Contents — The English Language by R. G. Latham | Read Online

PART I.
GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—DATE.
SECTION		PAGE
1. English not originally British	1
2. Germanic in origin	2
3-10. Accredited details of the different immigrations from Germany into Britain	2-4
10-12. Accredited relations of the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons to each other as Germans	4
13. Criticism of evidence	5
Extract from Mr. Kemble	6
14. Inference	9
CHAPTER II.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—THE IMMIGRANT TRIBES AND THEIR RELATION TO EACH OTHER.
15-20. The Jute immigration doubtful	10-12
22. Difficulties in identifying the Saxons	13
23. Difficulties in identifying the Angles	13
25-29. Populations with the greatest à priori likelihood of having immigrated	14, 15
26. Menapians	15
27. Batavians	15
28. Frisians	15
29. Chauci	15
30. Inference	16
31-34. Saxons and Nordalbingians	16, 17
35-50. Populations, whereof the continental relation help us in fixing the original country of the Angles and Saxons	17-21
36. Germans of the Middle Rhine	17
Franks	18
Salians	18
Chamavi	18
37. Thuringians	18
38. Catti	18
39. Geographical conditions of the Saxon Area	18
40. Its Eastern limit	19
41-50. Slavonian frontier	20, 21
41.,, Polabi	20
42.,, Wagrians	20
43.,, Obotriti	20
44.,, Lini	20
45.,, Warnabi	21
46.,, Morizani	21
47.,, Doxani	21
48.,, Hevelli	21
49.,, Slavonians of Altmark	21
50.,, Sorabians	21
51. Saxon area	21
CHAPTER III.
OF THE DIALECTS OF THE SAXON AREA AND OF THE SO-CALLED OLD SAXON.
52, 53. Extent and frontier	23
54-62. Anglo-Saxon and Old Saxon	23-25
63. Old-Saxon data	25
64. Specimen	26
CHAPTER IV.
AFFINITIES OF THE ENGLISH WITH THE LANGUAGES OF GERMANY AND SCANDINAVIA.
65. General affinities of the English language	28
67. The term Gothic	28
69. Scandinavian branch	28
70. Teutonic branch	31
71. Mœso-Gothic	31
73. Origin of the Mœso-Goths	32
76. Name not Germanic	33
77. Old High German	35
78. Low Germanic division	36
79. Frisian	36
81. Old Frisian	37
82. Platt-Deutsch	38
83. Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic compound	38
84. Scandinavian article	40
88. Scandinavian verb	44
91. Declension in -n	45
92. Difference between languages of the same division	46
93. Weak and strong nouns	46
Mœso-Gothic inflections	47
94. Old Frisian and Anglo-Saxon	50
98. The term German	56
99. The term Dutch	57
100. The term Teutonic	58
101. The term Anglo-Saxon	59
102. Icelandic, Old Norse	59
CHAPTER V.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—GERMANIC ELEMENTS.
106. The Angles	62
109. Extract from Tacitus	63
,, Ptolemy	63
110. Extracts connecting them with the inhabitants of the Cimbric Chersonesus	64
111. The district called Angle	65
113. Inferences and remarks	65
114. What were the Langobardi with whom the Angles were connected by Tacitus?	66
115. What were the Suevi, &c.	66
116. What were the Werini, &c.	67
117. What were the Thuringians, &c.	67
121. Difficulties respecting the Angles	68
123-128. Patronymic forms, and the criticism based on them	68-72
129-131. Probably German immigrants not Anglo-Saxon	72, 73
CHAPTER VI.
THE CELTIC STOCK OF LANGUAGES, AND THEIR RELATIONS TO THE ENGLISH.
132. Cambrian Celtic	74
133. Gaelic Celtic	77
136. Structure of Celtic tongues	79-83
138. The Celtic of Gaul	84
139. The Pictish	84
CHAPTER VII.
THE ANGLO-NORMAN AND THE LANGUAGES OF THE CLASSICAL STOCK.
140. The Classical languages	86
141. Extension of the Roman language	86
142. The divisions	87
Specimen of the Romanese	88
Specimen of the Wallachian	88
143. French dialects	89
Oath of Ludwig	90
144. Norman-French	91
CHAPTER VIII.
THE POSITION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS INDO-EUROPEAN.
147. The term Indo-European	94
148. Is the Celtic Indo-European?	95
————
PART II.
HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
149. Celtic elements	97
150. Latin of the First Period	98
151. Anglo-Saxon	98
152. Danish or Norse	98
153. Roman of the Second Period	100
154. Anglo-Norman	101
155. Indirect Scandinavian	101
156. Latin of the Third Period	101
157. Greek elements	102
158. Classical elements	102
159. Latin words	103
160. Greek elements	104
161, 162. Miscellaneous elements	105
163, 164. Direct and ultimate origin of words	106, 107
165. Distinction	107
166-168. Words of foreign simulating a vernacular origin	107-109
169-171. Hybridism	109, 110
172. Incompletion of radical	110
173. Historical and logical analysis	111
CHAPTER II.
THE RELATION OF THE ENGLISH TO THE ANGLO-SAXON AND THE STAGES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
174. Ancient and modern languages	112
175. English and Anglo-Saxon compared	113
176. Semi-Saxon stage	117
177-179. Old English stage	119, 122
180. Middle English	122
181. Present tendencies of the English	123
182. Speculative question	123
CHAPTER III.
THE LOWLAND SCOTCH.
183-188. Lowland Scotch	124-127
189. Extracts	127
190. Points of difference with the English	130
CHAPTER IV.
ON CERTAIN UNDETERMINED AND FICTITIOUS LANGUAGES OF GREAT BRITAIN.
191, 192. The Belgæ	132-135
193. Caledonians, Iberians	135
194. Supposed affinities of the Irish	135
Extract from Plautus	136
195. Hypothesis of a Finnic race	139
————
PART III.
SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL NATURE OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
196. Preliminary remarks	141
197. Vowels and consonants	143
198. Divisions of articulate sounds	143
199. Explanation of terms	143
Sharp and flat	143
Continuous and explosive	144
200. General statements	144
201. H no articulation	144
CHAPTER II.
SYSTEM OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
202. System of vowels	145
é fermé, ó chiuso, ü German	145
203. System of mutes	145
Lenes and aspirates	146
204. Affinities of the liquids	147
205. Diphthongs	147
206. Compound sibilants	148
207. Ng	148
208-210. Further explanation of terms	148-150
211. System of vowels	150
212. System of mutes	150
213. Varieties	150
214. Connection in phonetics	151
CHAPTER III.
ON CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
215. Unpronounceable combinations	152
216. Unstable combinations	153
217. Effect of y	153
218, 219. Evolution of new sounds	153, 154
220. Value of a sufficient system of sounds	154
221. Double consonants rare	154
222. Reduplications of consonants rare	155
223. True aspirates rare	155
CHAPTER IV.
EUPHONY; THE PERMUTATION AND TRANSITION OF LETTERS.
224. Euphonic change exhibited	157
225. The rationale of it	157
226. The combinations -mt, -nt	158
227. The combination -pth	158
228. Accommodation of vowels	158
229. Permutation of letters	159
230. Transition of letters	160
CHAPTER V.
ON THE FORMATION OF SYLLABLES.
231. Distribution of consonants between two syllables	161
CHAPTER VI.
ON QUANTITY.
232. Long and short	164
233. How far coincident with independent and dependent	164
234. Length of vowels and length of syllables	165
CHAPTER VII.
ON ACCENT.
235. Accent	167
236. How far accent always on the root	168
237. Verbal accent and logical accent	168
238. Effect of accent on orthography	169
239. Accent and quantity not the same	170
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOEPY.
240. Meaning of the word orthoepy	172
241. Classification of errors in pronunciation	172
242-244. Causes of erroneous enunciation	172-175
245. Appreciation of standards of orthoepy	175
246. Principles of critical orthoepy	176
CHAPTER IX.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY.
247. Province of orthography	178
248. Imperfections of alphabets	178
249. Applications of alphabets	180
250. Changes of sound, and original false spelling	181
251. Theory of a perfect alphabet	181
252. Sounds and letters in English	182
253. Certain conventional modes of spelling	187
254. The inconvenience of them	189
255. Criticism upon the details of the English orthography	189-200
CHAPTER X.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET.
256. Bearings of the question	200
257. Phœnician Period	200
258, 259. Greek Period	201-203
260-262. Latin Period	203-205
263. The Mœso-Gothic alphabet	205
264. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet	205
265. The Anglo-Norman Period	207
266. Extract from the Ormulum	208
267. The Runes	209
268. The order of the alphabet	210
269. Parallel and equivalent orthographies	213
————
PART IV.
ETYMOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE PROVINCE OF ETYMOLOGY.
270. Meaning of the term etymology	214
CHAPTER II.
ON GENDER.
271. Latin genders	217
272. Words like he-goat	217
273. Words like genitrix	217
274. Words like domina	218
275. Sex	219
276. True Genders in English	219
277. Neuters in -t	220
278. Personification	220
279. True and apparent genders	221
CHAPTER III.
THE NUMBERS.
280, 281. Dual number	225
282-284. Plural in -s	226-230
285. The form in child-r-en	230
286. The form in -en	232
287. Men, feet, &c.	232
288. Brethren, &c.	232
CHAPTER IV.
ON THE CASES.
289, 290. Meaning of word case	234
291. Cases in English	237
292, 293. Determination of cases	239
294, 295. Analysis of cases	241
296. Case in -s	241
CHAPTER V.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
297. True personal pronoun	243
298. We and me	244
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE TRUE REFLECTIVE PRONOUN IN THE GOTHIC LANGUAGES AND ON ITS ABSENCE IN THE ENGLISH.
299. The Latin se, sui	247
CHAPTER VII.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, ETC.
300. He, she, it, this, that, the	249
301. These	251
302. Those	253
CHAPTER VIII.
THE RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND CERTAIN OTHER PRONOUNS.
303. Who, what, &c.	255
304. Indo-European forms	255
305. Miscellaneous observations	256
CHAPTER IX.
ON CERTAIN FORMS IN -ER.
306, 307. Eith-er, ov-er, und-er, bett-er	260, 261
308. Illustration from the Laplandic	261
309. Idea of alternative	262
CHAPTER X.
THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE.
310. Forms in -tara and -îyas	263
311. Change from -s to -r	263
312. Mœso-Gothic comparative	264
313. Comparison of adverbs	264
314. Elder	265
315. Rather	265
316. Excess of expression	266
317. Better, &c.	266
318. Sequence in logic	266
319-325. Worse, &c.	267-270
CHAPTER XI.
ON THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE.
326. Different modes of expression	271
327. The termination -st	272
CHAPTER XII.
THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.
328, 329. Their ethnological value	273
Variations in form	274
10+2 and 10×2	275
330. Limits to the inflection of the numeral	276
CHAPTER XIII.
ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.
331. First	277
332. Second	277
333. Third, fourth, &c.	278
334, 335. Ordinal and superlative forms	278-280
CHAPTER XIV.
THE ARTICLES.
336. A, the, no	281
CHAPTER XV.
DIMINUTIVES, AUGMENTATIVES, AND PATRONYMICS.
337, 338. Diminutives	283
339. Augmentatives	285
340. Patronymics	286
CHAPTER XVI.
GENTILE FORMS.
341. Wales	288
CHAPTER XVII.
ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NOUN AND VERB, AND ON THE INFLECTION OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.
342-344. Substantival character of verbs	289
345, 346. Declension of the infinitive	290
CHAPTER XVIII.
ON DERIVED VERBS.
347. Rise, raise, &c.	292
CHAPTER XIX.
ON THE PERSONS.
348-351. Persons in English	294-298
352. Person in -t, -art, &c.	298
353. Forms like spakest, sungest, &c.	299
354. Plurals in -s	299
CHAPTER XX.
ON THE NUMBERS OF VERBS.
355. Personal signs of numbers	300
Run, ran	301
CHAPTER XXI.
ON MOODS.
356. The infinitive mood	302
357. The imperative mood	302
358. The subjunctive mood	302
CHAPTER XXII.
OF TENSES IN GENERAL.
359. General nature of tenses	303
360. Latin preterites	304
361. Mœso-Gothic perfects	304
Reduplication	305
362. Strong and weak verbs	305
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE STRONG TENSES.
363. Sang, sung	307
364-376. Classification of strong verbs	308-316
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE WEAK TENSES.
377. The weak inflection	317
378. First division	318
379. Second division	318
380. Third division	319
381. Preterites in -ed and -t	319
382. Preterites like made, had	321-327
Would, should	322
Aught	322
Durst	322
Must	323
Wist	324
Do	325
Mind	325
Yode	327
CHAPTER XXV.
ON CONJUGATIONS.
383. So-called irregularities	328
384. Principles of criticism	329
Coincidence of form	329
Coincidence of distribution	329
Coincidence of order	329
385. Strong verbs once weak	332
386. Division of verbs into strong and weak natural	333
387. Obsolete forms	334
388. Double forms	334
CHAPTER XXVI.
DEFECTIVENESS AND IRREGULARITY.
389. Difference between defectiveness and irregularity	335
Vital and obsolete processes	336
Processes of necessity	337
Ordinary processes	338
Positive processes	338
Processes of confusion	339
390. Could	339
391. Quoth	340
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE IMPERSONAL VERBS.
392-394. Meseems, methinks, me listeth	342
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE.
395. The verb substantive defective	344
396. Was	344
397. Be	344
398, 399. Future power of be	345
400. Am	346
Worth	347
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
401. The form in -ing	348
402. Substantival power of participle	349
403. Taylor’s theory	349
CHAPTER XXX.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE.
404-406. Similarity to the preterite	351
407. Forlorn, frore	352
408. The form in -ed, -d, or -t	352
409. The y- in y-cleped, &c.	353
CHAPTER XXXI.
ON COMPOSITION.
410-414. Definition of composition	355-357
415-417. Parity of accent	358
418. Obscure compounds	361
419. Exceptions	362
420. Peacock, peahen, &c.	364
421. Third element in compound words	365
422. Improper compounds	365
423. Decomposites	365
424. Combinations	366
CHAPTER XXXII.
ON DERIVATION AND INFLECTION.
425. Derivation	367
426. Classification of derived words	368
427. Words like ábsent and absént, &c.	369
428. Words like churl, tail, &c.	370
429. Forms like tip and top, &c.	370
430. Obscure derivatives	370
CHAPTER XXXIII.
ADVERBS.
431. Classification of adverbs	371
432. Adverbs of deflection	372
433. Words like darkling	373
434. Words like brightly	374
CHAPTER XXXIV.
ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE.
435-439. Here, hither, hence	374
440. Yonder	375
Anon	375
CHAPTER XXXV.
ON WHEN, THEN, AND THAN.
441. Origin of the words	377
CHAPTER XXXVI.
ON PREPOSITIONS, ETC.
442. Prepositions	378
443. Conjunctions	378
444. Yes and no	379
445. Particles	379
CHAPTER XXXVII.
ON THE GRAMMATICAL POSITION OF THE WORDS MINE AND THINE.
446. Peculiarities of inflection of pronouns	380
447. Powers of the genitive case	381
448. Ideas of possession and partition	382
449. Adjectival expressions	382
450. Evolution of cases	383
451. Idea of possession	383
452. Idea of partition	383
453. A posteriori argument	384
454-458. Analogy of mei and ἐμοῦ	384
459. Etymological evidence	386
460. Syntactic evidence	387
461. Value of the evidence of certain constructions	387
462, 463. Double adjectival form	388
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE WEAK PRÆTERITE.
464. Forms like salb-ôdêdum	390
465, 466. The Slavonic præterite	391
————
PART V.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER I.
ON SYNTAX IN GENERAL.
467. The term syntax	392
468. What is not syntax	392
469. What is syntax	394
470. Pure syntax	395
471, 472. Mixed syntax	395
473. Figures of speech	395
474. Personification	395
475. Ellipsis	395
476. Pleonasm	395
477. Zeugma	397
478. Πρὸς τὸ σημαινόμενον	397
479. Apposition	398
480. Collective nouns	398
481, 482. Complex forms	399
483. Convertibility	399
484. Etymological convertibility	400
485. Syntactic convertibility	400
486. Adjectives used as substantives	400
487. Uninflected parts of speech used as such	400
488. Convertibility common in English	401
CHAPTER II.
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.
489. Convertibility	402
490. Ellipsis	403
491. Proper names	403
CHAPTER III.
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
492. Pleonasm	404
493. Collocation	404
494. Government	404
495. More fruitful, &c.	405
496. The better of the two	405
497. Syntax of adjectives simple	406
CHAPTER IV.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
498, 499. Syntax of pronouns important	407
500, 501. Pleonasm	407
CHAPTER V.
THE TRUE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
502. Pronomen reverentiæ	409
503. You and ye	409
504. Dativus ethicus	409
505. Reflected personal pronouns	410
506. Reflective neuter verbs	410
507. Equivocal reflectives	411
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, AND ON THE PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON.
508. True demonstrative pronoun	412
509. His mother, her father	412
510, 511. Use of its	412
512. Take them things away	413
513, 514. Hic and ille, this and that	413
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORD SELF.
515. Government, apposition, composition	416
516. Her-self, itself	416
517. Self and one	417
518, 519. Inflection of self	418
CHAPTER VIII.
ON THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
520, 521. My and mine, &c.	419
CHAPTER IX.
THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
522-524. That, which, what	422
525. The man as rides to market	423
526, 527. Plural use of whose	423
528, 529. Concord of relative and antecedent	423
530. Ellipsis of the relative	424
531. Relative equivalent to demonstrative pronoun	425
Demonstrative equivalent to substantive	425
532. Omission of antecedent	426
533. Χρῶμαι βιβλίοις οἷς ἔχω	426
534. Relatives with complex antecedents	427
CHAPTER X.
ON THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
535. Direct and oblique interrogations	428
536-539. Whom do they say that it is?	428-430
CHAPTER XI.
THE RECIPROCAL CONSTRUCTION.
540, 541. Structure of reciprocal expressions	431
CHAPTER XII.
THE INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS.
542. On dit=one says	433
543-546. It and there	433
Es sind	434
CHAPTER XIII.
THE ARTICLES.
547. Repetition of article	435
CHAPTER XIV.
THE NUMERALS.
548. The thousand-and-first	436
549. The first two and two first	436
CHAPTER XV.
ON VERBS IN GENERAL.
550. Transitive verbs	437
551. Auxiliary verbs	438
552. Verb substantive	438
CHAPTER XVI.
THE CONCORD OF VERBS.
553-556. Concord of person	439
557. Plural subjects with singular predicates	443
Singular subjects with plural predicates	443
CHAPTER XVII.
ON THE GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
558, 559. Objective and modal government	444
560. Appositional construction	445
561. Verb and genitive case	448
562. Verb and accusative case	448
563. The partitive construction	448
564. I believe it to be him	448
565. φημὶ εἶναι δεσπότης	449
566. It is believed to be	449
CHAPTER XVIII.
ON THE PARTICIPLES.
567. Dying-day	451
568. I am beaten	451
CHAPTER XIX.
ON THE MOODS.
569. The infinitive mood	452
570. Objective construction	452
570. Gerundial construction	453
571. Peculiarities of imperatives	454
572. Syntax of subjunctives	454
CHAPTER XX.
ON THE TENSES.
573. Present form habitual	455
574. Præterite form aorist	455
CHAPTER XXI.
SYNTAX OF THE PERSONS OF VERBS.
575, 576. I, or he am (is) wrong	456
CHAPTER XXII.
ON THE VOICES OF VERBS.
577. The word hight	458
CHAPTER XXIII.
ON THE AUXILIARY VERBS.
578. Classification	459
579. Time and tense	461
Present	461
Aorist	461
Future	461
Imperfect	462
Perfect	462
Pluperfect	462
Future present	462
Future præterite	462
Emphatic tenses	463
Predictive future	463
Promissive future	463
580. Historic present	463
581. Use of perfect for present	464
582, 583. Varieties of tense	465
Continuance	465
Habit	466
584. Inference of continuance	466
Inference of contrast	467
585. Have with a participle	467
586. I am to speak	469
587. I am to blame	469
588. Shall and will	469
589. Archdeacon Hare’s theory	470
590. Mr. De Morgan’s theory	472
591. I am beaten	474
592, 593. Present use of ought, &c.	475
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.
594. The syntax of adverbs simple	477
595. Full for fully, &c.	477
596. The termination -ly	477
597. To sleep the sleep of the righteous	478
598. From whence, &c.	478
CHAPTER XXV.
ON PREPOSITIONS.
599. All prepositions govern cases	479
600, 601. None, in English, govern genitives	479
602. Dative case after prepositions	481
603. From to die	481
604. For to go	481
605. No prepositions in composition	481
CHAPTER XXVI.
ON CONJUNCTIONS.
606. Syntax of conjunctions	482
607. Convertibility of conjunctions	482
608. Connexion of prepositions	483
609, 610. Relatives and conjunctions	484
611. Government of mood	485
612. Conditional propositions	486
613. Variations of meaning	486
614. If and since	487
615. Use of that	487
616. Succession of tenses	488
Succession of moods	489
617. Greek constructions	489
618. Be for may be	491
619. Disjunctives	491
620-623. Either, neither	492
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE SYNTAX OF THE NEGATIVE.
624. Position of the negative	495
625. Distribution of the negative	495
626. Double negative	496
627. Questions of appeal	496
628. Extract from Sir Thomas More	496
CHAPTER XXVIII.
OF THE CASE ABSOLUTE.
629. He excepted, him excepted	498
————
PART VI.
PROSODY.
630-632. Metre	499
633. Classical metres measured by quantities	500
634. English metre measured by accents	500
635. Alliteration	500
636. Rhyme	501
637. Definition of Rhyme	503
638. Measures	503
639. Dissyllabic and trisyllabic	503
640. Dissyllabic measures	504
641. Trisyllabic measures	504
642. Measures different from feet	505
643. Couplets, stanzas, &c.	506
644, 645. Names of elementary metres	507, 508
646. Scansion	509
647. Symmetrical metres	509
648. Unsymmetrical metres	510
649. Measures of one and of four syllables	510
650. Contrast between English words and English metre	510
651-653. The classical metres as read by Englishmen	511, 512
654-657. Reasons against the classical nomenclature as applied to English metres	513-515
658-661. The classical metres metrical to English readers—why	515-517
662. Symmetrical metres	517
663. Unsymmetrical metres	517
664. Classical metres unsymmetrical	518
665-667. Conversion of English into classical metres	519, 520
668, 669. Cæsura	520, 521
670-672. English hexameters, &c.	522-526
673. Convertible metres	526
674. Metrical and grammatical combinations	527
675. Rhythm	528
676, 677. Rhyme—its parts	529
————
PART VII.
THE DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
678. Bearing of the investigation	531
679. Structural and ethnological views	531
680-682. Causes that effect change	532
683, 684. Preliminary notices	533
685. Philological preliminaries	533
686, 687. Present provincial dialects	534-540
688-691. Caution	540-544
692-696. Districts north of the Humber	545-552
697. South Lancashire	552
698. Shropshire, &c.	553
699. East Derbyshire, &c.	553
700. Norfolk and Suffolk	554
701. Leicestershire, &c.	555
702. Origin of the present written language	555
703. Dialects of the Lower Thames	556
704. Kent—Frisian theory	557
705. Sussex, &c.	559
706. Supposed East Anglian and Saxon frontier	560
707. Dialects of remaining counties	560
708. Objections	561
709. Dialect of Gower	561
710. —— the Barony of Forth	563
711. Americanisms	565
712. Extract from a paper of Mr. Watts	566
713. Gypsy language, &c.	572
714. Talkee-talkee	573
715, 716. Varieties of the Anglo-Norman	574
717-719. Extracts from Mr. Kemble	575-580
Praxis	581

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