Contents. Of the Third Volume

BOOK XI.
THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
Chap.		Page
1.	The extreme smallness of insects	1
2.	Whether insects respire, and whether they have blood	3
3.	The bodies of insects	4
4.	Bees	5
5.	The order displayed in the works of bees	ib.
6.	The meaning of the terms commosis, pissoceros, and propolis	6
7.	The meaning of erithace, sandaraca, or cerinthos	7
8.	What flowers are used by the bees in their work	ib.
9.	Persons who have made bees their study	8
10.	The mode in which bees work	ib.
11.	Drones	10
12.	The qualities of honey	11
13.	Where the best honey is produced	12
14.	The kinds of honey peculiar to various places	ib.
15.	How honey is tested. Ericæum. Tetralix, or sisirum	14
16.	The reproduction of bees	16
17.	The mode of government of the bees	18
18.	Happy omens sometimes afforded by a swarm of bees	19
19.	The various kinds of bees	20
20.	The diseases of bees	21
21.	Things that are noxious to bees	22
22.	How to keep bees to the hive	23
23.	Methods of renewing the swarm	ib.
24.	Wasps and hornets: animals which appropriate what belongs to others	24
25.	The bombyx of Assyria	25
26.	The larvæ of the silk-worm—who first invented silk cloths	ib.
27.	The silk-worm of Cos—how the Coan vestments are made	26
28.	Spiders; the kinds that make webs; the materials used by them in so doing	27
29.	The generation of spiders	29
30.	Scorpions	ib.
31.	The stellio	31
32.	The grasshopper: that it has neither mouth nor outlet for food	ib.
33.	The wings of insects	33
34.	The beetle. The glow-worm. Other kinds of beetles	33
35.	Locusts	35
36.	Ants	37
37.	The chrysalis	39
38.	Animals which breed in wood	40
39.	Insects that are parasites of man. Which is the smallest of animals? Animals found in wax even	ib.
40.	An animal which has no passage for the evacuations	ib.
41.	Moths, cantharides, gnats—an insect which breeds in the snow	41
42.	An animal found in fire—the pyrallis, or pyrausta	42
43.	The animal called hemerobion	ib.
44.	The nature and characteristics of all animals considered limb by limb. Those which have tufts and crests	43
45.	The various kinds of horns. Animals in which they are moveable	44
46.	The heads of animals. Those which have none	46
47.	The hair	ib.
48.	The bones of the head	47
49.	The brain	ib.
50.	The ears. Animals which hear without ears or apertures	48
51.	The face, the forehead, and the eye-brows	49
52.	The eyes—animals which have no eyes, or have only one eye	ib.
53.	The diversity of the colour of the eyes	50
54.	The theory of sight—persons who can see by night	ib.
55.	The nature of the pupil—eyes which do not shut	52
56.	The hair of the eye-lids; what animals are without them. Animals which can see on one side only	54
57.	Animals which have no eye-lids	55
58.	The cheeks	ib.
59.	The nostrils	ib.
60.	The mouth; the lips; the chin; and the jaw-bone	56
61.	The teeth; the various kinds of teeth; in what animals they are not on both sides of the mouth: animals which have hollow teeth	ib.
62.	The teeth of serpents; their poison. A bird which has teeth	57
63.	Wonderful circumstances connected with the teeth	59
64.	How an estimate is formed of the age of animals from their teeth	60
65.	The tongue; animals which have no tongue. The noise made by frogs. The palate	61
66.	The tonsils; the uvula; the epiglossis; the tracheal artery; the gullet	62
67.	The neck; the throat; the dorsal spine	63
68.	The throat; the gullet; the stomach	64
69.	The heart; the blood; the vital spirit	ib.
70.	Those animals which have the largest heart, and those which have the smallest. What animals have two hearts	65
71.	When the custom was first adopted of examining the heart in the inspection of the entrails	66
72.	The lungs: in what animals they are the largest, and in what the smallest. Animals which have nothing but lungs in the interior of the body. Causes which produce extraordinary swiftness in animals	67
73.	The liver; in what animals, and in what part there are two livers found	ib.
74.	The gall; where situate, and in what animals it is double. Animals which have no gall, and others in which it is not situate in the liver	68
75.	The properties of the gall	69
76.	In what animals the liver increases and decreases with the moon. Observations on the aruspices relative thereto, and remarkable prodigies	70
77.	The diaphragm. The nature of laughter	ib.
78.	The belly: animals which have no belly. Which are the only animals that vomit	71
79.	The small guts, the front intestines, the anus, the colon. The causes of the insatiate voracity of certain animals	ib.
80.	The omentum: the spleen; animals which are without it	73
81.	The kidneys: animals which have four kidneys. Animals which have none	ib.
82.	The breast: the ribs	74
83.	The bladder: animals which have no bladder	ib.
84.	The womb: the womb of the sow: the teats	75
85.	Animals which have suet: animals which do not grow fat	ib.
86.	The marrow: animals which have no marrow	76
87.	Bones and fish-bones: animals which have neither. Cartilages	77
88.	The nerves: animals which have none	ib.
89.	The arteries; the veins: animals without arteries or veins. The blood and the sweat	78
90.	Animals, the blood of which coagulates with the greatest rapidity: other animals, the blood of which does not coagulate. Animals which have the thickest blood: those the blood of which is the thinnest: animals which have no blood	ib.
91.	Animals which are without blood at certain periods of the year	79
92.	Whether the blood is the principle of life	80
93.	The hide of animals	ib.
94.	The hair and the covering of the skin	81
95.	The paps: birds which have paps. Remarkable facts connected with the dugs of animals	82
96.	The milk: the biestings. Cheese: of what milk cheese cannot be made. Rennet; the various kinds of aliment in milk	83
97.	Various kinds of cheese	85
98.	Differences of the members of man from those of other animals	86
99.	The fingers, the arms	ib.
100.	Resemblance of the ape to man	ib.
101.	The nails	87
102.	The knees and the hams	ib.
103.	Parts of the human body to which certain religious ideas are attached	88
104.	Varicose veins	88
105.	The gait, the feet, the legs	89
106.	Hoofs	ib.
107.	The feet of birds	90
108.	The feet of animals, from those having two feet to those with a hundred.—Dwarfs	91
109.	The sexual parts.—Hermaphrodites	ib.
110.	The testes.—The three classes of eunuchs	92
111.	The tails of animals	ib.
112.	The different voices of animals	93
113.	Superfluous limbs	95
114.	Signs of vitality and of the moral disposition of man, from the limbs	96
115.	Respiration and nutriment	97
116.	Animals which when fed upon poison do not die, and the flesh of which is poisonous	98
117.	Reasons for indigestion. Remedies for crudity	ib.
118.	From what causes corpulence arises; how it may be reduced	ib.
119.	What things, by merely tasting of them, allay hunger and thirst	99
BOOK XII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES.
1.	The honourable place occupied by trees in the system of nature	101
2.	The early history of trees	102
3.	Exotic trees. When the plane-tree first appeared in Italy, and whence it came	103
4.	The nature of the plane-tree	104
5.	Remarkable facts connected with the plane-tree	ib.
6.	The chamæplatanus. Who was the first to clip green shrubs	106
7.	How the citron is planted	ib.
8.	The trees of India	107
9.	When ebony was first seen at Rome. The various kinds of ebony	109
10.	The Indian thorn	ib.
11.	The Indian fig	ib.
12.	The pala: the fruit called ariena	110
13.	Indian trees, the names of which are unknown. Indian trees which bear flax	111
14.	The pepper-tree.—The various kinds of pepper—bregma—zingiberi, or zimpirebi	ib.
15.	Caryophyllon, lycion, and the Chironian pyxacanthus	113
16.	Macir	114
17.	Sugar	ib.
18.	Trees of Ariana, Gedrosia, and Hyrcania	115
19.	Trees of Bactriana, bdellium, or brochon, otherwise malacha, or maldacon, scordastum. Adulterations used in all spices and aromatics; the various tests of them and their respective values	ib.
20.	Trees of Persis	117
21.	Trees of the islands of the Persian Sea. The cotton tree	ib.
22.	The tree called cyna. Trees from which fabrics for clothing are made in the east	118
23.	A country where the trees never lose their leaves	ib.
24.	The various useful products of trees	119
25.	Costus	ib.
26.	Nard. The twelve varieties of the plant	ib.
27.	Asarum, or foal-foot	121
28.	Amomum.—Amomis	122
29.	Cardamomum	123
30.	The country of frankincense	ib.
31.	The trees which bear frankincense	125
32.	Various kinds of frankincense	126
33.	Myrrh	129
34.	The trees which produce myrrh	130
35.	The nature and various kinds of myrrh	ib.
36.	Mastich	132
37.	Ladanum and stobolon	ib.
38.	Enhæmon	134
39.	The tree called bratus	135
40.	The tree called stobrum	ib.
41.	Why Arabia was called “Happy”	136
42.	Cinnamomum. Xylocinnamum	137
43.	Cassia	140
44.	Cancamum and tarum	141
45.	Serichatum and gabalium	142
46.	Myrobalanum	ib.
47.	Phœnicobalanus	143
48.	The sweet-scented calamus; the sweet-scented rush	144
49.	Hammoniacum	ib.
50.	Sphagnos	145
51.	Cypros	146
52.	Aspalathos, or erysisceptrum	ib.
53.	Maron	147
54.	Balsamum; opobalsamum; and xylobalsamum	ib.
55.	Storax	151
56.	Galbanum	152
57.	Panax	ib.
58.	Spondylium	153
59.	Malobathrum	ib.
60.	Omphacium	ib.
61.	Bryon, œnanthe, and massaris	154
62.	Elate or spathe	155
63.	Cinnamon or comacum	ib.
BOOK XIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.
1.	Unguents—at what period they were first introduced	159
2.	The various kinds of unguents—twelve principal compositions	160
3.	Diapasma, magma; the mode of testing unguents	166
4.	The excesses to which luxury has run in unguents	167
5.	When unguents were first used by the Romans	168
6.	The palm-tree	169
7.	The nature of the palm-tree	170
8.	How the palm-tree is planted	172
9.	The different varieties of palm-trees, and their characteristics	173
10.	The trees of Syria: the pistacia, the cottana, the damascena, and the myxa	178
11.	The cedar. Trees which have on them the fruit of three years at once	ib.
12.	The terebinth	179
13.	The sumach-tree	ib.
14.	The trees of Egypt. The fig-tree of Alexandria	180
15.	The fig-tree of Cyprus	181
16.	The carob-tree	ib.
17.	The Persian tree. In what trees the fruits germinate the one below the other	182
18.	The cucus	183
19.	The Egyptian thorn	ib.
20.	Nine kinds of gum. The sarcocolla	184
21.	The papyrus: the use of paper: when it was first invented	185
22.	The mode of making paper	186
23.	The nine different kinds of paper	187
24.	The mode of testing the goodness of paper	189
25.	The peculiar defects in paper	190
26.	The paste used in the preparation of paper	191
27.	The books of Numa	ib.
28.	The trees of Æthiopia	193
29.	The trees of Mount Atlas. The citrus, and the tables made of the wood thereof	194
30.	The points that are desirable or otherwise in these tables	195
31.	The citron-tree	198
32.	The lotus	ib.
33.	The trees of Cyrenaica. The paliurus	200
34.	Nine varieties of the Punic apple. Balaustium	ib.
35.	The trees of Asia and Greece; the epipactis, the erica, the Cnidian grain or thymelæa, pyrosachne, cnestron, or cneoron	201
36.	The tragion: tragacanthe	ib.
37.	The tragos or scorpio; the myrica or brya; the ostrys	202
38.	The euonymos	203
39.	The tree called eon	ib.
40.	The andrachle	204
41.	The coccygia; the apharce	ib.
42.	The ferula	ib.
43.	The thapsia	205
44.	The capparis or cynosbaton, otherwise ophiostaphyle	206
45.	The saripha	207
46.	The royal thorn	ib.
47.	The cytisus	208
48.	The trees and shrubs of the Mediterranean. The phycos, prason, or zoster	209
49.	The sea bryon	210
50.	Plants of the Red Sea	211
51.	Plants of the Indian Sea	ib.
52.	The plants of the Troglodytic Sea; the hair of Isis: the Charito-blepharon	212
BOOK XIV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
1 and 2. The nature of the vine. Its mode of fructification		215
3.	The nature of the grape, and the cultivation of the vine	218
4.	Ninety-one varieties of the vine	222
5.	Remarkable facts connected with the culture of the vine	233
6.	The most ancient wines	236
7.	The nature of wines	238
8.	Fifty kinds of generous wines	239
9.	Thirty-eight varieties of foreign wine	245
10.	Seven kinds of salted wines	247
11.	Eighteen varieties of sweet wine. Raisin-wine and hepsema	248
12.	Three varieties of second-rate wine	251
13.	At what period generous wines were first commonly made in Italy	251
14.	The inspection of wine ordered by King Romulus	252
15.	Wines drunk by the ancient Romans	253
16.	Some remarkable facts connected with wine-lofts. The Opimian wine	254
17.	At what period four kinds of wine were first served at table	ib.
18.	The uses of the wild vine. What juices are naturally the coldest of all	255
19.	Sixty-six varieties of artificial wine	256
20.	Hydromeli, or melicraton	261
21.	Oxymeli	ib.
22.	Twelve kinds of wine with miraculous properties	262
23.	What wines it is not lawful to use in the sacred rites	263
24.	How must is usually prepared	ib.
25.	Pitch and resin	264
26.	Vinegar—lees of wine	268
27.	Wine-vessels—wine-cellars	ib.
28.	Drunkenness	270
29.	Liquors with the strength of wine made from water and corn	274
BOOK XV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
1.	The olive.—How long it existed in Greece only.—At what period it was first introduced into Italy, Spain, and Africa	277
2.	The nature of the olive, and of new olive oil	278
3.	Olive oil: the countries in which it is produced, and its various qualities	279
4.	Fifteen varieties of the olive	281
5.	The nature of olive oil	284
6.	The culture of the olive: its mode of preservation. The method of making olive oil	285
7.	Forty-eight varieties of artificial oils. The cicus-tree or croton, or sili, or sesamum	286
8.	Amurca	291
9.	The various kinds of fruit-trees and their natures. Four varieties of pine-nuts	292
10.	The quince. Four kinds of cydonia, and four varieties of the struthea	ib.
11.	Six varieties of the peach	293
12.	Twelve kinds of plums	294
13.	The peach	296
14.	Thirty different kinds of pomes. At what period foreign fruits were first introduced into Italy, and whence	297
15.	The fruits that have been most recently introduced	ib.
16.	Forty-one varieties of the pear	300
17.	Various methods of grafting trees. Expiations for lightning	302
18.	The mode of keeping various fruits and grapes	303
19.	Twenty-nine varieties of the fig	307
20.	Historical anecdotes connected with the fig	309
21.	Caprification	311
22.	Three varieties of the medlar	314
23.	Four varieties of the sorb	ib.
24.	Nine varieties of the nut	315
25.	Eighteen varieties of the chesnut	318
26.	The carob	319
27.	The fleshy fruits. The mulberry	ib.
28.	The fruit of the arbutus	320
29.	The relative natures of berry fruits	321
30.	Nine varieties of the cherry	322
31.	The cornel. The lentisk	323
32.	Thirteen different flavours of juices	ib.
33.	The colour and smell of juices	325
34.	The various natures of fruit	326
35.	The myrtle	328
36.	Historical anecdotes relative to the myrtle	328
37.	Eleven varieties of the myrtle	330
38.	The myrtle used at Rome in ovations	331
39.	The laurel; thirteen varieties of it	332
40.	Historical anecdotes connected with the laurel	334
BOOK XVI.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.
1.	Countries that have no trees	339
2.	Wonders connected with trees in the northern regions	340
3.	The acorn oak. The civic crown	341
4.	The origin of the presentation of crowns	342
5.	Persons presented with a crown of leaves	343
6.	Thirteen varieties of the acorn	345
7.	The beech	346
8.	The other acorns—wood for fuel	ib.
9.	The gall-nut	350
10.	Other productions on these trees besides the acorn	ib.
11.	Cachrys	351
12.	The kermes berry	353
13.	Agaric	ib.
14.	Trees of which the bark is used	354
15.	Shingles	355
16.	The pine	ib.
17.	The pinaster	356
18.	The pitch-tree: the fir	ib.
19.	The larch: the torch-tree	357
20.	The yew	360
21.	Methods of making tar—how cedrium is made	361
22.	Methods by which thick pitch is prepared	ib.
23.	How the resin called zopissa is prepared	363
24.	Trees the wood of which is highly valued. Four varieties of the ash	365
25.	Two varieties of the linden-tree	366
26.	Ten varieties of the maple	367
27.	Bruscum: molluscum; the staphylodendron	368
28.	Three varieties of the box-tree	ib.
29.	Four varieties of the elm	370
30.	The natures of the various trees according to their localities: the mountain trees, and the trees of the plain	ib.
31.	Trees which grow on a dry soil: those which are found in wet localities: those which are found in both indifferently	372
32.	Division of trees into various species	373
33.	Trees which do not lose their foliage. The rhododendron. Trees which do not lose the whole of their foliage. Places in which there are no trees	ib.
34.	The nature of the leaves which wither and fall	374
35.	Trees which have leaves of various colours; trees with leaves of various shapes. Three varieties of the poplar	375
36.	Leaves which turn round every year	376
37.	The care bestowed on the leaves of the palm, and the uses to which they are applied	377
38.	Remarkable facts connected with leaves	ib.
39.	The natural order of the production of plants	379
40.	Trees which never blossom. The juniper	380
41.	The fecundation of trees. Germination: the appearance of the fruit	381
42.	In what order the trees blossom	383
43.	At what period each tree bears fruit. The cornel	384
44.	Trees which bear the whole year. Trees which have on them the fruit of three years	385
45.	Trees which bear no fruit: trees looked upon as ill-omened	385
46.	Trees which lose their fruit or flowers most readily	386
47.	Trees which are unproductive in certain places	387
48.	The mode in which trees bear	ib.
49.	Trees in which the fruit appears before the leaves	ib.
50.	Trees which bear two crops in a year. Trees which bear three crops	388
51.	Which trees become old with the greatest rapidity, and which most slowly	389
52.	Trees which bear various products. Cratægum	390
53.	Differences in trees in respect of the trunks and branches	391
54.	The branches of trees	392
55.	The bark of trees	393
56.	The roots of trees	ib.
57.	Trees which have grown spontaneously from the ground	394
58.	How trees grow spontaneously—diversities in their nature, the same trees not growing everywhere	395
59.	Plants that will not grow in certain places	396
60.	The cypress	397
61.	That the earth often bears productions which it has never borne before	399
62.	The ivy—twenty varieties of it	ib.
63.	The smilax	402
64.	Water plants: the rush: twenty-eight varieties of the reed	403
65.	Reeds used for arrows, and for the purpose of writing	404
66.	Flute reeds: the reed of Orchomenus; reeds used for fowling and fishing	405
67.	The vine-dresser’s reed	408
68.	The willow: eight varieties of it	409
69.	Trees, in addition to the willow, which are of use in making withes	410
70.	Rushes: candle-rushes: rushes for thatching	411
71.	The elder: the bramble	ib.
72.	The juices of trees	412
73.	The veins and fibres of trees	413
74.	The felling of trees	415
75.	The opinion of Cato on the felling of timber	416
76.	The size of trees: the nature of wood: the sappinus	417
77.	Methods of obtaining fire from wood	421
78.	Trees which are proof against decay: trees which never split	422
79.	Historical facts connected with the durability of wood	423
80.	Varieties of the teredo	425
81.	The woods used in building	426
82.	Carpenters’ woods	427
83.	Woods united with glue	ib.
84.	Veneering	428
85.	The age of trees. A tree that was planted by the first Scipio Africanus. A tree at Rome five hundred years old	429
86.	Trees as old as the City	430
87.	Trees in the suburban districts older than the City	ib.
88.	Trees planted by Agamemnon the first year of the Trojan war: other trees which date from the time that the place was called Ilium, anterior to the Trojan war	431
89.	Trees planted at Argos by Hercules: others planted by Apollo. A tree more ancient than Athens itself	ib.
90.	Trees which are the most short-lived	432
91.	Trees which have been rendered famous by remarkable events	ib.
92.	Plants which have no peculiar spot for their growth: others that grow upon trees, and will not grow in the ground. Nine varieties of them: cadytas, polypodion, phaulias, hippophæston	433
93.	Three varieties of mistletoe. The nature of mistletoe and similar plants	434
94.	The method of making birdlime	435
95.	Historical facts connected with the mistletoe	435
BOOK XVII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES.
1.	Trees which have been sold at enormous prices	438
2.	The influence of weather upon trees: what is the proper situation for the vine	441
3.	What soils are to be considered the best	446
4.	The eight kinds of earth boasted of by the Gauls and Greeks	452
5.	The employment of ashes	455
6.	Manure	456
7.	Crops which tend to improve the land: crops which exhaust it	459
8.	The proper mode of using manure	ib.
9.	The modes in which trees bear	460
10.	Plants which are propagated by seed	ib.
11.	Trees which never degenerate	461
12.	Propagation by suckers	463
13.	Propagation by slips and cuttings	464
14.	Seed-plots	ib.
15.	The mode of propagating the elm	467
16.	The holes for transplanting	468
17.	The intervals to be left between trees	472
18.	The nature of the shadow thrown by trees	473
19.	The droppings of water from the leaves	474
20.	Trees which grow but slowly: those which grow with rapidity	475
21.	Trees propagated from layers	ib.
22.	Grafting: the first discovery of it	477
23.	Inoculation or budding	ib.
24.	The various kinds of grafting	ib.
25.	Grafting the vine	482
26.	Grafting by scutcheons	483
27.	Plants which grow from a branch	485
28.	Trees which grow from cuttings: the mode of planting them	486
29.	The cultivation of the olive	ib.
30.	Transplanting operations as distributed throughout the various seasons of the year	487
31.	The cleaning and baring of the roots, and moulding them	491
32.	Willow-beds	492
33.	Reed-beds	493
34.	Other plants that are cut for poles and stakes	494
35.	The culture of the vine and the various shrubs which support it	495
36.	How grapes are protected from the ravages of insects	517
37.	The diseases of trees	ib.
38.	Prodigies connected with trees	526
39.	Treatment of the diseases of trees	528
40.	Methods of irrigation	529
41.	Remarkable facts connected with irrigation	ib.
42.	Incisions made in trees	530
43.	Other remedies for the diseases of trees	ib.
44.	Caprification, and particulars connected with the fig	531
45.	Errors that may be committed in pruning	ib.
46.	The proper mode of manuring trees	532
47.	Medicaments for trees	ib.

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