Wednesday, May 18, 1904

Breakfast.—Banana 92 grams, bread rolls 28 grams, cream 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 66 grams, soup 150 grams, farina 154 grams, sweet potato 123 grams, beans 70 grams, syrup 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 42 grams, consommé 100 grams, spinach 100 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, apple pie 97 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		92	×	0.23	=	0.212	grams.
Bread rolls		28	×	1.66	=	0.465
Cream		50	×	0.46	=	0.230
Coffee		150	×	0.066	=	0.099
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread		66	×	1.60	=	1.056
Soup		150	×	0.41	=	0.615
Farina		154	×	1.09	=	1.678
Sweet Potato		123	×	0.32	=	0.394
Beans		70	×	0.34	=	0.238
Syrup		50	×	0.024	=	0.012
Coffee		150	×	0.057	=	0.086
Cream		50	×	0.46	=	0.230
Sugar		14	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread		42	×	1.80	=	0.756
Consommé		100	×	0.38	=	0.380
Spinach		100	×	0.53	=	0.530
Mashed potato		250	×	0.38	=	0.950
Apple pie		97	×	0.43	=	0.417
Coffee		150	×	0.06	=	0.090
Cream		50	×	0.46	=	0.230
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
	Total nitrogen in food					8.668	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.060

Fuel value of the food 2359 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 102 grams, bread rolls 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 57 grams, egg omelette 20 grams, hominy 137 grams, syrup 68 grams, potatoes 128 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 50 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato purée 200 grams, bread 24 grams, fried sweet potato 100 grams, spinach 70 grams, Indian meal 100 grams, syrup 25 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 40 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		102	×	0.23	=	0.235	grams.
Bread rolls		50	×	1.54	=	0.770
Coffee		150	×	0.06	=	0.090
Cream		50	×	0.47	=	0.235
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread		57	×	1.60	=	0.912
Egg Omelette		20	×	1.58	=	0.316
Hominy		137	×	0.20	=	0.274
Syrup		68	×	0.024	=	0.016
Potatoes		128	×	0.49	=	0.627
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Cream		50	×	0.47	=	0.235
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Tomato purée		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Bread		24	×	1.74	=	0.418
Sweet potato		100	×	0.38	=	0.380
Spinach		70	×	0.56	=	0.392
Indian meal		100	×	0.20	=	0.200
Syrup		25	×	0.024	=	0.006
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		40	×	0.47	=	0.188
	Total nitrogen in food					6.474	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.170

Fuel value of the food 2072 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced orange 140 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 30 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 28 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, lima beans 40 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams, fried hominy 115 grams, syrup 48 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 19 grams, consommé 150 grams, string beans 140 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, rice croquette 93 grams, cranberry jam 95 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams, syrup 25 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Sliced orange		140	×	0.20	=	0.280
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Cream		30	×	0.44	=	0.132
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread		28	×	1.71	=	0.479
Mashed potato		250	×	0.30	=	0.750
Lima beans		40	×	0.76	=	0.304
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		30	×	0.44	=	0.132
Fried hominy		115	×	0.57	=	0.656
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Bread		19	×	1.97	=	0.374
Consommé		150	×	0.59	=	0.885
String beans		140	×	0.36	=	0.504
Mashed potato		250	×	0.34	=	0.850
Rice croquettes		93	×	1.06	=	0.986
Cranberry jam		95	×	0.03	=	0.029
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		30	×	0.44	=	0.132
Syrup		25	×	0.024	=	0.006
	Total nitrogen in food					6.691	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.330

Fuel value of the food 1915 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 153 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 25 grams, potato croquette 229 grams, Indian meal 109 grams, tomato 123 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 20 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 31 grams, bean soup 100 grams, fried potato 200 grams, bacon 5 grams, lettuce-orange salad 47 grams, prunes 137 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams, banana 255 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		153	×	0.23	=	0.352	grams.
Coffee		150	×	0.06	=	0.090
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		30	×	0.43	=	0.129
Bread		25	×	1.82	=	0.455
Potato croquette		229	×	0.71	=	1.626
Indian meal		109	×	1.09	=	1.188
Tomato		123	×	0.17	=	0.209
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		14	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		20	×	0.43	=	0.086
Bread		31	×	1.62	=	0.502
Bean soup		100	×	1.21	=	1.210
Fried potato		200	×	0.60	=	1.200
Bacon		5	×	3.05	=	0.153
Lettuce-orange salad		47	×	0.21	=	0.099
Prunes		137	×	0.16	=	0.219
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		25	×	0.43	=	0.108
Banana		255	×	0.23	=	0.587
	Total nitrogen in food					8.345	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.780

Fuel value of the food 2485 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 220 grams, orange 60 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 35 grams, potato 300 grams, fried rice 160 grams, syrup 63 grams, ice cream 84 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup 100 grams, bread 21 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, spinach 40 grams, French fried potato 100 grams, strawberry short-cake 120 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		220	×	0.23	=	0.506	grams.
Orange		60	×	0.20	=	0.120
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		25	×	0.45	=	0.113
Bread		35	×	1.57	=	0.550
Potato		300	×	0.30	=	0.900
Fried rice		160	×	0.75	=	1.200
Syrup		63	×	0.024	=	0.015
Ice cream		84	×	0.53	=	0.445
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		14	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream of celery soup		100	×	0.33	=	0.330
Bread		21	×	1.91	=	0.401
Mashed potato		250	×	0.37	=	0.925
Spinach		40	×	0.55	=	0.220
French fried potato		100	×	0.57	=	0.570
Strawberry short-cake		120	×	0.50	=	0.600
	Total nitrogen in food					7.015	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					5.700

Fuel value of the food 2321 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 229 grams, coffee 125 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 58 grams, apple sauce 125 grams, scrambled egg 15 grams, consommé 75 grams, fried potato 170 grams, rice croquette 197 grams, syrup 68 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 30 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 72.5 grams, vegetable soup 100 grams, potato croquette 198 grams, bacon 7 grams, string beans 120 grams, water ice 77 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 30 grams, sugar 14 grams, banana 270 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		229	×	0.23	=	0.527	grams.
Coffee		125	×	0.06	=	0.075
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		25	×	0.45	=	0.113
Bread		58	×	1.63	=	0.945
Apple sauce		125	×	0.02	=	0.025
Scrambled egg		15	×	2.07	=	0.311
Consommé		75	×	0.65	=	0.488
Fried potato		170	×	0.60	=	1.020
Rice croquette		197	×	0.61	=	1.202
Syrup		68	×	0.024	=	0.016
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		30	×	0.45	=	0.135
Bread		72.5	×	1.75	=	1.269
Soup		100	×	0.70	=	0.700
Potato croquette		198	×	0.77	=	1.525
Bacon		7	×	3.28	=	0.230
String beans		120	×	0.22	=	0.264
Water ice		77	×	0.006	=	0.005
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Cream		30	×	0.45	=	0.135
Sugar		14	×	0.00	=	0.000
Banana		270	×	0.23	=	0.621
	Total nitrogen in food					9.726	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					5.750

Fuel value of the food 2756 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 100 grams, rolls 37 grams, rice 50 grams, syrup 25 grams, coffee 125 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 50 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 77 grams, cream of celery soup 125 grams, mashed potato 270 grams, tomato sauce 50 grams, farina croquette 191 grams, syrup 78 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 20 grams, sugar 7 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 49 grams, tomato soup 200 grams, French fried potato 200 grams, spinach 50 grams, farina croquette 276 grams, syrup 100 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 50 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		100	×	0.20	=	0.200	grams.
Bread rolls		37	×	1.64	=	0.607
Rice		50	×	0.36	=	0.180
Syrup		25	×	0.024	=	0.006
Coffee		125	×	0.06	=	0.075
Sugar		21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		50	×	0.45	=	0.225
Bread		77	×	1.66	=	1.278
Celery soup		125	×	0.48	=	0.600
Mashed potato		270	×	0.26	=	0.702
Tomato sauce		50	×	0.23	=	0.115
Farina croquette		191	×	0.74	=	1.413
Syrup		78	×	0.024	=	0.019
Coffee		75	×	0.06	=	0.045
Cream		20	×	0.45	=	0.090
Sugar		7	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread		49	×	1.82	=	0.892
Tomato soup		200	×	0.19	=	0.380
French fried potato		200	×	0.46	=	0.920
Spinach		50	×	0.54	=	0.270
Farina croquette		276	×	0.76	=	2.098
Syrup		100	×	0.024	=	0.024
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
Sugar		14	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		50	×	0.45	=	0.225
	Total nitrogen in food					10.424	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.390

Fuel value of the food 3229 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Mendel.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
May	18	8.668	grams.	6.06	grams.	14	grams.
	19	6.474		7.17		39
	20	6.691		6.33		30
	21	8.345		6.78		83	contain 6.06% N	=	5.03	grm. N.
	22	7.015		5.70
	23	9.726		5.75		38
	24	10.424		6.39		57
						95	contain 5.76% N	=	5.47	grm. N.
									10.50	grm. N.
		57.343		44.18	+	10.50	grams nitrogen.
		57.343	grams nitrogen.		54.68	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	+2.663	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	+0.380	gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2448.
Nitrogen per day	8.192 grams.

In this period of seven days the average daily intake of nitrogen was 8.192 grams, or only 0.36 gram per day more than in the first balance period, while the average fuel value of the food amounted to 2448 calories per day. Yet the average daily output of nitrogen through the urine for this period was 6.31 grams, or 1.2 grams per day less than in the first balance experiment. Further, under the conditions of this balance experiment, the body was laying up 0.380 gram of nitrogen per day, i. e., showing a plus balance of 2.66 grams of nitrogen for the seven days’ period. Again, it is to be noted that the average daily amount of nitrogen metabolized, 6.31 grams, was 0.22 gram less than the average daily nitrogen excretion for the entire seven months’ period, 6.53 grams. Evidently, this subject was quite able to maintain nitrogen equilibrium with a metabolism of only 6.31 grams of nitrogen per day, on a daily diet having a fuel value of about 2400 calories. Indeed, taking into account the amount of the plus nitrogen balance, it is evident that the daily food was somewhat in excess of the real requirements of the body, under the then existing conditions of body-weight and bodily activity.

Again, we would call attention to the thorough utilization of the food in this experiment, emphasizing at the same time the voluminous character of the diet, together with its largely vegetable nature. The contrast between the diet made use of by Dr. Mendel and that used by the subject of the first experiment is quite striking, since the latter employed a much more concentrated diet with an average fuel value of only 1600 calories. Yet with a total intake of 57.343 grams of nitrogen for the seven days of Dr. Mendel’s balance period, 10.5 grams only passed out through the rectum, or 18.3 per cent, while in the second nitrogen balance of the first subject, with the more concentrated diet, 17.1 per cent of the total ingested nitrogen appeared in the fæces. In view of the great divergence in the character and volume of the intake, it is rather remarkable there should be so little difference in the relative utilization of the two diets.

Finally, taking the average daily excretion of nitrogen through the kidneys from November 10 to June 23, as a measure of the nitrogen metabolized daily, viz., 6.53 grams, and taking the body-weight at 70 kilos, it is plain to see that the nitrogen metabolized per kilo of body-weight throughout this experiment was 0.093 gram, closely similar to the result obtained with the first subject. In other words, both of these subjects, though widely different in body-weight, under different degrees of physical activity, and living on different forms of diet, seemingly required for the maintenance of equilibrium essentially the same amount of nitrogen per kilo of body-weight; viz., with the first subject 0.0947 gram, if we take the lower figure of the last two months, and 0.093 gram with the second subject.

Regarding the fuel value of the daily food, Dr. Mendel with a body-weight of 70 kilos, during the second balance period, apparently utilized on an average 34.9 calories per kilo of body-weight daily, while the first subject, of 57 kilos body-weight, made use of only 28 calories per kilo. The fuel value of the daily food must, however, as is well known, vary greatly with differing degrees of physical activity, from which arises the necessity for corresponding variation in the amounts of non-nitrogenous foods ingested.

Dr. Frank P. Underhill, instructor in physiological chemistry in the Sheffield Scientific School, is another subject of experiment who volunteered to study on himself the effects of a lowered proteid intake. Prior to the experiment he was in the habit of eliminating from 16 to 16.5 grams of nitrogen per day through the kidneys, representing the usual 105 grams of proteid food metabolized.

Dr. Underhill, at the beginning of the experiment, July 1, 1903, was twenty-six years of age and weighed 67.6 kilos. For a period of two weeks, from July 14 to August 2, he gradually reduced the intake of proteid food as well as the total amount of food consumed, doing this in part by diminishing the quantity eaten at breakfast, and in smaller measure at the two other meals of the day. During this period of two weeks, the urine and fæces were analyzed with the results shown in the accompanying table. Regarding the extent of proteid metabolism, it will be seen that the nitrogen content of the urine fell from 14.28 grams per day down to 5 to 6 grams per day. Having reached this level, the subject maintained it throughout the summer of 1903, occasional analyses being made to demonstrate the level of nitrogen excretion.

Date.		Body- weight.	Urine.			Fæces.			Total Nitrogen.
Date.		Body- weight.	Volume.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.	Moist.	Dry.	Nitrogen.	Total Nitrogen.
1903.			c.c.		grams.	grams.	grams.	grams.	grams.
July	14	67.6	1300	1018	14.28	156.0	30.5	1.59	15.8
	15	67.6	1095	1020	11.72	70.0	17.0	0.80	12.52
	16	67.1	860	1021	11.72	182.5	44.5	2.12	13.84
	17	66.9	675	1022	9.39	134.0	43.0	2.05	11.44
	18	66.3	865	1021	10.45	57.5	20.0	0.95	11.40
	19	65.7	785	1021	10.34	170.0	41.0	1.95	12.29
	20	65.7	740	1024	10.34	76.0	35.0	1.66	12.00
	21	65.7	910	1017	11.61	96.0	32.0	1.52	13.13
	22	65.7	900	1013	9.50	56.0	31.0	1.75	11.25
	23	65.3	600	1017	8.65	41.0	14.0	0.79	9.35
	24	65.0	640	1013	6.65	151.0	33.0	1.86	8.51
	25	65.3	690	1012	6.01	86.0	29.0	1.63	7.64
	26	65.3	410	1023	6.65	57.0	19.0	1.06	7.71
	27	65.7	530	1017	6.75	202.0	33.0	1.86	8.61
	28	65.7	610	1013	5.49	155.0	26.0	1.46	6.95
	29	66.4	620	1017	5.96	121.0	26.0	1.46	7.42
	30	66.3	700	1016	5.80	233.0	48.0	2.71	8.51
	31	65.8	1265	1010	6.70	211.0	36.0	2.03	8.73
Aug.	1	65.3	1240	1009	6.23	172.0	23.0	1.29	7.52
	2	65.3	760	1016	6.75	214.0	27.0	1.42	8.17
	11	65.3	500	1017	6.44	152.0	22.0	1.34	7.78
	12	65.3	405	1024	6.86	70.0	15.0	0.91	7.77
	13	65.3	540	1019	6.23	90.0	10.0	0.61	6.84

In connection with the accompanying table of results, attention is called to the composition of the fæces with special reference to their content of nitrogen. The point to be emphasized is the gradual increase in the percentage content of fæcal nitrogen, associated with the changed diet and the general diminution of food intake. This is well illustrated by the following figures, giving the percentage of nitrogen in the dry fæces for the three periods of July 14-21, July 22-30, and August 11-13:

July 14-21,	4.77	per	cent	Nitrogen
July 22-30,	5.65	″	″	″
Aug. 11-13,	6.11	″	″	″

The diminished amount of fæcal discharge means naturally not only a smaller intake of food, but implies also a greater utilization of the food ingested, and as a result the increased percentage of nitrogen in the discharges shows itself because of the relatively larger preponderance of nitrogenous secretions from the intestinal tract.

The latter part of September, 1903, Dr. Underhill attempted to return to his original methods of living, but found difficulty in consuming the daily quantities of food he had formerly been in the habit of taking. From October 11 to October 25, 1903, however, he raised the consumption of proteid food to such a degree that the nitrogen excretion through the urine averaged from 10 to 12 grams per day. After this date he fell back to the lower proteid intake, and from that period to June 23, 1904, he maintained a low level of proteid metabolism without detriment to his bodily vigor, and, as he believes, with a distinct betterment.

The following tables of results extending from October 11, 1903, to June 23, 1904, show the data collected.

Underhill

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
Date.		Body-weight.	Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1903		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Oct.	11	65.4	1300	1015		10.37		0.611		1.72
	12		700	1022		9.07
	13		1050	1022		12.35		0.820		2.15
	14		1400	1017		12.01
	15		870	1020		11.48		0.671		1.76
	16		1165	1013		12.09
	17		840	1020		11.24
	18		1150	1017		10.00		0.613		1.77
	19		678	1022		7.79
	20		1165	1018		10.76		0.603		1.60
	21		1460	1017		11.91
	22		950	1019		10.71		0.643		1.73
	23		1165	1017		12.82
	24	65.4	850	1025		12.49
	25		850	1022		11.07		0.645		1.76
	26		1025	1018	⎫	8.31 daily average		0.465 daily average		1.18 daily average
	27		775	1018	⎪
	28		1140	1015	⎬
	29		765	1020	⎪
	30		860	1019	⎪
	31		1150	1015	⎭
Nov.	1		750	1020	⎫	7.91		0.469		1.30
	2		675	1022	⎪
	3		955	1014	⎪
	4		1270	1012	⎬
	5		885	1015	⎪
	6		770	1020	⎪
	7		860	1021	⎭
	8		775	1020	⎫	7.86		0.537		1.40
	9		890	1018	⎪
	10		1070	1018	⎪
	11		755	1020	⎬
	12		950	1023	⎪
	13		1100	1017	⎪
	14		980	1015	⎪
	15		630	1020	⎭
	16	65.0	700	1020	⎫	7.82		0.467		1.49
	17		1000	1015	⎪
	18		940	1018	⎪
	19		770	1023	⎬
	20		770	1025	⎪
	21		790	1020	⎪
	22		770	1021	⎭
	23		590	1025	⎫	8.55		0.476		1.67
	27		710	1024	⎬
	28		1080	1017	⎪
	29		760	1019	⎭
	30		870	1018	⎫	7.72		0.506		1.43
Dec.	1		860	1017	⎪
	2		1120	1015	⎪
	3		1450	1009	⎬
	4		720	1019	⎪
	5		720	1019	⎪
	6		510	1027	⎭
	7	65.1	700	1018	⎫	7.36		0.474		1.44
	8		650	1018	⎪
	9		860	1013	⎪
	10		975	1020	⎬
	11		800	1021	⎪
	12		830	1018	⎪
	13		750	1019	⎭
	14		860	1018	⎫	8.11		0.497		1.35
	15		870	1019	⎪
	16		880	1015	⎪
	17		820		⎬
	18		760	1021	⎪
	19		860	1017	⎪
	20		520	1023	⎭
	21		1200	1014	⎫	7.18				1.05
	22	65.0	510	1025	⎭	7.18				1.05
	23		650		⎫	6.70		0.356		0.97
	24		670		⎪
	25		500		⎬
	26		550		⎪
	27		850		⎭
	28	65.2	930		⎫	8.70		0.626		1.21
	29		1200		⎪
	30		750		⎪
	31		1280		⎬
Jan.	1		750		⎪
	2		750		⎪
	3		870		⎪
	4		1230		⎭
	5		720	1023	⎫	8.23		0.530		1.24
	6		960	1020	⎪
	7		760	1022	⎬
	8		1000	1017	⎪
	9		720	1025	⎪
	10	65.1	730	1021	⎭
	11		700	1016	⎫	7.74		0.618		1.20
	12		650	1020	⎪
	13		700	1024	⎪
	14		660	1025	⎬
	15		610	1025	⎪
	16		710	1024	⎪
	17		660	1022	⎭
	18		770	1016	⎫	7.80		0.705		1.14
	19	64.8	700	1022	⎪
	20		1130	1018	⎪
	21		830	1020	⎬
	22		600	1019	⎪
	23		480	1021	⎪
	24		750	1019	⎭
	25		680	1020	⎫	6.85		0.500		1.07
	26		800	1018	⎪
	27		800	1020	⎪
	28		700	1020	⎬
	29	64.4	1010	1014	⎪
	30		980	1018	⎪
	31		820	1015	⎭
Feb.	1		990	1015	⎫	7.98		0.535		1.24
	2		660	1020	⎪
	3	64.4	1060	1015	⎪
	4		980	1017	⎬
	5		970	1014	⎪
	6		790	1019	⎪
	7		1120	1015	⎭
	8		715	1021		8.11
	9	64.4	1225	1014		7.49		0.450
	10	64.4	770	1018		6.14		0.505
	11	64.5	715	1022		8.02		0.568
	12		850	1021		8.82		0.539
	13		490	1028		7.17		0.505
	14	64.4	795	1020		7.73		0.543
	15		780	1021	⎫	8.27		0.558
	16		920	1023	⎪
	17		660	1021	⎪
	18		640	1027	⎬
	19		730	1023	⎪
	20		840	1027	⎪
	21		700	1018	⎭
	22		440	1025	⎫	7.47		0.556
	23		600	1023	⎪
	24		750	1022	⎪
	25		830	1017	⎬
	26	64.0	870	1021	⎪
	27		910	1015	⎪
	28		950	1014	⎭
	29		600	1021	⎫	7.15		0.526
Mar.	1		680	1021	⎪
	2		1120	1011	⎪
	3		640	1021	⎬
	4		1080	1016	⎪
	5		1220	1034	⎪
	6		890	1015	⎭
	7		1000	1014	⎫	8.18		0.682
	8		650	1020	⎪
	9		750	1020	⎪
	10		850	1018	⎬
	11		950	1014	⎪
	12		1000	1016	⎪
	13	64.2	860	1019	⎭
	14		840	1020	⎫	7.83		0.540
	15		920	1016	⎪
	16		750	1020	⎪
	17		820	1017	⎬
	18		1220	1012	⎪
	19		920	1015	⎪
	20		700	1022	⎭
	21		900	1015	⎫	8.04		0.733
	22		980	1013	⎪
	23		990	1014	⎪
	24		750	1020	⎬
	25		820	1017	⎪
	26		700	1021	⎪
	27		910	1020	⎭
	28		930	1017
	30		900	1020
	31		450		⎫	7.87		0.530		1.44
Apr.	1		500		⎪
	2		420		⎪
	3		600		⎪
	4		950		⎪
	5		930		⎬
	6		980		⎪
	7		600		⎪
	8		980		⎪
	9		800		⎪
	10		810		⎭
	11	65.2	940	1017	⎫	9.46	⎫	0.496
	12		710	1024	⎬		⎪
	13		750	1024	⎭		⎪
	14		740	1020		7.55	⎬
	15		590	1024		6.51	⎪
	16		900	1016		7.51	⎪
	17		1290	1009		5.11	⎭
	18	65.2	590	1017		5.96	⎫	0.527
	19		630	1024		6.39	⎪
	20		670	1022		7.48	⎪
	21		900	1021		8.10	⎬
	22		980	1017		7.00	⎪
	23		850	1019		7.60	⎪
	24		640	1023		7.33	⎭
	25	65.0	600	1021		8.23	⎫	0.490
	26		610	1014		5.82	⎪
	27		600	1023		7.27	⎪
	28		970	1015		7.05	⎬
	29		795	1017		5.91	⎪
	30		700	1021		6.80	⎪
May	1		795	1016		5.72	⎭
	2	65.2	860	1017		6.50	⎫	0.344
	3		1120	1016		6.92	⎪
	4		1090	1015		6.54	⎪
	5		580	1021		5.92	⎬
	6		700	1020		7.29	⎪
	7		895	1017		8.97	⎪
	8		800	1016		7.30	⎭
	9	65.2	895	1019		6.28	⎫	0.416
	10		850	1019		6.27	⎪
	11		960	1019		7.26	⎪
	12		690	1022		6.29	⎬
	13		990	1017		7.96	⎪
	14		690	1022		7.21	⎪
	15		900	1015		6.15	⎭
	16	65.1	945	1014		5.10	⎫	0.364
	17		1090	1016		6.15	⎪
	18		620	1020		5.21	⎪
	19		1110	1015		6.53	⎪
	20		895	1016		6.12	⎬
	21		810	1019		6.95	⎪
	22		1110	1016		8.72	⎪
	23	65.0	685	1020		7.07	⎪
	24		560	1021		6.78	⎭
	25		1090	1010		6.02	⎫	0.420
	26		610	1017		5.97	⎪
	27		790	1016		6.83	⎪
	28		1100	1014		7.65	⎬
	29		650	1021		6.12	⎪
	30	65.0	630	1021		5.21	⎪
	31		660	1018		5.07	⎭
June	1	65.1	920	1014		5.96
	2	65.1	800	1013		5.81
	3	65.0	950	1014		7.30
	4		790	1015		6.78
	5		780	1020		8.28
	6	65.1	890	1015		6.89
	7		720	1017		5.87
	8		950	1015		5.93
	9		1060	1014		4.96
	10		940	1017		5.92
	11		1050	1019		7.62
	12		1000	1017		6.66
	13		890	1021		7.26
	14		1340	1016		6.91
	15		1190	1015		6.86
	16		720	1025		7.99
	17	65.2	800	1017		7.25
	18		820	1018		6.99
	19		920	1014		6.18
	20		890	1015		6.03
	21		900	1016		6.37
	22		760	1018		6.79
	23		630	1020		6.06
Daily average from Oct. 26, 1903			833	1018		7.43		0.516		1.28

It will be seen by a study of the analytical data that Dr. Underhill had an average daily excretion of nitrogen through the kidneys from October 26, 1903, to June 23, 1904, of 7.43 grams. From October 26 to April 13, a period of nearly six months, the average daily excretion was 7.81 grams of nitrogen, while from the latter date to June 23 the average daily excretion amounted to 6.68 grams of nitrogen. Taking the body-weight at 65 kilos, the lower nitrogen figure would mean a metabolism of 0.102 gram of nitrogen per kilo of body-weight, closely akin to the figures obtained with the two preceding subjects.

An excretion of 6.68 grams of nitrogen corresponds to the metabolism of 41.75 grams of proteid matter, while the excretion of 7.43 grams of nitrogen implies the metabolism of 46.4 grams of proteid, being less than one-half the ordinarily accepted requirement for the healthy adult.

During this long period of eight months the body-weight was stationary, carrying with it the assumption that the body was in a condition of nitrogen equilibrium. It should be emphasized in connection with Dr. Underhill’s case, that throughout the entire period of eight months, and more, there was perfect freedom in the choice of food. Further, it will be noticed by a study of the dietary made use of in the balance experiments that Dr. Underhill did not reduce his nitrogen intake by any exclusion of meat. He practically made use of his ordinary diet, such as he had always been accustomed to, but with a decided diminution of the amount of proteid food, accompanied by a gradual reduction in the total amount of food consumed each day. His diet, therefore, was in no sense a vegetable diet. Meat was conspicuous in his daily food, but naturally in reduced quantities.

On February 9 a nitrogen balance was attempted, in which a careful comparison of the nitrogen content of all intake and output was made for a period of six days. By a study of the results of this balance period, shown in the accompanying tables, it will be noticed that not only was there no deficiency of nitrogen, but the body was laying on nitrogen at the rate of 0.158 gram per day. Further, it will be observed that the fuel value of the food per day averaged only a little over 2000 calories. Yet this amount of food, with its comparatively low fuel value, carried with it only 8.83 grams of nitrogen per day. Upon this quantity of food the body was able to maintain itself, with a little nitrogen to spare and with sufficient fuel value in the food to supply all the energy required for muscular contraction, mental effort, and the maintenance of body temperature.

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