Appendix
Two letters of Philip III, King of Spain
As several letters of the King of Spain have come of late into our hands, in which his design and that of the Portuguese is clearly disclosed, it seemed worth while to translate into Latin two of them which had particular bearing upon the controversy at issue, and to append them here.
LETTER I
To Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, our beloved viceroy, I, the King, send many greetings:
Together with this letter will come to you a copy printed in type of an edict which I have taken much pains to draw up, by which, for reasons which you will see expressed, and for other reasons which are consonant with my interests, I prohibit all commerce of foreigners in India itself, and in all other regions across the seas. As this matter is of the greatest importance and serviceableness, and ought to be carried out with the highest zeal, I command you, as soon as you shall have received this letter and edict, to further with all diligence its publication in all places and districts under your jurisdiction, and to carry out the provisions of the edict without exception of any person whatsoever, no matter what his quality, age, or condition, and without delay and excuse, and to proceed to the fulfilment of this command with the full power of your authority, no delay, appeal, or obstacle to the contrary, being admitted, of any kind, sort, or quality.
Therefore I order that this duty be discharged by those externos multos variarum nationum, Italos, Gallos, Germanos, Belgas, quorum pars maior, quantum intelligimus, eo venit per Persida et Turcarum imperium, non per hoc regnum, adversus quos si ex huius Edicti praescripto ac rigore procedatur, posse inde nonnullas difficultates sequi, si illi ad Mauros inimicos perfugiant, vicinisque munitionum mearum dispositionem indicent, rationesque monstrent quae rebus meis nocere possent, exsequi te hoc edictum volo prout res et tempus ferent, atque ea uti prudentia, qua illae difficultates evitentur, curando ut omnes externos in potestate tua habeas eosque custodias pro cuiusque qualitate, ita ut adversus imperium nostrum nihil valeant attentare, utque ergo omnino eum finem consequar quem hoc Edicto mihi proposui.
Scriptae Vlyssipone XXVIII Novembris, Anno MDCVI. Subsignatum erat Rex. Inscriptio. Pro Rege. Ad Dominum Martinum Alfonsum de Castro Consiliarium suum, et suum Proregem Indiae.
Prorex amice Rex multam salutem tibi mitto:
Etsi pro certo habeo tua praesentia, iisque viribus cum quibus in partes austrinas concessisti, perduelles Hollandos, officers to whom its execution belongs, and that they be informed that not only will those who disobey serve me ill, but that I will punish them by depriving them of the offices in which they now serve me.
Further, inasmuch as it has been reported to me that within your jurisdiction there are sojourning many foreigners of different nations, Italians, French, Germans, and men of the Low Countries, the larger part of whom as we know came there by way of Persia and Turkey, and not through our realm; and inasmuch as, if this edict be rigidly enforced against those persons to the letter, some inconveniences might follow, if they should escape to the Moors, our enemies, and make known to our neighbors the disposition of my forces, and thus show ways that they might be able to harm my dominion: Therefore, I wish you to carry out the provisions of this edict as the exigencies of circumstances and occasion demand, and to use all prudence necessary in order to avoid those difficulties, taking especial pains to keep all foreigners in your power, and to guard them in accordance with their individual rank, so that they may have no opportunity to attempt anything prejudicial to our power, that thus I may attain fully that end which I have set forth in this edict.
Given at Lisbon, on the 28th of November in the year of our Lord, 1606. Signed by the king, and addressed: For the king, to Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, his Councillor, and Viceroy for the East Indies.
LETTER II
To our beloved viceroy, I, the King send many greetings:
Although I consider it absolutely certain that your presence and the forces which you took with you into those Eastern regions, guarantee that our enemies, the Dutch, qui illic haerent, nec minus indigenas qui eis receptum praebent, ita castigatos fore, ut nec hi, nec illi tale quicquam in posterum audeant; expediet tamen, ad res tuendas, ut iustam classem, eique operi idoneam, cum tu Goam redibis, in istis Maris partibus relinquas, eiusque imperium et summam praefecturam mandes Andreae Hurtado Mendosae, aut si quem ei muneri aptiorem iudicabis, quemadmodum pro tuo in me affectu confido, ea in re non aliud te respecturum quam quod rebus meis erit utilissimum.
Scriptae Madritii XXVII Ian. MDCVII. Signatum Rex. Inscriptio. Pro Rege. Ad Dominum Martinum Alfonsum de Castro suum Consiliarium, et suum Proregem Indiae.
who infest those quarters as well as the natives who give them a welcome reception, will be so thoroughly punished that neither the one nor the other will ever dare such practices in the future: still it will be expedient for the protection of our interests, that, when you shall return to Goa, you leave in those parts of the sea a fleet large and capable enough to do the business, and also that you delegate the supreme command of that fleet to Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, or to any one else whom you shall consider better fitted for this post. I rely upon your affection for me, knowing that in this matter you will do nothing but what will be most useful to my interests.
Given at Madrid the 27th day of January in the year of our Lord 1607. Signed by the king, and addressed: For the king, to Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, his Councillor, and Viceroy for the East Indies.
Footnotes
A For the freedom of the seas and the relation of Grotius to the doctrine, see Ernest Nys’s Les Origines du Droit International (1894), pp. 379-387, and the same author’s Etudes de Droit International et de Droit Politique, 2e série (1901), Une Bataille de Livres, pp. 260-272. For an account in English see Walker’s History of the Law of Nations, Vol. I (1899), pp. 278-283.
For an interesting sketch of the illustrious author of the Mare Liberum, see Motley’s The Life and Death of John of Barneveld, Vol. II, Chap. XXII; for an analysis of Grotius’ views on the law of nations, see Hallam’s Introduction to the Literature of Europe (4th edition), Vol. II, Part III, Chap. IV, Sec. III; for an account of Grotius as a humanist, see Sandys’ History of Classical Scholarship (1908), Vol. II, pp. 315-319.
B Hugonis Grotii De Jure Praedae, edited, with an introduction, by H. G. Hamaker, and published at The Hague in 1868 by Martinus Nijhoff.
C In support of the view that Grotius appeared as counsel in cases arising out of captures made by vessels in the service of the Dutch East India Company, and that the treatise, De Jure Praedae, is a legal brief, see R. Fruin’s Een Onuitgegeven Werk van Hugo De Groot in Verspreide Geschriften, Vol. III, pp. 367-445. The following passages are quoted from this remarkable essay:
“While busy with the sale of the goods [of the captured merchantman Catherine, which had been unloaded in the Amsterdam arsenal], the process of adjudicating the booty before the admiralty court was conducted in the usual forms. Claimants: Advocate General of Holland, the Board of eight Aldermen, and Admiral Heemskerck;... on Thursday, September 9, 1604, final sentence was rendered, and ‘the merchantman together with the goods taken from it were declared forfeited and confiscated’” (pp. 389-390).
“Hulsius in some measure replaces what the fire at the Marine Arsenal has robbed us of; among other records he has preserved for us in his Achte Schiffart the sentence pronounced in this matter by the admiralty, and of which we have knowledge from no other sources. From it we learn the grounds upon which the claimants demanded the adjudication of the booty. These grounds are the same twelve which De Groot discusses in his book.... This concordance can be explained on the ground that De Groot must have had acquaintance with the sentence; but he was not a man merely to repeat what others had before him witnessed. I should be inclined to feel that in the process he had served as counsel for the Company, and that he himself was one of the authors of the written claim upon which the sentence was based. It would not then be surprising if in his book he should develop at greater length and throw light upon what had already been set forth in the claim” (pp. 390-391).
“I cannot state definitely that Hugo De Groot was persuaded by the Directors to write such an argument; I have been unable to discover any evidence to that end. That he was in close relations with the Company, he himself says in a letter of later date, addressed to his brother. Nor can there be any doubt that in writing his work he made use of the archives of the United Company and of its predecessor. If the supposition, which I have elsewhere ventured to make is correct, that is to say, that in the conduct of the case he appeared as advocate for the Company, it would then appear most probable that, after consultation with the directors, he set about writing his book, which was to be a second plea in their behalf” (p. 403).
D For the account which Grotius himself gives of the incident, see his Annales et Historiae de Rebus Belgicis ab Obitu Philippi Regis usque ad Inducias Anni 1609, written in 1612, but first published in 1658, Book 1, p. 429.
For a fuller account of the circumstances under which the treatise on the law of prize was written, see Hamaker’s edition of the De Jure Praedae, pp. vii-viii. The distinguished historian and scholar, Robert J. Fruin, after an exhaustive examination of the evidence, informed Hamaker that Grotius was retained by the Company to prepare the commentary on the law of prize. The English translation of Hamaker’s exact statement reads as follows: “Fruin is of the opinion that he [Grotius] undertook this work at the instance of the Company, and that he appeared in it as their spokesman.”
For an analysis of the commentary De Jure Praedae and the circumstances under which it was written, see Jules Basdevant’s study on Grotius, pp. 131-137, 155-179, in Pillet’s Les Fondateurs du Droit International (1904).
E Selden’s Mare Clausum was not the only defense of England, nor was the Mare Liberum the only lance which Grotius broke for the freedom of the seas. In 1613 William Welwod, professor of Civil Law at the University of Aberdeen, published a little book entitled An Abridgement of all the Sea-Lawes, in which he maintained the English side of the question, of which Title XXVII, pp. 61-72, deals with the community and property of the seas. Two years later Welwod published a second work, this time in Latin, entitled De Dominio Maris Juribusque ad Dominium praecipue Spectantibus Assertia Brevis ac Methodica.
Grotius prepared, but did not publish, a reply to Welwod’s first attack, entitled Defensio Capitis Quinti Maris Liberi Oppugnati a Gulielmo Welwodo Juris Civilis Professore, Capite XXVII ejus Libri Scripti Anglica Sermone cui Titulum Fecit Compendium Legum Maritimarum. It was discovered at the same time as the commentary De Jure Praedae and was published in 1872 in Muller’s Mare Clausum, Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der rivaliteit van Engeland en Nederland in de zeventiende eeuw.
1a Panegyricus 29, 2: quod genitum esset usquam, id apud omnes natum esse videtur.
2a Vergil, Georgica II, 109.
3a Vergil, Aeneis VI, 847-853.
4a Naturales Quaestiones III, IV.
5a Institutes II, 1 (De rerum divisione, § 1); Digest I, 8, 4 (eod. tit., L. Nemo igitur); cf. Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19; cf. Code IV, 63, 4 (De commerciis, L. Mercatores).
6a Vergil, Aeneis I, 539-540.
7a Vergil, Aeneis VII, 229-230.
8a Diodorus Siculus XI; Plutarch, Pericles XXIX, 4.
9a Sigonius, De regno Italiae.
10a Victoria, De Indis II, n. 1-7; Covarruvias, in c. Peccatum, § 9, n. 4, ibi Quinta.
11a Numbers XXI, 21-26.
12a Augustinus, Locutionum IV (de Numeris), 44; Et Estius, c. ult. 23, 4, 2.
13a Sophocles, Trachiniae.
14a Baldus de Ubaldis, Consilia III, 293.
15a Tacitus, Historiae IV, 64.
16a Andreas Alciatus, Commentaria VII, 130; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, p. 2 § 9; Bartolus on Code I, 11 (De paganis, L. 1).
17a Code VIII, 40, 13 (De fideiussoribus, L. Si Barsagoram).
18a Nonius Marcellus, De varia significatione sermonum, in verbo ‘occupare’ (p. 562, Lindsay); cf. Connanus, Commentarii juris civilis III, 3; cf. Donellus, Commentarii de jure civili IV, 10.
19a Institutes II, 1, 13 (De rerum divisione, § Illud quaesitum est).
20a Digest XLI, 2, 3 (De adquirenda possessione, § Neratius).
21a Epistulae I, 1, 44-45.
22a Pliny, Naturalis historia VI, 22.
23a Digest XLI, 1, 3 (De adquirendo rerum dominio).
24a Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 10, n. 2, 4, 5.
25a De potestate civili I, 9.
26a Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 12.
27a De Indis I, n. 4-7, 19.
28a Vasquius, Preface (n. 5) to Controversiae illustres.
29a Cf. Osorium.
30a Institutes II, 1, 40 (De rerum divisione, § Per traditionem).
31a Luke XII, 14; John XVIII, 36; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 25.
32a Victoria XVI, n. 27.
33a Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 21; Turre Cremata II, c. 113; Hugo on Dist. XCVI, C. VI (Cum ad verum); Bernhardus, De consolatione ad Eugenium III; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 27; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 9, n. 7.
34a Matthew XVII, 27; XX, 26; John VI, 15.
35a Victoria, De Indis I, n. 28, 30; Covarruvias on I Corinthians V in fine; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 12, a. 2; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 29.
36a Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 66, a. 8; Silvius, De infidelibus § 7; Innocentius on Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, III, 34, 8 (De voto, c. Quod super his); Victoria, De Indis I, n. 31.
37a De Indis I, n. 31.
38a Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 24; Victoria, De Indis II, n. 10.
39a De consolatione philosophiae IV, carmen 4, 7-10.
40a Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 8; Dist. XLV, C. V (De Iudeis), C. III (Qui sincera); Innocentius, cf. note 1, page 17; Bartolus on Code I, 11, 1 (De paganis); Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 9, 10; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 28.
41a Matthew X, 23.
42a On Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 4, 66, a. 8.
43a Victoria, De Indis II, 1.
44a Castrensis on Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure); Dist. I, C. VII (Ius naturale).
45a Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 1, n. 10; Lib. VI, V, 12, 3 (De verborum significatione, c. Exiit, qui seminat); Clem. V, 11 (De verborum significatione, c. Exivi de paradiso).
46a Sermones II, 2, 129-130.
47a Avienus, Aratus 302-303 [promisca quetura V; promiscaque cura A; iura peragros; praestiterat Buhlius, Breyzig].
48a Seneca, Octavia 413-414.
49a Avienus, Aratus 302.
50a Digest VII, 5 (De usu fructu earum rerum, quae usu consumuntur vel minuuntur); Extravag. XIV, 3 et 5 (De verborum significatione, c. Ad conditorem, et c. Quia quorundam); Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 78.
51a Thyestes 203-204 (F. CXXII).
52a De beneficiis VII, 12, 3.
53a Ps. Quintilianus, Declamatio XIII (Pro paupere).
54a Cicero, De officiis I.
55a Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure).
56a Vergil, Georgica I, 139-140; Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 121.
57a Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 135-136.
58a Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 134 (exsultavere, Magnus).
59a De beneficiis VII, 4, 3.
60a Octavia 431-432.
61a De officiis I, 21.
62a Thucydides I, 139, 2.
63a Duarenus on Digest I, 8 (De divisione rerum).
64a De officiis I, 51.
65a De officiis I, 52.
66a Ovid, Metamorphoses VI, 349-351 (aquis, 349, and ad publica, 351, Merkel).
67a Digest VIII, 4, 13 (Communia praediorum, L. Venditor).
68a Digest XLI, 1, 14 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore); Comines, Memoirs III, 2; Donellus IV, 2; Digest XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus).
69a Digest I, 8, 10 (De divisione rerum, L. Aristo).
70a Cicero, Loco citato. [Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino 26, 72].
71a Institutes II, 1, 1 et 5 (De rerum divisione, § Et quidem naturali; § Litorum); Digest I, 8, 1, 2, 10 (De rerum divisione); Digest XLI, 1, 14 et 50 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore, et L. Quamvis); Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum § si quis me); Digest XLIII, 8, 3 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Litora) et 4-7.
72a 975, 977, 985 (IV, 3).
73a Donellus IV, 2.
74a Digest XXXIX, 2, 24 (De damno infecto, L. Fluminum); other references same as note 1, page 29.
75a Donellus IV, 2 et 9; also references in note 1, page 29.
76a Digest I, 8, 4 (De divisione rerum, L. Nemo igitur); XLIII, 8, 3 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Litora).
77a Horace, Carmina III, i, 33-34.
78a Digest XLIII, 8, 3 (as in note 1); 8, 2 (eod. tit., L. Praetor, § Adversus).
79a Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L. Ait praetor, § Si in mari).
80a Pliny, Naturalis historia IX, 54, 170.
81a Martial, Epigrammata X, 30, 19-20.
82a De Nabuthe, cap. 3.
83a Digest XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane si maris).
84a Cf. note 1, page 31.
85a Digest XLIV, 3, 7 (De diversis, L. Si quisquam).
86a Digest XLI, 3, 45 (De usucapionibus, L, Praescriptio).
87a Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum, § Si quis me).
88a Novella Leonis, 102, 103, 104; cf. Cuiacium XIV, 1.
89a Hexameron V, 10, 27.
90a Donellus IV, 6.
91a Joannes Faber on Institutes II, 1 (§ Litorum); Digest XIV, 2, 9 (De Lege Rhodia, L. Ἀξίωσις).
92a Digest XLIII, 8, 3 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Litora).
93a Digest V, 1, 9 (De iudiciis, L. Insulae); XXXIX, 4, 15 (De publicanis, L. Caesar); Gloss. on Digest I, 8, 2 (De divisione rerum, L. Quaedam); Institutes II, 1; Baldus on Quaedam (above).
94a Baldus, Quibus modis feudi amittuntur, c. In principio, 2 col; Code XI, 13, 1; Angelus on Digest XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane); Digest VIII, 4, 13 (Communia praediorum, L. Venditor fundi) et 4 (L. Caveri).
95a C. Quae sint Regalia, in Feudis.
96a Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5; 1, q. 6, n. 4.
97a Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum, § 7, v. conductori); XLIII, 9, 1 (De loco publico fruendo).
99a Ennius: ‘Nihilo minus ipsi lucet, cum illi accenderit’. Vahlen,100a Fab. Inc. 398 (Telephus?).
100a Cicero, De officiis I, 51.
101a Seneca, De beneficiis III, 28 [IV, 28].
102a Johannes Faber on Institutes II, 1, 5 (De rerum divisione, § Litorum).
103a Pliny, Naturalis historia II, 69; VI, 27 [(31) Vol. 1, pp. 482-488 Mayhoff]; Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III.
104a Pliny, Naturalis historia VI, 20 (23).
105a Geographica II et XVII.
106a Pliny, Naturalis historia XII, 19 [VI, 23].
107a Gloss. on Lib. VI, I, 6, 3 (De electione, c. Ubi periculum, § Porro); on Digest II, 12, 3 (De feriis, L. Solet [Grotius has Licet]).
108a Digest I, 8, 4 (De divisione rerum, L. Nemo igitur); Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19.
109a Digest XLIII, 8, 2 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Praetor ait, § Si quis in mari).
110a Gloss. on Digest XLIII, 14 (Ut in flumine publico).
111a Baldus on Digest I, 8, 3 (De divisione rerum, L. Item lapilli); Zuarius, Consilia duo de usu maris I, 3, part. tit. 28, L. 10 et 12.
112a Victoria, De Indis I (II?), n. 26.
113a Silvestris, In verbo Papa. n. 16.
114a Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 51.
115a Donellus, V, 22 et seq.; Digest XVIII, 1, 6 (De contrahenda emptione, L. Sed Celsus); XLI, 3, 9 (De usucapionibus, L. Usucapionem), 25 (L. Sine); Lib. VI, V, 12 (De regulis iuris, Reg. Sine possessione); Digest L, 16, 28 (De verborum significatione, L. ‘Alienationis’); XXIII, 5, 16 (De fundo dotali, L. Si fundum).
116a Digest XLI, 3, 45 (De usucapionibus); Code VIII, 11, 6 (De operis publicis, L. Praescriptio); XI, 43, 9 (De aquaeductu, L. Diligenter); Digest XLIII, 11, 2 (De via publica, L. Viam); XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus, L. ult.).
117a Consilia 286; Thema tale est: inter caetera capitula pacis.
118a Digest XLIV, 3, 7 (De diversis temporalibus praescriptionibus, L. Si quisquam).
119a Duarenus, De usucapionibus, c. 3; Cuiacius on Digest XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus, L. ult.); Donellus V, 22 on Digest XLI, 1, 14 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore).
120a Code XI, 43, 4 (De aquaeductu, L. Usum aquae); cf. eod. tit., L. Diligenter; cf. Digest XLIII, 20, 3 (De aqua cottidiana et aestiva, L. Hoc iure, § Ductus aquae).
121a On Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, II, 26, 11 (De praescriptionibus, c. Accedentes).
122a De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 8.
123a On Digest XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus, L. ult.).
124a Par. 3, tit. 29, I. 7 in c. Placa.; Zuarius, Consilia, num. 4.
125a Fachinham VIII, c. 26 et c, 33; Duarenus, De praescriptionibus, parte 2, § 2, n. 8; § 8, n. 5 et 6.
126a Fachinham VIII, c. 28.
127a Angelus Aretinus in rubr. Digest I, 8 (De divisione rerum); Balbus, l. c., n. 2; cf. Vasquium, Controversiae illustres c. 29, n. 38.
128a On Digest XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane).
129a Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum, § ult.)
130a Cf. Gloss. eodem loco.
131a De officiis ministrorum I, 28; Gentilis I, 19 (sub finem).
132a Auth. Ut nulli Iudicum § 1, c. cum tanto de consuetudine.
133a Controversiae illustres c. 89, n. 12 et seq.
134a De potestate legis poenalis II, 14, part. 572.
135a Digest XLI, 1, 14 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore); XLI, 3 (De usucapionibus, L. fin. in prin.); Institutes II, 1, 2 (De rerum divisione, § Flumina, v. omnibus); Digest XLIV, 3, 7 (De diversis temporalibus praescriptionibus, L. Si quisquam); XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane si maris).
136a Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure); Institutes I, 2 (De iure naturali et gentium et civili, § 2, v. ius autem gentium).
137a Digest XLI, 3, 4, 26 (27) (De usucapionibus, L. Sequitur § Si viam); Institutes IV, 6, 14 (De actionibus, § Sic itaque); Ut dictis juribus et L. cum filio, ubi multa per Bartolum et Jason on Digest XXX, 11 (De Legatis I, L. Cum filio; part. I in pr. qu. 3 et 4).
138a Digest I, 5, 4 (De statu hominum, L. Libertas); Institutes I, 3, 1 (De iure personarum, § Et libertas); Digest XLIII, 29, 1 et 2 (De homine libero exhibendo); XLIV, 5, 1 (Quarum rerum actio non datur, L, Iusiurandum, § Quae onerandae); Code III, 28, 35 (De inofficioso testamento, L. Si quando, § Illud, v. adstringendos); Digest IV, 6, 28 (Ex quibus causis maiores, L. Nec non, § ‘Quod eius’).
139a Code III, 44, 7 (De religiosis et sumptibus funerum, L. Statuas).
140a Code VI, 43 (Communia de legatis, Contra L. 2, cum vulgatis).
141a Digest IX, 2, 32 (Ad legem Aquiliam, L. Illud).
142a Dist. IV, C II (Erit autem lex); Digest I, 3, 1 et 2 (De legibus), 32 (eod. tit., L. De quibus, cum seq.); Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, II, 26, 20 (De praescriptionibus, c. Quoniam).
143a Digest XLIII, 13 (Ne quid in flumine publico fiat).
144a Digest IV, 4, 3 (De minoribus, L. 3, § Scio); Vasquius, De successionum progressu I, 7.
145a Balbus, De praescriptionibus 5 in pr. in qu. 11, illius 5, quaest. pr. Gl. in cap. inter caetera 16, q. 3; Castrensis, De potestate legis poenalis II, 14; Balbus, and Angelus, on Code VII, 39, 4 (De praescriptione XXX vel XL annorum, L. Omnes).
146a Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis regis Lusitaniae I.
147a Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure); et ibi Bartolus.
148a Aristotle, Politica I, 9 (1257a 30).
149a Cf. Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 8.
150a Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III, 7.
151a Digest XVIII, 1, 1 (De contrahenda emptione, L. Origo).
152a Naturalis historia XXXIII, 1.
153a Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea 5, 5, 11 (1133a 20): οὐ φύσει ἀλλὰ νόμῳ ἐστί; Politica I, 9 (1257b 10).
154a Dist. I, C. VII (Ius naturale); Aristotle, l. c.
155a Castrensis ex Cino et aliis n. 20 et 28 on Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure).
156a Plato, Sophista 223d.
157a Plato, Republic II (p. 371) cited in Digest L, 11, 2 (De nundinis).
158a Politica I, 11 (1258b 22-23).
159a καὶ ταύτης μέρη τρία, ναυκληρία, φορτηγία, παράστασις are the exact words.
160a Cicero, De officiis I, 150-151; Aristotle, Politica I, 9.
161a L. c. (1257a 14-17).
162a De beneficiis V, 8.
165a Gloss. et Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 11, 2 (De via publica, L. Viam publicam); Balbus 4, 5 pr. qu. 1; Panormitanus on Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, III, 8, 10 (De concessione praebendae, c. Ex parte Hastenen.); Digest XLI, 2, 41 (De adquirenda possessione, L. Qui iure familiaritatis); Covarruvias in c. possessor. 2, § 4; Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 10 et 12.
166a Vasquius, l. c. n. 11.
167a Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia XIX.
168a Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 10, n. 10; Victoria, De Indis I, 1, n. 3; Digest VI, 1, 27 (De rei vindicatione, L. Sin autem, § penult.) L, 17, 55 et 151 (De diversis regulis, L. Nullus videtur, et L. Nemo damnum); XLII, 8, 13 (Quae in fraudem creditorum, L. Illud constat); XXXIX, 2, 24 (De damno infecto, L. Fluminum, § ult.); Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L, 1, § 5); Castrensis on Code III, 34, 10 (De servitutibus, L. Si tibi); Digest XXXIX, 3, 1 (De aqua, L. Si cui, § Denique).
169a Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 3 et seq.; Digest XXXIX, 2, 26 (De damno infecto, L. Proculus).
170a Vasquius, l. c.
171a Vasquius, l. c. n. 5.
172a Εργα καὶ Ἡμέραι 24.
173a Code IV, 59 (De monopoliis, L. 1).
174a Caietanus on Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 77, a. 1, ad 3.
175a Aristotle, Politica I, 9.
176a Hexameron V, 10, 4, q. 44.
177a In funere Basilii.
178a Thucydides, Isocrates, Andocides.
179a Isocrates, Archidamos 51.
180a Panegyricus 176.
181a De officiis I, 35.
182a Polus Lucanus apud Stobaeum, De iustitia (III, p. 362 Wachsmut-Hense); Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromateis; Augustinus, De civitate Dei IV, 15.
183a Demosthenes, De libertate Rhodiorum XV, 10 (p. 193 R.).
184a Propertius IV, vi, 47-52.
185a De civitate Dei V, 1.
186a Digest XLIII, 14, 1 (Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat).
187a Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L. 1, in principio).
188a Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L. 1, § Si in mari aliquid).
189a Digest XLIII, 8, 2 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. 2, § Si quis); XLVII, 10, 13 et 24 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum actio, et L. Si quis proprium); Silvestris, In verbo ‘restitutio’, 3 sub finem; Oldradus et Archidiaconus on Digest XLVIII, 12, 2 (De lege Iulia de annona), and XLVII, 11, 6 (De extraordinariis criminibus. L. Annonam).
190a De civitate Dei IV.
191a De officiis I, 34.
192a Digest XLI, 1, 50 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quamvis quod in litore); Henricus von Gorcum, De bello justo 9.
Footnotes
1 Panegyric 29, 2.
2 Georgics II, 109 [Dryden’s translation, II, 154].
3 Aeneid VI, 847-853 [Dryden’s translation, VI, 1168-1169].
4 Natural Questions III, IV.
5 Institutes II, 1; Digest I, 8, 4; cf. Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19; cf. Code IV, 63, 4 [Grotius refers particularly to his famous predecessor Albericus Gentilis (1552-1608), an Italian who came to England and was appointed to the chair of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford. He published his De Jure Belli in 1588].
6 Aeneid I, 539-540 [Dryden’s translation, I, 760-763].
7 Aeneid VII, 229-230 [Dryden’s translation, VII, 313-314].
8 Diodorus Siculus XI; Plutarch, Pericles XXIX, 4. [The Athenian decree prohibiting the Megarians from trading with Athens or any part of the Athenian Empire was one of the leading causes of the Peloponnesian War.]
9 Carlo Sigonio [(1523-1584), an Italian humanist, in his work] On the Kingdom of Italy.
10 Victoria, De Indis II, n. 1-7; Covarruvias, in c. Peccatum, § 9, n. 4, ibi Quinta [Franciscus de Victoria (1480-1546), the famous Spanish Scholastic, a Dominican, and Professor of Theology at Salamanca from 1521 until his death. His thirteen Relectiones (De Indis is no. V) were published (‘vitiosa et corrupta’) in 1557 after his death; the 1686 Cologne edition is held to be the best.
Diego Covarruvias (1512-1577), styled the Bartolo of Spain. He should probably be credited with formulating the reform decrees of the Council of Trent. The 5 vol. Antwerp 1762 edition of his works is the best.]
11 Numbers XXI, 21-26.
12 Locutionum IV (on Numbers), 44; Estius, c. ult. 23, 4, 2 [Estius (?-1613) was a Dutch commentator on the Epistles of St. Paul and on the works of St. Augustine].
13 [Grotius refers to the Trachiniae of Sophocles, but probably from memory, for there is no such reference in that play.]
14 Baldus de Ubaldis, Consilia III, 293 [Baldus (1327-1406) was a pupil of the great Bartolus].
15 Histories IV, 64 [In connection with the revolt of Civilis].
16 Andrea Alciati, Commentaria VII, 130; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, p. 2 § 9; Bartolus on Code I, 11 [Alciati (1492-1550) was made Comes Palatinus by the Emperor Charles V, and offered a Cardinal’s hat by Pope Paul III, which he refused, but he did become a Protonotarius Apostolicus].
17 Code VIII, 40, 13 [Probably Fabius Claudius Gordianus Fulgentius (468-533), a Benedictine monk, one of the Latin Fathers].
18 Nonius Marcellus, On the various significations of speech, under the word ‘occupare’; cf. Connan, Commentaries on the civil law III, 3; Donellus [Doneau], Commentaries on the civil law IV, 10. [François de Connan (1508-1551), a French jurisconsult, a pupil of Alciati; Hugues Doneau (1527-1591) a famous jurisconsult, who wrote many volumes of commentaries on the Digest and the Code.]
19 Institutes II, 1, 13.
20 Digest XLI, 2, 3.
21 Letters I, 1, 44-45 [Francis’s translation, English Poets XIX, 726].
22 Pliny, Natural History, VI, 22.
23 Digest XLI, 1, 3.
24 Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 10, n. 2, 4, 5.
25 De potestate civili I, 9.
26 Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 12 [Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274), one of the most famous of the Schoolmen and Theologians, spoken of often as Aquila Theologorum, and Doctor Angelicus].
27 De Indis I, n. 4-7, 19.
28 Vasquius, Preface (n. 5) to Controversiae illustres.
29 [Grotius cites Osorius, but gives no reference.]
30 Institutes II, 1, 40.
31 Luke XII, 14; John XVIII, 36; Victoria, De Indis I, n, 25.
32 Victoria XVI, n. 27.
33 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 21; Torquemada II, c. 113; Hugo on Dist. XCVI, C. VI; St. Bernard, Admonitory epistle to Pope Eugene III, book 2; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 27; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 9, n. 7.
34 Matthew XVII, 27; XX, 26; John VI, 15.
35 Victoria, De Indis I, n. 28, 30; Covarruvias on I Corinthians V, at the end; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 12, a. 2; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 29 [Best edition of Ayala is in The Classics of International Law, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2 vol., 1912].
36 Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 66, a. 8; Silvius, De infidelibus § 7; Innocent on the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, III, 34, 8; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 81. [Franciscus Silvius, or Sylvius, or du Bois (1581-1649), was a Belgian theologian.]
37 De Indis I, n. 31.
38 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 24; Victoria, De Indis II, n. 10.
39 On the Consolation of Philosophy IV, 4, 7-10 [H. R. James’ translation, page 194].
40 Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 8; Dist. XLV, C. V, C. III; Innocent, see note 1, page 17; Bartolus on Code I, 11, 1; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 9, 10; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 28.
41 Matthew X, 23.
42 On Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 4, 66, a. 8 [Thomas de Cajetan (1469-1534), an Italian cardinal, wrote voluminous commentaries on Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, and the Bible].
43 Victoria, De Indis II, 1.
44 Paul de Castro on Digest I, 1, 5; Dist. I, C. VII.
45 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 1, n. 10; Lib. VI, V, 12, 3; Clem. V, 11.
46 Satires II, 2, 129-130.
47 Aratus 302-303.
48 Octavia 413-414 [Translation by E. I. Harris (Act II, Scene 1)].
49 Aratus 302.
50 Digest VII, 5; Extravagantes of Pope John XXII, XIV, 3 and 5; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 78.
51 203-204 [E. I. Harris’ translation (Act II, Scene 1)].
52 De beneficiis VII, 12, 3.
53 Speech XIII, In behalf of the poor man.
54 De officiis I.
55 Digest I, 1, 5.
56 Vergil, Georgics I, 139-140 [Dryden’s translation I, 211]; Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 121.
57 Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 135-136 [Dryden’s translation I (English Poets XX, 432)].
58 Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 134.
59 De beneficiis VII, 4, 3.
60 Octavia 431-432 [Grotius here takes a slight liberty with the context].
61 De officiis I, 21 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 23].
62 History I, 139, 2.
63 Duaren [a French humanist (1509-1559)], on Digest I, 8.
64 De officiis I, 51 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 55].
65 De officiis I, 52.
66 Metamorphoses VI, 349-351.
67 Digest VIII, 4, 13.
68 Digest XLI, 1, 14; Comines, Memoirs III, 2; Donellus IV, 2; Digest XLI, 3, 49. [Philippe de Comines (1445-1509), a French historian, and one of the negotiators of the treaty of Senlis (1493).]
69 Digest I, 8, 10.
70 Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino 26, 72.
71 Institutes II, 1, 1 and 5; Digest I, 8, 1, 2, 10; XLI, 1, 14 and 50; XLVII, 10, 13; XLIII, 8, 3, and 4-7.
72 Act IV, Scene 3 (975, 977, 985).
73 Donellus IV, 2.
74 Digest XXXIX, 2, 24; other references same as note 1, page 29.
75 Donellus IV, 2 and 9; also references in note 1, page 29.
76 Digest I, 8, 4; XLIII, 8, 3.
77 Odes III, i, 33-34 [Bennett’s (Loeb) translation, page 171].
78 Digest XLIII, 8, 3; 8, 2.
79 Digest XLIII, 12, 1.
80 Pliny, Natural History IX, 54, 170.
81 Epigrams X, 30, 19-20.
82 De Nabuthe, cap. 3.
83 Digest XLVII, 10, 14.
84 See note 1, page 31.
85 Digest XLIV, 3, 7.
86 Digest XLI, 3, 45.
87 Digest XLVII, 10, 13.
88 Novels of Leo, 102, 103, 104; See also Cujas XIV, 1.
89 Hexameron V, 10, 27 [St. Ambrose (c. 333-397), Bishop of Milan, is meant].
90 Donellus IV, 6.
91 On Institutes II, 1; Digest XIV, 2, 9 [Johannes Faber (c. 1570-c. 1640) was Bishop of Vienna, and Court preacher to Emperor Ferdinand. He was known popularly as ‘Malleus Haereticorum’].
92 Digest XLIII, 8, 3.
93 Digest V, 1, 9; XXXIX, 4, 15; Glossators on Digest I, 8, 2; Institutes II, 1; Baldus on L. Quaedam, in Digest I, 8, 2.
94 Baldus, Quibus modis feudi amittuntur, chapter beginning In principio, second column; Code XI, 13, 1; Angeli on Digest XLVII, 10, 14; Digest VIII, 4, 13 and 4.
95 C. Quae sint Regalia, in Feudis.
96 Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5; 1, q. 6, n. 4.
97 Digest XLVII, 10, 13; XLIII, 9, 1.
99 [Quoted in Cicero, De officiis I, 51, and here taken from Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 55.]
100 Cicero, De officiis I, 51.
101 Seneca, De beneficiis IV, 28.
102 Johannes Faber on Institutes II, 1, 5.
103 Pliny, Natural History II, 69; VI, 27; Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III.
104 Natural History VI, 20.
105 Geography II and XVII.
106 Natural History VI, 23.
107 Glossators on Lib. VI, I, 6, 3; on Digest II, 12, 3.
108 Digest I, 8, 4; Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19.
109 Digest XLIII, 8, 2.
110 Glossators on Digest XLIII, 14.
111 Baldus on Digest I, 8, 3; Zuarius, Consilia duo de usu maris I, 3, 28, L. 10 and 12. [Rodericus Zuarius, Consilia published in 1621].
112 Victoria, De Indis I, n. 26.
113 Silvestris, In verbo Papa. n. 16.
114 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 51.
115 Donellus, V. 22 ff.; Digest XVIII, 1, 6; XLI, 3, 9, 25; Lib. VI, V, 12 (Reg. Sine possessione); Digest L, 16, 28; XXIII, 5, 16.
116 Digest XLI, 3, 45; Code VIII, 11, 6; XI, 43, 9; Digest XLIII, 11, 2; XLI, 3, 49.
117 Consilia 286 [Angelus Aretinus a Gambellionibus (?-1445), a voluminous commentator on the Digest and the Institutes].
118 Digest XLIV, 3, 7.
119 Duren, De usucapionibus, c. 3; Cujas on Digest XLI, 3, 49; Donellus V, 22 on Digest XLI, 1, 14.
120 Code XI, 43, 4; cf. XI, 43, 9; cf. Digest XLIII, 20, 3.
121 On the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, II, 26, 11 [Felinus Maria Sandeus (c. 1427-1503), Bishop of Lucca].
122 De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 8 [Johannes Franciscus Balbus, a priest and jurisconsult at Muentz-hof].
123 On Digest XLI, 3, 49.
124 Par. 3, tit. 29, I. 7 in c. Placa.; Zuarius, Consilia, num. 4.
125 Fachinham VIII, c. 26 and c. 33; Duaren, De praescriptionibus, parte 2, § 2, n. 8; § 8, n. 5 and 6, [Nicholas Fachinham (?-1407), a Franciscan, who taught Theology at Oxford.]
126 Fachinham VIII, c. 28.
127 Angelus Aretinus on Digest I, 8; Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 2; see Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 29, n. 38.
128 On Digest XLVII, 10, 14.
129 Digest XLVI, 10, 13.
130 Glossators on the reference in note 4, page 51.
131 De officiis ministrorum I, 28; Gentilis I, 19.
132 Auth. Ut nulli Iudicum § 1, c. cum tanto de consuetudine.
133 Controversiae illustres c. 89, n. 12 ff. [Ferdinand Manchaea Vasquez (1509-1566) the famous Spanish jurisconsult, who held many high honors of the realm].
134 De potestate legis poenalis II, 14, part 572 [Alphonse de Castro (?-1558). Theologian at Salamanca, confessor to the Emperor Charles V.].
135 Digest XLI, 1, 14; XLI, 3; Institutes II, 1, 2; Digest XLIV, 3, 7; XLVII, 10, 14.
136 Digest I, 1, 5; Institutes I, 2, § 2.
137 Digest XLI, 3, 4, 26 (27); Institutes IV, 6, 14; Bartolus and Jason on Digest XXX, 11.
138 Digest I, 5, 4; Institutes I, 3, 1; Digest XLIII, 29, 1-2; XLIV, 5, 1; Code III, 28, 35; Digest IV, 6, 28.
139 Code III, 44, 7.
140 Code VI, 43.
141 Digest IX, 2, 32.
142 Dist. IV, C. II; Digest I, 3, 1-2, 32; Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, II, 26, 20.
143 Digest XLIII, 13.
144 Digest IV, 4, 3; Vasquius, De successionum progressu I, 7.
145 Balbus, De praescriptionibus 5, 11; 16, 3; Alphonse de Castro, De potestate legis poenalis II, 14; Balbus and Angelus on Code VII, 39, 4.
146 Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis regis Lusitaniae I [Hieronymus Osorius (1506-1580) was known as the Portuguese Cicero].
147 Digest I, 1, 5.
148 I, 9 (1257a 30).
149 Cf. Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 8.
150 Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III, 7.
151 Digest XVIII, 1, 1.
152 Natural History XXXIII, 1.
153 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 5, 5, 11 (1133a 20); Politics I, 9 (1257b 10) [Nummus—νόμος. The fact that this is an incorrect derivation does not of course affect the argument].
154 Dist. I, C. VII; Aristotle, see note 4 above.
155 Castrensis from Cinus and others on Digest I, 1, 5.
156 Plato, Sophista 223d.
157 II (p. 371) cited in Digest L, 11, 2.
158 Politics I, 11 (1258b 22-23).
159 [The text here is somewhat expanded.]
160 Cicero, De officiis I, 150-151; Aristotle, Politics I, 9.
161 Politics I, 9 (1257a 14-17) [Jowett’s translation, Vol. I, page 15].
162 De beneficiis V, 8 [Not a quotation, but a summing up of the chapter].
163 See chapters III and VI.
164 See chapter VII.
165 On Digest XLIII, 11, 2; Balbus 4, 5 pr. qu. 1; Panormitanus on the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, III, 8, 10; Digest XLI, 2, 41; Covarruvias in c. possessor. 2, § 4; Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 10 and 12.
166 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 11.
167 Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia XIX.
168 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 10, n. 10; Victoria, De Indis I, 1, n. 3; Digest VI, 1. 27; L, 17, 55, 151; XLII, 8, 13; XXXIX, 2, 24; Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 12, 1; Castrensis on Code III, 34, 10; Digest XXXIX, 3, 1.
169 Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 3 ff.; Digest XXXIX, 2, 26.
170 Vasquius, same reference.
171 Vasquius, same reference, n. 5.
172 In his Works and Days [The entire passage as translated by A. W. Mair (Oxford translation, page 1) is: “For when he that hath no business looketh on him that is rich, he hasteth to plow and to array his house: and neighbour vieth with neighbour hasting to be rich: good is this Strife for men.”].
173 Code IV, 59.
174 Cajetan on Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 77, a. 1, ad 3.
175 Politics I, 9.
176 Hexameron V, 10, 4, q. 44.
177 In funere Basilii.
178 Thucydides, Isocrates, Andocides.
179 Isocrates, Archidamos 51 [Grotius probably quoted here from memory].
180 Panegyric 176.
181 De officiis I, 35.
182 Polus Lucanus apud Stobaeum, De iustitia; Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromateis; Augustine, City of God IV, 15.
183 On the liberty of the Rhodians XV, 10 [Pickard-Cambridge’s translation I, page 59].
184 Propertius IV, vi, 47-52 [Butler’s (Loeb) translation, page 305].
185 City of God V, 1.
186 Digest XLIII, 14, 1.
187 Digest XLIII, 12, 1.
188 Digest XLIII, 12, 1.
189 Digest XLIII, 8, 2; XLVII, 10, 13 and 24; Silvestris, on the word ‘restitutio’; Oldradus and Archidiaconus on Digest XLVIII, 12, 2, and XLVII, 11, 6 [Oldrado de Ponte (?-1335), a Bologna canonist. Archidiaconus is probably the Italian decretalist Guido Bosius.]
190 City of God IV.
191 De officiis I, 34 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 37].
192 Digest XLI, 1, 50; Heinrich von Gorcum, De bello justo 9.
Pg 16 (Fn 33a): ‘Eugenium II;’ replaced by ‘Eugenium III;’.
Pg 16 (Fn 35a): ‘Corinthinas V,’ replaced by ‘Corinthians V,’.
Pg 31: ‘praetors was able’ replaced by ‘praetors were able’.
Pg 44: ‘this is specificially’ replaced by ‘this is specifically’.
Pg 68: ‘more absurd then’ replaced by ‘more absurd than’.
Pg 80 (Index): ‘Baldis’ replaced by ‘Baldus’.