient to permit of the satisfactory reference of the species to their places in the tribes. It is to be hoped that these plants may again be found and their proper relations be ascertained.

B. Ana´nas Curt. Pileus pulvinate, thickly and rigidly floccose-verrucose, yellow, flocci white above, flesh-colored beneath, the margin thin, membranous, lacerated; hymenium plane, depressed around the stem, yellow or tawny-yellow, becoming greenish where wounded, their mouths medium size, obtusely angular. Stem even, solid, somewhat enlarged at the base, white. Spores ferruginous.

Pileus 3–4 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 6–9 lines thick.

Under prostrate trunks of pine trees.

South Carolina, Ravenel; North Carolina, Curtis.

This is said to approach S. strobilaceus in habitat, but to be otherwise very different. It is placed among the Subtomentosi in Sylloge, but from these it recedes by its floccose wart-like scales. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. radico´sus Bundy. Pileus thin, wide, recurved, yellow tinged with brown, the cuticle easily removed. Flesh pale-yellowish tinged with pink, not changing color when bruised. Tubes decurrent, large, uneven-mouthed, compound, angular, tinged with brown. Stem flexuous, yellow above, whitish below, rough with dark appressed scales, fibrous-rooted.

Pileus 4 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 5 lines thick.

Wisconsin, Bundy.

The pileus is not described as viscid, but in other respects the species appears to belong to the Viscipelles and to be related to Boletus collinitus. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

B. Po´cono Schw. Pileus pulvinate, cervine (dun color), minutely covered with bundles of tomentum on the closely-inflexed margin. Tubes rather large, somewhat prominently angular, concolorous. Stem subattenuated, thickened toward the base, pallid-striate at the apex, elsewhere spadiceous, subfurfuraceous.

Pileus 1 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long.

Beech woods. Pennsylvania, Schweinitz.

Strobilo´myces Berk

Gr—a pine cone; a fungus.

Hymenophore even. Tubes not easily separable from it, large, equal. Pileus and stem distinctly rough-scaled, the flesh tough. Syl. Fung., Vol. VI, p. 49.

I have given Professor Saccardo’s emended diagnosis of this genus, because it expresses what appears to me to be the most important generic character, that is, tubes not easily separable from the hymenophore. By this character and by the tough substance the transition between Boletus and Polyporus is made.

Tubes nearly equal in length	S. strobilaceus
Tubes shortened around the stem	S. floccopus
Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

S. strobila´ceus Berk. Gr—cone-like. (Plate CXXIV.) Pileus hemispherical or convex, dry, covered with thick floccose projecting blackish or blackish-brown scales, the margin somewhat appendiculate with scales and fragments of the veil. Flesh whitish, changing to reddish and then to blackish where wounded. Tubes adnate, whitish, becoming brown or blackish with age; their mouths large, angular, changing color like the flesh. Stem equal or tapering upward, sulcate at the top, floccose-tomentose, colored like the pileus. Spores subglobose, rough, blackish-brown, 10–12.5µ.

Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 3–5 in. long, 4–10 lines thick. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

West Virginia mountains, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine; Indiana, H.I. Miller.

Common in woods and their margins, under the overhanging sods of washes and road-cuts. Often in troops, occasionally cespitose. The rough fuzzy cap reminds of short fur that has been wet and dried. Its appearance is unique among Boleti. Before cooking the stem and tubes should be removed, unless the latter are very firm and fresh. The squamules must be cut away or the dish will be rough.

With many this Boletus is a prime favorite. It has a strong woody taste, sometimes musky, sometimes faintly of anisette. It cooks well by any method.

S. floc´copus Vahl.—floccose-stemmed. Pileus convex, soft, covered with areas of bunched rough, scaly tomentum, cinereous, at length blackish, appendiculate with the silky, thick annular veil. Tubes shortened behind, their mouths large, whitish-gray. Stem stout, pitted above, umber-tomentose below. Spores perfectly globose, brown, 9µ broad.

Pileus 4–5 in. broad. Stem 4–5 in. long, 1 in. thick.

Woods. North Carolina and Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; Ohio, Morgan; New York, Peck.

According to Fries this is a larger and firmer species than S. strobilaceus but manifestly related to it. The New York specimens which I have referred to it differ from S. strobilaceus in no respect, except in the tubes being depressed around the stem. Unless there are other differences in the European plant, it scarcely seems to me to be worthy of specific distinction. Boletus floccopus, Rost. tab. 40, is referred to Boletus scaber, as is B. holopus, Rost. tab. 48. Peck, Boleti of the U.S.

I agree with Professor Peck that this species is not worthy of specific distinction. During 1898 I found a bunch containing eight individuals which varied through all botanic characteristics given to both species. The largest individual was 4½ in. across cap, the smallest 1½ in. On some the tubes were adnate, on others shortened behind. There was no difference in flavor excepting that due to age.

Fig.	Page.	Fig.	Page.
1. Fistulina hepatica,	477	2. Polyporus sulphureus,	485

Fistuli´na Bull

Fistula, a pipe.

Hymenium formed on the under surface of a fleshy hymenophore, at first warted, the warts developing into cylindrical tubes that remain distinct and free from each other, producing in their interior cellular processes each bearing four spores. Conidia are produced in cavities of the old hymenophore.

With the outward appearance of a Polyporus, but separated by the tubes being free from each other.

A small genus of which F. hepatica is the principal species. This is known and valued in Europe and wherever found in this country. Unfortunately it is rare or unknown in many localities. A new species has recently been found in the United States—Fistulina firma, by Mrs. A. M. Hadley, Manchester, N.H.—a white-flesh species whose edibility is not reported. Torrey Bull., 1899. F. pallida B. and Rav.; F. radicata, Schw.; F. spathulata B. and C., are reported from Alabama. Edible qualities not stated. The writer has not seen them or he surely would have tested them. The spread and cultivation of F. hepatica is possible. Experiments in this line are desirable.

F. hepat´ica (Huds.) Fr. Gr—resembling the liver. (Plate CXXV, fig. 1, p. 476.) Juicy-fleshy, not rooting. Pileus entire, blood-red. Flesh thick, soft, viscid above, transversed with tenacious fibers, hence variegated-red. Tubes at first pallid.

Changeable in form, sessile or extended into a lateral stem. Fries.

Spores salmon-color, nearly round with an oblique apiculus, 3µ W.G.S.; broadly elliptical, 5–6×3–4µ; conidia, 6–10×5µ Massee; yellowish, elliptical, 5–6.5µ long Peck.

West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. August to frost. McIlvaine.

Small specimens may be confounded with F. pallida, which follows.

Fistulina hepatica is celebrated in most countries, and known usually as the Beefsteak fungus. It grows from decaying crevices in oak, chestnut and other trees and stumps, but those named are its favorites. July, August, September are its months, and after rains. In some localities and years it is rare. At Mt. Gretna, in 1898, a hundred pounds of it could be gathered almost any day.

August, 1899, at Mt. Gretna, Pa., I found several specimens in vicinity which, though evidently F. hepatica, were remarkable for their structure—2–4 in. across, irregularly cylindrical, with spore surface covering the entire fungus. Stem curt, eccentric, almost central. Specimens were sent Professor Peck, who writes:

“The sample of Fistulina which you send is a singular thing. Saccardo has noted a somewhat similar form but without pore surface. Yours has pore surface, but I do not find spores developed in it. I am inclined to think it a monstrosity, as you do, but as you say you have found several of them I think it would be well to put it on record and I will enter it in my record as Fistulina hepatica monstrosa n. var. and indicate its characters.” Letter from Professor Peck, August 28, 1899.

I have partially succeeded in transplanting the mycelium of F. hepatica. Experiments in this direction, I feel confident, will introduce this valuable fungus to localities where it is not now found, or is rare. Experiments with the spores have not been as yet successful.

F. hepatica monstrosa n. var. Pk. Subglobose, supported on a short stem or stem-like base, the external surface entirely covered with tubules 2–4 mm. long.

Pennsylvania. C. McIlvaine. In color and texture resembling the common form, but Mr. McIlvaine informs me that there is nothing in the position or place of growth of the specimens to account for their peculiar character. They are 2–4 in. in diameter. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 27, January, 1900.

Excellent.

F. pal´lida B. and Rav.—pallidus, pale. Pileus kidney-shaped, pallid-red, pulverulent, 1–2 in. broad, about 1 in. long, margin inflexed. Tubes more or less decurrent. Stem lateral, striate, when dry, 1½ in. long, ⅓ in. thick.

Mountains of South Carolina on the ground. Ravenel. Alabama, base of stumps of white oak. Peters. Grev., Vol. 1, No. 5. New Jersey, Ellis.

No.	1. Polyporus fumosus. 2. Polystictus versicolor. 3. Merulius corium. 4. Polyporus perennis and section.		About natural size.
	5. Dædalea quercina. 6. Fomes igniarius. 7. Trametes gibbosa.		Reduced in size.

Poly´porus Fr

Gr—many; a passage, pore.

Pileus fleshy, moist, tough, becoming harder in age, internally composed of radiating fibers; the spore-bearing surface is within passages or pores which are made by the descending substance of the pileus forming the dissepiments or separating walls, hence they are not easily separable from the pileus or from one another. The pores not appearing at first, then becoming rounded, angular or torn. They form a distinct strata. Stem central, eccentric, lateral or absent.

With few exceptions growing from wood. Section Merisma contains species which are conspicuous among fungi for their size and beauty.

The majority of this genus are unedible, because of their being woody, tough or bitter. Few of the edible species are of the first class.

Excellent dishes are made by stewing the species well, serving them in patties or in croquettes. The cooking of P. intybaceus is a guide to all.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

I.—Mesopus. (Gr—middle; a foot.) Page 479.

Stem single, distinct, central or eccentric; not black at the base.

II.—Pleuropus. (Gr—the side; a foot.) Page 480.

Stem single, lateral or eccentric; base black.

III.—Merisma. (Gr—to divide.) Page 482.

Divided into numerous pileoli, borne on a simple or much-branched stem, or a short, thick tubercle.

IV.—Apus. (Gr—without; a foot.) Page 488.

Stem wanting; pileus attached by the side or spread on the matrix.

V.—Resupinati. (Lying on the back.) Page 489.

The pores being placed directly upon the wood or on the mycelium, the pileus proper is absent.

I — Me´sopus

P. ovi´nus Schaeff.—relating to sheep. Pileus 2–4 in. broad, fleshy, thick, fragile, irregular in shape, becoming scaly, whitish. Stem short, thick, 1 in. or more in length, white. Pores minute, equal, round, white then citron-color.

On the ground. Autumn.

North Carolina, Curtis; Massachusetts, Frost; Ohio, Morgan; New York, ground in pine woods. Bethlehem. September, Peck, 22d Rep.

Cordier says it possesses an agreeable odor of almonds and that Fries and his companions ate it raw in their mycological excursions.

Edible. Peck, Curtis.

P. leuco´melas (Pers.) Fr.—leucos, white; melas, black. Pileus 2–4 in. broad, fleshy, somewhat fragile, irregularly-shaped, silky, sooty-black. Flesh soft, reddish when broken. Stem 1–3 in. in length, stout, unequal, somewhat tomentose, sooty-black, becoming black internally. Pileus and stem becoming black in places. Pores rather large, unequal, ashy or whitish, becoming black in drying.

Spores pale brown, 10–12×4–5µ. Massee.

North Carolina, edible, Curtis; Ohio, a curious esculent. Morgan.

P. circina´tus Fr.—round. Pileus 3–4 in. broad, compact, thick round, plane, zoneless, velvety, reddish-brown. Flesh the same color. It forms duplicate strata of pilei, the inferior contiguous with the stem and corky; the superior compact, soft, floccose. Stem 1 in. thick and high, bearing a reddish-brown tomentum. Pores decurrent, entire, dusky-gray.

In fir woods.

A noble species, memorable for the stratified duplicate pilei.

Var. prolif´erus. Like the typical form but having one or more pilei developed from the upper surface of the first one. Fulton Chain. August. Peck, 46th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

New York. On ground in borders of woods. September. Peck, 32d, 46th Rep.

On ground in oak woods, West Philadelphia. McIlvaine.

When young the soft pilei are good.

II — Pleuropus

P. squamo´sus Fr.—squama, a scale. (Plate CXXX, p. 480.) Pileus 3 in.-1½ ft. broad, somewhat ochraceous, variegated with a broad, adpressed, spot-like, centrifugal, darker scales, fleshy-pliant, fan-shaped, flattened. Stem excentric and lateral, obese, reticulated at the apex, blackish at the base. Pores thin, variable (at first minute), then large, angular and torn, pallid. Fries.

Handsome, commonly very large, somewhat central and umbilicate when young, at length lateral, very variable in shape.

On trunks and stumps, chiefly ash. Common. May to November. Stevenson.

Spores oval, white, 14×6µ W.G.S.; elliptical, colorless, 12×5µ Massee.

Massachusetts, Sprague; Iowa, Macbride; New York. Trunk of elm. May. Peck, 27th Rep.; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On fallen trunks and on stumps. May to November. McIlvaine.

This species does not seem to be common in America, but is found throughout Europe. It varies in size from 3 in. to over 3 feet. It has been known to attain the circumference of 7 ft. 5 in., and the weight of 40 lbs. Dr. Badham says that it can not be masticated and that its expressed juice is very disagreeable. The fact, however, remains that it is eaten, and is recorded as edible by most authors. It is undoubtedly tough, but cut fine and stewed slowly for half an hour it is quite as tender as the muscle of an oyster and has a pleasant flavor.

P. pi´cipes Fr.—pix, pitch; pes, a foot. Pallid then chestnut, commonly pale yellowish-livid, with the disk chestnut. Pileus fleshy-coriaceous, then rigid, tough, even, smooth, depressed at the disk or behind. Flesh white. Stem excentric and lateral, equal, firm, at first velvety, then naked, dotted, black up to the pores. Pores decurrent, round, very small, rather slender, white, then slightly pale yellowish. Fries.

Imbricated, odor somewhat sweet. The pileus is depressed behind, commonly emarginate, funnel-shaped with lobes all round.

On trunks, especially willow. Frequent. July to December. Stevenson.

Many young plants, in tufts upon a decaying oak log, were found by me at Mt. Gretna, August, 1899. They were oyster-color, the very thin caps translucent, 2–6 in. across, ¹⁄₁₆ in. thick; pores not visible to the naked eye. The black dots upon the stems developed some time after gathering.

They were pleasantly crisp when stewed and of fine flavor. Older specimens were bitter and tough.

III — Merisma

P. umbella´tus Fr.—umbella, a sun-shade. Very much branched, fibrous-fleshy, toughish. Pileoli very numerous, ½-1½ in. broad, sooty, dull-red or pallid light-yellow, entire, umbilicate. Stems elongated, separate, united at the base, white. Pores minute, white.

The pileoli have occurred white. Fries.

Edible. Fries.

New York, Peck, Rep. 51; Richmond, Ind., Dr. J.R. Weist; Gouverneur, N.Y., Mrs. E.C. Anthony; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On decaying roots in ground and on stumps. May to November. McIlvaine.

Tufts dense, branches spreading from a center. The pilei up to 2 in. across, connected at base. The dense spreading tufts, up to a foot across and half as high, are very noticeable. The flesh is soft and of good flavor. Cook like P. intybaceus.

P. a´nax Berk. Fleshy, fibrous, rather tough, dusky-gray, branching out from a thick, single stem at the base and forming a large head of branches and pileoli 10–20 lines in diameter; the branches terminate in numerous large pileoli of various forms and size, imbricating, confluent and recurved. Flesh and pores white. Stems thick, growing together, white. Pores large, unequal, angular, white. Spores white, subelliptic, 7–8µ long.

Ohio, at the base of oak trees and stumps. Autumn. Morgan.

This species has apparently been confused by some American mycologists with P. intybaceus. I have received specimens of it bearing that name. The spores of that species are described as elliptic or ovoid. The spores of Polyporus anax, as shown by our specimens, are globose. Peck, 51st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Ohio, Morgan; New York, Peck, 51st Rep.; New Jersey, Sterling; Angora, West Philadelphia, growing on rotting stump. September, 1897, McIlvaine.

Edible when young and fresh.

P. frondo´sus Fr.—frons, a leafy branch. (Plate CXXVIII, p. 482.) Tuft ½-1 ft. broad, very much branched, fibrous-fleshy, toughish. Pileoli very numerous, ½-2 in., sooty-gray, dimidiate, wrinkled, lobed, intricately recurved. Flesh white. Stems growing into each other, white. Pores rather tender, very small, acute, white.

Pores commonly round, but in an oblique position, gaping open and torn. Fries.

North Carolina, Curtis; Iowa, Macbride; New York, Peck, 24th Rep.; West Virginia, 1881–1885, Chester county, Angora, Philadelphia, Pa. On stumps, roots, etc. Rare. September to frost, McIlvaine.

Edible. Curtis. Sold in the Roman market.

Tufts up to 12 in. across; the branches very numerous, up to 2 in. wide. The plant is tender when young and grows tough as it matures. When young it is of good flavor and edible—older it makes a well-flavored gravy, or is edible if chopped fine and very well cooked.

P. intyba´ceus Fr.—succory-like. Very much branched, fleshy, somewhat fragile. Pileoli very numerous, pale-yellowish inclining to fuscous, dimidiate, stretched out, sinuate, at length spathulate. Stems connate in a very short trunk. Pores firm, obtuse, white, inclining to dingy-brown. Fries.

About same size as P. frondosus and larger. Stevenson.

Spores colorless, elliptical, 7×3.5µ Massee; 6×3µ W.G.S.

Indiana, H.I. Miller. Base of living trees. Woodland Cemetery, West Philadelphia, Pa., Mt. Gretna, Pa., West Virginia, New Jersey. Large tufts growing from oak roots in ground and at base of oak trees. McIlvaine.

Edible. Stevenson. Paulet says: In place of its being heavy upon the stomach, he will feel all the lighter who sups upon it.

The people of the Vosges call it the Hen-of-the-Woods.

The words of the old song—

“So very much depends upon
The way in which it’s done,”

apply with exceptional force to the cooking of P. intybaceus. If it is cut in thin slices across the grain and slowly stewed for half an hour it will be tender and of good flavor. It can then be served in that way, or made into patties or croquettes.

P. crista´tus Fr.—crista, a crest. Branched, firmly fleshy, fragile. Pileoli about 3 in. broad, reddish-green, entire and dimidiate, imbricated, depressed, somewhat pulverulent-villous, then cracked into scales. Stems connate, irregularly shaped, white. Pores minute, angular and torn, whitish. Fries.

Very changeable in form, sometimes simple with an undulato-lobed, central pileus.

Edible. Curtis.

Mt. Gretna, Pa., Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia, West Virginia. On ground over roots, open woods and grassy places. September, October. McIlvaine.

Variable in form, but usually in rose-shaped clusters, which are slightly greenish at times; oftener shades of yellow. The substance is the same in texture as P. intybaceus. Cook in same manner.

P. con´fluens Fr.—stems confluent; adherent. Pilei branched, fleshy, fragile, thick, dimidiate, imbricated, confluent, smooth, fleshy-yellow becoming obscure, slightly scaly. Stem short. Pores short, minute, pallid-white.

Eaten about Nice; savor a little sharp. Cordier; North Carolina, superior eating. Curtis. Pine woods. New Scotland. September.

Our specimens are not at all squamulose, and this character is not attributed to the species by all authors. It is probable that it is not uniform in this respect. Peck, 39th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

P. Berk´eleyi Fr. Very much branched. Pileoli very large, subzonate, finally tomentose, yellowish, fleshy, tough becoming corky and hard. Stem short or none, arising from a long and thick common base growing out of the ground usually near trees or stumps. Pores rather large, irregular, angular, pale yellowish.

A magnificent specimen found near Boston a dozen years ago and exhibited in the window of Doyle, the florist, was fully four feet high and from two to three feet broad, containing very many pileoli.

North Carolina, edible, Curtis; Iowa, Bessey; Ohio, Morgan; Mt. Gretna, Pa., very large specimens, 20 in. across. McIlvaine.

Edible when young.

P. gigante´us Fr.—gigas, a giant. Tuft 1–2 ft. and more broad, in many imbricated layers, fleshy-pliant then somewhat coriaceous. Pilei date-brown, dimidiate, very broad, flaccid, somewhat zoned, rivulose, depressed behind. Stems connato-branched from a common tuber. Pores minute, somewhat round, pallid, at length torn.

The rigid cuticle separates into granules or fibrillose squamules. Pores becoming dark when touched. Fries.

Edible, Curtis. Esculent when young. On the continent its esculent qualities are known and appreciated. Cooke.

West Virginia, Chester county, Pa., Eagle’s Mere, Pa. On decaying stumps and roots. McIlvaine.

It is well marked by its spore-surface becoming black to the touch. When young and fresh it stews to a pleasant, edible consistency, but is tough if not well cooked or too old. The flavor of a gravy from it is at all times good.

P. sulphu´reus Fr.—sulphur, brimstone. (Plate CXXV, fig. 2, p. 476.) In many cespitose layers, 1–2 ft. and more, juicy-cheesy. Pilei 8 in. or more broad, reddish-yellow, imbricated, undulated, rather smooth. Flesh light yellowish, then white, splitting open and not hardened when old. Pores minute, plane, sulphur-yellow. Fries.

Soon becoming pale. Commonly sessile, but varying with a stem, lateral on standing trees, but expanded on all sides on fallen ones; also club-shaped, porous throughout. Sow. In its fullest vigor it is filled with sulphur-yellow milk.

On living trees and stumps. Frequent. August to October. Stevenson.

Spores oval, white, minutely papillose, 8×5µ W.G.S.; elliptical, hyaline, slightly papillose, 7–8×4–5µ Massee.

Edible. Stevenson, Curtis.

Maryland, Miss Banning; Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On willow, apple, cherry, maple, hickory, etc. Frequent. August to November. McIlvaine.

Frequently in large masses. Commonly broadly attached, but sometimes with a short stem. Very occasionally a single pileus will protrude from a tree like a giant yellow tongue shaded with reddish-orange. Usually the pilei are in clusters united in a solid base, white-fleshed and rich in color. I have seen clusters two feet across. On an old willow at Mt. Gretna, a cluster 18 in. across afforded a dozen meals. Whenever a meal was wanted a pound or two was broken off. It lasted until January. If P. sulphureus is cooked properly it is a delicious fungus. Cut fine, stew slowly and well, season, add butter, milk with a little thickening.

P. macula´tus Pk.—having maculæ-spots. Pileus of a cheesy consistence, broad, flattened, sometimes confluent, sessile or narrowed into a short stem, slightly uneven, white or yellowish-white, marked with darker zones and watery spots. Pores minute, subangular, short, whitish, sometimes tinged with brown. Flesh white.

Pileus 4–6 in. broad, 6–8 lines thick.

Prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Worcester. July.

In texture and shape this species is related to P. sulphureus, but the pores are smaller than in that species. The plants are sometimes cespitose, sometimes single. The spots in the dried specimens have a smooth depressed appearance. Peck, 26th Rep.

Angora, West Philadelphia. September, 1896. Mt. Gretna, Pa., September, 1897–1898. On white oak trunks. McIlvaine.

Several specimens of different ages proved good eating. Like P. sulphureus it must be well cooked.

P. hetero´clitus Fr. Gr—one of two; Gr, to lean. In many cespitose layers, coriaceous. Pilei 2½ in. broad, orange, sessile, expanded on all sides from a radical tubercle, lobed, villous, zoneless. Pores irregularly shaped and elongated, golden-yellow. Fries.

On the ground under oak. Rare.

The flat pilei extend horizontally from the tubercle. Irregular, eccentric. Stevenson.

Minnesota, Johnson.

Haddonfield, N.J., Hopkin’s woods. June to July, 1890–1896. McIlvaine.

Of all fungoid growth this is the most showy. Its clusters, often a foot and a half in diameter and spread like mammoth dahlias, are gorgeous in color and conspicuous in design. Resting upon the ground or reared against the base of tree or stump, they deceive by their likeness to gaudy bouquets, left by foreign picnickers. In quality it is the same as P. sulphureus. It does not, however, retain its edibility. As it ages it becomes offensive.

P. por´ipes Fr.—porous-stemmed. Pileus 1.5–3 in. broad, rather fleshy, sinuately repand, smooth, grayish-brown. Stem central or excentric, firm, smooth, 1.5–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick, punctuated by the whitish decurrent pores.

On earth in hilly regions.

Cap 2 in. across, light drab, smooth, slightly furfuraceous toward center, broken into minute appressed squamules, zoned. Flesh fibrous, white-pliable. Tubes very shallow, round mouths with obtuse divisions, china-white, running down to base of stem. Stem eccentric, almost lateral, entirely surrounded by pores, connate at base, ½ in. thick.

Smell pleasant.

New York. Ground. August, Peck, Rep. 24; Mt. Gretna, Pa., August to November, McIlvaine. A large tufted species growing on the ground in woods, August to November, McIlvaine.

When raw tastes like the best chestnuts or filberts, but rather too dry cooked. Curtis.

It must be chopped fine and slowly cooked.

P. immi´tis Pk.—wide, rude. Pilei cespitose-imbricated, broad, slightly convex or flattened, more or less rough or uneven, radiately-wrinkled, tuberculose or fibrous-bristled, zoneless, white, becoming tinged with yellow or alutaceous in drying. Flesh white, slightly fibrous, soft and moist when fresh, cheesy when dry, with a subacid odor. Pores minute, angular or even subflexuous, about equal in length to the thickness of the pileus, the dissepiments thin, white, often at length dentate or lacerate on the edge. Spores minute, white, elliptical, 3–4×18–20µ.

Pilei 2–4 in. broad, the flesh commonly 3–4 lines thick.

Decaying ash trunks. East Berne. August.

The species is apparently related to P. cæsareus, but the character of the pores is quite different in the two species. Peck, 35th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. On dead black oak. August to November, 1898.

Several clusters grew on dead black oaks. The pilei overlap and the wrinkled corrugated margins curve downward, giving them the semblance of shells. From a distance a group looks like Pleurotus ostreatus. The substance is juicy; while cooking it is at first bitter, but this disappears. It becomes tender and well flavored.

P. alliga´tus Fr.—alligo, to bind to. In many cespitose layers, fibrous-fleshy, rigid-fragile. Pilei tan-isabelline, imbricated, unequal, zoneless, villous. Pores minute, soft, white, readily becoming stopped up with flocci.

Often clavate when young. Commonly wrapping round stipules and grasses. Fries.

Spores elliptical, pale, 6×7µ Massee.

Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia. Among oak trees on grassy ground. July, August, September. McIlvaine.

Tufts frequently weigh two pounds. When young the plant cooks well, is tender and of sweet, pleasant flavor. When old it has a sour unpleasant odor.

IV.—Apus.

P. chio´neus Fr. Gr—snow. White pileus 1 in. and more broad, fleshy, soft, becoming even, smooth, zoneless, often extended behind, margin inflexed. Pores curt, very small, round, equal, quite entire. Fries.

Always soft, fragile, hyaline-white when moist, shining white when dry. Odor acid. Without a cuticle. Stevenson.

Spores white, oval, 21×3µ W.G.S.

New York. Decaying wood of frondose trees. Peck, 33d Rep.

Angora, Philadelphia, Mt. Gretna, Pa. On standing and fallen timber. June to September. McIlvaine.

This snow-white Polyporus is too conspicuous to be passed unseen. One does not expect to find snow-balls stuck against trees in August. At a distance it resembles one. When young and fresh it is good.

P. betuli´nus Fr.—betula, birch. Pileus fleshy, then corky, hoof-shaped, obtuse, zoneless, smooth, the oblique vertex in the form of an umbo, pellicle thin, separating. Pores late of being developed, curt, minute, unequal, at length separating. Fries.

On living and dead birch. Common. May to December.

Pileus 3–6 in. broad. The pileus is at first pale, then acquiring a brownish tinge. The edge is always very obtuse. Stevenson.

The lower surface or hymenium is frequently rough with numerous acicular projections, making the plant look like a Hydnum when viewed horizontally. Peck, 24th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Massachusetts, Kansas, New York. Peck, Rep. 24.

Wherever the birch grows this neat, white-fleshed Polyporus abounds.

When young it is eaten by deer. Dried it burns with a white flame, or holds fire as well as the best punk. It is a valuable fuel, already prepared for the stove. In the birch forests near Eagle’s Mere, Pa., tons of it can be seen protruding from tree and log.

When very young it is fair. Unpleasant when old.

V.—Resupinati.

P. sinuo´sus Fr.—full of folds. Broadly effused, adnate, dry, the evanescent mycelium somewhat rooting, white then yellowish. Pores large, surface flexuous, acute, lacerated. Odor of licorice.

New York. Decaying wood of maple. Peck, 40th Rep.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. McIlvaine.

Of but little food value. Collected carefully and boiled, it yields a pleasantly flavored liquor.

Meru´lius Hall

Hymenophore resting on a loose mold-like mycelium, covered with the soft, waxy, continuous hymenium, having its surface variously plicate or wrinkled, the folds forming irregular pores, sometimes obsoletely toothed.

Generally on wood.

I have tasted, raw, every species I have found. They are all more or less woody in flavor, and I believe them to be edible. At the best Merulius would be an emergency genus. M. tremellosus is substantial, as is M. rubellus Pk.

M. tremello´sus Schrad.—tremellosus, trembling. Resupinate; margin becoming free and more or less reflexed, usually radiately-toothed, gelatinoso-cartilaginous; hymenium variously wrinkled and porous; whitish and subtranslucent looking, becoming tinged brown in the center. Spores cylindrical, curved, about 4×1µ.

On wood. From 1–3 in. across, remaining pale when growing in dark places. Margin sometimes tinged rose, radiating when well developed. Massee.

Spores cylindrical, curved, hyaline, 4×1µ K.

New York. Old logs, stumps, Catskill mountains. Peck, 22d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Mt. Gretna, Pa. Common, both rose-colored and translucent brown species, numerous on decaying wood. October to November, 1898–1899. McIlvaine.

M. tremellosus is a common species and rather attractive looking. In substance it approaches Tremella and Peziza. The spore-bearing surface is superior (turned upward) and then sometimes turned in at the margin which frequently is bright rose color, sometimes yellowish-rose. It is rather tasteless—slightly woody in flavor, rather tough. An emergency species.

M. rubel´lus Pk.—rubellus, dim. of ruber, reddish. Generally cespitose, imbricated, sessile, dimidiate, soft, tenacious, tomentose, evenly red, pale when dry; margin mostly undulately inflexed; hymenium white or flesh-color; folds branching, forming anastomosing pores. Spores elliptical, hyaline, minute, 4–5×2.5–3µ.

Pileus 2–3 in. long, 1.5 in. broad.

Somewhat related to M. tremellosus.

On trunks of beech in woods.

Ohio, Morgan; Indiana, Dr. J.R. Weist; Mt. Gretna, Pa., November. McIlvaine. Specimens identified by Professor Peck.

Tough, but edible.