C
camp, st. m., combat, fight between two: dat. sg. in campe (Bēowulf’s with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.
candel, st. f., light, candle: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.—Comp. woruld-candel.
cempa, w. m., fighter, warrior, hero: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mǣre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hūga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.—Comp. fēðe-cempa.
cennan, w. v.: 1) to bear, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende, who bore the son, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned, to him was a son born, 12.—2) reflexive, to show one’s self, to reveal one’s self: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, prove yourself by your strength, 1220.
ā-cennan, to bear: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel’s) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.
cēnðu, st. f., boldness: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697.
cēne, adj., keen, warlike, bold: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cēnoste, 206.—Comp.: dǣd-, gār-cēne.
ceald, adj., cold: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsīðum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;—Comp. morgen-ceald.
cearian, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one’s self: prs. sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, takes no care for his life, 1537.
cearig, adj., troubled, sad: in comp. sorh-cearig.
cear-sīð, st. m., sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf’s expeditions against Ēadgils), 2397.
cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamentation: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.—Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu.
cear-wælm, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast: dat. pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.
cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, 282.
ceaster-būend, pt, inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār’s castle, 769.
cēap, st. m., purchase, transaction: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe cēap, no easy transaction, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cēape, although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase, 2483.
ge-cēapian, w. v., to purchase: pret. part. gold unrīme grimme gecēapod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Bēowulf’s life), 3013.
be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, cut off his head, 1591; similarly, 2139.
ceorl, st. m., man: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, many a wise man, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, wise men, 202, 416, 1592.
cēol, st. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807.
cēosan, st. v., to choose, hence, to assume: inf. þone cynedōm cīosan wolde, would assume the royal dignity, 2377; to seek: pret. subj. ǣr hē bǣl cure, before he sought his funeral-pile (before he died), 2819.
ge-cēosan, to choose, to elect: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne (sēlran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, choose thee the better (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde... cempan gecorone, 206.
on-cirran, w. v., to turn, to change: inf. ne meahte... þæs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher, 2952; þyder oncirde, turned thither, 2971.
ā-cīgan, w. v., to call hither: pret. ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122.
clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.
clif, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, 1912.—Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.
ge-cnāwan, st. v., to know, to recognize: inf. meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048.
on-cnāwan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555.
cniht, st. m., boy, youth: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, to these boys (Hrōðgār’s sons), 1220.
cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535.
cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash against each other: pret. pl. þonne... eoferas cnysedan, when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed (in battle), 1329.
collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, 2786.
corðer, st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue: dat. sg. þā wæs... Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, then was Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3122.
costian, w. v., to try; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, tried me, 2085.
cofa, w. m., apartment, sleeping-room, couch: in comp. bān-cofa.
cōl, adj., cool: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, the waves of sorrow become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wīflufan... cōlran weorðað, his love for his wife cools, 2067.
cræft, st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) physical strength: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.—2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, with secret (magic) art, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes cræfte, with thief’s craft, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, by devil’s art (sorcery), 2089.—3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.—Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.
cræftig, adj.: 1) strong, stout: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða cræftig, 1963. Comp. wīg-cræftig.—2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-cræftig.—3) rich (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig.
cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, would sink into death, would fall, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.
ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, fell under his shield, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; hēo on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, 1569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, 2506.
cuma (he who comes), w. m., newcomer, guest: nom. sg. 1807.—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.
cuman, st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, if thou comest from there, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, 721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.
be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syððan niht becōm, after the night had come, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, that had come over the people, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm... hāmes nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, when this time of battle came over him, 2884.
ofer-cuman, to overcome, to compel: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora... ofercōmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, compelled by combats, 846.
cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.
cund, adj., originating in, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.
cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, men do not know whither..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, knew him, 372; cūðe hē duguð þēaw, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., he himself did not know through what..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.—2) with inf. following, can, to be able: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.
cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior’s mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.
cūð, adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, 150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.—2) renowned: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.—3) also, friendly, dear, good (see un-cūð).—Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.
cūð-līce, adv., openly, publicly: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende, no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.
cwalu, st. f., murder, fall: in comp. dēað-cwalu.
cweccan (to make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte mægen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235.
cweðan, st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bēore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042.—b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.—c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.—d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.
ā-cweðan, to say, to speak, w. acc.: prs. þæt word ācwyð, speaks the word, 2047; pret. þæt word ācwæð, 655.
ge-cweðan, to say, to speak: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swā þū gecwǣde, 2665.—b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, spoke everything, 875; pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon, 535.—c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.
cwellan, w. v., (to make die), to kill, to murder: pret. sg. II. þū Grendel cwealdest, 1335.
ā-cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ǣr māne ācwealde, whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered, 1056; beorn ācwealde, 2122.
cwēn, st. f.: 1) wife, consort (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62; (Hrōðgār’s), 614, 924; (Finn’s), 1154.—2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mǣru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn.
cwēn-līc, adj., feminine, womanly: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw (such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman), 1941.
cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder, destruction: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewræc, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; mǣndon mondryhtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler’s fall, 3150.—Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, gār-cwealm.
cwealm-bealu, st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., 1941.
cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.
cwic and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. āht cwices, something living, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wæs þā gēna, was still alive, 3094.
cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.
cwīðan, st. v., to complain, to lament: inf. w. acc. ongan... gioguðe cwīðan hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle-strength of his youth, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, lament their cares, 3173.
cyme, st. m., coming, arrival: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre cyme syndon, whence your coming is, i. e. whence ye are, 257.—Comp. eft-cyme.
cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), splendidly, grandly: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38.
cyn, st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.—Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.
cyn, st. n., that which is suitable or proper: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.
ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.
cyne-dōm, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity: acc. sg., 2377.
cyning, st. m., king: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.—Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.
cyning-beald, adj., “nobly bold” (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.
ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss: pret. gecyste þā cyning... þegen betstan, kissed the best thane (Bēowulf), 1871.
cyst (choosing, see cēosan), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; acc. sg. īrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas... cystum cūðe, known through excellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.
cȳð. See on-cȳð.
cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show: imp. sg. mægen-ellen cȳð, show thy heroic strength, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, 1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696.
ge-cȳðan (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecȳðan, to give answer, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), 257; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, the arrival of B. was quickly announced, 1972; similarly, 2325.—2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (my father was known to warriors), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, 924.
cȳð (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cȳð.
ge-cȳpan, w. v., to purchase: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf þæt hē... þurfe wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior, 2497.