Physiological Economy in Nutrition

III Experiments With University Students, Trained in Athletics

Men in training for athletic events deem it necessary to consume large amounts of proteid food. Great muscular activity, it is true, calls for the expenditure of corresponding amounts of energy, but it is by no means clear that the energy so liberated comes from the breaking down of proteid material. Indeed, there is more reason for believing that the energy of muscular contraction comes primarily from the oxidation of non-nitrogenous matter. Nevertheless, custom and long experience sanction a high proteid diet, composed largely of meat or of other foodstuffs rich in nitrogen, for the development of that vigor and strength that go to make the accomplished athlete. For the development of new muscle tissue, to make two muscle fibres where before only one existed, to increase the number of available fibres, thereby adding to the bulk of the active tissue, a certain amount of proteid food is absolutely necessary, just as it is for all active tissues and organs of the body. But that this fact constitutes a satisfactory reason for the daily use of such quantities of proteid food as usually enter into the diet of the average athlete is very questionable.

As an illustration of the character of the diet frequently made use of by men doing prolonged muscular work, I may quote a few figures from an article by Professor W. O. Atwater41 and H. C. Sherman on “The effect of severe and prolonged muscular work upon Food consumption, Digestion, and Metabolism,” in which are recorded observations made upon several professional bicycle riders during a six-day race. On one day subject “M” rode 334.1 miles, consuming for food on that day meat extract, 311 grams; milk, 4937 grams; bread, 35 grams; boiled cereals, 877 grams; pastry, 142 grams; sugar, 53 grams; fruit, 2003 grams. His urine for the day contained 46.2 grams of nitrogen, corresponding to the metabolism of 288.7 grams of proteid matter. Subject “A” on one day rode 352.7 miles, taking as food, meat, 149 grams; meat extract, 24 grams; broth, 283 grams; eggs, 369 grams; butter, 78 grams; milk, 142 grams; malted milk, 78 grams; jelly, 213 grams; soup, 191 grams; bread, 361 grams; boiled cereal, 532 grams; sugar, about 400 grams; fruit, 933 grams; cocoa wine, 198 grams. His day’s urine contained 39.0 grams of nitrogen, corresponding to the metabolism of 243.7 grams of proteid material.

Obviously, if such high proteid metabolism as these figures imply is a necessary concomitant of vigorous or excessive muscular activity, then a rich proteid diet is needed to make good the loss of nitrogen to the body; but we are more inclined to believe that the large quantity of nitrogen excreted was the result chiefly of the high proteid ration, and only in small measure connected with the work done. With a sufficiency of non-nitrogenous food, the energy of muscular contraction does not come in any large degree from the breaking down of proteid matter, and there would seem to be no adequate reason for assuming a necessity for such rich and excessive proteid diet as athletes in training ordinarily adopt. Yet the contrary view is almost universally held and followed. As a prominent trainer said to the writer not long ago, “if the men are not fed on a rich meat diet and plenty of it, they will grow soft and lose their strength.”

With a view to testing some of these points and thereby broaden the scope of the investigation and enhance the value of the study, a group of eight students in the University, all trained athletes, was secured. These men volunteered to aid in the study, and at considerable self-sacrifice gave intelligent and hearty co-operation in all ways possible. The men were under observation from January 15, 1904, to the middle of June, 1904, a period of five months. From January 15 the urine was collected daily, and for a period of ten days the regular diet of the men was adhered to without any deviation whatever, with a view to ascertaining the extent of the proteid metabolism characteristic of each individual. No restrictions whatever in diet were suggested, but the ordinary food that the men were accustomed to eat while in training was taken. After this period the men were instructed to diminish somewhat the intake of proteid food, and in following out this plan most of the men diminished quite appreciably the quantity of food consumed at breakfast time, and in some cases stopped taking food of any kind at breakfast other than a cereal, with possibly coffee. No specific diet was imposed, but the men, being willing collaborators in the experiment, gradually cut down the intake of proteid food, diminishing likewise in considerable measure the total volume of food for the twenty-four hours.

The following brief description of the men, taken from Dr. Anderson’s report of their physical condition, to be referred to later, will suffice to make clear the characteristics (as athletes) of these subjects of study:

Mr. G. W. Anderson is a foot-ball, base-ball, and basket-ball player, as well as a crew man (not Varsity). Well built and an all round athlete. 26.5 years of age.

Mr. W. L. Anderson, a “Y” athlete (hurdler), the captain of the Yale Gymnastic Team, University Gymnastic Champion, and American Collegiate Gymnastic Champion. 21.5 years of age.

Mr. H. S. Bellis, a member of the Y. G. A., a gymnast and acrobat and in constant training. 26 years of age.

Dr. W. H. Callahan, Medical Assistant at the Gymnasium, in daily practice in the gymnasium; bowling, hand-ball, and running. 27 years of age.

Mr. M. Donahue, a very muscular and versatile athlete, a foot-ball player and a Varsity basket-ball player. 25 years of age.

Mr. C. S. Jacobus, a “Y” athlete, a noted long-distance man, and one of the best University runners. 22.3 years of age.

Mr. H. R. Schenker, an active member of the Y. G. A., a point winner and intercollegiate competitor in gymnastics. 22 years of age.

Mr. John Stapleton, a wrestler and gymnast. A professional, a man of large body and great strength. 24 years of age.

The results of the daily study of the twenty-four hours’ urine of each man for the entire period of five months are to be found in the accompanying tables. By a careful inspection of these data many interesting facts are brought to light. First it is to be observed, in harmony with what has already been stated regarding athletes, that the men, as a rule, were accustomed to the taking of large amounts of proteid food daily. Thus, during the preliminary period of ten days, Dr. Callahan excreted through the kidneys 22.79 grams of nitrogen as the daily average, corresponding to the metabolism of 142 grams of proteid matter per day, while on one day the nitrogen excretion reached the high figure of 31.99 grams, corresponding practically to the metabolism of 200 grams of proteid material.

G. W. Anderson, during the preliminary period of ten days—on his ordinary diet—showed an average daily excretion of 17.18 grams of nitrogen. W. L. Anderson in this same period excreted on an average 18.22 grams of nitrogen per day, while on one day the excretion reached 23.42 grams of nitrogen. Bellis showed an average daily excretion of 17.64 grams of nitrogen during this same fore period, while Stapleton excreted nitrogen at an average rate of 19.7 grams per day, thus indicating an average daily metabolism of 123 grams of proteid matter on his ordinary diet. With such data before us it is quite clear that we have here, as expected, a group of sturdy men accustomed to the taking of large amounts of proteid food daily; men who clearly believed that their strength and bodily vigor depended in large measure upon the ingestion and utilization of these quantities of proteid food.

After the termination of this preliminary period, the men began to diminish the amount of albuminous food. In doing this they were at first given perfect freedom, each man following his own preferences, and making such alterations in his diet as he saw fit. The men were instructed as to the chemical composition of the various foodstuffs, so that they had a general idea of what foods were rich in nitrogen and could act accordingly. Some of the men cut down their intake of proteid food very rapidly, others made more gradual reduction. Some soon eliminated breakfast almost entirely. Others reduced the amount of food at each meal. Some of the men eliminated meat almost completely from their diet, and increased largely the intake of vegetable food. They were all advised, however, not to make too sudden a change in their diet, but to adopt a gradual reduction in the daily food as being less liable to disturb their physiological equilibrium. Naturally, the men knew exactly how much of a reduction in proteid food they were accomplishing each week, from the results of the chemical analysis of the urine. Further, the record of body-weight furnished evidence of how far the changes in diet were affecting body equilibrium, while their own feelings and ability to do their daily work constituted a check upon a too radical change in living. Careful perusal of the tables will show how far body-weight was changed, and to how great an extent proteid metabolism was reduced during the five months of the experiment.

Anderson, G. W.

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	16	75.0	1300	1022		18.02		0.470
	17		1300	1027		18.88		1.360
	18		1600	1025		17.95		1.008
	19		1085	1030		16.27		1.139
	20		890	1031		17.19		1.008
	21		1080	1030		17.69		0.940
	22	75.0	1340	1027		16.32		0.814
	23	75.0	1210	1028		17.42		1.020
	24	75.0	990	1031		14.85		0.850
	25	75.0	1020	1028	⎫	14.19 daily average		0.768 daily average		2.70 daily average
	26		1035	1029	⎪
	27		865	1029	⎪
	28		800	1029	⎬
	29		690	1026	⎪
	30		765	1026	⎪
	31		800	1024	⎭
Feb.	1	75.0	970	1022	⎫	11.85		0.633		1.77
	2		1070	1024	⎪
	3		740	1029	⎪
	4		870	1027	⎬
	5		2660	1010	⎪
	6		860	1025	⎪
	7		865	1027	⎭
	8	75.0	890	1027	⎫	10.90		0.820		1.76
	9	75.0	780	1028	⎪
	10	75.0	1025	1025	⎪
	11	75.0	1240	1024	⎬
	12	75.0	815	1027	⎪
	13	75.0	940	1027	⎪
	14	75.0	1300	1017	⎭
	15		945	1025	⎫	10.38		0.792
	16	73.5	1090	1029	⎪
	17	73.0	720	1031	⎪
	18	73.0	1000	1028	⎬
	19	73.0	1000	1028	⎪
	20		1300	1024	⎪
	21		1110	1025	⎭
	22		780	1026	⎫	10.00		0.699		1.72
	23	73.0	730	1030	⎪
	24		730	1031	⎪
	25		910	1028	⎬
	26		780	1030	⎪
	27	73.0	1470	1025	⎪
	28		1010	1021	⎭
	29	72.0	910	1029	⎫	11.70		0.749		1.84
Mar.	1		775	1031	⎪
	2		1555	1018	⎬
	3		885	1028	⎪
	4		1060	1029	⎪
	6		910	1029	⎭
	7		770	1030	⎫	11.11		0.705
	8	72.0	850	1029	⎪
	9		730	1030	⎪
	10		740	1029	⎬
	11	72.0	770	1030	⎪
	12		920	1028	⎪
	13		1265	1018	⎭
	14		745	1027	⎫	7.34		0.630
	15		645	1028	⎪
	16	71.8	700	1029	⎪
	17		660	1028	⎬
	18		640	1029	⎪
	19	72.0	885	1023	⎪
	20		885	1027	⎭
	21		1180	1022	⎫	7.41		0.628
	22		660	1029	⎪
	23	71.0	720	1026	⎪
	24		840	1027	⎬
	25		870	1025	⎪
	26		770	1029	⎪
	27		800	1031	⎭
	28		800	1028	⎫	9.66		0.597
	29		810	1030	⎪
	30	71.0	820	1031	⎪
	31		780	1032	⎬
Apr.	1		630	1034	⎪
	2		730	1031	⎪
	3		625	1033	⎭
	4		700	1021	⎫	9.75		0.637		1.68
	5		740	1031	⎪
	6		695	1033	⎪
	7		1220	1020	⎬
	8		670	1034	⎪
	9		590	1034	⎪
	10		510	1030	⎭
	11	71.0	560	1033	⎫	9.23	⎫	0.671
	12		640	1030	⎭		⎪
	13		530	1030		8.11	⎪
	14		1195	1019		10.32	⎬
	15		1005	1024		9.48	⎪
	16		1140	1021		10.60	⎪
	17		1050	1023		9.58	⎭
	18	71.0	870	1026		9.03	⎫	0.580
	19		1110	1025		11.12	⎪
	20		1170	1023		9.80	⎪
	21		810	1030		7.15	⎬
	22		870	1029		9.55	⎪
	23		660	1029		8.84	⎪
	24	70.0	765	1029		8.49	⎭
	25		640	1028		8.06	⎫	0.522
	26		950	1026		9.80	⎪
	27		1120	1023		9.34	⎪
	28		1150	1021		9.04	⎬
	29		860	1027		8.93	⎪
	30	71.0	870	1028		9.71	⎪
May	1		930	1025		10.16	⎭
	2	70.0	925	1021		8.88	⎫	0.451
	3	70.0	935	1023		9.20	⎪
	4		1140	1024		9.10	⎪
	5		990	1026		8.32	⎬
	6		960	1026		8.06	⎪
	7		585	1031		7.55	⎪
	8		620	1031		7.48	⎭
	9		660	1029		8.20	⎫	0.530
	10		740	1024		8.66	⎪
	11	70.0	1000	1023		8.10	⎪
	12	70.0	725	1025		8.09	⎬
	13	71.0	650	1029		7.33	⎪
	14		780	1031		9.73	⎪
	15		670	1028		7.40	⎭
	16		730	1030		8.50
	17		1025	1025		8.98
	18		930	1028		8.87	⎫	0.523
	19	71.1	865	1025		8.36	⎪
	20	71.0	1030	1027		9.95	⎪
	21	70.2	735	1030		8.51	⎬
	22	70.0	570	1029		6.50	⎪
	23		625	1026		6.90	⎪
	24	70.5	870	1027		8.45	⎭
	25		665	1026		10.25	⎫	0.586
	26	70.0	640	1028		6.84	⎪
	27	70.5	780	1024		7.58	⎬
	28	70.0	660	1032		7.53	⎪
	29		650	1027		6.91	⎪
	30	70.0	700	1028		6.97	⎭
June	1		940	1026		8.40
	2		726	1028		7.49
	3	70.9	980	1020		8.65
	4		946	1026		8.80
	5		582	1029		6.32
	6	70.5	718	1027		7.67
	7		670	1028		8.40
	8		1160	1021		10.44
	9		1010	1025		9.09
	10	70.2	1510	1020		11.33
	11		725	1029		9.70
	12		1020	1023		10.10
	13		920	1024		10.82
	14	70.0	740	1030		10.53
	15	70.9	1425	1023		13.34
Daily average from Feb. 1			879	1027				0.632		1.75
Daily average from Feb. 1 to Apr. 12						9.94
Daily average from Apr. 13 to June 15						8.81

Anderson, W. L.

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	15	63.1	1240	1026		16.44		0.733
	16	63.1	1720	1020		18.68		0.755
	17	63.1	1470	1025		18.35		1.523
	18	61.3	1940	1018		19.09		0.866
	19	63.1	1850	1020		23.42		0.784
	20	63.1	600	1026	⎫	16.85 daily av.
	21	63.1	1720	1021	⎭
	22	62.7	1470	1017		13.41		0.584
	23		1210	1026		19.53		0.858
	24	63.0	1130	1025				0.598
	25	62.9	1060	1022	⎫	12.47		0.497 daily average		1.95 daily average
	26	63.1	1025	1024	⎪
	27	63.1	1560	1014	⎪
	28	63.6	890	1024	⎬
	29	63.6	1350	1019	⎪
	30	63.6	1070	1020	⎪
	31	63.3	1410	1018	⎭
Feb.	1	63.3	1425	1019	⎫	10.65		0.493		1.99
	2	62.8	940	1023	⎪
	3	62.0	865	1019	⎪
	4	62.2	1280	1020	⎬
	5	62.2	1120	1017	⎪
	6	62.3	1390	1020	⎪
	7	62.3	1050	1019	⎭
	8	62.3	1150	1021	⎫	10.82		0.505		2.07
	9	62.3	1430	1018	⎪
	10	60.0	910	1021	⎪
	11	60.0	1095	1018	⎬
	12	60.0	865	1023	⎪
	13	62.1	865	1014	⎪
	14	62.1	1580	1015	⎭
	15	62.2	1270	1025	⎫	12.58		0.507
	16	61.2	690	1027	⎪
	17		1070	1020	⎪
	18	61.9	990	1025	⎬
	19		1480	1019	⎪
	20	60.9	1450	1019	⎪
	21	62.0	2582	1011	⎭
	22	62.0	1311	1026	⎫	11.70		0.846		2.40
	23	62.2	1460	1013	⎪
	24	60.0	1085	1022	⎪
	25	60.0	1215	1020	⎬
	26	62.2	835	1020	⎪
	27	62.2	1590	1021	⎪
	28	62.2	1790	1012	⎭
	29	62.3	820	1025	⎫	12.91		0.669		2.32
Mar.	1	61.1	770	1029	⎪
	2	62.2	670	1029	⎪
	3	62.2	1295	1023	⎬
	4		1530	1020	⎪
	5	62.2	1260	1017	⎪
	6	62.3	1340	1024	⎭
	7	62.3	920	1025	⎫	9.21		0.475
	8	62.3	1200	1013	⎪
	9		880	1024	⎬
	11		1670	1019	⎪
	12	62.0	1865	1022	⎪
	13		1640	1030	⎭
	14	62.2	790	1026	⎫	9.66		0.475
	15	62.2	715	1023	⎪
	16	62.2	1350	1016	⎪
	17	62.2	1140	1012	⎬
	18	61.4	980	1021	⎪
	19	62.9	1050	1024	⎪
	20		1012	1023	⎭
	21	62.0	910	1026	⎫	12.25		0.713
	22		1460	1021	⎪
	23	61.9	1310	1020	⎪
	24	61.2	1050	1022	⎬
	25	62.0	860	1031	⎪
	26	61.0	975	1028	⎪
	27		1080	1024	⎭
	28		1120	1022	⎫	11.19		0.551
	29		1690	1020	⎪
	30		1680	1017	⎬
Apr.	1	62.3	1325	1018	⎪
	2	62.9	1075	1018	⎪
	3	62.9	1500	1015	⎭
	4	63.1	800	1025	⎫	10.21		0.625		1.92
	5	62.9	1000	1022	⎪
	7	62.3	750	1027	⎬
	8	62.3	600	1026	⎪
	9	62.3	500	1028	⎪
	10	62.3	830	1023	⎭
	11	61.3	600	1024	⎫	7.47	⎫	0.454
	12	62.2	950	1023	⎭		⎪
	13		800	1028		6.77	⎪
	14		1090	1018		8.83	⎬
	15		1250	1025		6.58	⎪
	16		1480	1014		7.81	⎪
	17	61.3	1130	1024		10.98	⎭
	18		590	1021		5.56	⎫	0.431
	19		840	1024		9.63	⎪
	20		980	1024		12.24	⎪
	21		1220	1022		10.69	⎬
	22		1190	1019		9.50	⎪
	23		1390	1020		10.43	⎪
	24	62.2	1160	1017		7.52	⎭
	25		1010	1014		5.94	⎫	0.459
	26		1200	1019		10.14	⎪
	27		1660	1015		9.66	⎪
	28	61.8	1085	1021		8.59	⎬
	29	61.8	1020	1022		10.83	⎪
	30		1130	1022		10.28	⎪
May	1		1695	1016		9.55	⎭
	2		1530	1013		6.98	⎫	0.237
	3		1230	1023		9.67	⎪
	4		1200	1020		8.50	⎪
	5		1000	1024		9.30	⎬
	6		1390	1022		11.08	⎪
	7		1025	1017		6.46	⎪
	8		1520	1017		8.66	⎭
	9	62.3	970	1017		6.40	⎫	0.451
	10	61.5					⎪
	11		1140	1022		10.33	⎪
	12	60.9	745	1017		6.39	⎬
	13		850	1022		8.31	⎪
	14		1140	1022		10.12	⎪
	15		1365	1017		8.76	⎭
	16		1120	1017		6.58
	17		1940	1014		10.83
	18		1370	1021		10.03	⎫	0.439
	19	61.3	1120	1022		10.15	⎪
	20		1170	1018		8.64	⎪
	21		1530	1015		8.46	⎬
	22		890	1024		7.96	⎪
	23		1200	1017		7.49	⎪
	24	61.1	770	1024		6.60	⎭
	25		690	1024		7.04	⎫	0.448
	26	60.2	745	1025		8.09	⎪
	27		970	1023		10.40	⎪
	28		1160	1022		10.37	⎬
	29						⎪
	30		920	1025		8.94	⎪
	31						⎭
June	1		1400	1012		5.54
	2	59.5	1070	1020		8.48
	3		1190	1018		8.78
	4	59.7	1020	1022		9.00
	5		870	1023		8.67
	6		870	1025		8.72
	7		1350	1017		9.31
	8	60.4	1380	1017		11.55
	9	60.4	1520	1017		9.58
	10		1590	1013		7.35
	11	60.4	1425	1017		7.74
	12		870	1021		7.67
	13		1410	1017		10.32
	14		1180	1022		10.84
	15	61.0	875	1019		5.67
Daily average from Feb. 1			1156	1020				0.516		2.14
Daily average from Feb. 1 to April 12						10.78
Daily average from April 13 to June 15						10.05

Bellis

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	15	81.8	1180	1026		13.24		0.778
	16	82.2	1915	1019		16.09		0.862
	17	82.2	1740	1024		16.18		0.881
	18	82.2	2030	1021		20.10		0.868
	19	82.2	1700	1026		17.34		0.771
	20	82.2	1800	1022		17.82		0.650
	21	82.2	1565	1027		26.18		1.020
	22	82.2	1435	1026		22.64		1.010
	23	82.2	1285	1017		10.49		0.467
	24		1070	1026		16.37		0.786
	25	80.7	590	1029	⎫	13.35 daily average		0.693 daily average		2.32 daily average
	26	81.4	1300	1020	⎪
	27	82.1	1020	1026	⎪
	28	81.2	1190	1027	⎬
	29	81.2	1440	1018	⎪
	30	81.3	1450	1023	⎪
	31	81.2	1000	1026	⎭
Feb.	1	81.2	1230	1025	⎫	12.98		0.674		2.29
	2	81.2	1145	1024	⎪
	3	81.2	1000	1030	⎪
	4	81.2	910	1030	⎬
	5	81.2	1360	1023	⎪
	6	81.2	1160	1022	⎪
	7	81.2	1210	1027	⎭
	8	81.2	1375	1016	⎫	13.03		0.659		2.44
	9	81.2	920	1031	⎪
	10	81.2	1775	1016	⎪
	11	81.2	1130	1026	⎬
	12	81.2	1075	1026	⎪
	13	81.2	1405	1021	⎪
	14	81.2	1055	1024	⎭
	15	81.0	1470	1025	⎫	14.15		0.750
	16	81.1	920	1029	⎪
	17	81.1	1530	1019	⎪
	18	81.1	1330	1023	⎬
	19	81.1	1680	1020	⎪
	20	81.1	950	1029	⎪
	21	81.1	2050	1018	⎭
	22	81.1	1450	1030	⎫	14.79		0.850		2.60
	23	81.1	1540	1027	⎪
	24	79.4	800	1030	⎪
	25	80.0	785	1033	⎬
	26	80.4	1420	1018	⎪
	27	80.1	1250	1026	⎪
	28	80.1	1070	1025	⎭
	29	80.1	1270	1024	⎫	10.77		0.550		2.34
Mar.	1	80.0	1150	1024	⎪
	2	80.0	1530	1018	⎪
	3	80.0	1320	1018	⎬
	4	80.0	1635	1018	⎪
	5	80.0	1220	1026	⎪
	6	80.1	1550	1015	⎭
	7	80.0	1170	1020	⎫	10.29		0.628
	8	80.0	1120	1017	⎪
	9	80.0	1220	1020	⎪
	10	80.0	1210	1020	⎬
	11	80.0	1650	1019	⎪
	12	80.0	1355	1026	⎪
	13	80.0	1040	1025	⎭
	14	80.0	670	1027	⎫	10.05		0.622
	15	80.0	1330	1017	⎪
	16	80.0	915	1024	⎪
	17	80.0	1600	1016	⎬
	18	80.0	1510	1018	⎪
	19	80.0	1490	1018	⎪
	20	79.9	920	1026	⎭
	21	79.8	710	1029	⎫	10.15		0.728
	22	79.8	800	1026	⎪
	23	79.3	800	1030	⎪
	24	79.3	1100	1025	⎬
	25	79.4	1060	1017	⎪
	26	79.4	1580	1020	⎪
	27	79.2	1040	1028	⎭
	28	79.3	1360	1019	⎫	8.52
	29	79.2	1335	1017	⎪
	30		1030	1017	⎪
	31		905	1019	⎬
Apr.	1		870		⎪
	2		810	1029	⎪
	3	78.6	785	1028	⎭
	4		720	1029	⎫	7.27		0.665		1.62
	5		730	1019	⎪
	6		790	1022	⎪
	7		880	1026	⎬
	8		790	1025	⎪
	9		860	1027	⎪
	10		890	1025	⎭
	11		890	1025	⎫	8.18	⎫	0.496
	12		590	1025	⎭		⎪
	13	77.2	960	1025		7.95	⎪
	14		930	1019		6.59	⎬
	15		1090	1018		6.82	⎪
	16		1250	1022		10.35	⎪
	17		650	1025		5.97	⎭
	18		970	1020		7.92	⎫	0.522
	19		1040	1020		6.55	⎪
	20		1150	1019		8.49	⎪
	21		1225	1019		8.75	⎬
	22	78.0	1380	1026		10.60	⎪
	23		1150	1022		10.21	⎪
	24		1130	1018		9.28	⎭
	25		1170	1021		11.30	⎫	0.495
	26		1080	1023		11.79	⎪
	27		1460	1017		10.60	⎪
	28		1360	1019		10.53	⎬
	29		1360	1015		10.28	⎪
	30		1450	1014		9.87	⎪
May	1		985	1020		8.76	⎭
	2		1200	1022		8.86	⎫	0.271
	3		1475	1016		8.88	⎪
	4	77.9	1150	1023		7.73	⎪
	5		1400	1018		9.57	⎬
	6		1340	1020		7.64	⎪
	7		1040	1021		8.73	⎪
	8	78.1	895	1025		6.39	⎭
	9		1480	1024		6.13	⎫	0.401
	10		1125	1020		7.60	⎪
	11		1290	1018		8.59	⎪
	12	78.1	845	1023		8.57	⎪
	13		1170	1022		8.92	⎬
	14		1005	1020		6.09	⎪
	15	77.1	855	1023		7.75	⎪
	16		1210	1014		5.81	⎪
	17		1520	1014		7.93	⎭
	18		1150	1023		8.35	⎫	0.461
	19	77.2	1905	1015		9.60	⎪
	20	77.2	1210	1020		10.67	⎪
	21	76.3	815	1027		8.46	⎬
	22	76.5	1020	1019		7.71	⎪
	23	76.8	890	1023		5.98	⎪
	24	77.1	1030	1022		6.61	⎭
Daily average from Feb. 28			1127	1021				0.531		1.98
Daily average from Feb. 28 to April 12						9.30
Daily average from April 13 to May 24						8.45

Callahan

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	15	92.2	1665	1023		19.48		1.008
	16	92.7	1800	1024		22.90		1.235
	17	92.7	1500	1028		18.81		0.996
	18	92.8	1490	1027		19.58		1.393
	19	93.6	1600	1029		22.18		1.070
	20	94.0	1610	1024		23.76		0.710
	21	94.0	1870	1025		24.68		1.040
	22	95.0	1730	1025		22.73		1.160
	23	95.0	2150	1025		31.99		1.470
	24	95.0	1450			21.84		0.952
	25	94.0	1220	1028	⎫	17.90 daily average		0.988 daily average		3.26 daily average
	26	94.0	1310	1027	⎪
	27	93.0	1310	1025	⎪
	28	94.0	1400	1027	⎬
	29	94.0	1220	1027	⎪
	30	93.0	1115	1030	⎪
	31	93.0	870	1030	⎭
Feb.	1	93.0	1170	1028	⎫	16.92		0.976		2.86
	2	93.0	1080	1029	⎪
	3	93.0	1350	1027	⎪
	4	92.0	1150	1028	⎬
	5	92.0	950	1029	⎪
	6	92.0	1160	1027	⎪
	7	92.0	1100	1030	⎭
	8	91.0	850	1027	⎫	12.28		0.780		2.14
	9	91.0	995	1023	⎪
	10	90.0	670	1027	⎪
	11	89.5	615	1029	⎬
	12	89.5	865	1028	⎪
	13	89.5	740	1031	⎪
	14	90.0	1020	1024	⎭
	15	90.0	980	1027	⎫	9.83		0.755
	16	89.5	715	1029	⎪
	17	89.0	565	1030	⎪
	18	89.0	535	1031	⎬
	19	89.0	540	1034	⎪
	20	89.5	880	1027	⎪
	21	89.0	1170	1025	⎭
	22	89.0	820	1030	⎫	10.26		0.641		1.52
	23	88.0	610	1031	⎪
	24	87.0	520	1034	⎪
	25	88.0	1160	1017	⎬
	26	87.5	385	1033	⎪
	27	88.0	610	1031	⎪
	28	87.0	610	1030	⎭
	29	86.0	1095	1026	⎫	11.07		0.796		1.74
Mar.	1	86.0	780	1027	⎪
	2	86.0	725	1027	⎪
	3	85.0	630	1026	⎬
	4	85.0	850	1030	⎪
	5	85.0	780	1031	⎪
	6	85.5	925	1028	⎭
	7	85.0	610	1029	⎫	7.27		0.593
	8	85.0	720	1027	⎪
	9	85.0	565	1032	⎪
	10	84.5	520	1032	⎬
	11	84.0	570	1032	⎪
	12	84.0	510	1033	⎪
	13	84.0	450	1031	⎭
	14	83.5	470	1025	⎫	8.09		0.645
	15	84.0	1030	1022	⎪
	16	84.0	825	1026	⎪
	17	84.0	690	1026	⎬
	18	84.0	1160	1025	⎪
	19	83.5	1820	1010	⎪
	20	84.0	695	1029	⎭
	21	83.5	760	1027	⎫	8.18		0.711
	22	83.0	610	1029	⎪
	23	83.0	1180	1020	⎪
	24	83.0	620	1032	⎬
	25	83.0	560	1032	⎪
	26	83.0	820	1020	⎪
	27	83.0	1000	1027	⎭
	28	82.0	485	1033	⎫	7.60		0.587
	29	82.0	590	1029	⎪
	30	82.0	1300	1020	⎪
	31	82.5	1590	1020	⎬
Apr.	1	82.0	1600	1018	⎪
	2	82.0	610	1026	⎪
	3	81.5	430	1026	⎭
	4	81.0	290	1030	⎫	6.04		0.458		1.55
	5	82.0	550	1033	⎪
	6	82.0	860	1023	⎪
	7	82.0	880	1021	⎬
	8	82.0	820	1015	⎪
	9	82.0	720	1028	⎪
	10	82.0	490	1030	⎭
	11	82.0	540	1022	⎫	4.98	⎫	0.528
	12	82.0	680	1026	⎭		⎪
	13	82.0	670	1030		8.64	⎪
	14	82.0	755	1026		10.24	⎬
	15	82.0	555	1026		5.29	⎪
	16	82.0	1790	1017		14.18	⎪
	17	83.0	870	1029		9.97	⎭
	18	83.0	990	1020		6.95	⎫	0.585
	19	83.0	735	1022		7.32	⎪
	20	83.0	930	1023		8.31	⎪
	21	83.0	700	1032		10.16	⎬
	22	83.0	1220	1024		11.13	⎪
	23	83.0	860	1027		7.89	⎪
	24	83.0	1140	1015		7.59	⎭
	25	83.0	520	1026		8.02	⎫	0.544
	26	83.5	670	1028		8.08	⎭
	27	83.0	1200	1019		7.92	⎫	0.453
	28	83.0	1340	1020		8.84	⎪
	29	83.5	900	1032		13.23	⎪
	30	83.5	1250	1022		13.50	⎪
May	1	84.0	1160	1030		16.77	⎪
	2	84.0	1080	1026		11.73	⎬
	3	84.0	960	1029		16.13	⎪
	4	83.5	1140	1035		19.36	⎪
	5	83.5	1290	1031		18.35	⎪
	6		780	1040		16.43	⎪
	7	83.0	870	1033		14.67	⎪
	8	83.0	930	1030		14.68	⎭
	9	83.0	1050	1022		11.86	⎫	0.666
	10	83.0	960	1021		8.18	⎪
	11	83.0	1020	1024		9.21	⎪
	12	83.0	840	1024		9.08	⎪
	13	83.5	930	1025		10.05	⎪
	14	83.5	1200	1016		5.55	⎪
	15	83.5	1110	1018		8.99	⎬
	16	83.5	1050	1018		9.64	⎪
	17	84.0	900	1024		8.37	⎪
	18	83.5	1020	1018		8.20	⎪
	19	84.0	945	1022		9.88	⎪
	20	84.0	870	1023		8.72	⎪
	21	83.0	1160	1014		7.24	⎪
	22	82.0	420	1017		5.72	⎭
	23	82.5	480	1026		7.78
	24	82.5	720	1024		10.07
	25	82.0	360	1030		5.64
	26	82.0	510	1029		7.68
	27	82.0	576	1028		6.60
	28	81.5	900	1016		6.59
	29	81.5	570	1023		6.60
	30	81.0	945	1022		6.47
	31	81.5	870	1026		10.44
June	1	81.5	840	1024		9.02
	2	81.5	810	1021		7.78
	3	82.0	540	1021		5.67
	4	82.0	450	1025		6.10
	5	82.0	480	1034		8.21
	6	82.5	480	1030		6.91
	7	82.5	570	1029		9.51
	8	83.0	650	1028		10.49
	9	83.0	570	1024		7.46
	10	83.0	620	1026		8.40
	11	83.0	690	1027		9.11
	12	83.0	590	1025		7.90
	13	83.0	840	1025		10.74
	14	83.5	780	1021		7.86
	15	83.0	650	1029		10.37
Daily average from Feb. 8			809	1026				0.624		1.74
Daily average from Feb. 8 to April 12						8.56
Daily average from April 13 to June 15						9.52

Donahue

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	19	64.5	1500	1017		17.46		0.872
	20		1060	1027		14.88		0.756
	21	64.5	910	1033		14.41		0.525
	22		1150	1028		13.25		0.599
	23		810	1026		11.76		0.428
	24		790	1030		17.91		0.672
	25		820	1028	⎫	10.67 daily average		0.498 daily average		1.90 daily average
	26		960	1024	⎪
	27		800	1026	⎪
	28		870	1025	⎬
	29		740	1025	⎪
	30	63.5	655	1029	⎪
	31		790	1026	⎭
Feb.	1		570	1029	⎫	10.34		0.458		1.81
	2		730	1027	⎪
	3		760	1029	⎪
	4		680	1030	⎬
	5		930	1025	⎪
	6		820	1026	⎪
	7		600	1029	⎭
	8	63.0	740	1025	⎫	9.24		0.470		1.76
	9		565	1030	⎪
	10		710	1027	⎪
	11		870	1025	⎬
	12		705	1025	⎪
	13		740	1026	⎪
	14		595	1027	⎭
	15		860	1026	⎫	7.47		0.465
	16	63.2	830	1024	⎪
	17		780	1026	⎪
	18		735	1026	⎬
	19		720	1028	⎪
	20	63.0	690	1027	⎪
	21		900	1025	⎪
	22	62.7	775	1027	⎭
	23		600	1028	⎫	7.33		0.552		1.56
	24		920	1027	⎪
	25		700	1027	⎬
	26		1040	1023	⎪
	27		600	1031	⎪
	28		710	1024	⎭
	29		850	1026	⎫	7.79		0.448		1.91
Mar.	1		910	1028	⎪
	2	62.0	740	1027	⎪
	3		710	1027	⎬
	4		910	1027	⎪
	5		725		⎪
	6		940	1025	⎭
	7	62.7	700	1025	⎫	6.72		0.363
	8		720	1024	⎪
	9		1020	1022	⎪
	10		700	1026	⎬
	11		1130	1021	⎪
	12		730	1022	⎪
	13		940	1018	⎭
	14		930	1018	⎫	6.33		0.504
	15	62.7	985	1018	⎪
	16		875	1019	⎪
	17		515	1024	⎬
	18		960	1019	⎪
	19		880	1022	⎪
	20	62.7	720	1025	⎭
	21		730	1023	⎫	5.61		0.363
	22		920	1024	⎪
	23		850	1020	⎬
	24		720	1026	⎪
	26	62.7	730	1024	⎪
	27		970	1026	⎭
	28		860	1021	⎫	7.17		0.408		1.90
	29		990	1022	⎪
	30	62.8	1250	1023	⎪
	31		990	1020	⎬
Apr.	1		910	1022	⎪
	2		930	1028	⎪
	3	62.8	870	1026	⎭
	4	62.8	1080	1025	⎫	9.91		0.593		1.79
	5		740	1028	⎪
	6		850	1027	⎪
	7		740	1028	⎬
	8		1010	1028	⎪
	9		700	1029	⎪
	10		900	1025	⎭
	11		1150	1020	⎫	9.59	⎫	0.343
	12		1230	1021	⎭		⎪
	13		1000	1021		7.38	⎪
	14		710	1025		6.18	⎬
	15		920	1022		8.78	⎪
	16	63.0	700	1025		6.89	⎪
	17		775	1024		8.28	⎭
	18		1050	1020		7.69	⎫	0.399
	19		910	1021		6.55	⎪
	20		1140	1020		6.64	⎪
	21		1055	1022		6.71	⎬
	22		1020	1020		6.79	⎪
	23		700	1025		6.34	⎪
	24		825	1022		7.13	⎭
	25		850	1022		6.27	⎫	0.411
	26		1010	1021		7.09	⎪
	27		1150	1021		7.31	⎪
	28		950	1021		6.38	⎬
	29		950	1023		8.61	⎪
	30		525	1028		6.96	⎪
May	1	63.0	750	1022		7.65	⎭
	2		775	1022		6.88	⎫	0.120
	3		710	1022		6.01	⎪
	4		1075	1021		7.22	⎪
	5		700	1021		5.34	⎬
	6		950	1024		7.41	⎪
	7		950	1023		6.72	⎪
	8		745	1024		5.90	⎭
	9		910	1020		6.61	⎫	0.365
	10		720	1023		6.91	⎪
	11	63.0	750	1024		7.11	⎪
	12	63.0	700	1022		6.51	⎬
	13		710	1024		6.94	⎪
	14		825	1025		8.68	⎪
	15		1100	1020		7.79	⎭
	16		1000	1021		6.12
	17		1010	1020		5.94
	18		950	1020		5.75	⎫	0.343
	19		1025	1020		6.64	⎪
	20		1100	1020		8.45	⎪
	21		900	1027		8.64	⎬
	22		750	1025		8.53	⎪
	23		750	1022		7.69	⎪
	24		920	1023		7.34	⎭
	25		750	1022		10.22	⎫	0.406
	26	62.2	775	1021		6.51	⎪
	27		880	1023		8.18	⎬
	28		800	1023		7.06	⎪
	29		790	1023		8.49	⎪
	30		850	1022		7.91	⎭
	31		1030	1021		7.60
June	1		800	1022		6.53
	2		1000	1021		8.16
	3		850	1022		7.40
	4
	5	62.8	650	1027		8.49
	6		850	1023		7.33
	7		910	1022		7.43
	8		770	1022		8.37
	9		910	1025		9.50
	10		850	1025		8.01
	11		650	1025		7.72
	12		700	1025		8.36
	13		930	1022		9.15
	14		800	1026		8.45
	15	62.2	700	1027		7.90
Daily average from Feb. 14			857	1023				0.395		1.79
Daily average from Feb. 14 to Apr. 12						7.55
Daily average from Apr. 13 to June 15						7.39

Jacobus

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	15	57.3	630	1032		10.70		0.542
	16		810	1024		11.76		0.960
	17		880	1029		11.09		0.780
	18		780	1030		10.67		0.600
	19		810	1029		12.94		0.595
	20		670	1030		11.98		0.553
	21		730	1029		10.91		0.586
	22		990	1025		12.12		0.594
	23	58.7	825	1021		9.55		0.436
	24		680	1027		9.10		0.449
	25		1260	1018	⎫	9.58 daily average		0.442 daily average		1.72 daily average
	26		875	1022	⎪
	27		680	1028	⎪
	28	57.0	850	1022	⎬
	29	58.0	760	1020	⎪
	30	57.7	560	1029	⎪
	31		660	1028	⎭
Feb.	1		700	1023	⎫	8.30		0.548		1.60
	2	57.2	567	1030	⎪
	3		600	1030	⎪
	4	57.5	582	1026	⎬
	5		740	1024	⎪
	6	56.8	470	1028	⎪
	7		405	1032	⎭
	8	56.0	575	1028	⎫	7.73		0.460		1.74
	9	57.2	540	1028	⎪
	10	56.6	520	1029	⎪
	11	57.0	1000	1020	⎬
	12		920	1015	⎪
	13		845	1020	⎪
	14		480	1028	⎭
	15		750	1025	⎫	6.27		0.399
	16	56.8	810	1022	⎪
	17	56.4	760	1020	⎪
	18		1100	1017	⎬
	19	56.6	950	1020	⎪
	20	56.3	620	1025	⎪
	21		580	1027	⎭
	22	57.3	770	1020	⎫	6.96		0.521		1.47
	23	56.7	795	1024	⎪
	24	56.6	890	1016	⎪
	25	56.7	880	1022	⎬
	26	56.8	690	1027	⎪
	27		885	1024	⎪
	28		970	1019	⎭
	29	56.8	815	1024	⎫	8.43		0.315		1.75
Mar.	1	57.0	760	1027	⎪
	2	57.0	690	1025	⎪
	3	56.8	1720	1012	⎬
	4		1010	1019	⎪
	5		790		⎪
	6		440	1033	⎭
	7	56.6	970	1019	⎫	7.88		0.535
	8		1130	1018	⎪
	9		440	1031	⎪
	10		1480	1016	⎬
	11		1300	1015	⎪
	12		1165	1013	⎪
	13		1580	1011	⎭
	14	56.8	1200	1015	⎫	5.98		0.454
	15		1330	1010	⎪
	16		1065	1015	⎪
	17	56.8	1170	1013	⎬
	18		1030	1018	⎪
	19	56.8	1445	1012	⎪
	20	56.8	975	1020	⎭
	21		870	1018	⎫	8.30		0.418
	22		1400	1014	⎪
	23	57.3	840	1020	⎬
	24		1020	1021	⎪
	25		690	1024	⎪
	26		1195	1017	⎭
	28		1170	1015	⎫	9.59		0.471
	29	57.3	1030	1023	⎪
	30		1225	1021	⎪
	31		1175	1020	⎬
Apr.	1		1330	1016	⎪
	2		775	1023	⎪
	3		615	1026	⎭
	4		695	1029	⎫	8.71		0.310		1.82
	5		830	1026	⎪
	6		762	1019	⎪
	7	57.0	1205	1026	⎬
	8		1180	1015	⎪
	9		1035	1017	⎪
	10		1300	1015	⎭
	11		1045	1026	⎫	7.88	⎫	0.460
	12		610	1024	⎭		⎪
	13		410	1027		6.81	⎪
	14		600	1025		6.84	⎬
	15		1160	1017		8.49	⎪
	16	56.8	820	1021		7.72	⎪
	17		555	1029		6.96	⎭
	18		610	1026		7.36	⎫	0.441
	19		515	1028		6.67	⎪
	20		710	1023		7.71	⎪
	21		480	1026		6.94	⎬
	22	55.0	565	1026		7.19	⎪
	23		460	1031		7.16	⎪
	24		550	1027		6.27	⎭
	25		750	1020		6.30	⎫	0.507
	26		1170	1017		7.93	⎪
	28		1010	1019		6.06	⎬
	29		1110	1018		8.59	⎪
	30		1050	1020		8.44	⎪
May	1		715	1030		9.44	⎭
	2	56.6	1460	1014		10.50	⎫	0.382
	3		1185	1019		9.45	⎪
	4		1270	1019		10.52	⎪
	5	56.6	1010	1019		9.70	⎬
	6		1090	1021		9.94	⎪
	7		1100	1016		8.65	⎪
	8		765	1024		9.78	⎭
	10		555	1026		7.96	⎫	0.296
	11		640	1027		6.60	⎪
	12		1160	1016		7.03	⎬
	13		665	1025		7.66	⎪
	14		1240	1014		6.61	⎪
	15	56.6	595	1027		7.89	⎭
	16		1460	1012		7.45
	17		1620	1012		6.80
	18		2010	1012		6.75	⎫	0.376
	19		2050	1010		6.27	⎪
	20		1180	1018		7.29	⎪
	21		880	1020		7.07	⎬
	22		730	1025		7.62	⎪
	23		450	1029		6.48	⎪
	24		540	1028		7.64	⎭
	25		950	1017		7.53	⎫	0.303
	26	56.8	555	1023		5.83	⎪
	27		1080	1014		7.25	⎪
	28		1020	1019		6.37	⎬
	29		690	1022		6.34	⎪
	30		590	1025		6.69	⎪
	31		1290	1015		8.36	⎭
June	1		1635	1010		7.85
	2		1475	1012		8.23
	3		400	1024		5.21
	4		705	1019		6.73
	5		1010	1013		6.30
	6		600	1024		5.69
	7		925	1016		6.72
	8		1015	1014		7.30
	9		925	1019		6.05
	10	57.0	1285	1012		5.25
	13		855	1018		8.36
	14		735	1019		6.97
	15	57.0	495	1028		8.32
Daily average from Feb. 1			916	1021				0.423		1.67
Daily average from Feb. 1 to April 12						7.74
Daily average from April 13 to June 15						7.43

Schenker

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	16	73.5	1140	1026		16.21		0.688
	17		2180	1020		18.44		0.990
	18		1155	1024		14.97		0.745
	20		1090	1027		19.82		0.797
	21		1515	1027		20.63		0.966
	22		1675	1019		15.38		0.653
	23	71.7	1100	1022		13.40		0.631
	24		1390	1021		14.18		0.719
	25		1410	1019	⎫	13.23 daily average		0.693 daily average		2.03 daily average
	26		840	1027	⎪
	27		925		⎪
	28		1140	1023	⎬
	29	72.3	1025	1024	⎪
	30		1900	1015	⎪
	31		1105		⎭
Feb.	1		1320	1023	⎫	13.86		0.693		2.16
	2	71.6	885	1029	⎪
	3		1260	1023	⎪
	4		1480	1020	⎬
	5		970	1027	⎪
	6	71.4	1150	1026	⎪
	7		1270	1022	⎭
	8	71.5	1270	1022	⎫	12.84		0.654		2.00
	9	71.2	940	1028	⎪
	10		930	1027	⎪
	11	71.4	845	1029	⎬
	12		800	1027	⎪
	13		620	1031	⎪
	14		890	1025	⎭
	15	70.9	1020	1029	⎫	6.34		0.633
	16		1490	1019	⎪
	17		1180	1024	⎪
	18		1230	1022	⎬
	19		950	1029	⎪
	20		1510	1024	⎪
	21		1325	1026	⎭
	23		510	1030	⎫	8.85		0.624		2.17
	24	71.9	1140	1024	⎪
	25		1730	1016	⎬
	26		1145	1022	⎪
	27		2015	1018	⎪
	28		1150	1023	⎭
	29		1230	1028	⎫	11.49		0.799		2.43
Mar.	1	71.8	1245	1026	⎪
	2		770	1030	⎪
	3	70.8	1480	1016	⎬
	4		1325	1028	⎪
	5		1960	1014	⎪
	6		1230	1021	⎭
	7		1900	1016	⎫	10.11		0.734
	8	72.4	1760	1016	⎪
	9		910	1026	⎪
	10		2050	1015	⎬
	11	72.5	940	1020	⎪
	12		2200	1002	⎪
	13		2790	1011	⎭
	14		1880	1014	⎫	11.08		0.797
	15	72.3	1630	1012	⎪
	16		1070	1022	⎪
	17		2040	1012	⎬
	18		1655	1021	⎪
	19		1485	1014	⎪
	20		2550	1013	⎭
	21	71.9	2000	1014	⎫	10.14		0.551
	22		2170	1012	⎬
	23		1670	1014	⎪
	24	72.3	2020	1015	⎭
	26		875
	27		1520	1018	⎫	10.85		0.660
	28		1675	1017	⎪
	29		1175	1025	⎪
	30		1110	1021	⎬
	31		2340	1012	⎪
Apr.	1		1440	1021	⎪
	2		1200	1021	⎭
	3				⎫	11.64		0.782
	4		1110	1022	⎪
	5		785		⎪
	6		1130	1023	⎬
	7	74.1	945	1027	⎪
	8		1050	1024	⎪
	9		925	1022	⎪
	10		1555	1020	⎭
	11	73.8	1440	1015		8.44	⎫	0.620
	13		1250	1023		12.23	⎪
	14		1330	1026		10.06	⎬
	15		1880	1018		12.41	⎪
	16		2440	1013		11.27	⎪
	17		1680	1018		10.78	⎭
	18	73.3	1640	1018		11.22	⎫	0.746
	19		1420	1020		12.95	⎪
	20	74.2	1440	1019		9.85	⎪
	21		1670	1018		10.22	⎬
	22		1220	1019		9.52	⎪
	23	73.3	1640	1021		9.05	⎪
	24		2200	1016		9.50	⎭
	25		1400	1020		9.07	⎫	0.594
	26		1400	1020		8.15	⎪
	27		1710	1017		9.13	⎪
	28		2220	1011		9.59	⎬
	29	73.4	1940	1015		11.29	⎪
	30		980	1025		10.76	⎪
May	1		1625	1015		10.05	⎭
	2		1950	1014		8.89	⎫	0.298
	3		1795	1014		8.62	⎪
	4		2400	1010		8.50	⎪
	5		1895	1019		11.03	⎬
	6	73.7	1920	1019		11.75	⎪
	7		2300	1014		11.87	⎪
	8		1380	1018		11.51	⎭
	9		2095	1014		11.46	⎫	0.229
	10		1360	1016		9.96	⎪
	11		1040	1022		8.74	⎬
	12		1250	1024		11.02	⎪
	15		1215	1020		8.68	⎭
	16		1450	1018		8.96
	17		1725	1014		8.29
	18		1420	1018		8.77	⎫	0.427
	19	72.7	990	1020		8.73	⎪
	20		2390	1014		12.48	⎪
	21	72.7	1000	1025		8.76	⎬
	22		1570	1018		9.98	⎪
	23		1780	1015		10.04	⎪
	24		1210	1018		8.71	⎭
	25		1390	1016		9.09	⎫	0.842
	26	72.5	1380	1015		9.11	⎪
	27	72.1	1920	1018		9.56	⎬
	28		1870	1016		11.22	⎪
	29		1635	1015		8.83	⎪
	30		1670	1017		8.52	⎭
	31		2190	1013		9.46
June	1		1140	1016		6.02
	2		1520	1018		8.94
	3		1610	1017		8.50
	4	72.2	1380	1020		8.94
	5		795	1022		8.11
	6		1590	1018		9.83
	7		2000	1012		9.48
	8		1800	1016		12.10
	9	71.9	1500	1018		9.63
Daily average from Feb. 8			1500	1019				0.624		2.20
Daily average from Feb. 8 to April 10						10.37
Daily average from April 11 to June 9						9.82

Stapleton

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
			Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1904		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Jan.	15	77.2	1350	1026		16.20		0.941
	16	77.2	2200	1020		20.33		1.163
	17	77.2	2000	1025		21.00		1.095
	18	78.1	1650	1026		21.78		0.897
	19	77.1	1585	1029		20.64		1.139
	20	77.0	1390	1028		19.26		0.480
	21	77.1	1560	1026		20.31		0.971
	22	77.1	1620	1023		18.37		0.735
	23	78.0	1810	1025		21.72		0.624
	24	77.0	1430	1024		17.42		0.890
	25	76.0	990	1029	⎫	14.95 daily average		0.841 daily average		2.83 daily average
	26	76.0	1280	1026	⎪
	27	77.0	885	1030	⎪
	28	77.1	1660	1021	⎬
	29	76.1	1005	1029	⎪
	30	77.1	1310	1027	⎪
	31	76.1	800	1031	⎭
Feb.	1	76.1	1090	1028	⎫	13.48		0.743		2.34
	2	76.1	1175	1025	⎪
	3	76.0	1120	1030	⎪
	4	76.0	950	1031	⎬
	5	76.0	1150	1023	⎪
	6	76.0	1165	1029	⎪
	7	76.0	770	1033	⎭
	8	76.0	825	1030	⎫	12.72		0.712		2.74
	9	76.0	1160	1026	⎪
	10	76.0	1140	1023	⎪
	11	76.0	1160	1023	⎬
	12	76.0	970	1026	⎪
	13	76.0	1115	1024	⎪
	14	76.0	1360	1023	⎭
	15	76.0	1040	1026	⎫	12.36		0.755
	16	76.0	1020	1023	⎪
	17	76.0	1380	1021	⎪
	18	76.0	880	1029	⎬
	19	76.0	945	1030	⎪
	20	76.0	1940	1017	⎪
	21	76.0	2670	1016	⎭
	22	76.0	1590	1023	⎫	13.03		0.967		2.56
	23	76.0	1870		⎪
	24	76.0	870	1026	⎪
	25	76.0	1275	1024	⎬
	26	76.0	1140	1025	⎪
	27	76.0	1930	1018	⎪
	28	76.0	1120	1026	⎭
	29	76.0	1140	1028	⎫	12.91		0.803		2.59
Mar.	1	76.0	1300	1022	⎪
	2	76.0	1295	1023	⎪
	3	77.0	825	1030	⎬
	4	76.0	1860	1021	⎪
	5	76.0	1230	1026	⎪
	6	76.0	1155	1029	⎭
	7	76.0	830	1031	⎫	11.02		0.707
	8	76.0	860	1031	⎪
	9	76.0	940	1029	⎪
	10	76.0	550	1034	⎬
	11	76.0	780	1028	⎪
	12	77.0	790	1026	⎪
	13	76.0	700	1030	⎭
	14	76.0	830	1027	⎫	10.26		0.757
	15	76.0	1650	1014	⎪
	16	76.0	1120	1019	⎪
	17	76.0	690	1027	⎬
	18	76.0	1170	1024	⎪
	19	76.0	2230	1010	⎪
	20	77.2	1180	1025	⎭
	21	76.0	540	1032	⎫	11.55		0.794
	22	76.0	880	1030	⎪
	23	76.0	990	1028	⎪
	24	76.0	1130	1024	⎬
	25	76.0	1470	1025	⎪
	26	76.0	1280	1025	⎪
	27	76.0	1240	1021	⎭
	28	76.0	1020	1023	⎫	11.14		0.667
	29	77.0	1440	1018	⎪
	30	76.0	1595	1018	⎪
	31	76.0	1210	1017	⎬
Apr.	1	76.0	1940	1018	⎪
	2	76.0	1110	1028	⎪
	3		1185	1026	⎭
	4		1420	1027	⎫	17.56		0.929		2.77
	5		1260	1029	⎪
	6		1095	1026	⎬
	7		1315	1030	⎪
	8		1180	1029	⎪
	9		1140	1030	⎭
	11	75.0	1285	1031	⎫	16.43	⎫	0.550
	12		940	1023	⎭		⎪
	13		750	1027		9.59	⎪
	14		720	1026		10.45	⎬
	15		910	1028		10.70	⎪
	16		815	1021		6.32	⎪
	17		1110	1012		5.33	⎭
	18		820	1024		4.58	⎫	0.418
	19		750	1025		7.38	⎪
	20	74.0	880	1024		7.13	⎪
	21		1005	1026		9.17	⎬
	22		1090	1027		9.74	⎪
	23		1085	1019		8.17	⎪
	24		990	1020		8.26	⎭
	25		1150	1021		9.21	⎫	0.599
	26		980	1025		9.23	⎪
	27	75.0	1570	1019		8.29	⎪
	28		1040	1025		9.05	⎬
	29		1020	1022		9.98	⎪
	30		1000	1026		9.40	⎪
May	1		1025	1025		10.56	⎭
	2		1070	1027		11.25	⎫	0.377
	3		1585	1018		10.37	⎪
	4	75.0	1805	1023		8.70	⎪
	5		1350	1022		9.88	⎬
	6		920	1024		7.84	⎪
	7		900	1025		9.23	⎪
	8		930	1025		11.50	⎭
	9		875	1027		11.81	⎫	0.625
	10		1010	1022		8.85	⎪
	11		1010	1023		9.26	⎪
	12	74.0	600	1030		9.29	⎬
	13		940	1028		10.60	⎪
	14		975	1023		7.37	⎪
	15		800	1025		6.63	⎭
	16		1200	1019		8.14
	17		515	1030		6.58
	18		790	1029		9.67	⎫	0.691
	19	74.1	745	1029		8.58	⎪
	20	74.1	880	1022		9.51	⎪
	21	74.1	1100	1027		9.64	⎬
	22		890	1028		9.56	⎪
	23		690	1020		8.03	⎪
	24	76.0	905	1025		9.04	⎭
	25		665	1031		8.46	⎫	0.663		2.27
	26	74.5	630	1026		7.45	⎪
	27		950	1024		8.83	⎬
	28	73.0	850	1027		10.60	⎪
	30		1060	1020		10.88	⎭
	31		1640	1015		8.56
June	1		1230	1013		9.37
	2		1180	1019		10.34
	3		620	1024		6.96
	4		910	1020		11.47
	5		880	1019		11.09
	6		855	1025		11.14
	7		1250	1017		8.78
	8		885	1025		11.10
	9	74.0	730	1020		6.35
	10		1540	1017		8.87
	11		750	1015		5.85
	12	73.4	1265	1015		9.71
Daily average from Jan. 25			1094	1024				0.699		2.64
Daily average from Jan. 25 to April 12						13.12
Daily average from April 13 to June 12						9.00

It is plain from the foregoing results, that all the men of this group, like the members of the professional group, experienced no difficulty in reducing in large measure their rate of proteid metabolism. The intake of proteid food was steadily diminished, with a corresponding diminution in the extent of nitrogen metabolism. Take as an illustration the average daily output of nitrogen from April 13 to June 15, a period of sixty-three consecutive days:

Average Daily Excretion of Metabolized Nitrogen for the Last Two Months of the Experiment

	grams
G. W. Anderson	8.81		⎫	Grand average for this period = 8.81 grams of nitrogen per day.
W. L. Anderson	10.07		⎪
H. S. Bellis	8.45	42	⎪
W. H. Callahan	9.52		⎬
M. Donahue	7.39		⎪
C. S. Jacobus	7.43		⎪
H. R. Schenker	9.82		⎪
John Stapleton	9.00		⎭

An excretion of 8.81 grams of nitrogen through the kidneys corresponds to the metabolism of 55 grams of proteid matter. Compare this average amount of proteid matter metabolized each day with the figures obtained during the preliminary period of ten days, when the men were living on their ordinary diet. Then, many of the men were excreting nitrogen at the rate of 17 to 22 grams per day. In a general way, we may safely say that all these men during the last two months of the experiment were living on about one-half the proteid food they were formerly accustomed to take.

Further, the average daily excretion of nitrogen for the preceding seventy-three days, i. e., from February 1 to April 13, was in most instances nearly, if not quite, as low as during the last two months of the experiment, so that we are certainly justified in the statement that these men—trained athletes, doing athletic work more or less strenuous—were able to practise during this long period marked physiological economy in the use of proteid food, equal approximately at least to a saving of full fifty per cent in proteid matter.

The individual tables must be carefully studied, however, in order to trace out the changes in detail in the rate of nitrogen metabolism, and in so doing much information will be obtained regarding modification in the excretion of uric acid, a matter to be discussed in another connection, later on. Further, it is interesting to note in the tables the changes in body-weight of the men. Some of the men, like Dr. Callahan, who were abundantly supplied with adipose tissue, lost very considerably in body-weight, but eventually came to a standstill, with establishment of body equilibrium, under the changed dietary habits. Some of the men reached this condition of equilibrium much more quickly than others. Dr. Callahan who suffered a large loss in body-weight—to his great gain, as he expressed it—dropped from 92.2 kilos to 83 kilos in two months, but from March 22 to June 15 his body-weight, while naturally showing fluctuation, did not fall again permanently.

What now was the amount of metabolized nitrogen per kilo of body-weight in these men toward the close of the experiment? Taking the average daily nitrogen excretion for the period from April 13 to June 15, and the body-weights of the men at this same period, as indicated in the accompanying table, we have the following figures:

	Body- weight.	Average daily Nitrogen excreted.	Metabolized Nitrogen per kilo of body-weight.
	kilos	grams	gram
Bellis	78	8.45	0.108
Callahan	83	9.52	0.114
Donahue	62	7.39	0.119
Stapleton	75	9.00	0.120
Anderson, G. W.	71	8.81	0.124
Jacobus	56	7.43	0.132
Schenker	73	9.82	0.134
Anderson, W. L.	61	10.07	0.165

These figures, with one exception, show as low a proteid metabolism per kilo of body-weight as was obtained with the soldiers on a prescribed diet, yet these men were athletes accustomed to vigorous muscular exercise, and likewise accustomed to the eating of relatively large amounts of proteid food. Theoretically, it might not be expected that these men would drop to as low a level as men who were not addicted to the consumption of excessive amounts of proteid foods, yet for two months, and practically for a period of four months, these University students easily maintained themselves at this lower level of nitrogen metabolism.

---

From April 26 to June 13, at the request of the students themselves, the daily diet was prescribed; not, however, as regards the quantity of food to be eaten, but merely as to its character. The men ate at the University Dining Hall, and it was a simple matter to have their table supplied with a special dietary. The following dietary was therefore prepared for their use.

It is not to be understood that the men took all that the daily list provided, but they made their selections from the menu, and in quantity took what they deemed necessary, or what satisfied their appetites. It may be added that the men were all well content with the variety provided and expressed themselves, many times, as better pleased with a simple dietary of this kind than with the heavier proteid foods of earlier days. It should be added that Dr. Callahan was compelled to be absent from New Haven during a large portion of the period covered by this dietary, hence his nitrogen excretions do not correspond in quantity with the nitrogen of the above rations.

Tuesday, April 26, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled hominy with sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Spaghetti, stewed tomatoes, potatoes, boiled onions, bread, butter, coffee, fried hominy with syrup.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup, fried bacon with French fried potato, spinach, bread, butter, stewed prunes, lettuce-celery-apple salad, cream puffs, coffee.

Wednesday, April 27, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, farina with cream, coffee, rolls, butter, baked potato.

Lunch.—Fried oysters, mashed potato, bread, butter, coffee, string beans, sliced banana with cream.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, codfish-cakes, boiled potato, boiled lima beans, lettuce-orange salad, ice cream, coffee.

Thursday, April 28, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, coffee, rolls, cream, butter, fried hominy and syrup.

Lunch.—Fried sweet potato, cold tongue, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee, baked apple with cream.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup, Hamburg steak made with plenty of bread, etc., Lyonnaise potato, baked potato, spinach, pie, coffee.

Friday, April 29, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, Indian-meal, boiled, with sugar and cream, baked potato, rolls, coffee.

Lunch.—Clam chowder with crackers, farina croquettes, stewed tomato, griddle cakes with syrup, coffee, bread, butter.

Dinner.—Soup, fish, mashed potato, radishes, string beans, cranberry sauce, bread, butter, lettuce salad, lemon pie, coffee.

Saturday, April 30, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, fried Indian-meal, syrup, baked potato, coffee, rolls.

Lunch.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, baked potato, sliced ham, baked apple and cream, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Soup, small sausage fried, mashed potato, boiled sweet potato, spinach, stewed tomato, strawberry short cake, coffee.

Sunday, May 1, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled rice, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup, stewed chicken, cranberry sauce, boiled potato, boiled onion, stewed corn, water ice, coffee, bread, butter.

Supper.—French fried potato, bacon, Waldorf-salad, bread, butter, pie.

Monday, May 2, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, malto-rice, cream, coffee, rolls.

Lunch.—Baked beans, catsup, baked potato, stewed prunes, apple pudding.

Dinner.—Barley soup, string beans, boiled onion, mashed potato, fried bacon, cranberry sauce, bread, butter, sliced banana, cream, coffee.

Tuesday, May 3, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, baked potato, butter, rolls, coffee.

Lunch.—Baked macaroni, French fried potato, boiled spinach, stewed prunes, coffee, bread, butter, fried rice with syrup.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup, fried sausage with Lyonnaise potato, boiled sweet potato, butter, lettuce-orange salad, baked apple with cream, coffee.

Wednesday May 4, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, farina with sugar and cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—One egg on toast, string beans, boiled potato, bread, butter, coffee, pie.

Dinner.—Tomato purée, codfish-cakes, baked potato, boiled lima beans, lettuce-apple salad, bread, butter, cream puffs, coffee.

Thursday, May 5, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled hominy, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Cold ham, fried sweet potato, baked potato, cream, butter, coffee, cabinet pudding, vanilla sauce.

Dinner.—Scotch broth, one lamb chop, mashed potato, fried sweet potato, spinach, bread and butter, baked apple and cream, coffee.

Friday, May 6, 1904.

Breakfast.—One apple, fried hominy with syrup, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Clam chowder with crackers, potato croquettes, sliced tomatoes, bread, butter, griddle cakes and syrup, coffee.

Dinner.—Bean soup aux croutons, boiled halibut, mashed potato, boiled onions with cream, radishes, cranberry sauce, lettuce salad, bread, butter, coffee, one orange.

Saturday, May 7, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, sugar, cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Consommé, spaghetti à l’italienne, boiled sweet potato, bread, butter, cakes, preserves, coffee.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup, roast beef, mashed potato, boiled spinach, boiled sweet potato, bread and butter, strawberries and cream, coffee.

Sunday, May 8, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, fried rice, syrup, coffee, corn bread and butter, baked potato.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup, stewed chicken, cranberry sauce, string beans, boiled or mashed potato, water ice, bread and butter, cakes, coffee.

Supper.—French fried potato, bacon, lettuce-orange salad, bread and butter, cake, preserves, and coffee.

Monday, May 9, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled Indian-meal, sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Calf’s liver, baked potato, stewed prunes, boiled onion, bread and butter, coffee, apple pudding.

Dinner.—Consommé, baked macaroni, fried sweet potato, stewed tomato, preserves, lettuce, bread, butter, cakes, coffee.

Tuesday, May 10, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, farina, milk, sugar, baked potato, coffee, bread, butter.

Lunch.—Egg omelette with jelly, fried bacon, mashed potato, spinach, apple pudding, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, rice custard, lettuce-orange salad, bread, butter, coffee, baked apples with cream.

Wednesday, May 11, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana and cream, fried hominy, syrup, baked potato, coffee, bread, butter.

Lunch.—Cream of tomato soup, mashed potato, lima beans, bread, butter, prune soufflé, coffee.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak made with much bread, boiled sweet potato, boiled onions, lettuce, lemon pie, bread, butter, coffee.

Thursday, May 12, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, baked potato, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Consommé, French fried potato, one egg on toast, rice pudding, apple sauce, coffee, bread, butter.

Dinner.—One chop, boiled or mashed potato, string beans, apple-lettuce salad, lemon pie, bread, butter, coffee.

Friday, May 13, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana and cream, fried rice with syrup, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Clam chowder, boiled potato, boiled onions, fried bacon, carrots, apple dumpling, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup (thick), frizzled beef, fried sweet potato, spinach, cranberry tart, bread, butter, coffee, cakes.

Saturday, May 14, 1904.

Breakfast.—Baked apple and cream, boiled hominy, with sugar and cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, with tomato sauce, stewed corn, mashed potato, bread, butter, coffee, fruit.

Dinner.—Fish, boiled potato, boiled onions, bread pudding, preserves, lettuce-tomato salad, small cakes, bread, butter, coffee.

Sunday, May 15, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fruit, baked potato, boiled oatmeal with sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Consommé with croutons, fried rice with syrup, French fried potato, strawberry short-cake with whipped cream, bread, coffee.

Dinner.—Stewed chicken, fried sweet potato, cranberry sauce, celery, string beans, bread, butter, coffee, ice cream, cakes.

Monday, May 16, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, griddle cakes and syrup, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.

Lunch.—Fried bacon, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, rice croquettes with preserves, apple pie, coffee.

Dinner.—Consommé, one lamb chop, mashed potato, string beans, boiled onions, orange-lettuce salad, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.

Tuesday, May 17, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, farina, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Vegetable soup, French fried potato, one egg on toast, rice pudding, apple sauce, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, lima beans, lettuce salad, bread, butter, baked apples with cream, rice custard, coffee.

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced banana, fried rice, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, tomato sauce, fried sweet potato, string beans, bread, butter, prune soufflé, coffee.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup, Hamburg steak made with much bread, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, lemon pie, coffee.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced banana, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Egg omelette, jelly, French fried potato, boiled onions, fried hominy, syrup, bread, butter, apple pudding, coffee.

Dinner.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, fried bacon, fried sweet potato, spinach, bread, butter, Indian-meal pudding, coffee.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced orange, fried hominy, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Fish cakes, boiled sweet potato, mashed potato, lima beans (boiled), bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.

Dinner.—Consommé, boiled halibut, mashed potato, string beans, bread, butter, rice croquettes, cranberry jam, coffee.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced banana, cream, sugar, boiled Indian-meal, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—One lamb chop, potato croquettes, fried Indian-meal, syrup, stewed tomatoes, bread, butter, coffee, water ice.

Dinner.—Bean purée, scrambled egg, bacon, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, farina pudding, prunes, bread, butter, coffee.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced orange, sugar, boiled oatmeal, cream, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Boiled macaroni, fried rice, syrup, mashed potato, boiled onions, bread, butter, ice cream, cake, coffee.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, French fried potato, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, cranberry sauce, strawberry short-cake, cream, coffee.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Sliced banana, griddle cakes, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—One egg on toast, consommé, French fried potato, lettuce, rice croquettes, syrup, apple sauce, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup, baked macaroni, fried bacon, potato croquettes, string beans, bread, butter, water ice, coffee.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, tomato sauce, boiled onions, mashed potato, bread, butter, stewed prunes, coffee.

Dinner.—Tomato purée, Hamburg steak made with much bread, French fried potato, spinach, farina croquettes, bread, butter, lemon pie, coffee.

Wednesday, May 25, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, lettuce salad, fried hominy, syrup, bread, butter, apple sauce, coffee.

Dinner.—Consommé, scrambled eggs, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, lima beans, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.

Thursday, May 26, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—One egg on toast, spinach, mashed potato, apple sauce, bread, butter, rice pudding, coffee.

Dinner.—Tomato purée, boiled macaroni, boiled onions, French fried potato, lettuce, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.

Friday, May 27, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, rolls, coffee.

Lunch.—Clam chowder, potato croquettes, lima beans, bread, butter, strawberries, cream, coffee.

Dinner.—Bean soup, boiled halibut, mashed potato, string beans, rice croquettes, cranberry jam, bread, butter, water ice, coffee.

Saturday, May 28, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—One boiled egg, French fried potato, stewed tomatoes, fried Indian-meal, syrup, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup, baked beans, Boston brown bread, lettuce-orange salad, stewed prunes, bread, butter, ice cream, coffee.

Sunday, May 29, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Boiled spaghetti, mashed potato, boiled onions, fried rice, syrup, bread, butter, strawberries, cake, coffee.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, boiled potato, spinach, bread, butter, cranberry sauce, custard pie, coffee.

Monday, May 30, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Consommé, French fried potato, bacon, lettuce-orange salad, wheat griddle cakes, syrup, bread, butter, coffee.

Dinner.—Barley broth, one lamb chop, mashed potato, fried sweet potato, apple sauce, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.

Tuesday, June 7, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Vegetable soup, French fried potato, one egg on toast, apple sauce, rice pudding, bread, butter, tea.

Dinner.—One small fried sausage, boiled potato, lima beans, lettuce-orange salad, bread, butter, ice cream, cake, coffee.

Wednesday, June 8, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, potato croquettes, string beans, two slices bacon, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.

Dinner.—Split-pea soup, boiled halibut, mashed potato, asparagus, bread, butter, cream pie, coffee.

Thursday, June 9, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Egg omelette, jelly, French fried potato, boiled onions, bread, butter, wheat griddle cakes, syrup, coffee.

Dinner.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, dried beef stewed with milk, boiled potato, spinach, bread, butter, Indian-meal pudding, coffee.

Friday, June 10, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, fried hominy, syrup, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Clam chowder, mashed potato, boiled lima beans, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.

Dinner.—Consommé, bluefish (broiled), Lyonnaise potato, asparagus, bread, butter, cranberry jam, lemon pie, coffee.

Saturday, June 11, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange, boiled Indian-meal, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Barley broth, corn fritters, mashed potato, two slices bacon, bread, butter, stewed tomatoes, strawberries, cream, coffee.

Dinner.—Bean purée, scrambled egg, rice croquettes, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, stewed prunes, bread, butter, farina pudding, coffee.

Sunday, June 12, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Boiled macaroni, string beans, mashed potato, farina croquettes, water ice, cake, coffee.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, French fried potato, lettuce salad, bread, butter, strawberry short-cake, cream, coffee.

Monday, June 13, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.

Lunch.—Vegetable soup, one egg on toast, fried potatoes, apple sauce, rice croquettes, bread, butter, cottage pudding, tea.

Dinner.—Clam broth, beef stew, with potatoes, carrots and onions, boiled potatoes, bread, butter, apple-lettuce salad, apple pie, cheese, coffee.

Nitrogen Balance

We may now consider whether these men, who had so greatly reduced the extent of their proteid metabolism, and who had apparently attained a condition of body equilibrium, were truly in nitrogenous equilibrium, or free from any daily loss of nitrogen. To test this point, a careful and exact comparison of the nitrogen intake and output was made for a period of seven days, commencing on May 18. This was not easy to accomplish, as the men were still allowed freedom in the quantity of food eaten, and also in the choice of food, within the limits of the menu provided, so that a large number of food analyses had to be made. A greater difficulty, however, in obtaining proof of equilibrium lay in the laudable ambition of the men to make a good showing,—for they had all become interested in the main problem, and had acquired great faith in the efficiency of a low proteid ration,—which led them to great caution in the matter of eating during the balance trial, thereby running the risk of diminishing in too great degree the fuel value of the food.

---

The following data obtained with Donahue are self-explanatory. The figures showing the quantities of food at each meal are instructive, as indicating the general makeup of the daily dietary, both as to quality and quantity.

Donahue

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 141 grams, bread 60 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 80 grams, sugar 31 grams.

Lunch.—Soup 247 grams, string beans 65 grams, bread 21 grams, butter 30 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, fried potato 222 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 10 grams, mashed potato 150 grams, spinach 200 grams, apple pie 103 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 75 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		141	×	0.23	=	0.324	grams.
Butter	15 + 30 + 10 =	55	×	0.15	=	0.083
Sugar	31 + 21 + 28 =	80	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	80 + 75 =	155	×	0.46	=	0.713
Bread		60	×	1.66	=	0.996
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Bread		21	×	1.60	=	0.336
Soup		247	×	0.41	=	1.013
Fried potato		222	×	0.32	=	0.710
String beans		65	×	0.34	=	0.221
Consommé		150	×	0.38	=	0.570
Bread		45	×	1.80	=	0.810
Spinach		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Potato		150	×	0.38	=	0.570
Pie		103	×	0.43	=	0.443
	Total nitrogen in food					8.119	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					5.750

Fuel value of the food 2676 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 98 grams, boiled hominy 150 grams, bread 60 grams, butter 10 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 125 grams, sugar 45 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 61 grams, butter 19 grams, potato 100 grams, fried hominy 114 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onion 139 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato purée 200 grams, bread 40 grams, fried sweet potato 77 grams, macaroni 100 grams, spinach 100 grams, bacon 21 grams, bread pudding 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 7 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		98	×	0.23	=	0.225	grams.
Bread		60	×	1.54	=	0.924
Butter	10 + 19 =	29	×	0.15	=	0.044
Sugar	46 + 21 + 7 =	73	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 =	300	×	0.06	=	0.180
Cream	125 + 50 =	175	×	0.47	=	0.823
Hominy		150	×	0.20	=	0.300
Bread		61	×	1.60	=	0.976
Potato		100	×	0.49	=	0.490
Fried hominy		114	×	0.67	=	0.764
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Onion		139	×	0.27	=	0.375
Bread		40	×	1.74	=	0.696
Tomato purée		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Fried sweet potato		77	×	0.38	=	0.293
Macaroni		100	×	0.93	=	0.930
Spinach		100	×	0.56	=	0.560
Bacon		21	×	3.00	=	0.630
Pudding		100	×	0.20	=	0.200
	Total nitrogen in food					9.482	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.640

Fuel value of the food 2753 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, baked potato 87 grams, roll 59 grams, butter 32 grams, sugar 7 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 67 grams, butter 15 grams, fish cake 88 grams, potato 150 grams, bread pudding 150 grams, cream 50 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, fish 70 grams, string beans 70 grams, potato 155 grams, cranberry sauce 102 grams, bread 32 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		70	×	0.20	=	0.140	grams.
Butter	32 + 15 =	47	×	0.15	=	0.071
Roll		59	×	1.72	=	1.015
Sugar	7 + 14 =	21	×	0.00	=	0.000
Potato		87	×	0.40	=	0.348
Bread		67	×	1.71	=	1.146
Fish-cake		88	×	1.22	=	1.074
Potato		150	×	0.30	=	0.450
Bread pudding		150	×	0.99	=	1.485
Cream		50	×	0.44	=	0.220
Potato		155	×	0.34	=	0.527
Consommé		150	×	0.59	=	0.885
Bread		32	×	1.97	=	0.630
String beans		70	×	0.36	=	0.252
Cranberry sauce		102	×	0.03	=	0.031
Fish		70	×	3.18	=	2.226
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
	Total nitrogen in food					10.560	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.450

Fuel value of the food 1911 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 106 grams, boiled Indian-meal 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 50 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 16 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 55 grams, butter 13 grams, lamb chop 37 grams, potato croquette 105 grams, tomato 216 grams, sugar 14 grams, water ice 143 grams.

Dinner.—Bean soup 100 grams, fried egg 22 grams, bacon 10 grams, lettuce salad 63 grams, fried potato 100 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams, stewed prunes 247 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread		59	×	1.65	=	0.974	grams.
Butter	16 + 13 =	29	×	0.15	=	0.044
Banana		106	×	0.23	=	0.244
Boiled Indian-meal		150	×	0.17	=	0.255
Sugar	21 + 14 + 21 =	56	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	50 + 50 =	100	×	0.43	=	0.430
Bread		55	×	1.82	=	1.001
Potato croquette		105	×	0.71	=	0.746
Lamb chop		37	×	4.63	=	1.713
Tomato		216	×	0.17	=	0.367
Water ice		143	×	0.012	=	0.017
Prunes		247	×	0.16	=	0.395
Bean soup		100	×	1.21	=	1.210
Fried potato		100	×	0.60	=	0.600
Egg		22	×	2.27	=	0.499
Bacon		10	×	3.05	=	0.305
Salad		63	×	0.21	=	0.132
Coffee		100	×	0.06	=	0.060
	Total nitrogen in food					8.992	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.640

Fuel value of the food 2294 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 60 grams, oatmeal 207 grams, roll 46 grams, butter 14 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 150 grams, sugar 35 grams.

Lunch.—Potato 150 grams, boiled onions 145 grams, macaroni 130 grams, fried rice 138 grams, syrup 48 grams, ice cream 160 grams, cake 26 grams.

Dinner.—Celery soup 150 grams, spinach 100 grams, mashed potato 100 grams, bread 19 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 7 grams, strawberry short-cake 169 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		60	×	0.20	=	0.120	grams.
Oatmeal		207	×	0.43	=	0.890
Sugar	35 + 7 =	42	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	150 + 50 =	200	×	0.45	=	0.900
Roll		46	×	1.67	=	0.768
Coffee	150 + 100 =	250	×	0.06	=	0.150
Butter		14	×	0.15	=	0.021
Potato		150	×	0.30	=	0.450
Onions		145	×	0.25	=	0.363
Macaroni		130	×	0.46	=	0.598
Fried rice		138	×	0.75	=	1.035
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Ice cream		160	×	0.53	=	0.848
Cake		26	×	1.20	=	0.312
Bread		19	×	1.57	=	0.298
Celery soup		150	×	0.33	=	0.495
Spinach		100	×	0.55	=	0.550
Short-cake		169	×	0.50	=	0.845
Mashed potato		100	×	0.37	=	0.370
	Total nitrogen in food					9.025	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.530

Fuel value of the food 2781 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 201 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 28 grams, griddle cakes 103 grams, syrup 48 grams.

Lunch.—Consommé 150 grams, rice croquette 140 grams, syrup 48 grams, fried potato 100 grams, bread 36 grams, butter 15 grams, apple sauce 90 grams, coffee 75 grams, sugar 7 grams.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup 100 grams, potato croquette 50 grams, string beans 120 grams, macaroni 104 grams, bacon 20 grams, bread 26 grams, water ice 184 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Griddle cakes		103	×	0.91	=	0.937	grams.
Banana		201	×	0.23	=	0.462
Cream		100	×	0.45	=	0.450
Sugar	28 + 7 =	35	×	0.00	=	0.000
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Consommé		150	×	0.65	=	0.975
Rice croquette		140	×	0.61	=	0.854
Butter		15	×	0.15	=	0.023
Bread		36	×	1.75	=	0.630
Apple sauce		90	×	0.020	=	0.018
Fried potato		100	×	0.60	=	0.600
Coffee		75	×	0.06	=	0.045
Vegetable soup		100	×	0.70	=	0.700
Bread		26	×	1.75	=	0.455
Macaroni		104	×	0.87	=	0.905
String beans		120	×	0.22	=	0.264
Water ice		184	×	0.006	=	0.011
Bacon		20	×	3.28	=	0.656
Potato croquette		50	×	0.77	=	0.385
	Total nitrogen in food					8.393	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.690

Fuel value of the food 2319 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, fried rice 186 grams, syrup 72 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Celery soup 125 grams, bread 34 grams, butter 19 grams, boiled onion 127 grams, potato 150 grams, tomato sauce 50 grams, stewed prunes 189 grams, cream 50 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 125 grams, bread 20.5 grams, fried potato 100 grams, spinach 130 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream pie 158 grams.

Evening.—Ginger ale 250 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Rice		186	×	0.36	=	0.670	grams.
Syrup		72	×	0.024	=	0.017
Coffee	100 + 100 =	200	×	0.06	=	0.120
Sugar	21 + 14 =	35	×	0.00	=	0.000
Orange		80	×	0.20	=	0.160
Cream	50 + 50 + 50 =	150	×	0.45	=	0.675
Bread		34	×	1.66	=	0.564
Butter		19	×	0.15	=	0.029
Celery soup		125	×	0.48	=	0.600
Onion		127	×	0.30	=	0.381
Prunes		189	×	0.17	=	0.321
Potato		150	×	0.26	=	0.390
Tomato sauce		50	×	0.23	=	0.115
Tomato soup		125	×	0.19	=	0.238
Bread		20.5	×	1.82	=	0.373
Fried potato		100	×	0.46	=	0.460
Spinach		130	×	0.54	=	0.702
Cream pie		158	×	0.93	=	1.469
Ginger ale		250	×	0.00	=	0.000
	Total nitrogen in food					7.284	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.340

Fuel value of the food 2422 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Donahue.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces43 (dry).
May	18	8.119	grams.	5.75	grams.
	19	9.482		6.64		15	grams.
	20	10.560		8.45
	21	8.992		8.64
	22	9.025		8.53
	23	8.393		7.69		89
	24	7.284		7.34		24
						128	grams contain 6.40% N.
		61.855		53.04	+	8.192	grams nitrogen.
		61.855	grams nitrogen.		61.232	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	+0.623	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	+0.089	grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2450.
Nitrogen per day	8.83 grams.

Examination of these data shows that the total amount of nitrogen ingested for the seven days was 61.855 grams, while there were eliminated in the urine 53.04 grams and through the fæces 8.192 grams of nitrogen, thus showing a plus balance for the period of 0.623 gram of nitrogen. In other words, with an average daily intake of 8.83 grams of nitrogen and with an average fuel value of the food amounting to only 2450 calories per day, the body was not only kept from loss, but was able to store up a little nitrogen for future needs. Surely, one could not ask for any better demonstration of physiological economy in nutrition than these data, for this seven days’ period, afford.

Further, it should be mentioned, as confirmatory of the view that this subject had long been in a condition of nitrogenous equilibrium on about this quantity of food, that the average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during this seven days’ period was 7.57 grams, while the average daily excretion from April 13 to June 15 was 7.39 grams of nitrogen. Finally, attention may be called to the fact that the ingestion of 8.83 grams of nitrogen corresponds to 55.18 grams of proteid food, while an excretion of 7.57 grams of nitrogen means the metabolism of 47.3 grams of proteid matter. A saving of more than fifty per cent in proteid food and proteid metabolism, with maintenance of body and nitrogen equilibrium with its possible physiological gains is not to be ignored.

---

With Jacobus, a similar trial for nitrogen balance gave the following results:

Jacobus

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 73 grams, fried rice 100 grams, syrup 58 grams, bread 48 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 118 grams, sugar 35 grams.

Lunch.—Tomato soup 105 grams, sweet potato 61.5 grams, farina croquette 91 grams, syrup 49 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 23 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 46 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 155 grams, Hamburg steak 67 grams, spinach 30 grams, potato 150 grams, bread 27 grams, butter 8 grams, pie 110 grams, cream 61 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Butter	15 + 23 + 8 =	46	×	0.15	=	0.069	grams.
Banana		73	×	0.23	=	0.168
Fried rice		100	×	0.75	=	0.750
Bread		48	×	1.66	=	0.797
Cream	118 + 46 + 61 =	225	×	0.46	=	1.035
Sugar	35 + 21 + 10 =	66	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 =	300	×	0.06	=	0.180
Syrup	58 + 49 =	107	×	0.024	=	0.026
Tomato soup		105	×	0.41	=	0.431
Bread		35	×	1.60	=	0.560
Farina croquette		91	×	1.09	=	0.991
Sweet potato		61.5	×	0.32	=	0.197
Consommé		155	×	0.38	=	0.589
Potato		150	×	0.38	=	0.570
Hamburg steak		67	×	3.64	=	2.439
Bread		27	×	1.80	=	0.486
Spinach		30	×	0.53	=	0.159
Pie		110	×	0.43	=	0.473
	Total nitrogen in food					9.920	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.750

Fuel value of the food 2846 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 105 grams, baked potato 79 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 225 grams, cream 85 grams, sugar 24 grams.

Lunch.—Omelette (plain) 60 grams, fried hominy 68 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 100 grams, boiled onion 81 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 14.5 grams, apple pudding 117 grams, sugar 10 grams, cream 40 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, bacon 31 grams, baked macaroni 53 grams, fried sweet potato 55 grams, boiled Indian-meal 50 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 155 grams, cream 96 grams, sugar 31 grams, chocolate 40 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		105	×	0.23	=	0.242	grams.
Bread		40	×	1.54	=	0.616
Cream	85 + 40 + 96 =	221	×	0.47	=	1.038
Coffee	225 + 155 =	380	×	0.06	=	0.228
Sugar	10 + 24 + 31 =	65	×	0.00	=	0.000
Potato		79	×	0.49	=	0.387
Butter	15 + 14.5 + 15 =	44.5	×	0.15	=	0.067
Bread		45	×	1.60	=	0.720
Onion		81	×	0.27	=	0.219
Fried hominy		68	×	0.67	=	0.456
Eggs (omelette)		60	×	1.58	=	0.948
Potato		100	×	0.49	=	0.490
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Apple pudding		117	×	0.28	=	0.328
Soup		100	×	0.53	=	0.530
Bread		35	×	1.74	=	0.609
Fried sweet potato		55	×	0.38	=	0.209
Bacon		31	×	3.00	=	0.930
Baked macaroni		53	×	0.93	=	0.493
Boiled Indian-meal		50	×	0.20	=	0.100
Chocolate		40	×	0.73	=	0.292
	Total nitrogen in food					8.914	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.270

Fuel value of the food 2831 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, fried hominy 57 grams, syrup 48 grams, baked potato 113 grams, bread 34 grams, butter 16 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 33 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Lunch.—Fish-cake 88 grams, fried hominy 61 grams, syrup 32 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 22.5 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 10 grams, bread pudding 81 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 75 grams, boiled fish 99 grams, potato 132 grams, rice croquette 83 grams, syrup 50 grams, bread 49 grams, butter 19 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 48 grams, sugar 20 grams.

Evening.—Beer 375 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Butter	16 + 22.5 + 19 =	57.5	×	0.15	=	0.086	grams.
Orange		70	×	0.20	=	0.140
Coffee	75 + 75 + 150 =	300	×	0.06	=	0.180
Cream	33 + 35 + 48 =	116	×	0.44	=	0.510
Sugar	10 + 10 + 20 =	40	×	0.00	=	0.000
Potato		113	×	0.40	=	0.452
Fried hominy		57	×	0.74	=	0.422
Bread		34	×	1.72	=	0.585
Syrup	48 + 32 + 50 =	130	×	0.024	=	0.031
Potato		100	×	0.30	=	0.300
Bread		45	×	1.71	=	0.770
Fried hominy		61	×	0.57	=	0.348
Fish-cake		88	×	1.22	=	1.074
Bread pudding		81	×	0.99	=	0.802
Bread		49	×	1.97	=	0.965
Fish		99	×	3.18	=	3.148
Potato		132	×	0.34	=	0.449
Rice croquette		83	×	1.06	=	0.880
Beer		375	×	0.069	=	0.259
Consommé		75	×	0.59	=	0.443
	Total nitrogen in food					11.844	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.290

Fuel value of the food 2914 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 72 grams, roll 48 grams, butter 7 grams, boiled Indian-meal 100 grams, cream 90 grams, sugar 17 grams.

Lunch.—Lamb chop 49 grams, potato 95 grams, tomato 91 grams, beans 45 grams, bread 49 grams, butter 13.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 28 grams, water ice 153 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 75 grams, bacon 12 grams, fried egg 50 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 9 grams, prunes 175 grams, coffee 75 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Butter	7 + 13.5 + 9 =	29.5	×	0.15	=	0.044	grams.
Banana		72	×	0.23	=	0.167
Boiled Indian-meal		100	×	0.17	=	0.170
Cream	90 + 45 =	135	×	0.43	=	0.581
Sugar	17 + 28 =	45	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roll		48	×	1.65	=	0.792
Bread		49	×	1.82	=	0.892
Lamb chop		49	×	4.63	=	2.269
Potato		95	×	0.71	=	0.675
Coffee	150 + 75 =	225	×	0.06	=	0.135
Tomato		91	×	0.17	=	0.155
Water Ice		153	×	0.012	=	0.018
Bread		40	×	1.62	=	0.648
Soup		75	×	1.21	=	0.908
Prunes		175	×	0.16	=	0.280
Potato		100	×	0.60	=	0.600
Egg		50	×	2.27	=	1.135
Bacon		12	×	3.05	=	0.366
	Total nitrogen in food					9.835	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.070

Fuel value of the food 2157 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 44 grams, oatmeal 130 grams, roll 52 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 120 grams, sugar 30 grams.

Lunch.—Fried rice 72 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onions 70 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 33 grams, butter 14.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 45 grams, sugar 20 grams, ice cream 147 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, chicken 75 grams, fried potato 50 grams, spinach 15 grams, bread 48 grams, butter 12 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams, strawberry short-cake 201 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		44	×	0.20	=	0.088
Oatmeal		130	×	0.43	=	0.559
Roll		52	×	1.67	=	0.868
Cream	45 + 120 + 50 =	215	×	0.45	=	0.968
Sugar	30 + 20 + 14 =	64	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 + 75 =	375	×	0.06	=	0.225
Bread		33	×	1.57	=	0.518
Butter	14.5 + 12 =	26.5	×	0.15	=	0.040
Onions		70	×	0.25	=	0.175
Potato		100	×	0.30	=	0.300
Ice cream		147	×	0.53	=	0.779
Fried rice		72	×	0.75	=	0.540
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Bread		48	×	1.91	=	0.917
Soup		100	×	0.30	=	0.300
Chicken		75	×	3.02	=	2.265
Fried potato		50	×	0.37	=	0.185
Spinach		15	×	0.55	=	0.083
Strawberry short-cake		210	×	0.50	=	1.005
	Total nitrogen in food					9.827	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.620

Fuel value of the food 2836 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 70 grams, roll 64 grams, butter 9 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 85 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Lunch.—Boiled eggs 73 grams, fried potato 75 grams, bread 58 grams, butter 11.5 grams, apple sauce 90 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bacon 35 grams, potato croquette 47 grams, bread 39 grams, butter 9.5 grams, chocolate 45 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 15 grams, water ice 151 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		70	×	0.23	=	0.161	grams.
Butter	9 + 11.5 + 9.5 =	30	×	0.15	=	0.045
Cream	85 + 35 + 50 =	170	×	0.45	=	0.765
Sugar	10 + 21 + 15 =	46	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roll		64	×	1.63	=	1.043
Coffee	72 + 75 + 100 =	250	×	0.06	=	0.150
Fried potato		75	×	0.60	=	0.450
Bread		58	×	1.64	=	0.951
Eggs		73	×	2.07	=	1.511
Apple sauce		90	×	0.02	=	0.018
Potato croquette		47	×	0.77	=	0.362
Bacon		35	×	3.28	=	1.148
Bread		39	×	1.75	=	0.683
Chocolate		45	×	0.73	=	0.329
Water ice		151	×	0.006	=	0.009
	Total nitrogen in food					7.625	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.480

Fuel value of the food 2041 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, boiled rice 105 grams, roll 55 grams, butter 9 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 30 grams.

Lunch.—Soup 100 grams, fried potato 80 grams, boiled onions 130 grams, bread 44.5 grams, butter 12.5 grams, stewed prunes 108 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak 84 grams, mashed potato 135 grams, bread 14 grams, butter 3 grams, cream pie 153 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Rice		105	×	0.36	=	0.378	grams.
Coffee	100 + 100 =	200	×	0.06	=	0.120
Orange		80	×	0.20	=	0.160
Roll		55	×	1.64	=	0.902
Butter	9 + 12.5 + 3 =	24.5	×	0.15	=	0.037
Sugar	30 + 21 =	51	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	50 + 50 =	100	×	0.45	=	0.450
Bread		44.5	×	1.66	=	0.739
Prunes		108	×	0.17	=	0.184
Soup (celery)		100	×	0.48	=	0.480
Onions		130	×	0.30	=	0.390
Potato (fried)		80	×	0.25	=	0.200
Potato (mashed)		135	×	0.46	=	0.621
Hamburg steak		84	×	3.96	=	3.326
Bread		14	×	1.82	=	0.255
Cream pie		153	×	0.93	=	1.423
	Total nitrogen in food					9.665	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.640

Fuel value of the food 2174 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Jacobus.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
May	18	9.920	grams.	6.75	grams.	5.0	grams.
	19	8.914		6.27		10.0
	20	11.844		7.29		30.0
	21	9.835		7.07		28.3
	22	9.827		7.62		20.7
	23	7.625		6.48		18.8
	24	9.665		7.64		32.0
						144.8	grams contain 6.58 % N.
		67.630		49.12	+	9.528	grams nitrogen.
		67.630	grams nitrogen.		58.648	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	+8.982	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	+1.283	grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2542.
Nitrogen per day	9.661 grams.

During this balance period of seven days, 67.630 grams of nitrogen were taken in with the food, while 49.12 grams of nitrogen were excreted through the urine and 9.528 grams were passed out through the fæces. This means a large plus balance of 8.98 grams of nitrogen for the entire period, showing that the body was being supplied with considerably more proteid than was necessary for the establishment of nitrogen equilibrium. The average daily intake of nitrogen was 9.661 grams, whereas this might have been reduced to 8.4 grams per day with perfect assurance of nitrogen equilibrium being maintained. Further, it is to be noticed that the average daily intake of food for this period had a fuel value of only 2542 calories. The average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during the balance period was only 7.01 grams, while the average daily excretion for the last two months of the experiment amounted to 7.43 grams.

---

With Schenker the following results were obtained:

Schenker

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—None.

Lunch.—Bread 53 grams, butter 22 grams, stewed potato 148 grams, string beans 110 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 200 grams, bread 84 grams, butter 35 grams, Hamburg steak 119 grams, boiled potato 200 grams, spinach 100 grams, apple pie 138 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread		53	×	1.60	=	0.848	grams.
Stewed potato		148	×	0.32	=	0.474
Butter	22 + 35 =	57	×	0.15	=	0.086
String beans		110	×	0.34	=	0.374
Consommé		200	×	0.38	=	0.760
Bread		84	×	1.80	=	1.512
Hamburg steak		119	×	3.64	=	4.332
Potato		200	×	0.38	=	0.760
Spinach		100	×	0.53	=	0.530
Apple pie		138	×	0.43	=	0.593
	Total nitrogen in food					10.269	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.770

Fuel value of the food 2006 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—None.

Lunch.—Bread 82 grams, butter 32 grams, potato 232 grams, omelette 60 grams, apple-tapioca 180 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 200 grams, bread 57 grams, butter 15 grams, macaroni 107 grams, fried sweet potato 100 grams, bacon 28 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread		82	×	1.60	=	1.312	grams.
Butter	32 + 15 =	47	×	0.15	=	0.071
Potato		232	×	0.49	=	1.137
Omelette		60	×	1.58	=	0.948
Apple-tapioca		180	×	0.28	=	0.504
Bread		57	×	1.74	=	0.992
Tomato soup		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Macaroni		107	×	0.93	=	0.995
Bacon		28	×	3.00	=	0.840
Fried sweet potato		100	×	0.38	=	0.380
	Total nitrogen in food					8.239	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.730

Fuel value of the food 1900 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, baked potato 142 grams, roll 84 grams, butter 32.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Fish-ball 85 grams, potato 175 grams, lima beans 60 grams, bread 57 grams, butter 17 grams, bread pudding 336 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, halibut 110 grams, potato 186 grams, string beans 50 grams, bread 72 grams, butter 18 grams, cranberry sauce 163 grams, sugar 19 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		70	×	0.20	=	0.140	grams.
Butter	32.5 + 17 + 18 =	67.5	×	0.15	=	0.101
Roll		84	×	1.72	=	1.445
Coffee		150	×	0.06	=	0.090
Cream		50	×	0.44	=	0.220
Sugar	21 + 19 =	40	×	0.00	=	0.000
Potato		142	×	0.40	=	0.568
Potato		175	×	0.30	=	0.525
Fish-ball		85	×	1.22	=	1.037
Bread		57	×	1.71	=	0.975
Bread pudding		336	×	0.99	=	3.326
Lima beans		60	×	0.76	=	0.456
Bread		72	×	1.97	=	1.418
Potato		186	×	0.34	=	0.632
Fish (halibut)		110	×	3.18	=	3.498
String beans		50	×	0.36	=	0.180
Cranberry sauce		163	×	0.03	=	0.049
Consommé		150	×	0.59	=	0.885
	Total nitrogen in food					15.545	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					12.480

Fuel value of the food 2798 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 184 grams, cream 80 grams, boiled Indian-meal 155 grams, baked potato 140.5 grams, butter 15 grams, sugar 7 grams.

Lunch.—Lamb chop 25 grams, tomato 148 grams, potato croquette 147 grams, fried Indian-meal 47.5 grams, syrup 48 grams, bread 35 grams, water ice 162 grams.

Dinner.—Bean soup 150 grams, bread 25 grams, butter 19 grams, bacon 29 grams, fried potato 150 grams, orange salad 67 grams, stewed prunes 208 grams, cream 50 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Boiled Indian-meal		155	×	0.17	=	0.264	grams.
Banana		184	×	0.23	=	0.423
Cream	80 + 50 =	130	×	0.43	=	0.559
Baked potato		140.5	×	0.40	=	0.562
Sugar		7	×	0.00	=	0.000
Butter	15 + 19 =	34	×	0.15	=	0.051
Lamb chop		25	×	4.63	=	1.158
Tomato		148	×	0.17	=	0.252
Potato croquette		147	×	0.71	=	1.044
Bread		35	×	1.82	=	0.637
Fried Indian-meal		47.5	×	1.09	=	0.518
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Water ice		162	×	0.012	=	0.019
Bread		25	×	1.62	=	0.405
Orange salad		67	×	0.21	=	0.141
Stewed prunes		208	×	0.16	=	0.332
Fried potato		150	×	0.60	=	0.900
Bacon		29	×	3.05	=	0.885
Bean soup		150	×	1.21	=	1.815
	Total nitrogen in food					9.977	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.760

Fuel value of the food 2661 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 126 grams, baked potato 169 grams, roll 43 grams, butter 15 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 53 grams, butter 15.5 grams, macaroni 165 grams, potato 150 grams, fried rice 114 grams, syrup 48 grams, ice cream 148 grams, cake 45 grams.

Dinner.—Celery soup 150 grams, fried potato 50 grams, spinach 40 grams, mashed potato 50 grams, chicken 85 grams, strawberry short-cake 213 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		126	×	0.20	=	0.252	grams.
Roll		43	×	1.67	=	0.718
Butter	15 + 15.5 =	30.5	×	0.15	=	0.046
Potato		169	×	0.40	=	0.676
Bread		53	×	1.57	=	0.832
Macaroni		165	×	0.46	=	0.759
Potato		150	×	0.30	=	0.450
Cake		45	×	1.20	=	0.540
Ice cream		148	×	0.53	=	0.784
Fried rice		114	×	0.75	=	0.855
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Fried potato		50	×	0.57	=	0.285
Spinach		40	×	0.55	=	0.220
Chicken		85	×	3.02	=	2.567
Strawberry short-cake		213	×	0.50	=	1.065
Celery soup		150	×	0.33	=	0.495
Mashed potato		50	×	0.37	=	0.185
	Total nitrogen in food					10.741	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.980

Fuel value of the food 2788 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 225 grams, griddle cakes 127 grams, syrup 96 grams, roll 62 grams, butter 9.5 grams.

Lunch.—Consommé 100 grams, scrambled eggs 82 grams, fried potato 150 grams, rice croquette 150 grams, syrup 72 grams, bread 24 grams, butter 15 grams, apple sauce 125 grams.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup 100 grams, bread 51 grams, butter 17 grams, bacon 59 grams, potato croquette 80 grams, macaroni 100 grams, water ice 184 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		225	×	0.23	=	0.518	grams.
Griddle cakes		127	×	0.91	=	1.156
Butter	9.5 + 15 + 17 =	41.5	×	0.15	=	0.062
Roll		62	×	1.63	=	1.011
Syrup	96 + 72 =	168	×	0.024	=	0.040
Scrambled eggs		82	×	2.07	=	1.697
Fried potato		150	×	0.60	=	0.900
Rice croquette		150	×	0.61	=	0.915
Apple sauce		125	×	0.020	=	0.025
Consommé		100	×	0.65	=	0.650
Bread		24	×	1.64	=	0.394
Bread		51	×	1.75	=	0.893
Bacon		59	×	3.28	=	1.935
Potato croquette		80	×	0.77	=	0.610
Macaroni		100	×	0.87	=	0.870
Water ice		184	×	0.006	=	0.011
Vegetable soup		100	×	0.48	=	0.480
	Total nitrogen in food					12.167	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					10.040

Fuel value of the food 3100 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—None.

Lunch.—Cream of celery soup 100 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 10 grams, farina croquette 88 grams, potato 150 grams, stewed prunes 176 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 150 grams, Hamburg steak 77 grams, potato 150 grams, spinach 75 grams, farina croquette 107 grams, syrup 48 grams, bread 30.5 grams, butter 7.5 grams, cream pie 162 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread		35	×	1.64	=	0.574	grams.
Butter	10 + 7.5 =	17.5	×	0.15	=	0.026
Farina croquette		88	×	0.74	=	0.651
Potato		150	×	0.26	=	0.390
Prunes		176	×	0.17	=	0.299
Cream of celery soup		100	×	0.48	=	0.480
Tomato soup		150	×	0.19	=	0.285
Hamburg steak		77	×	3.96	=	3.049
Potato (fried)		150	×	0.46	=	0.690
Spinach		75	×	0.54	=	0.405
Bread		30.5	×	1.82	=	0.555
Cream pie		162	×	0.93	=	1.507
Farina croquette		107	×	0.76	=	0.813
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
	Total nitrogen in food					9.736	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.710

Fuel value of the food 2151 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Schenker.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
May	18	10.269	grams.	8.77	grams.	8.0	grams.
	19	8.239		8.73		41.0
	20	15.545		12.48		26.5
	21	9.977		8.76		43.4
	22	10.741		9.98		29.0
	23	12.167		10.04		14.7
	24	9.736		8.71		20.5
						11.0
						193.4	grams contain 6.50% N.
		76.674		67.47	+	12.571	grams nitrogen.
		76.674	grams nitrogen.		80.041	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	-3.367	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	-0.481	gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2486.
Nitrogen per day	10.95 grams.

In this seven days’ balance trial, there were taken in with the food 76.674 grams of nitrogen, with an output of 67.47 grams of nitrogen through the urine and 12.571 grams through the fæces, thus showing a minus balance of 3.367 grams of nitrogen for the seven days. The fuel value of the food averaged 2486 calories per day, while the average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen amounted to 9.63 grams. Schenker’s daily nitrogen excretion for the last two months of the experiment averaged 9.82 grams. Presumably, the slight minus balance of nitrogen was due to the relatively small fuel value of the food, which doubtless was not quite sufficient for the body-weight, and the degree of bodily activity then prevailing.

---

With G. W. Anderson, a plus balance was obtained as follows:

G. W. Anderson

Wednesday May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 103 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 42 grams, cream 125 grams, fried rice 45 grams, baked potato 92 grams, roll 65 grams, butter 11 grams.

Lunch.—Soup 150 grams, farina croquette 88 grams, sweet potato 206 grams, string beans 75 grams, bread 62 grams, butter 15.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 30 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 200 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 20 grams, Hamburg steak 109 grams, mashed potato 150 grams, coffee 200 grams, cream 30 grams, sugar 24 grams, spinach 100 grams, apple pie 150 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Butter	11 + 15.5 + 20 =	46.5	×	0.15	=	0.070	grams.
Sugar	42 + 24 + 14 =	80.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Banana		103.0	×	0.23	=	0.237
Cream	125 + 30 + 30 =	185.0	×	0.46	=	0.851
Fried rice		45.0	×	0.75	=	0.338
Roll		65.0	×	1.66	=	1.079
Potato		92.0	×	0.39	=	0.359
Coffee	150 + 150 + 200 =	500.0	×	0.06	=	0.300
Bread		62.0	×	1.60	=	0.992
Soup		150.0	×	0.41	=	0.615
Farina croquette		88.0	×	1.09	=	0.959
Sweet potato		206.0	×	0.32	=	0.659
String beans		75.0	×	0.34	=	0.255
Bread		59.0	×	1.80	=	1.062
Soup (consommé)		200.0	×	0.38	=	0.760
Hamburg steak		109.0	×	3.64	=	3.968
Potato		150.0	×	0.38	=	0.570
Spinach		100.0	×	0.53	=	0.530
Apple pie		150.0	×	0.43	=	0.645
	Total nitrogen in food					14.249	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.870

Fuel value of the food 3323 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 170 grams, cream 140 grams, sugar 28 grams, coffee 150 grams, baked potato 127 grams, rolls 47 grams, butter 15 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 50 grams, butter 18 grams, fried potato 150 grams, fried hominy 100 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 200 grams, fried sweet potato 70 grams, macaroni 125 grams, spinach 105 grams, bacon 13 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 40 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		170	×	0.23	=	0.391	grams.
Cream	140 + 50 + 40 =	230	×	0.46	=	1.058
Sugar	28 + 14 + 14 =	56	×	0.00	=	0.000
Butter	15 + 18 + 15 =	48	×	0.15	=	0.072
Rolls		47	×	1.66	=	0.780
Potato		127	×	0.39	=	0.495
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Bread		50	×	1.60	=	0.800
Fried potato		150	×	0.32	=	0.480
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Hominy		100	×	0.67	=	0.670
Bread		46	×	1.74	=	0.800
Soup		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Fried sweet potato		70	×	0.38	=	0.266
Macaroni		125	×	0.93	=	1.163
Spinach		105	×	0.56	=	0.588
Bacon		13	×	3.00	=	0.390
	Total nitrogen in food					9.295	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.360

Fuel value of the food 2932 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, roll 120 grams, butter 33 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 28 grams, cream 50 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 48 grams, butter 19 grams, fish-cake 81 grams, potato 200 grams, lima beans 50 grams, fried hominy 118 grams, syrup 96 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 100 grams, boiled halibut 143 grams, mashed potato 177 grams, string beans 90 grams, stewed cranberry 76 grams, bread 56 grams, butter 16 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Butter	33 + 19 + 16 =	68	×	0.15	=	0.102	grams.
Orange		70	×	0.20	=	0.140
Rolls		120	×	1.72	=	2.064
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Cream	50 + 50 + 50 =	150	×	0.44	=	0.660
Bread		48	×	1.71	=	0.821
Fish-cake		81	×	1.22	=	0.988
Potato		200	×	0.30	=	0.600
Lima beans		50	×	0.76	=	0.380
Fried hominy		118	×	0.57	=	0.673
Syrup		96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Bread		56	×	1.97	=	1.104
Consommé		100	×	0.59	=	0.590
Halibut		143	×	3.18	=	4.547
Mashed potato		177	×	0.34	=	0.602
Sugar	28 + 14 + 14 =	56	×	0.00	=	0.000
String beans		90	×	0.36	=	0.324
Cranberry		76	×	0.03	=	0.023
	Total nitrogen in food					13.911	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.950

Fuel value of the food 3052 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 157 grams, roll 61 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 150 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 58 grams, butter 17 grams, lamb chop 33 grams, potato croquettes 138 grams, tomato 161 grams, water ice 162 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 75 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 22.5 grams, bacon 15 grams, lettuce salad 64 grams, fried potato 100 grams, stewed prunes 283 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		157.0	×	0.23	=	0.361	grams.
Roll		61.0	×	1.65	=	1.007
Cream	50 + 50 + 50 =	250.0	×	0.43	=	1.075
Butter	15 + 17 + 22.5 =	54.5	×	0.15	=	0.082
Sugar	28 + 21 + 14 =	63.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450.0	×	0.06	=	0.270
Bread		58.0	×	1.82	=	1.056
Lamb chop		33.0	×	4.63	=	1.528
Potato croquettes		138.0	×	0.71	=	0.980
Tomato		161.0	×	0.17	=	0.274
Water ice		162.0	×	0.012	=	0.019
Bread		59.0	×	1.62	=	0.956
Soup		75.0	×	1.21	=	0.908
Bacon		15.0	×	3.05	=	0.458
Prunes	175 + 108 =	283.0	×	0.16	=	0.453
Salad		64.0	×	0.21	=	0.134
Fried potato		100.0	×	0.60	=	0.600
	Total nitrogen in food					10.161	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.510

Fuel value of the food 2826 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, oatmeal 100 grams, potato 103 grams, butter 16 grams, roll 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 125 grams, sugar 35 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 47 grams, butter 14.5 grams, macaroni 116 grams, potato 150 grams, fried rice 85 grams, syrup 48 grams, ice cream 169 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, bread 40.5 grams, butter 16 grams, fried potato 50 grams, mashed potato 100 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, strawberry short-cake 214 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		80	×	0.20	=	0.160	grams.
Butter	16 + 14.5 + 16 =	46.5	×	0.15	=	0.070
Oatmeal		100	×	0.43	=	0.430
Sugar	35 + 14 + 14 + 7 =	70	×	0.00	=	0.000
Potato		103	×	0.40	=	0.412
Cream	125 + 50 + 100 =	275	×	0.45	=	1.238
Roll		50	×	1.67	=	0.835
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Bread		47	×	1.57	=	0.738
Macaroni		116	×	0.46	=	0.534
Potato		150	×	0.30	=	0.450
Fried rice		85	×	0.75	=	0.638
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Ice cream		169	×	0.53	=	0.896
Bread		40.5	×	1.91	=	0.774
Celery soup		100	×	0.33	=	0.330
Fried potato		50	×	0.57	=	0.285
Mashed potato		100	×	0.37	=	0.370
Strawberry short-cake		214	×	0.50	=	1.070
	Total nitrogen in food					9.512	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.500

Fuel value of the food 3429 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 211 grams, roll 59 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 150 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Lunch.—Consommé 100 grams, bread 63 grams, butter 15 grams, rice 113 grams, syrup 48 grams, sugar 14 grams, fried potato 170 grams, apple sauce 125 grams.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup 100 grams, bread 70 grams, butter 16 grams, bacon 42 grams, potato croquettes 49 grams, macaroni 105 grams, string beans 184 grams, water ice 148 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		211	×	0.23	=	0.485	grams.
Butter	15 + 15 + 16 =	46	×	0.15	=	0.069
Cream		150	×	0.45	=	0.675
Roll		59	×	1.63	=	0.962
Sugar	28 + 14 =	42	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee		150	×	0.06	=	0.090
Bread		63	×	1.64	=	1.033
Consommé		100	×	0.65	=	0.650
Apple sauce		125	×	0.02	=	0.025
Fried rice		113	×	0.61	=	0.689
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Fried potato		170	×	0.60	=	1.020
Bread		70	×	1.75	=	1.225
Vegetable soup		100	×	0.70	=	0.700
Macaroni		105	×	0.87	=	0.914
Bacon		42	×	3.28	=	1.378
Potato croquettes		149	×	0.77	=	1.147
String beans		184	×	0.22	=	0.405
Water ice		148	×	0.006	=	0.009
	Total nitrogen in food					11.488	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.900

Fuel value of the food 3057 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, roll 55 grams, butter 16 grams, potato 91 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Celery soup 150 grams, bread 62 grams, butter 19 grams, mashed potato 200 grams, farina croquettes 87 grams, syrup 48 grams, stewed prunes 138 grams.

Dinner.—Soup 150 grams, bread 43 grams, butter 15 grams, Hamburg steak 82 grams, fried potato 150 grams, spinach 85 grams, rice croquettes 57 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams, lemon pie 125 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Butter	16 + 19 + 15 =	50	×	0.15	=	0.075	grams.
Orange		80	×	0.20	=	0.160
Roll		55	×	1.64	=	0.902
Potato		91	×	0.25	=	0.228
Coffee	150 + 150 =	300	×	0.06	=	0.180
Cream	50 + 50 =	100	×	0.45	=	0.450
Sugar	21 + 14 =	35	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread		62	×	1.66	=	1.029
Celery soup		150	×	0.48	=	0.720
Mashed potato		200	×	0.26	=	0.520
Farina croquettes		87	×	0.74	=	0.644
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Prunes		138	×	0.17	=	0.235
Soup		150	×	0.19	=	0.285
Bread		43	×	1.82	=	0.783
Hamburg steak		82	×	3.96	=	3.247
Fried potato		150	×	0.46	=	0.690
Spinach		85	×	0.54	=	0.459
Rice croquettes		57	×	0.76	=	0.433
Lemon pie		125	×	0.93	=	1.163
	Total nitrogen in food					12.226	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.450

Fuel value of the food 3022 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—G. W. Anderson.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
May	18	14.249	grams.	8.87	grams.
	19	9.295		8.36
	20	13.911		9.95		12.0	grams.
	21	10.161		8.51		46.0
	22	9.512		6.50		39.0
	23	11.488		6.90		67.0
	24	12.226		8.45
						164.0	grams contain 6.92% N.
		80.842		57.54	+	11.349	grams nitrogen.
		80.842	grams nitrogen.		68.889	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	+11.953	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	+1.707	grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	3091
Nitrogen per day	11.55 grams.

With G. W. Anderson, the balance trial was characterized by an intake of 80.842 grams of nitrogen, with an output for the seven days of 57.54 grams through the urine and 11.349 grams through the fæces, thus making a total excretion of 68.889 grams of nitrogen, and showing a plus balance of 11.953 grams. In other words, the body of this subject, under the conditions prevailing, was storing up nitrogen for future use at the rate of 1.7 grams per day. This also means that a daily intake of 9.8 grams of nitrogen would have been quite sufficient to maintain nitrogen equilibrium, certainly with the large fuel value of the food taken, i. e., 3091 calories per day as the average value.

The average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during the balance period amounted to 8.22 grams, while the average daily excretion for the last two months of the experiment was 8.81 grams.

---

With Stapleton, the following results were obtained, showing a distinct positive balance:

Stapleton

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 118 grams, bread 29 grams, butter 11 grams, sugar 56 grams, cream 125 grams.

Lunch.—Tomato soup 247 grams, bread 37 grams, butter 9 grams, croquettes 97 grams, potato 100 grams, string beans 46 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 109 grams, butter 40 grams, Hamburg steak 87 grams, potato 150 grams, spinach 100 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 30 grams, apple pie 110 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		118	×	0.23	=	0.271	grams.
Butter	11 + 9 + 40 =	60	×	0.15	=	0.090
Bread		29	×	1.66	=	0.481
Sugar	35 + 21 + 30 =	86	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	125 + 50 + 100 =	275	×	0.46	=	1.265
Tomato soup		247	×	0.41	=	1.013
Bread		37	×	1.60	=	0.592
Croquettes		97	×	1.09	=	1.057
Sweet potato		100	×	0.32	=	0.320
String beans		46	×	0.34	=	0.156
Coffee	150 + 150 =	300	×	0.06	=	0.180
Bread		109	×	1.80	=	1.962
Hamburg steak		87	×	3.64	=	3.167
Potato		150	×	0.38	=	0.570
Spinach		100	×	0.53	=	0.530
Apple pie		110	×	0.43	=	0.473
	Total nitrogen in food					12.127	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.670

Fuel value of the food 3109 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—None.

Lunch.—Bread 48 grams, butter 14 grams, omelette 125 grams, boiled onion 63 grams, fried sweet potato 100 grams, coffee 300 grams, cream 150 grams, sugar 56 grams, apple pudding 146 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 200 grams, bread 42 grams, butter 9 grams, macaroni 75 grams, potato 36 grams, spinach 70 grams, bacon 16 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Coffee	300 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270	grams.
Butter	14 + 9 =	23	×	0.15	=	0.035
Bread		48	×	1.60	=	0.768
Omelette		125	×	1.58	=	1.975
Onions		63	×	0.27	=	0.170
Sugar	56 + 21 =	77	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	150 + 50 =	200	×	0.47	=	0.940
Potato		100	×	0.49	=	0.490
Apple pudding		146	×	0.28	=	0.409
Bread		42	×	1.74	=	0.731
Tomato soup		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Macaroni		75	×	0.93	=	0.698
Fried sweet potato		36	×	0.38	=	0.137
Spinach		70	×	0.56	=	0.392
Bacon		16	×	3.00	=	0.480
	Total nitrogen in food					8.555	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.580

Fuel value of the food 2072 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 150 grams, roll 65 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 35 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 64 grams, butter 18 grams, fish-cake 72 grams, potato 150 grams, lima beans 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 21 grams, bread pudding 150 grams.

Dinner.—Fish 113 grams, string beans 62 grams, potato 150 grams, rice croquettes 102 grams, syrup 48 grams, stewed cranberry 95 grams, bread 33 grams, butter 16 grams, coffee 300 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 42 grams.

Evening.—Beer 750 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		150	×	0.20	=	0.300	grams.
Sugar	35 + 21 + 42 =	98	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roll		65	×	1.72	=	1.118
Coffee	150 + 150 + 300 =	600	×	0.06	=	0.360
Cream	50 + 100 + 100 =	250	×	0.44	=	1.100
Bread		64	×	1.71	=	1.094
Butter	18 + 16 =	34	×	0.15	=	0.051
Fish-cake		72	×	1.22	=	0.878
Potato		150	×	0.30	=	0.450
Lima beans		50	×	0.76	=	0.380
Bread pudding		150	×	0.99	=	1.485
String beans		62	×	0.36	=	0.223
Fish		113	×	3.18	=	3.593
Bread		33	×	1.97	=	0.650
Potato		150	×	0.34	=	0.510
Rice croquettes		102	×	1.06	=	1.081
Cranberry		95	×	0.030	=	0.029
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Beer		750	×	0.069	=	0.518
	Total nitrogen in food					18.832	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.510

Fuel value of the food 2999 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 74 grams, baked potato 95 grams, roll 71 grams, butter 18 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 30 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 48 grams, butter 14 grams, lamb chop 27 grams, potato croquette 91 grams, tomato 105 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams, water ice 185 grams.

Dinner.—Bean soup 150 grams, fried egg 127 grams, bacon 2 grams, fried potato 108 grams, bread 77 grams, butter 18 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams, jelly roll 56 grams.

Evening.—Beer 600 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		74	×	0.23	=	0.170	grams.
Roll		71	×	1.65	=	1.172
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Sugar	30 + 21 + 21 =	72	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	100 + 50 + 50 =	200	×	0.43	=	0.860
Potato		95	×	0.40	=	0.380
Butter	18 + 14 + 18 =	50	×	0.15	=	0.075
Bread		48	×	1.82	=	0.874
Lamb chop		27	×	4.63	=	1.250
Croquette (potato)		91	×	0.71	=	0.646
Tomato		105	×	0.17	=	0.179
Water ice		185	×	0.012	=	0.022
Bread		77	×	1.62	=	1.247
Bean soup		150	×	1.21	=	1.815
Fried egg		127	×	2.27	=	2.883
Bacon		2	×	3.05	=	0.061
Fried potato		108	×	0.60	=	0.648
Jelly roll		56	×	0.86	=	0.482
Beer		600	×	0.069	=	0.414
	Total nitrogen in food					13.448	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.640

Fuel value of the food 2871 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 60 grams, oatmeal 150 grams, wheat roll 51 grams, butter 17 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 49 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 37 grams, butter 13 grams, potato 114 grams, macaroni 115 grams, fried rice 92 grams, coffee 300 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 42 grams, ice cream 104 grams, cake 37.5 grams.

Dinner.—Chicken 89 grams, spinach 100 grams, fried potato 70 grams, bread 46 grams, butter 12 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 30 grams, strawberry short-cake 195 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Roll		51	×	1.67	=	0.852	grams.
Sugar	49 + 42 + 30 =	121	×	0.00	=	0.000
Orange		60	×	0.20	=	0.120
Oatmeal		150	×	0.43	=	0.645
Coffee	150 + 300 + 150 =	600	×	0.06	=	0.360
Cream	100 + 100 + 100 =	300	×	0.45	=	1.350
Butter	17 + 13 + 12 =	42	×	0.15	=	0.063
Potato		114	×	0.30	=	0.342
Macaroni		115	×	0.46	=	0.529
Bread		37	×	1.57	=	0.581
Fried rice		92	×	0.75	=	0.690
Ice cream		104	×	0.53	=	0.551
Cake		37.5	×	1.20	=	0.450
Spinach		100	×	0.55	=	0.550
Chicken		89	×	3.02	=	2.688
Fried potato		70	×	0.57	=	0.399
Bread		46	×	1.91	=	0.879
Short-cake		195	×	0.50	=	0.975
	Total nitrogen in food					12.024	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.560

Fuel value of the food 3442 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 98 grams, roll 68 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 40 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 53 grams, butter 17.5 grams, boiled eggs 101 grams, apple sauce 130 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 17 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 28 grams, butter 7 grams, bacon 40 grams, macaroni 62 grams, potato croquette 69 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams, water ice 116 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		98	×	0.23	=	0.225	grams.
Butter	15 + 17.5 + 7 =	39.5	×	0.15	=	0.059
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Cream	100 + 50 + 50 =	200	×	0.45	=	0.900
Sugar	40 + 17 + 21 =	78	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roll		68	×	1.63	=	1.108
Bread		53	×	1.64	=	0.869
Apple sauce		130	×	0.02	=	0.026
Boiled eggs		101	×	2.07	=	2.091
Bread		28	×	1.75	=	0.490
Macaroni		62	×	0.87	=	0.539
Bacon		40	×	3.28	=	1.312
Potato croquette		69	×	0.77	=	0.531
Water ice		116	×	0.006	=	0.007
	Total nitrogen in food					8.427	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.030

Fuel value of the food 2346 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, roll 118 grams, butter 23 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 25 grams.

Lunch.—Soup 100 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 15.5 grams, potato 100 grams, farina croquettes 109 grams, tomato sauce 75 grams, boiled onions 107 grams, stewed prunes 105 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 18 grams.

Dinner.—Celery soup 150 grams, Hamburg steak 63 grams, potato 100 grams, spinach 50 grams, bread 32 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 16 grams, cream pie 79 grams.

Evening.—Beer 750 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Roll		118	×	1.64	=	1.935	grams.
Orange		80	×	0.20	=	0.160
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Cream	50 + 100 + 50 =	200	×	0.45	=	0.900
Sugar	25 + 18 + 16 =	59	×	0.00	=	0.000
Butter	23 + 15.5 + 15 =	53.5	×	0.15	=	0.080
Bread		59	×	1.66	=	0.979
Tomato sauce		75	×	0.23	=	0.173
Onions		107	×	0.30	=	0.321
Celery soup		100	×	0.48	=	0.480
Potato		100	×	0.26	=	0.260
Farina croquettes		109	×	0.74	=	0.807
Prunes		105	×	0.17	=	0.179
Hamburg steak		63	×	3.96	=	2.495
Potato		100	×	0.46	=	0.460
Soup		150	×	0.19	=	0.285
Bread		32	×	1.82	=	0.582
Spinach		50	×	0.54	=	0.270
Cream pie		79	×	0.93	=	0.735
Beer		750	×	0.069	=	0.518
	Total nitrogen in food					11.889	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.040

Fuel value of the food 2822 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Stapleton.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
May	18	12.127	grams.	9.67	grams.	39.6	grams.
	19	8.555		8.58		34.5
	20	13.832		9.51		65.3
	21	13.448		9.64		17.8
	22	12.024		9.56		11.4
	23	8.427		8.03		27.7
	24	11.889		9.04
						196.3	grams contain 7.08% N.
		80.302		64.03	+	13.898	grams nitrogen.
		80.302	grams nitrogen.		77.928	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	+2.374	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	+0.339	gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2809.
Nitrogen per day	11.47 grams.

With this subject, the total intake of nitrogen for the seven days’ period was 80.302 grams. The output of nitrogen through the urine amounted to 64.03 grams, while 13.898 grams were passed out through the fæces, making a total output of 77.928 grams of nitrogen. This shows a plus balance of 2.374 grams of nitrogen for the seven days, indicating a gain to the body of 0.339 gram per day. The fuel value of the food averaged 2809 calories per day, while the daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen averaged 9.14 grams. This is in close agreement with the average daily excretion of nitrogen through the urine of this subject for the last two months of the experiment, viz., 9.00 grams of nitrogen.

---

With W. L. Anderson, the following results were obtained:

W. L. Anderson

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 90 grams, fried rice 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, wheat roll 64 grams, butter 11 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 125 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Tomato soup 247 grams, bread 19 grams, butter 16.5 grams, sweet potato 105 grams, farina croquette 115 grams, syrup 60 grams, coffee 150 grams, milk 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 250 grams, bread 52 grams, butter 20 grams, Hamburg steak 117 grams, boiled potato 150 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		90	×	0.23	=	0.207	grams.
Cream	125 + 50 + 50 =	225	×	0.46	=	1.035
Sugar	21 + 14 + 14 =	49	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Roll		64	×	1.66	=	1.063
Butter	11 + 16.5 + 20 =	47.5	×	0.15	=	0.071
Rice		150	×	0.75	=	1.125
Syrup	50 + 60 =	110	×	0.024	=	0.026
Tomato soup		247	×	0.41	=	1.013
Bread		19	×	1.60	=	0.304
Sweet potato		105	×	0.32	=	0.336
Farina croquette		115	×	1.09	=	1.690
Bread		52	×	1.80	=	0.936
Consommé		250	×	0.38	=	0.950
Hamburg steak		117	×	3.64	=	4.259
Potato		150	×	0.38	=	0.570
	Total nitrogen in food					13.855	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					10.030

Fuel value of the food 2946 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 158 grams, roll 122 grams, butter 15 grams, boiled hominy 150 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 50 grams, butter 12 grams, fried hominy 100 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onions 80 grams, omelette 60 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 200 grams, bread 43 grams, butter 10 grams, potato 50 grams, baked macaroni 202 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 25 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Roll		122	×	1.54	=	1.879	grams.
Boiled hominy		150	×	0.20	=	0.300
Butter	15 + 12 + 10 =	37	×	0.15	=	0.056
Banana		158	×	0.23	=	0.363
Sugar	28 + 14 + 14 =	56	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	100 + 50 + 25 =	175	×	0.47	=	0.823
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Bread		50	×	1.60	=	0.800
Potato		150	×	0.49	=	0.735
Fried hominy		100	×	0.67	=	0.670
Onions		80	×	0.27	=	0.216
Omelette		60	×	1.58	=	0.948
Tomato soup		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Bread		43	×	1.74	=	0.748
Potato		50	×	0.38	=	0.190
Baked macaroni		202	×	0.93	=	1.879
	Total nitrogen in food					10.960	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					10.150

Fuel value of the food 3013 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Coffee 150 grams, cream 25 grams, sugar 14 grams, roll 70 grams, butter 9 grams.

Lunch.—Potato 100 grams, butter 3 grams, lima beans 50 grams, hominy 69 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 25 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, bread 28 grams, butter 15 grams, string beans 56 grams, potato 200 grams, rice croquette 65 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 25 grams.

Evening.—Beer 450 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270	grams.
Cream	25 + 25 + 25 =	75	×	0.44	=	0.330
Sugar	14 + 14 + 14 =	42	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roll		70	×	1.72	=	1.204
Butter	9 + 3 + 15 =	27	×	0.15	=	0.041
Potato		100	×	0.30	=	0.300
Lima beans		50	×	0.76	=	0.380
Fried hominy		69	×	0.57	=	0.393
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Consommé		150	×	0.59	=	0.885
String beans		56	×	0.36	=	0.202
Potato		200	×	0.34	=	0.680
Bread		28	×	1.97	=	0.552
Rice croquettes		65	×	1.06	=	0.689
Beer		450	×	0.069	=	0.311
	Total nitrogen in food					6.260	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.640

Fuel value of the food 1748 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 73 grams, bread 63 grams, butter 7 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Lunch.—Potato 150 grams, tomato 145 grams, fried Indian-meal 81 grams, syrup 48 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 25 grams, water ice 165 grams.

Dinner.—Bean soup 150 grams, bread 29 grams, butter 16 grams, bacon 15 grams, fried potato 150 grams, cake 36 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream 45 grams.

Evening.—Beer 600 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		73	×	0.23	=	0.168	grams.
Sugar	28 + 21 + 14 =	63	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	50 + 25 + 45 =	120	×	0.43	=	0.516
Bread		63	×	1.65	=	1.040
Butter	7 + 16 =	23	×	0.15	=	0.035
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Potato		150	×	0.71	=	1.065
Tomato		145	×	0.17	=	0.247
Fried Indian-meal		81	×	1.09	=	0.883
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Water ice		165	×	0.012	=	0.020
Bean soup		150	×	1.21	=	1.815
Bread		29	×	1.62	=	0.470
Bacon		15	×	3.05	=	0.458
Fried potato		150	×	0.60	=	0.900
Cake		36	×	0.86	=	0.310
Beer		600	×	0.069	=	0.414
	Total nitrogen in food					8.623	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.460

Fuel value of the food 2393 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Oatmeal 200 grams, sugar 28 grams, coffee 150 grams, roll 60 grams, butter 6 grams.

Lunch.—Fried rice 140 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 100 grams, macaroni 155 grams, boiled onions 80 grams, butter 5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 25 grams, sugar 14 grams, ice cream 185 grams, cake 34 grams.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup 150 grams, mashed potato 134 grams, butter 11 grams, spinach 100 grams, strawberry short-cake 185 grams, cream 70 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Roll		60	×	1.67	=	1.002	grams.
Oatmeal		200	×	0.43	=	0.860
Sugar	28 + 14 + 28 =	70	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Butter	6 + 5 + 11 =	22	×	0.15	=	0.033
Potato		100	×	0.30	=	0.300
Macaroni		155	×	0.46	=	0.713
Cream	25 + 70 =	95	×	0.45	=	0.428
Onions		80	×	0.25	=	0.200
Fried rice		140	×	0.75	=	1.050
Ice cream		185	×	0.53	=	0.981
Cake		34	×	1.20	=	0.408
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Cream of celery soup		150	×	0.33	=	0.495
Mashed potato		134	×	0.37	=	0.496
Short-cake		185	×	0.50	=	0.925
Spinach		100	×	0.55	=	0.550
	Total nitrogen in food					8.723	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.960

Fuel value of the food 2812 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 115 grams, wheat griddle cakes 87 grams, syrup 48 grams, butter 7 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 28 grams, cream 50 grams.

Lunch.—Fried potato 100 grams, rice croquette 115 grams, syrup 48 grams, apple sauce 125 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Macaroni 270 grams, potato croquette 134 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, water ice 154 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		115	×	0.23	=	0.265	grams.
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Sugar	28 + 14 + 14 =	56	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		50	×	0.45	=	0.225
Griddle cakes		87	×	0.91	=	0.792
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Butter		7	×	0.15	=	0.011
Apple sauce		125	×	0.020	=	0.025
Rice croquette		115	×	0.61	=	0.702
Fried potato		100	×	0.60	=	0.600
Macaroni		270	×	0.87	=	2.349
Potato croquette		134	×	0.77	=	1.032
Water ice		154	×	0.006	=	0.009
	Total nitrogen in food					6.303	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.490

Fuel value of the food 2224 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Fried rice 115 grams, syrup 48 grams, roll 60 grams, butter 14 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Lunch.—Celery soup 150 grams, farina croquette 108 grams, syrup 48 grams, fried potato 200 grams, bread 22 grams, butter 7 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Fried potato 200 grams, cream pie 167 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 25 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Fried rice		115	×	0.36	=	0.414	grams.
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Roll		60	×	1.64	=	0.984
Butter	14 + 7 =	21	×	0.15	=	0.032
Sugar	14 + 14 + 14 =	42	×	0.00	=	0.000
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Celery soup		150	×	0.48	=	0.720
Farina croquette		108	×	0.74	=	0.799
Fried potato		200	×	0.26	=	0.520
Bread		22	×	1.66	=	0.365
Fried potato		200	×	0.46	=	0.920
Cream pie		167	×	0.93	=	1.553
Cream		25	×	0.45	=	0.113
	Total nitrogen in food					6.713	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.600

Fuel value of the food 2324 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—W. L. Anderson.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
May	18	13.855	grams.	10.03	grams.	42.3	grams.
	19	10.960		10.15
	20	6.260		8.64		17.5
	21	8.623		8.46
	22	8.723		7.96		42.7
	23	6.303		7.49		41.0
	24	6.713		6.60		29.2
						172.7	grams contain 6.30% N.
		61.437		59.33	+	10.880	grams nitrogen.
		61.437	grams nitrogen.		70.210	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	-8.773	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	-1.253	grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2494.
Nitrogen per day	8.777 grams.

Here, we find a minus balance of 8.773 grams of nitrogen for the seven days’ period. The total intake of nitrogen amounted to 61.437 grams, while there were excreted through the urine 59.33 grams, and through the fæces 10.880 grams of nitrogen, making a total output of 70.210 grams as contrasted with an intake of 61.437 grams of nitrogen. This loss of body material is to be attributed to the small fuel value of the food,—only 2494 calories as the day’s average,—though perhaps in part to the relatively small intake of nitrogen. In this connection it is to be noted that the average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen for the seven days’ period amounted to only 8.777 grams, while the average daily excretion for the last two months of the experiment was as high as 10.07 grams. Undoubtedly, the subject did not eat as much food during the week of this balance trial as was needed to maintain equilibrium, under the conditions of bodily activity then prevailing.

---

The same statement applies to Mr. Bellis, whose balance trial likewise shows a deficiency of ingested nitrogen over the nitrogen output. Here, however, the deficiency is more manifestly due to the small fuel value of the daily food, which averaged only 2174 calories. Bellis showed an average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen amounting to 8.45 grams for the last six weeks of the experiment, while in the balance period the excretion of metabolized nitrogen was 8.19 grams per day. The daily intake of nitrogen in the food, however, averaged only 7.76 grams, obviously too small a quantity to meet the wants of the body, especially with the low fuel value of the food. It is quite plain that during the week of this balance trial, the amount of food consumed was not equal to the necessities of the body, neither was it equal in nitrogen or fuel value to what the subject had been taking during the last few months of the experiment, and on which he had practically maintained body-weight for at least the last month of the experiment. It is further noticeable that during the balance week the body-weight dropped off somewhat.

Owing to the absence of Dr. Callahan from New Haven during this period, no attempt was made to determine experimentally whether he was in nitrogen equilibrium or not.

The following tables give the data in the experiment with Bellis:—

Bellis

Wednesday, May 18, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 94 grams, wheat roll 53 grams, butter 11 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 75 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Soup 150 grams, farina croquette 100 grams, syrup 50 grams, string beans 75 grams, fried sweet potato 117 grams, bread 36 grams, butter 7 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak 53 grams, potato 250 grams, spinach 100 grams, bread 55 grams, butter 10 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 75 grams, sugar 21 grams, apple pie 142 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		94	×	0.23	=	0.216	grams.
Cream	75 + 75 =	150	×	0.46	=	0.690
Sugar	21 + 14 + 21 =	56	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Roll (wheat)		53	×	1.66	=	0.880
Butter	11 + 7 + 10 =	28	×	0.15	=	0.042
Soup		150	×	0.41	=	0.615
Farina croquette		100	×	1.09	=	1.090
Fried sweet potato		117	×	0.32	=	0.374
String beans		75	×	0.34	=	0.255
Syrup		50	×	0.024	=	0.012
Bread		36	×	1.60	=	0.576
Hamburg steak		53	×	3.64	=	1.929
Potato		250	×	0.38	=	0.950
Spinach		100	×	0.53	=	0.530
Bread		55	×	1.80	=	0.990
Apple pie		142	×	0.43	=	0.611
	Total nitrogen in food					10.030	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.350

Fuel value of the food 2686 calories.

Thursday, May 19, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 155 grams, roll 53 grams, butter 10 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 28 grams, cream 70 grams.

Lunch.—Fried hominy 60 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 100 grams, boiled onion 82 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 21 grams, bread pudding 134 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 200 grams, macaroni 75 grams, mashed potato 54 grams, spinach 70 grams, boiled Indian-meal 100 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 80 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Roll		53	×	1.54	=	0.816	grams.
Banana		155	×	0.23	=	0.357
Butter		10	×	0.15	=	0.015
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Sugar	28 + 21 + 21 =	70	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream	70 + 35 + 80 =	185	×	0.47	=	0.870
Potato		100	×	0.49	=	0.490
Fried hominy		60	×	0.67	=	0.402
Boiled onion		82	×	0.27	=	0.221
Bread pudding		134	×	0.28	=	0.375
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Tomato soup		200	×	0.53	=	1.060
Macaroni		75	×	0.93	=	0.698
Mashed potato		54	×	0.38	=	0.205
Spinach		70	×	0.56	=	0.392
Boiled Indian-meal		100	×	0.20	=	0.200
	Total nitrogen in food					6.383	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					9.600

Fuel value of the food 2075 calories.

Friday, May 20, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 150 grams, roll 57 grams, butter 17 grams, coffee 159 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Lunch.—Fried farina 74 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 250 grams, lima beans 50 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Dinner.—Rice croquette 92 grams, syrup 48 grams, string beans 93 grams, mashed potato 352 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 8 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Evening.—Beer 450 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		150	×	0.20	=	0.300	grams.
Roll		57	×	1.72	=	0.980
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Sugar	14 + 14 + 14 =	42	×	0.00	=	0.000
Butter	17 + 8 =	25	×	0.15	=	0.038
Potato		250	×	0.30	=	0.750
Lima beans		50	×	0.76	=	0.380
Fried farina		74	×	0.57	=	0.422
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
String beans		93	×	0.36	=	0.335
Bread		40	×	1.97	=	0.788
Mashed potato		352	×	0.34	=	1.197
Rice croquette		92	×	1.06	=	0.975
Beer		450	×	0.069	=	0.311
	Total nitrogen in food					6.769	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					10.670

Fuel value of the food 1980 calories.

Saturday, May 21, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 69 grams, baked potato 57 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 8 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Lunch.—Fried Indian-meal 80 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato croquette 152 grams, tomato 147 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams, water ice 163 grams.

Dinner.—Bean soup 150 grams, bacon 13 grams, fried egg 50 grams, fried potato 206 grams, lettuce salad 45 grams, bread 38 grams, butter 8 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Evening.—Beer 600 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		69	×	0.23	=	0.159	grams.
Bread		59	×	1.65	=	0.974
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Sugar	14 + 14 + 14 =	42	×	0.00	=	0.000
Baked potato		57	×	0.40	=	0.228
Butter	8 + 8 =	16	×	0.15	=	0.024
Potato croquette		152	×	0.71	=	1.079
Tomato		147	×	0.17	=	0.250
Fried Indian-meal		80	×	1.09	=	0.872
Syrup		48	×	0.024	=	0.012
Water ice		163	×	0.012	=	0.020
Bread		38	×	1.62	=	0.616
Bacon		13	×	3.05	=	0.397
Fried egg		50	×	2.27	=	1.135
Bean soup		150	×	1.21	=	1.815
Lettuce salad		45	×	0.21	=	0.095
Fried potato		206	×	0.60	=	1.236
Beer		600	×	0.069	=	0.414
	Total nitrogen in food					9.596	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.460

Fuel value of the food 2071 calories.

Sunday, May 22, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 100 grams, oatmeal 100 grams, roll 50 grams, butter 8 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 40 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Lunch.—Macaroni 112 grams, potato 200 grams, onions 143 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 7 grams, ice cream 170 grams, cake 31 grams.

Dinner.—Cream of celery soup 150 grams, mashed potato 182 grams, spinach 100 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 7 grams, strawberry short-cake 97 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		100	×	0.20	=	0.200	grams.
Roll		50	×	1.67	=	0.835
Butter		8	×	0.15	=	0.012
Oatmeal		100	×	0.43	=	0.430
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Sugar	21 + 7 + 7 =	35	×	0.00	=	0.000
Cream		40	×	0.45	=	0.180
Macaroni		112	×	0.46	=	0.515
Potato		200	×	0.30	=	0.600
Onions		143	×	0.25	=	0.358
Ice cream		170	×	0.53	=	0.901
Cake		31	×	1.20	=	0.372
Cream of Celery soup		150	×	0.33	=	0.495
Mashed potato		182	×	0.37	=	0.673
Spinach		100	×	0.55	=	0.550
Strawberry short-cake		97	×	0.50	=	0.485
	Total nitrogen in food					6.876	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.710

Fuel value of the food 1929 calories.

Monday, May 23, 1904.

Breakfast.—Banana 219 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 80 grams, sugar 28 grams.

Lunch.—Rice croquette 143 grams, syrup 45 grams, potato 200 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 7 grams, apple sauce 250 grams.

Dinner.—Vegetable soup 150 grams, bacon 37 grams, string beans 100 grams, potato 101 grams, macaroni 86 grams, coffee 150 grams, water ice 184 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Banana		219	×	0.23	=	0.504	grams.
Cream		80	×	0.45	=	0.360
Sugar	28 + 7 =	35	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee	150 + 150 + 150 =	450	×	0.06	=	0.270
Apple sauce		250	×	0.02	=	0.050
Rice croquette		143	×	0.61	=	0.872
Syrup		45	×	0.024	=	0.011
Potato		200	×	0.60	=	1.200
Macaroni		86	×	0.87	=	0.748
Vegetable soup		150	×	0.70	=	1.050
Bacon		37	×	3.28	=	1.214
String beans		100	×	0.22	=	0.220
Potato croquette		101	×	0.77	=	0.778
Water ice		184	×	0.006	=	0.011
	Total nitrogen in food					7.288	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					5.980

Fuel value of the food 2226 calories.

Tuesday, May 24, 1904.

Breakfast.—Orange 100 grams, baked potato 138 grams, butter 5 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 14 grams.

Lunch.—Celery soup 150 grams, farina croquette 91 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onions 110 grams, potato 200 grams, stewed prunes 113 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup 150 grams, farina croquette 107 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 200 grams, spinach 180 grams, cream pie 140 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Orange		100	×	0.20	=	0.200	grams.
Baked potato		138	×	0.25	=	0.345
Coffee		150	×	0.06	=	0.090
Sugar		14	×	0.00	=	0.000
Butter		5	×	0.15	=	0.008
Boiled onions		110	×	0.30	=	0.330
Celery soup		150	×	0.48	=	0.720
Potato		200	×	0.26	=	0.520
Farina croquette		91	×	0.74	=	0.673
Syrup	48 + 48 =	96	×	0.024	=	0.023
Stewed prunes		113	×	0.17	=	0.192
Spinach		180	×	0.54	=	0.972
Tomato soup		150	×	0.19	=	0.285
Potato		200	×	0.46	=	0.920
Farina croquette		107	×	0.76	=	0.813
Cream pie		140	×	0.93	=	1.302
	Total nitrogen in food					7.393	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.610

Fuel value of the food 2254 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Bellis.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
				Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
May	18	10.030	grams.	8.35	grams.
	19	6.383		9.60
	20	6.769		10.67
	21	9.596		8.46		51.0	grams.
	22	6.876		7.71		46.0
	23	7.288		5.98		27.2
	24	7.393		6.61		57.5
						181.7	grams contain 6.38% N.
		54.335		57.38	+	11.592	grams nitrogen.
		54.335	grams nitrogen.		68.972	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days	=	-14.637	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	-2.091	grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2174.
Nitrogen per day	7.762 grams.

The Physical Condition of the Subjects

Having considered the marked decline in the extent of proteid metabolism which these subjects have exhibited for a period of five months, and having shown the possibility of their maintaining body-weight and nitrogen equilibrium on a low proteid intake, coupled with a relatively small amount (low fuel value) of non-nitrogenous food, it is appropriate to consider next their physical condition under this changed mode of living. So much has been written upon the necessity of a rich proteid diet, with a corresponding rate of proteid metabolism, for the maintenance of bodily strength and vigor, that it becomes a question of vital importance to obtain data bearing upon the effect of a lowered proteid intake upon bodily strength. If, as is so widely believed, diminishing the daily proportion of proteid food below the standards set by Voit and other physiologists will result in a weakening of the muscles of the body, in decreasing the strength, vigor, and endurance of the individual, then obviously physiological economy in this direction would in the long run be uneconomical, and indeed injurious. The maintenance of body-weight and of nitrogen equilibrium on a small amount of proteid food would count for little, when compared with a gradual loss of bodily strength and vigor.

It was truly a great surprise when the systematic strength tests applied month after month to the soldiers indicated a marked gain in muscular power, which seemingly increased as the rate of proteid metabolism diminished, coincident with the decrease in the amount of proteid food fed. The dynamometer tests were applied primarily to make sure there was no falling off in strength, and when the marked gains already referred to were recorded, it was thought at first that they must be the result mainly of the systematic training the soldiers were undergoing in the gymnasium. Undoubtedly, this daily training, with the more regular and systematic methods of living, did contribute in some measure to the beneficial results obtained, but as the improvement and general gain in strength became more and more apparent, it was equally clear there were other factors involved than mere training.

The opportunity presented by the present subjects therefore was particularly desirable. These men had been in training for many months, some of them for several years, and naturally had acquired a high degree of proficiency in all kinds of athletic work, in the handling of themselves and in the handling of the apparatus, by use of which the strength tests are made.

The tests, etc., were applied exactly in the same manner as in the case of the soldier detail, description of which will be found on pages 259 and 260.

The following tables give the results of the tests—made at the Yale Gymnasium, and reported by Dr. Anderson—from January to June, for the eight men. It will be noted, however, that the record of Mr. Bellis is incomplete. This was owing to an injury to his hand, which prevented his working with the apparatus during the months of May and June.

The results presented by these tables are very important and suggestive. Every man, without exception, showed a decided improvement in his muscular power as measured by the strength tests. With many of the men the gain was progressive, with others there was noticeable—as in the case of W. L. Anderson and G. W. Anderson in the March test—a drop in some one test. This could generally be explained by some temporary cause. Thus, the March test taken by W. L. Anderson was at a time when he was under great strain in connection with an intercollegiate meet, etc. However, it is clear from the figures presented that all these men, though living on a greatly reduced amount of proteid food, and with certainly no increase in the quantity of non-nitrogenous food, showed at the end of the experiment a decided gain in muscular power. Note for example the great gain in strength shown by Schenker; in January his dynamometer tests, etc., indicated a total of 5728, while at the close of the experiment in June his record was 7135. Again, Bellis increased from 5993 to 8165, and W. L. Anderson from 6016 to 9472. Further, the men all agree in the good effect the changed conditions have had upon them, and they have, without exception, been able to do their athletic work and maintain their athletic supremacy.

Strength or Dynamometer Tests

Anderson, G. W.
	Weight.	Lung Capacity.	Right Hand.	Left Hand.	Chest.	Back.	Legs.	Pull up.	Push up.	Vault and Ladder.	Run.	Product.	Total.
Jan. 20	163	500	108	97	85	425	900	8	11	E	1.05	3300	4913
Feb. 20	163	535	109	105	70	380	570	10	14	E	1.07	3972	5206
Mar. 20	159	530	110	103	75	410	720	10	9	E	1.07	3021	4439
Apr. 20	161	500	101	97	85	490	810	13	11		1.05	3864	5387
May 26	159	532	120	100	80	475	885	9	15			3816	5476
June 17	157	530	100	90	80	530	840	12	14			4082	5722
Anderson, W. L.
Jan. 20	139	420	95	88	145	410	625	13	20	E	0.48	4553	6016
Feb. 20	136	440	95	80	137	550	560	15	25	E	0.45	5520	6942
Mar. 20	135	430	95	85	140	510	570	11	15	E	0.47	3510	4890
Apr. 20	138	460	93	75	165	650	730	12	30		1.04	5806	7519
May 26	134	450	90	70	155	570	880	25	31			7504	9267
June 17	137	450	95	85	160	600	860	30	26			7672	9472
Bellis.
Jan. 20	180	550	130	130	155	550	825	10	13	E	1.06	4653	5993
Feb. 20	174	500	155	135	135	580	925	11	15	E	1.08	4615	6445
Mar. 20	176	550	150	135	155	500	900	12	20	E	1.08	5728	7568
Apr. 20	177	510	160	150	150	560	1111	13	21			6035	8165
Callahan.
Jan. 20	204	565	105	110	145	450	620	2	1	D	1.20	724	2154
Feb. 20	193	560	120	120	145	440	590	4	3	F	1.18	1365	2780
Mar. 20	185	565	125	115	145	420	650	5	4	E	1.15	1692	3142
Apr. 20	181	580	120	120	145	530	685	5	4		1.16	1629	3229
June 18	184		120	115	140	520	890	7	5		1.14	2208	3983
Donahue.
Jan. 20	142	320	95	100	74	330	500	12	12	E	1.04	3480	4584
Feb. 20	136	345	105	115	95	340	490	13	14	E	1.04	3753	4905
Mar. 20	137	400	110	95	100	340	710	15	16	E	1.06	4309	5664
May 1	138	420	95	80	115	360	650	17	16			4554	5854
May 26	137	425	103	90	135	430	570	17	16			4589	5917
Jacobus.
Jan. 20	126	350	97	93	96	250	300	14	14	E	1.00	3712	4548
Feb. 20	124	380	97	97	75	460	470	15	15	E	1.02	3683	4883
Mar. 20	125	370	95	95	80	430	490	15	15	E	1.03	3810	5000
May 2	124	350	85	90	100	350	510	15	14		1.03	3610	4740
May 26	125	360	95	95	110	360	600	14	17			3875	5135
June 16	125	375	95	85	120	400	700	15	19			4267	5667
Schenker.
Jan. 20	161	485	112	90	135	410	440	14	14	E	1.06	4771	5728
Feb. 20	159	490	115	90	125	530	730	14	15	E	1.07	4748	6338
Mar. 20	158	500	100	95	120	550	780	15	15	E	1.12	4830	6475
Apr. 20	164	490	90	90	127	410	580	17	15		1.10	5248	6545
May 26	159	500	125	105	155	470	850	16	15		1.08	5104	6809
June 9	160	500	110	110	155	570	910	17	16			5280	7135
Stapleton.
Jan. 20	170	520	105	105	155	455	570	11	12	E	1.21	3961	5351
Feb. 20	167	520	105	110	160	550	690	6	10	E	1.22	2704	4319
Mar. 20	170	500	100	100	145	350	600	7	12	E		3268	4563
Apr. 20	162	500	100	105	155	410	670	9	14			3726	5886
May 26	164	515	100	95	150	470	770	12	20			5248	6833

Naturally, in the case of these men the gain in strength recorded cannot be assigned to systematic training. The only change in their mode of living which can in any sense be considered as responsible for the improvement is the change in diet. The main fact to be emphasized, however, is that these men—trained athletes, accustomed to living on relatively large amounts of proteid food—for a period of five months reduced their intake of proteid food more than fifty per cent without loss of bodily strength, but, on the contrary, with a marked improvement in their muscular power.

Most striking is this gain in strength when compared with the very marked decline in the rate of proteid metabolism. Thus, in the case of Jacobus, the excretion of metabolized nitrogen was reduced to 7.43 grams per day as the average for the last two months of the experiment, yet his strength test showed an increase from 4548 in January to 5667 for June. Further, it must be recalled that an excretion of 7.43 grams of nitrogen means the metabolism of only 46.4 grams of proteid matter. Similarly, in the case of Donahue, a very active man whose work on the Varsity basket-ball team called for vigorous exercise, his strength test rose from 4584 to 5917 on a daily diet which led to the metabolism of only 7.39 grams of nitrogen per day, or about 46 grams of proteid matter. Further, Donahue frequently referred to the far greater freedom from fatigue he experienced on the low proteid diet, and he was clearly conscious of a distinct improvement in his physical condition.

---

The following letter from Dr. Anderson, the Director of the Yale Gymnasium, gives his estimate of the men at the end of the first three months of the experiment:

Yale University Gymnasium, New Haven, Conn.,
April 12, 1904.

Professor Russell H. Chittenden,
Director of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University.

Dear Sir,—Herewith find a brief report of the physical condition and ability of the eight Yale students who are taking the special diet while engaged in active exercise.

These men, with one exception, Dr. Callahan, are experts in their special lines of avocation.

Mr. G. W. Anderson is a foot-ball, base-ball, and basket-ball player, as well as a crew man (not Varsity), well built and an all round athlete.

Mr. W. L. Anderson, a “Y” athlete (hurdler), the captain of the Yale Gymnastic Team, University Gymnastic Champion, and American Collegiate Gymnastic Champion.

Mr. H. S. Bellis, a member of the Y. G. A., a gymnast and acrobat and in constant training.

Dr. W. H. Callahan, Medical Assistant at the Gymnasium, in daily practice in the gymnasium; bowling, hand-ball, and running.

Mr. M. Donahue, a very muscular and versatile athlete, a foot-ball player and a Varsity basket-ball player.

Mr. C. S. Jacobus, a “Y” athlete, a noted long-distance man, and one of the best University runners.

Mr. H. R. Schenker, an active member of the Y. G. A., a point winner and intercollegiate competitor in gymnastics.

Mr. John Stapleton, a wrestler and gymnast. A professional, a man of large body and great strength.

These eight men are in constant practice and in the “pink of condition.” They were in “training form” when they began the changed diet. All have lost in weight, especially Dr. Callahan, who has dropped from 204 pounds to 185 pounds in two months. Dr. Callahan is not an athlete, but is a vigorous worker in the gymnasium, being in daily and constant practice. He is liberally supplied with adipose tissue and can well afford to drop in weight.

As to the loss of weight in the other cases, it would not be wise to attribute this to the diet alone. We find that most athletes who represent the University in the big contests lose in body-weight, but I attribute this loss as much to worry and responsibility as to strict bodily activity.

These students are in a different class from the soldiers, first, because they are well educated young men, secondly, because their development was towards a specific end, the attainment of strength and skill as representative Yale athletes, and thirdly, on account of college requirements of fifteen hours per week, which time stands for study and laboratory attendance aside from the recitations. We have here a double drain on the body energy. All mental work is expensive, hence the demand upon the corporeal machinery has been very constant and strenuous.

I notice little change in the condition of the men over that of a year ago, when I had most of them with me and under like physical training.

In the case of W. L. Anderson, captain of the Yale Gymnastic Association, there was a noticeable falling off in the strength tests in February and March, but I believe the worry incident to the intercollegiate contests, the steady training, and the business cares of the Association went far towards producing a fatigued state. W. L. Anderson is only a freshman in the Medical School; he did his studying at night, and this combined with his youth doubtless caused the loss of weight as much as any change in diet. He has shown the same symptoms before this year. At this writing he is in good physical condition. I speak with certainty in his case because I have had good opportunity to study him at home. It was while under the restricted diet that he won both championships, these being the Collegiate and All-around Intercollegiate Championship of America.44

Schenker won points for the first time in the intercollegiate contests while on the diet; he showed no falling off, rather to the contrary, made a steady gain in ability.

Jacobus complained of a pain in his side but in spite of this he has entered a number of events, has kept up his training and is in good condition. Jacobus is a long-distance runner; great endurance is required for these events, and this endurance he has kept up. He tells me his stomach is in better condition than it has been during his three years of work at Yale.

Donahue has steadily improved in ability. He has kept his position on the Varsity Basket Ball Team, and has put up strong and aggressive games, and says he is as well as ever.

Stapleton shows no falling off at all. He keeps up wrestling, which is a drastic exercise; he works at heavy gymnastics and gains steadily.

One matter must be reported in reference to the strength tests. The first trial was made when all members of the squad were present. College men are very sensitive to competition, hence the great exertion put forth. The other trials were made when the men were by themselves. The “spur” was missing.

I have watched the efforts of these men with interest and care, especially as two of them live in my own family. I fail to see any falling off in strength, the case of W. L. Anderson excepted. The fellows report being in satisfactory shape and claim that the “ups and downs” are no more in evidence this year than in the past.

These picked men, representing several kinds of competitive sports, have gained in ability and skill on the more limited diet they are now using, and are not showing any signs of deterioration from the diminished intake of proteid food. I pronounce them, from a physical standpoint, in good shape.

Respectfully yours,

(Signed) William G. Anderson.

It must be remembered that this letter from Dr. Anderson was written after the March strength test was taken, and prior to the test of April 20. Dr. Anderson was not in New Haven at the close of the experiment, consequently it was not possible to obtain his estimate of the men at that date, but there can be no question that there was a distinct improvement from the middle of April to the middle of June; certainly as marked as the improvement from the beginning of the experiment in January, to April 12, the date of Dr. Anderson’s letter.

Finally, attention may be called to the photographs of Messrs. Stapleton, Bellis, and W. L. Anderson, which are introduced primarily to show the physical makeup and muscular development of the men composing this student group. The photographs of Stapleton were taken in April, 1904, after he had been under experiment for three months. The photographs of Bellis and W. L. Anderson were taken prior to the experiment. They all afford a good illustration of the highly developed muscular mechanism of different types, with a corresponding adaptability for different lines of muscular effort.

Reaction Time

Through the courtesy and kind co-operation of Dr. Charles H. Judd, in charge of the Yale Psychological Laboratory, these students were subjected to the same careful tests during the five months of their experiment as were applied to the soldier detail. The results which are presented in the following report, kindly prepared by Dr. Judd, indicate quite clearly that there was no general nervous change in the reactors as a result of the low proteid diet. The data presented by Dr. Judd in this connection will be found in the accompanying tables, which, while indicating no noticeable improvement in the nervous condition of the men, make it quite plain that no deterioration whatever occurred as the result of the lowered proteid metabolism.

Report on Reaction

Reaction tests with the group of University students were conducted in essentially the same way as were the reaction tests with the soldiers. Details in regard to the method and apparatus employed need not be repeated. They can be found on pages 274 to 276.

Two new tests were added to the regular reaction determinations. One of these consisted in taking a record of the number of taps which could be executed in ten seconds. The reactor was seated before a table on which was fastened a telegraph key. He held the key between his thumb and first two fingers, and at a given signal began tapping as rapidly as possible until told to stop. Each time he tapped he closed an electric circuit. The current thus made was carried through a marker which indicated on a smoked paper each make and break at the key. A time line from a rod vibrating at the rate of once every twentieth of a second was traced on the smoked paper parallel with the marker record. By a comparison of the time line with the marker record, it was easy to determine the number of taps made in ten seconds. At first, the number of taps per second were counted, but the results showed such uniformity from second to second on a given day that only the net results for the whole ten seconds are given in the tables.

The second test added to the reaction tests was undertaken to determine the steadiness of the subjects. Two brass rods 40 cm. long were held in a vertical position at a distance of 7 mm. from each other. The subject took in his right hand a brass rod 40 cm. long and 5 mm. in diameter and tried to pass the end of this rod up and down between the vertical rods without touching them. The subject’s relation to the vertical rods may be further defined by saying that he stood directly in front of them and reached out nearly at arm’s length. The vertical rods were at about the height of his chest. In order to get a record of the accuracy with which the subject moved the hand-rod up and down without touching the vertical rods, the vertical rods and the hand-rod were connected with the two poles of an electric circuit. Whenever they touched they closed the circuit, and a marker placed in the same circuit recorded the fact on a smoked paper record. The time was recorded in parallel with this record, so that any long continued contact could be measured. For the most part, contacts were only of very brief duration. In reporting the results of this test, every contact made while passing the rod once downward and once upward is counted as at least one. Continued contacts are recorded as two, three or more, according to the period of duration. Where there are such added counts because of continued contacts, a second quantity is given in the tables after the first. This second quantity, which is enclosed in parenthesis, indicates merely the number of contacts without reference to whether they are long or short.

No special comments are necessary to explain the tables. Tables 1-5 report in sigmas, or thousandths of a second, the average time of ten reactions on the date, and for the subject, indicated. In the third column, is the mean variation for the series of ten reactions.

Table 6 shows the general averages by the month for a given individual, and in the sixth column the general average of all the determinations for each reactor. The fourth column in each of the earlier tables shows how much the results of a given day vary from the final general average. All the tables give, at the bottom, group averages whenever the full series is present.

Table 7 gives the number of taps executed in ten seconds at each successive test. The dates are not given in detail, but are the same as those of the reaction tests.

Table 8 gives the monthly averages of taps.

Table 9 presents the results of the steadiness tests.

The three sets of results, namely, those from reaction, tapping, and steadiness, differ from each other. On the whole, the reactions grow longer; the tapping varies, but shows neither decided improvement nor deterioration; while steadiness improves very decidedly.

The comment made on the results obtained with the soldiers applies here so far as the reaction tests are concerned. These tests were not repeated with sufficient frequency to reduce the reaction to automatic performance.

The tapping is such a simple performance that improvement is not to be expected. The absence of any general improvement or deterioration argues for an absence of any general nervous change in the reactors.

The improvement in steadiness is in part at least, probably in very large measure, due to the fact that the subjects became more familiar with the test and approached it with less of the embarrassment which attends a new and unfamiliar test.

The lengthening of the reaction times indicates a less intense concentration of the subject upon the work in hand. The slightest relaxation of attention puts the subject behind in responding to the signal. It was clear to superficial observation, especially in certain individual cases, that the subject was giving less attention in the later experiments. This lack of concentration is not obviously related to the changes in diet. Indeed, the fact that no corresponding falling off appears in the tapping would seem to argue that the lack of attention in the reaction tests was not due to deep-seated nervous conditions, so much as to growing impatience on the part of the reactors with the ordeal of being tested. The tapping experiment is less likely to be affected by lack of interest on the part of the subject, because here the subject is called upon to be constantly active, and there is no such opportunity for attention to lapse as is furnished by the intervals which intervene between successive reactions. The tapping is accordingly perhaps the best series on which to base final judgment as to the nervous condition of the men. Here, there appear the variations which show in any ordinary series, but there is no steady improvement through growing familiarity with the test, nor any laxness of attention to produce relatively unfavorable results.

Mr. Steele and Dr. McAllister are largely responsible for the actual collection of the data on which this report is based.

(Signed) C. H. Judd.

Table 1 — February, 1904

Name.		Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	19	153.5	13.8	31.4	26	192.2	19.4	7.3
II.	Anderson, W. L.	18	261.0	82.5	32.5	27	293.6	71.0	65.1
III.	Bellis	16	189.3	40.0	8.2	26	182.3	18.5	0.5
IV.	Donahue	17	173.6	43.0	28.4	24	182.7	14.5	19.3
V.	Jacobus	17	197.3	14.7	27.6	24	178.2	18.3	46.7
VI.	Schenker	17	162.3	29.7	67.6	24	209.8	46.6	20.1
VII.	Stapleton	19	185.1	31.6	23.9
Group averages			188.8
VIII.	Callahan*	18	156.2	10.4	37.0	25	210.8	27.2	17.6

Table 2 — March, 1904

Name.		Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.
I.	Anderson G. W.					11	181.6	38.3	3.3	18	181.3	25.1	3.6	26	170.5	26.1	14.4
II.	Anderson, W. L.	8	235.4	50.4	69.0	10	207.3	32.2	21.2	17	189.3	41.3	39.2
III.	Bellis	8	174.0	44.4	7.8	15	180.8	21.8	1.0	22	193.5	16.5	11.7	29	181.0	8.5	0.8
IV.	Donahue	2	201.6	24.8	0.4	9	214.7	29.3	12.7	23	224.9	53.7	22.9
V.	Jacobus	2	207.5	14.4	17.4	9	189.9	11.9	35.0	16	239.6	41.0	14.7	23	196.7	27.2	28.2
VI.	Schenker	2	283.5	98.0	53.6	9	296.9	74.9	67.0	16	281.9	80.8	52.9
VII.	Stapleton	4	211.1	41.7	2.1	11	205.4	14.6	3.6
Group averages							210.9
VIII.	Callahan	3	202.0	23.9	8.8	10	197.0	29.0	3.8	17	200.9	23.0	7.7	24	179.9	20.6	13.3

Table 3 — April, 1904

Name.		Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	22	202.8	10.6	17.9	29	182.9	6.7	2.0
II.	Anderson, W. L.					29	195.0	20.3	33.5
III.	Bellis	19	193.0	27.2	11.2	26	182.5	18.2	0.7
IV.	Donahue	20	198.4	7.0	3.6	27	191.6	37.6	10.4
V.	Jacobus	20	253.1	70.7	28.2	27	221.3	14.7	3.6
VI.	Schenker	21	229.4	33.0	0.5	28	250.1	78.3	20.2
VII.	Stapleton					29	217.1	30.5	8.1
Group averages							205.8
VIII.	Callahan	21	205.5	12.5	12.3

Table 4 — May, 1904

Name.		Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.	Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.
I.	Anderson, G. W.					13	181.2	16.5	3.7	20	199.6	8.2	14.7	27	190.7	12.1	5.8
II.	Anderson, W. L.					10	202.1	12.1	26.4					24	246.4	34.9	17.9
III.	Bellis					10	185.5	19.4	3.7	18	185.8	3.4	4.0	24	171.3	10.3	10.5
IV.	Donahue									18	217.2	18.0	15.2	25	207.1	19.5	5.1
V.	Jacobus	4	240.6	42.4	15.7	11	234.2	40.0	9.3	18	235.5	39.6	10.6	25	245.4	29.7	20.5
VI.	Schenker	5	214.3	24.0	15.6					19	234.3	40.5	4.4	26	196.9	16.9	33.0
VII.	Stapleton					11	224.4	15.9	15.4	18	201.1	11.7	7.9	25	217.8	16.5	8.8
Group averages															210.8

Table 5 — June, 1904

Name.		Date	Avg.	M.V.	Var. from G.A.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	3	197.4	16.8	12.5
II.	Anderson, W. L.	7	226.8	20.3	1.7
III.	Bellis	7	162.0	8.4	19.8
IV.	Donahue	1	208.4	31.7	6.4
V.	Jacobus	1	284.6	45.6	59.7
VI.	Schenker	3	228.6	43.3	1.3
VII.	Stapleton	7	210.4	34.2	1.4
Group averages			216.9

Table 6

Name.		February.	March.	April.	May.	June.	General Avg. of all Tests.
		Avg. of all Tests for the Month.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	177.9	177.8	192.9	190.5	197.4	184.9
II.	Anderson, W. L.	277.3	210.7	195.0	224.3	226.8	228.5
III.	Bellis	185.8	182.3	187.8	178.5	162.0	181.8
IV.	Donahue	178.1	213.4	195.0	212.2	208.4	202.0
V.	Jacobus	187.8	208.4	237.2	238.9	284.6	224.9
VI.	Schenker	186.1	200.7	239.8	215.2	228.6	229.9
VII.	Stapleton	185.0	208.3	217.1	214.4	210.4	209.0
Monthly averages		196.8	200.2	209.3	210.6	216.9
VIII.	Callahan	183.5	194.9	205.5			193.2

Table 7

Name.		February.		March.				April.		May.				June.
		No. of taps in 10 sec.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	88	78		64	76	72	78	72		78	71	72	76	75.0
II.	Anderson, W. L.	81	86	76	84	77			83		78		85	78	80.9
III.	Bellis	84	90	78	78	80	76	78	69		80	78	67	72	78.0
IV.	Donahue	80	89	81	83	85		86	85			90	86	88	85.3
V.	Jacobus	70	82	75	77	72	76	77	78	75	90	75	80	74	77.3
VI.	Schenker	62	65	70	64	64		66	63	67		66	70	65	65.6
VII.	Stapleton	87		68	71				77		81	79	77	74	77.1
Group averages		78.8			74.4				75.3				76.7	75.4
VIII.	Callahan	82	75	89	83	78	88	86							83

Table 8

Name.		February.	March.	April.	May.	June.
		Avg. of all Determinations for the Month.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	83	71	75	74	76
II.	Anderson, W. L.	84	79	83	81	78
III.	Bellis	87	78	69	74	72
IV.	Donahue	85	83	85	90	88
V.	Jacobus	76	74	78	80	74
VI.	Schenker	64	66	65	69	74
VII.	Stapleton	87	70	79	78	74
Monthly averages		81	74	76	81	75
VIII.	Callahan	79	85	86

Table 9

Name.		February.		March.				April.		May.				June.
		Date.		Date.		Date.		Date.		Date.		Date.		Date.
I.	Anderson, G. W.	19	34 (28)	11	27 (23)	26	20 (17)	29	20 (15)	20	15 (13)			3	5
II.	Anderson, W. L.	27	48 (37)	10	72 (59)	17	49 (41)			10	26 (19)			7	12 (9)
III.	Bellis	16	57 (43)	8	43 (37)	29	30 (24)	26	40 (24)	18	23 (18)			7	16 (12)
IV.	Donahue	17	45 (40)	2	27 (21)	23	35 (30)	27	24 (22)	25	18 (16)			1	9
V.	Jacobus	17	37 (30)	9	76 (63)	16	35 (31)	20	24 (20)	11	27 (18)	25	20 (15)	1	18 (14)
VI.	Schenker	17	75 (66)	9	67 (58)			21	63 (54)	19	45 (39)			3	30 (24)
VII.	Stapleton	19	44 (33)	11	32 (26)			29	30 (22)	16	11 (10)			7	0
VIII.	Callahan	18	29 (26)	17	24 (20)

General Summary

It is quite evident from a study of the results obtained in the foregoing experiments that young, vigorous men of the type under observation, trained in athletics, accustomed to the doing of vigorous muscular work, can satisfy all the true physiological needs of their bodies and maintain their physical strength and vigor, as well as their capacity for mental work, with an amount of proteid food equal to one-half, or one-third, that ordinarily consumed by men of this stamp. As the results show, all these men reduced their rate of proteid metabolism in such degree that the amount of nitrogen excreted daily during the period of the experiment averaged 8.8 grams, implying a metabolism of about 55 grams of proteid matter per day.

In other words, these athletes were able to reduce their nitrogenous metabolism to as low a level as many of the men of the professional group and of the soldier group, and this with not only maintenance of health and strength, but with a decided increase in their muscular power.

Metabolized nitrogen per kilo of body-weight for all these men, with one exception, during the experiment amounted to 0.108 to 0.134 gram per day, fully as low as was obtained with the members of the soldier detail on their prescribed diet. It is clear, therefore, that physiological economy in nutrition is as safe for men in athletics as for men not accustomed to vigorous exercise. There is obviously no physiological ground for the use of such quantity of proteid food, or of total nutrients, as the prevalent dietary standards call for.

The athlete, as well as the less active man (physically), or the professional man, can meet all his ordinary requirements with an intake of proteid food far below the quantities generally consumed, and this without increasing in any measure the amount of non-nitrogenous food.

Notes

* Kept separate because series of tests is not complete.