Opuscula

Addenda and Corrigenda

(1859).

P. 252.—“Is not this Mozino’s?”—No. For a further notice see p. 388.

P. 258.—“Kawichen and Tlaoquatch.”—The Kawichen is nearer to the Nusdalum, Squallyamish, and Cathlascou than it is to the Tlaoquatch. This may be seen in Buschmann p. 649. At the same time it is more Tlaoquatch than Buschmann makes it.

P. 259.—“The Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo.”—Between the notice contained in p. 299 and the paper which precedes it there is an interval of no less than five years. There is also one of three years between it and the paper which follows.

Now up to 1850 I gave the term Eskimo a power which I afterwards found reason to abandon. I gave it the power of a generic name for a class containing not only the Eskimo Proper, but the Athabascan, and the Kolooch. The genus, though in a modified form, I still believe to exist; I have ceased, however, to think that Eskimo is the best name for it. Hence, expressions like “the Athabascan languages are, undoubtedly, Eskimo—and the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan” must be read in the sense of the author as expressed in p. 265—“that the line of demarcation between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant.”

Whether certain forms of speech were not connected with the Eskimo Proper—the Eskimo in the limited and specific meaning of the term—is another question. The Ugalents was so treated. The Kenay—until the publication of Sir T. Richardson’s Loucheux specimens—was made both too Eskimo and too Kolooch. On the other hand, however, both the Eskimo and the Koluch were divisions of the same order. The actual value of the term Kolooch is even now uncertain.

P. 276.—“The Ahnenin etc.”—A reference to the word Arrapahoes in Ludwig’s Bibliotheca Glottica (both in the body of the work and the Addenda) suggests a doubt as to the accuracy of the form Ahnenin. Should it not be Atsina?

Turner remarks that “there is no evidence that Dr. Latham collated” Mackenzie’s vocabulary—which, as far as the text of Ludwig goes, is true enough. I had, however, vivâ voce, informed Ludwig’s Editor that I had done so. As Turner knew nothing of this his remark was a proper one. The main question, however, touches the form of the word. Is Ahnenin or Atsina right? I can not make out the later history of the MS. In my own part, I copied, collated, and returned it; and I imagine that it still be amongst either Prichard’s or Gallatin’s papers. I have the transcript before me at this moment; which runs thus. “The vocabularies of the Blackfeet, of the Crows or Upsarokas, and of the Grosventre, Rapid, or Fall Indians who call themselves Ahnenin; by D. M. M’Kenzie of the St Louis American Furr Comp. They appear to belong to three distinct families. But the Crows speak a dialect clearly belonging to the same language as that of the sedentary Minitares and Mandans, which is Sioux.”

English.	Ahnenin.
ax	hanarse.
awl	bay.
American	basseway.
Assineboin	attinene.
blue	wahtaniyo.
blanket	nehatiyo.
brandy	kinatlyo.
balls	kutchemutche.
buttons	hahkeatta.
berries	bin.
blood	barts.
bull buffalo	nican.
cow buffalo	etanun.
bear	wussa.
bad	wahnattha.
Blackfoot Indian	wahtanetas.
Blood Indian	cowwenine.
comb	ehattiya.
cord	ahthauatz.
cup	anah.
coat	beethintun.
calf	wo.
cheat	chahhawdo.
Crow Indian	owwenin.
coming, I am	kitowats.
dog	ahttah.
deer	nosik.
drink	nahbin.
ear-rings	iyand.
ears	etah.
eyes	araithya.
elk	wussea.
eat	ahbeetse.
foot	nahatta.
friend, my	beneche.
gun	kutcheum.
good	etah.
Gros Ventres Indian	ahnenin.
girl (young)	wahtha.
god (sun)	esis.
going (I am)	nehichauch.
—— (where are you)	takahah.
going away	nehahtha.
give me	tsikit.
—— him	binenah.
horse	wasahhun.
hair	betaninita.
hand	ikickan.
hungry	asinun.
iron	bachit.
key	tanaga.
knife	wahata.
kettle	busetanah.
kill	paahun.
leg	nanaha.
leggings	nattah.
lodge	neahnun.
—— poles	ahearsum.
love	abathatta.
lice	bettabin.
meat, fresh	ahhan.
——, dry	ahhthan.
——, fat	netun.
mouth	ochya.
me	}	nistow.
mine
man, white	nehato.
——, black	awtamahat.
many	akaka.
nose	huse.
now	wahne.
no	chieu.
none, I have	ichscho.
gun-powder	keatah.
pan	basiana.
pipe	einpssah.
poor	ahtabinou.
quit	nannan.
scarletcloth	benatiyo.
spoon	abiyon.
salt	ekiowa.
sugar	nahattobin.
sleep	nuckcoote.
strike	towwonah.
sun	esis.
still be	owwahtatz.
tobacco	kichtahwan.
teeth	etchit.
thigh	neteto.
to-day	wanaki.
to-morrow	nacah.
take it	etanah.
vermillion	nehatto noven.
understand, do you!	ahnetan.
——, I do not	hachinetou.
wood	bess.
rock	hannike.
ribs	netzsun.
robe	tovau.
run	nunahho.
roast	estan.
river	natcha.
wolf	kiadah.
water	nitsa.
whisky	nahattonuche.
wife	etha.
fingers	naha.
—— nails	hussa.
you	ahnan.
yes	aha.
I don’t want it	natah.
sit down	kannutz.
get up	kayhatz.
where is it	tahto.
there it is	nayyo.
two	nethiyau.
four	yahnayau.
six	nekitukiyau.
ten	netassa.

As the MS. was written with unusual clearness and distinctness I have no doubt as to Ahnenin having been the word. That Prichard read it so is evident; for the foregoing explanation has made it clear that he and I are independent witnesses. If error, then, exists it is in the MS.

The Blackfoot and Crow (which having also transcribed, I have by me) are as follows:—

English.	Blackfeet.		Crow.
sun	nawtoas
little old foot			sakahbooatta.
spirit	eishtom
bad spirit			appanahhe.
man (vir)	nayshetappe		bettse.
Indian	nayshetappe		absarroka47.
woman	ahkeya		meyakatte.
boy	sacoomahpa		skakkatte.
girl	ahkaquoin		meyakatte.
child	po`kah		bakkatte.
father	onwa		menoomphe.
mother	ochrist		ekien.
husband	ohmah		batchene.
wife	ohtoohkamah		mooah.
son	nohcoah		menarkhatte.
daughter	netan		menarkmea.
brother	nausah		boocouppa, see child.
sister	niskan		boocoupmea.
head	otoquoin		marshun.
hair	otoquoin		mishiah.
—— of animal	ohqueiz
face	ostokais		sa
forehead	ohnez		hhea.
ear	ohtokeis		uppa.
eye	ohwappispe		meishta.
nose	ohkissis		buppa.
mouth	mauihhe		e’a—teeth.
tongue	matzsinne		dayszske.
teeth	ohpaykin		ea—mouth.
beard	emoooye		eshaesha.
neck	ohkokin		shuah.
arm	ohtsis		barre.
hand	ohkittakes		buschie.
nail	owatanokitz		muhhpe.
body	ostome		boohhooah.
belly	ohkoin		ba’re.
leg	oheat		buchoope.
feet	oaksakah		busche.
toes	oakkitteaks		itshearababi.
bone	ohkinnah		hoore.
heart	ohhskitzpohpe		nasse.
blood	ahhahpanna		eda.
town	ahkawkimne		ashchen.
chief	nenah		bettsetsa—see next
warrior			nassabattsats.
war-party	soohah
friend	netakka		skeah.
house	nappenweeze		assua.
kettle	eske		baruhhea.
arrow	apse		ahnaitz.
bow	espickanawmi		bistuheah.
hatchet	anahcokaksakkin		matchepa—knife.
knife	estowine		mitsa—hatchet.
canoe	ahkeosakis		maheshe.
shoes	ahtsakin		hoompe.
bread	ksahquonats		hohhazzsu.
pipe	ahcooiweman		impsa.
tobacco	pistahkaw		hopa.
sky	espoht		ahmahho.
sun	nawtoas		ahhhizu.
moon	nautoas		minnatatche.
star	cakatous		ekieie.
day	christocooe		maupa.
night	coocooe		oche.
light	christecoonatz		thieshe,
darkness	eskenutz		chippusheka,
morning	eskanattame		chinnakshea.
evening	ahtakkote		appah.
spring	motse		meamukshe.
summer	napoos		meamukshe.
autumn	motose		bisse.
winter	stooya		mannees.
wind	supooa		hootsee.
thunder	christecoom		soo.
lightening	christecoom		thaheshe.
rain	soatah		hannah.
snow	ohpootah		biah.
hail	sahco		makkoopah.
fire	esteu		bidah.
water	ohhkeah		minne.
ice	sacoocootah		beroohke.
earth	ksahcoom		amma.
river	neekkittiz		ahesu.
lake	omahsekame		minneeteekah.
island	mane		minnepeshu.
valley	kinekime		ahrachuke.
hill	natoom		mahpo.
mountain	mastake		ahmahabbe.
stone	ohcootoke		mi.
copper	ohtaquinnakeskin		ommattishe.48
iron	nakeshin		omatte.
sea	motohkin		minneetskishah.
tree	masetis		bahcoo.
bark	ohtokeskissase		eshe.
grass	mahtoyasc		beka.
maize	eskatah		hohhartzhee.
oak	cahpokesa		dachpitseesmoney.
pine	pahtoke		bartehe.
wood	masetis		money.
fire-wood	mamase		——
leaf	soyapoko		moneyahpe.
meat	akesequoiu		arookka.
beaver	kakestake		beruppe.
elk	poonahkah		eitchericazzse.
deer	ahnakkas		ohha.
bullbuffalo	estumeek		——
cowbuffalo	skain		——
buffalo			bisha.
herd of buffaloes	enaho		——
bear	keiyo		duhpitsa.
wolf	mahcooya		chata.
dog	emittah		biska.
squirrel	omahcookahte		ishtadaze—rabbit.
rabbit	}	ahtetah	ishta.
hare
fox	ohtahtooya		cheesuptedahha.
snake	patrakesema		eanhassa.
bird	pakesa		dickkappe.
egg	ohwas		eikkieu.
goose	emahkiya		mena.
pigeon	pispistsa		mainpituse.
partridge	katokin		chitchkekah.
turkey			dickkekskocke.
duck	siakes		mehhaka.
fish	mamea		booah.
white	ksiksenum		chose.
black	sikksenum		shupitkat.
red	mohesenum		hishekat.
blue	comona		shuakat.
yellow	ohtahko		shirekat.
great	ohmohcoo		esah.
small	enahcootse		ecat.
strong	miskappe		bassats.
old	nahpe		carraharra.
good	ahse		itsicka.
bad	pahcaps		kubbeek.
handsome	mahtsoapse		esissa.
ugly	pahcapse		eishkubbeek.
alive	sakatappe		itchasa.
dead	aadne		carrashe.
cold	stooyah		hootshere.
warm	kasetotzu		ahre.
I	nisto		bé.
thou	christo		de.
he	ootowe		na.
we	nistonan		bero.
you	christo		dero.
they	ostowawah		mihah.
this	kanahka		kinna.
that	kanahka		ahcooka.
all	atesinekah		hooahcasse.
many	akkiom		ahhook.
who	sakayitz		sippe.
what			sappah.
to-day	ahnookchusequoix		hinnemaupa.
yesterday	mahtone		hooriz.
to-morrow	ahpenacose		shinnakshare.
yes	ah		hotah.
no	sah		barretkah.
to eat	oyeatz		bahbooshmeka.
to drink	semate		smimmik.
to run	ohmahkoit		akharoosh.
to dance	pascah		dishshe.
to go	eestappote		dah.
to sing	anihkit		munnohe.
to sleep	okat		mugghumme.
to speak	apooyatz		bidow.
to see	ahsappatz		ahmukkah.
to love	tahcoomatzeman		ahmutcheshe.
to kill	enikke		bahpake.
to walk	ahwahocat		nene.
1	sa		ahmutcat.
2	nahtoka		noomcat.
3	nahhoka		namenacat.
4	nasowe		shopecat.
5	nesitto		chihhocat.
6	nowwe		ahcamacat.
7	akitsekum		sappoah.
8	nahnissowe		noompape.
9	pakeso		ahmuttappe.
10	kepo		perakuk.
11	makesikepoto		ehpemut.
12	nahsikepoto		ehpenoomp.
20	nahsikpo		noompaperruka.
30	nehapepo		namenaperruka.
100	kapippooe		peereeksah.
1000	kapippippooe		peereeksahperaka.

The Italics are the present author’s. They draw attention to either a coincidence between the two languages, or the compound character of the word.

II.—The Sioux group.—For a remark on the affinities between the Pawni and Caddo, see p. 400.

The following coincidences are the result of a very limited collation.

(1).
Cherokee and Caddo.

English	man.
Cherokee	askaya.
Caddo	shoeh.
English	woman.
Cherokee	anigeyung.
Seneca	wenneau.
English	skin.
Cherokee	kanega.
Mohawk	kernayhoo.
English	ox.
Cherokee	wakakanali.
Caddo	wakusyeasa.
English	cow.
Cherokee	wakaagisi.
Caddo	wakus.
English	thief.
Cherokee	kanawskiski.
Caddo	kana.
English	day.
Cherokee	kata.
Caddo	kaadeh.
English	great.
Cherokee	equa.
Caddo	hiki.
English	eagle.
Cherokee	awawhali.
Caddo	eeweh.
English	thick.
Cherokee	uhaketiyu.
Caddo	hiakase.

(2).
Cherokee and Iroquois.

English	enemy.
Cherokee	agiskaji.
Seneka	ungkishwauish.
English	mouth.
Cherokee	sinungtaw.
Seneka	swanetaut.
English	something.
Cherokee	kawhusti.
Seneka	gwustah.
English	nothing.
Cherokee	tlakawhusti.
Seneka	tataqwhista.
English	far.
Cherokee	inung.
Mohawk	eenore.
English	conjurer.
Cherokee	atawniski.
Mohawk	ahtoonitz.
English	aunt.
Cherokee	etsi.
Seneka	ahhi.
English	my right hand.
Cherokee	tsikatesixquoyeni.
Mohawk	gowweeintlataquoh.
English	a corn.
Cherokee	kuli.
Seneka	uhkuah.
English	walnut.
Cherokee	sawhi.
Mohawk	oosoquah.
English	horn.
Cherokee	uyawnung.
Seneka	konnongguh.

IV. The Athabaskan group.—I find that the affinity between the Loucheux and the Kenay languages is given by Prichard, who, at the same time, separates both from the Athabaskan. “Mr. Gallatin says that the similarity of languages amongst all these” (i. e. the Athabaskan) “tribes is well-established. The Loucheux are excepted. This language does not appear to have any distinctly marked affinities except with that of the Kenay.”—Vol. V. p. 377.

I believe that Dr. Prichard’s informant on this point was the same as my own i. e. Mr. Isbister.

Scouler also suggests the same relationship.

That Buschmann has arrived at the results of his Athabaskische Sprachstamm through a series of independent researches I readily believe. Whether, after taking so little trouble to know what had been done by his predecessors, he is right is saying so much about his discoveries is another question.

That the Pinaleno is in the same category with the Navaho is shewn by Turner, who gives a vocabulary of the dialect.

English.	Navaho.	Pinaleno.
man	husttkin	payyahnah.
woman	estsanni	etsunni.
head	betsi
hair	tchlit	setzezil.
ear	tshar	sitzchar.
eye	ninnar	tshindar.
nose	nitchi	chinchi.
hand	shilattaete	chicon.
feet	t’ki	sitzkay.
sun	dacos	yaheye.
moon	‘tsadi	ílsonsayed.
star	olcheec	ailsonsatyou.
fire	‘tchou
water	‘thu	to.
earth	klish	tlia.
stone	tseek	tshaier.

V. The Kitunaha language.—The Kitunaha, Kútani, or Cootanie vocabulary of Mr. Hall was obtained from a Cree Indian, and is not to be depended on. This being the case it is fortunate that it is not the only specimen of the language. There is an earlier one of Mr. Howse’s, published in the Transactions of the Philological Society. It is as follows.

English.	Kútani.
one	hook cain.
two	ass.
three	calle sah.
four	had sah.
five	yea co.
six	in ne me sah.
seven	whist taw lah.
eight	waw ah sah.
nine	ky yie kit to.
ten	aye to vow.
an Indian	ah quels mah kin nic.
a man	te te calt.
a woman	balle key.
a shoe	cath lend.
a gun	tah vow.
I	cah min.
thou	lin coo.
he	nin co is.
we (thou and I)	cah min nah lah.
this Indian	in nai ah quels mah kin nic.
that Indian	co ah quels mah kin nic.
these Indians	wai nai ah quels mah kin nic nin tie.
which man?	cath lah te te calt?
which Indians?	cah lah ah quels mah kin nic nin tie.
which gun?	cah lah tah vow?
who	cath lah.
my son	cah mah hat lay.
his son	hot lay is.
he is good	sook say.
it is good	sook kin nai.
he is arrived	swan hah.
I love him	hones sclah kilt.
he loves me	sclah kilt nai.
I see him	hones ze caught.
I see his son	hones ze caught ah calttis.
he sees me	ze caught tene.
he steals	i in ney.
I love him	hones sclah kilt ney.
I do not love him	cah sclah kilt nai.
my husband	can no claw kin nah.
he is asleep	come ney ney.
I am a man	te te calt ne ne.
I am a woman	balle key ne ne.
where?	cass kin?
where is my gun?	cass kin cah tah vow?
where is his gun?	cass kin tah vow is?
a lake	ah co co nook.
how much?	cack sah?
it is cold weather	kis caw tit late.
a tent	ah caw slah co hoke.
my tent	cah ah kit lah.
thy tent	ah kit lah nis.
his tent	ah kit lah is.
our (thy and my) tent	cah ah kit lah nam.
yes	ah ah.
no	waw.
men	te te calt nin tie.
women	balle key nin tie.
girl (in her teens)	nah oh tit.
girls (in their teens)	nah oh tit nin tie.
boy	stalt.
boys	stalt nin tie.
little boy	stalt nah nah.
child	cah mo.
children	cah mo nin tie.
father (by the sons)	cah de doo.
father (by the daughters)	cah sous.
mother	cah mah.
brother, eldest	cah tat.
brother, youngest (by brothers)	cats zah.
brother, youngest (by sisters)	cah ze ah.
sister, eldest	cats sous.
sister, youngest	cah nah nah.
uncle	cath ah.
aunt	cah tilt tilt.
grandfather	cah papa.
grandmother	cah de de.
thy husband	in claw kin nah nis.
my wife	cah tilt nah mo.
thy wife	tilt nah mo nis.
son	can nah hot lay or ah calt.
daughter	cass win.
come here	clan nah.
go away	cloon no.
take care	ill kilt we ín.
get out of the way	you vaw.
come in	tie cath ah min.
go out	sclah nah ah min.
stop	mae kaek.
run	sin nack kin.
slowly	ah nis cah zin.
miserly	o per tin.
beggarly	coke co mae kah kan.
I give	hone silt ah mah tie sis ney.
thou givest	kin nah mah tie zey.
he gives	selah mah tie zey.
he gave	cah mah tie cates.
I beat	hone cah slah tea.
thou beatest	kin cah slah leat.
he beats	kis kilt cone slah leat.
give me	ah mah tie kit sous.
he gave me	nah mah tie kit sap pe ney.
I love you	hone selah kilt ney.
he loves	selah kilt.
do you love me?	kin selah slap?
I hate you	hone cah selah kilt ney.
thou hatest	kin cah selah kilt.
he hates	cah selah kilt.
I speak	hones ah ney.
thou speakest	kins ah.
he speaks	kates ah.
we speak	hones ah nah slah.
you speak	talk e tea leat.
they speak	seals ah.
I steal	hone i he ne.
I sleep	hone come ney ney.
we sleep	hone come ney nah lah ney.
I die	hones alt hip pe ney.
thou diest	kins alt hip.
we die	hone ah o co noak nah slah ney.
give me to eat	he shoe.
eat	he ken.
my gun	cah tah vow.
thy gun	tah vow nis.
his gun	tah vow is.
mountain	ac co vo cle it.
rocky mountain	ac co vo cle it nook key.
snowy mountain	ac co vo cle it ac clo.
road or track	ac que mah nam.
large river	cath le man me took.
small river	hah cack.
creek	nis cah took.
large lake	will caw ac co co nook.
small lake	ac co co nook nah nah.
rapid	ah cah hop cle it.
fall	wheat taw hop cle it.
shoals	ah coke you coo nook.
channel	hah cath slaw o weak.
wood or trees	ah kits slah in.
red pine	he mos.
cedar	heats ze natt.
poplar	ac cle mack.
aspin	ac co co zle mack.
fire	ah kin ne co co.
ice	ah co wheat.
charcoal	ah kits cah kilt.
ashes	ah co que me co.
kettle	yeats skime.
mat tent	tah lalt ah kit lah nam.
head	ac clam.
eyes	ac cack leat.
nose	ac conn.
mouth	ac cait le mah.
chin	ac cah me zin ne cack.
cheeks	ac que ma malt.
hair	ac coke que slam.
body	ac co no cack.
arms	ac sglat.
legs	ac sack.
belly	ac co womb.
back	ac cove cah slack.
side	ac kin no cack.
ears	ac coke co what.
animals	yah mo.
horse	kilt calt law ah shin.
stallion	cass co.
mare	stougalt.
bull	neel seek.
cow	slouke copo.
calf	ah kin co malt.
tiger	s’vie.
bears of all kinds	cap pe tie.
black or brown bears	nip pe co.
grizzle bear	kit slaw o slaw.
rein deer	neats snap pie co.
red deer	kilt caw sley.
moose deer	snap pe co.
woolvereen	ats po.
wolf	cack kin.
beaver	sin nah.
otter	ah cow oh alt.
mink	in new yah.
martin	nac suck.
musquash	an co.
small grey plain wolf	skin koots.
birds	to coots cah min nah.
blue jay	co quis kay.
crow	coke kin.
raven	nah nah key.
snakes (rattlesnake)	wilt le malt.
garter snake	ah co new slam.
roots (camass)	hap pey.
bitter root	nah cam me shou.
tobacco root	mass mass.
sweet potatoes	ah whis sea.
moose berry	ac co mo.
strawberry	ac co co.
pipe	couse.
pipe stem	ac coot lah.
axe	ah coot talt.
tobacco	yac ket.
flesh	ah coot lack.

VI. The Atna group.—The numerous vocabularies that represent the dialects and sub-dialects of this large class are the following—Atna Proper or Shushwap, Kullelspelm (Pend d’oreilles), Spokan, Kettlefall dialects of the Selish; Okanagan; Skitsuish (Cœur d’alène); Piskwaus; Nusdalum; Squallyamish; Kawichen; Cathlascou; Cheeheeli; Tsihaili; Kwaintl; Kwenaiwitl; Kowelitz; Nsietshawus or Killamuk. To this, the present writer adds the Billechúla.

XI. The query as the likelihood of the Straits of Fuca vocabulary having been Mozino’s finds place here. The two are different: though both may have been collected by Mozino. Each is to be found in Buschmann, who, exaggerating the isolation of Wakash, Nútka, and Tlaoquatch forms of speech, separates them too decidedly. Out of nineteen words compared nine are not only alike but admitted by him to be so.

The Billechula.—This lies intermediate to the Hailtsa and Atna groups; being (apparently) more akin to the latter than the former. Of the Atna dialects, it seems most to approach the Piskwaus.

The Chinuk.—The Chinuk of which the Watlala of Hale is variety is more like the Nsietashawus or Killamuk than aught else.

The Kalapuya.—The harshness of the Kalapuya is an inference from its orthography. It is said, however, to be soft and flowing i. e. more like the Sahaptin and Shoshoni in sound than the Chinuk, and Atna.

The Jakon.—This has affinities with the Chinuk on one side, and the Lutuami on the other; i. e. it is more like these two languages than any other. The likeness, however, is of the slightest.

Miscellaneous affinities.

English	man.
Jakon	kalt.
Selish	skalt-amekho.
Skitsuish	skailt-emukh.
Piscous	skaltamikho.
English	woman.
Jakon	tklaks.
Wallawalla	tilaki.
Watlala	tklkakilak.
Chinook	tklakel.
Cayoose	pin-tkhlaiu.
Molele	longi-tklai.
Killamuk	sui-tklats.
Shushwap	somo-tklitçk.
Cootanie	pe-tklki.
English	boy.
Jakon	tklom-kato.
Kizh	kwiti.
Cowelitz	kwaiitkl.
English	girl.
Jakon	tklaaksawa.
Kizh	takhai.
Satsikaa	kokwa.
Watlala	tklaleq.
Chinook	waleq.
Chickaili	khaaq.
Skwale	stkllatkl-adai.
Muskoghe	okulosoha.
English	child.
Jakon	mohaite.
Shahaptin	miaots.
English	mother.
Jakon	tkhla.
Chinook	tkhlianaa.
English	husband.
Jakon	sonsit.
Chikaili	çineis.
Cowelitz	skhon.
Killamuck	ntsuon.
Umpqua	skhon.
— do.	çhanga.
English	wife.
Jakon	sintkhlaks.
Cayuse	intkhlkaio.
Molele	longitkhlai.

The Sahaptin.—The Sahaptin, Shoshoni and Lutuami groups are more closely connected than the text makes them.

The Shoshoni (Paduca) group.—The best general name for this class is, in the mind of the present writer, Paduca; a name which was proposed by him soon after his notification of the affinity between the Shoshoni and the Comanch, in A.D. 1845. Until then, the two languages stood alone; i. e. there was no class at all. The Wihinast was shewn to be akin to the Shoshoni by Mr. Hale; the Wihinast vocabulary having been collected by that indefatigable philologue during the United States Exploring Expedition. In Gallatin’s Report this affinity is put forward with due prominence; the Wihinast being spoken of as the Western Shoshoni.

In ’50 the Report of the Secretary at War on the route from San Antonio to El Paso supplied an Utah vocabulary; which the paper of May ’53 shews to be Paduca.

In the Report upon the Indian Tribes &c. of ’55, we find the Chemehuevi, or the language of one of the Pah-utah bands “for the first time made public. It agrees” (writes Professor Turner) “with Simpson’s Utah and Hale’s East Shoshoni.”

Carvalho (I quote from Buschmann) gives the numerals of the Piede (Pa-uta) of the Muddy River. They are nearly those of the Chemehuevi.

English.	Piede.
one	soos.
two	weïoone.
three	pioone.
four	wolsooing.
five	shoomin.
six	navi.
seven	navikavah.
eight	nanneëtsooïn.
nine	shookootspenkermi.
ten	tomshooïn.

For the Cahuillo see below.

Is the Kioway Paduca? The only known Kioway vocabulary is one published by Professor Turner in the Report just alluded to. It is followed by the remark that “a comparison of this vocabulary with those of the Shoshoni stock does, it is true, show a greater degree of resemblance than is to be found in any other direction. The resemblance, however, is not sufficient to establish a radical affinity, but rather appears to be the consequence of long intercommunication.”

For my own part I look upon the Kioway as Paduca—the value of the class being raised.

English.	Kioway.
man	kiani.
woman	mayi.
head	kiaku.
hair	ooto.
face	caupa.
forehead	taupa.
ear	taati.
eye	taati.
nose	maucon.
mouth	surol.
tongue	den.
tooth	zun.
hand	mortay.
foot	onsut.
blood	um.
bone	tonsip.
sky	kiacoh.
sun	pai
moon	pa.
star	tah.
fire	pia.
water	tu.
I	no.
thou	am.
he	kin.
we	kime.
ye	tusa.
they	cuta.
one	pahco.
two	gia.
three	pao.
four	iaki.
five	onto.
six	mosso.
seven	pantsa.
eight	iatsa.
nine	cohtsu.
ten	cokhi.

XIII. The Capistrano group.—Buschmann in his paper on the Netela and Kizh states, after Mofras, that the Juyubit, the Caguilla, and the Sibapot tribes belong to the Mission of St. Gabriel. Turner gives a Cahuillo, or Cawio, vocabulary. The district from which it was taken belonged to the St. Gabriel district. The Indian, however, who supplied it had lived with the priests of San Luis Rey, until the break-up of the Mission. Whether the form of speech he has given us be that of the Mission in which he lived or that of the true Cahuillo district is uncertain. Turner treats it as Cahuillo; at the same time he remarks, and shews, that it is more akin to the San Luis Rey dialect than to any other.

But it is also akin to the Chemeuevi, which with it is tabulated; a fact which favours the views of Hale respecting its San Capistrano affinities rather than those of Buschmann—Hale making them Paduca.

A vocabulary, however, of the unreclaimed Cahuillo tribes—the tribes of the mountains as opposed to the missions—is still wanted.

English.	Chemuhuevi.	Cahuillo.
man	tawatz	nahanes.
woman	maruqua	nikil.
head	mutacowa	niyuluka.
hair	torpip	piiki.
face	cobanim	nepush.
ear	nancaba	nanocka.
eye	puoui	napush.
nose	muvi	nemu.
mouth	timpouo	netama.
tongue	ago	nenun.
tooth	towwa	netama.
hand	masiwanim	nemohemosh.
foot	nampan	neik.
bone	maiigan	neta.
blood	paipi	neo.
sky	tuup	tuquashanica.
sun	tabaputz	tamit.
moon	meagoropitz	menyil.
star	putsih	chehiam.
fire	cun	cut.
water	pah	pal.
one	shuish	supli.
two	waii	mewi.
three	paii	mepai.
four	watchu	mewitchu.
five	manu	nomequadnun.
six	nabai	quadnunsupli.
seven	moquist	quanmunwi.
eight	natch	quanmunpa.
nine	uwip	quanmunwichu.
ten	mashu	nomachumi.

P. 353. Now comes the correction of a statement in p. 353—“the language of San Luis El Rey which is Yuma, is succeeded by that of San Luis Obispo, which is Capistrano.”—This is an inaccuracy; apparently from inadversion. A reference to the Paternosters of pp. 304-305 shews that the San Luis Rey, and the San Juan Capistrano forms of speech are closely allied. Meanwhile, the San Fernando approaches the San Gabriel, i. e. the Kizh.

See also Turner, p. 77—where the name Kechi seems, word for word, to be Kizh. The Kizh, however is a San Gabriel form of speech.

XIV. The Yuma group.—Turner gives a Mojave, or Mohavi vocabulary; the first ever published. It is stated and shewn to be Yuma. The Yabipai, in the same paper, is inferred to be Yuma; containing, as it does, the word

hanna	= good	= hanna,	Dieguno.
n’yatz	= I	= nyat,	do.
pook	= beads	= pook,	Cuchan.

The Mohave vocabulary gives the following extracts,

English.	Mohave.	Cuchan.	Dieguno.	Cocomancopa.
man	ipah	ipatsh	aykutshet	ipatshe.
woman	sinyax	sinyak	sín	sinchayaixhutsh.
head	cawawa	umwhelthe	estar	——
hair	imi	ocono	——	——
face	ihalimi	edotshe	wa	——
forehead	yamapul	iyucoloque	——	——
ear	esmailk	smythl	hamatl	——
eye	idotz	edotshii	awuc	ayedotsh.
nose	ihu	ehotshi	hu	yayyayooche.
mouth	ia	iyuquaofe	ah	izatsh.
tongue	ipailya	epulche	——	——
tooth	ido	aredoche	——	——
hand	——	isalche	sithl	——
arm	isail	——	——	——
foot	imilapilap	imetshshpaslapyah	hamilyah	——
blood	niawhut	awhut	——	——
sky	amaiiga	ammai	——	——
sun	nyatz	nyatsh	nyatz	——
moon	hullya	huthlya	hullash	——
star	hamuse	klupwataie	hummashish	——
		hutshar
fire	awa	aawo	——	ahúch.
water	aha	aha	aha	——
I	nyatz	nyat	nyat	inyatz.
thou	mantz	mantz	——	mantz.
he	pepa	habuisk	pu	——
one	setto	sin	hini	——
two	havika	havik	hawuk	——
three	hamoko	hamok	hamuk	——
four	pinepapa	chapop	chapop	——
five	serapa	serap	serap	——
six	sinta	humhúk	——	——
seven	vika	pathkaie	——	——
eight	muka	chiphuk	——	——
nine	pai	hummamuk	——	——
ten	arapa	sahhuk	——	——

We leave California with the remark that in Ludwig’s Literature of the American Aboriginal Languages Mr. Bartlett’s vocabularies for California bear the following titles.

1.	Dieguno or Comeyei,
2.	Kechi,
3.	San Luis Obispo,
4.	H’hana	from the drainage of the Sacrament,
5.	Tehama	from the drainage of the Sacrament,
6.	Coluz	from the drainage of the Sacrament,
7.	Noana	from the drainage of the Sacrament,
8.	Diggers	from the drainage of the Sacrament,
9.	Diggers of Napa Valley.
10.	Makaw of Upper California.

See Californians.

There is also a Piros vocabulary for the parts about El Paso: also a notice (under the word) that the Mutsunes Indians speak a dialect of the Soledad.

Old California.—As a general rule, translations of the Pater Noster shew difference rather than likeness: in other words, as a general rule, rude languages are more alike than then Pater Nosters make them. The reasons for this lie in the abstract nature of many of the ideas which it is necessary to express; but for the expression whereof the more barbarous forms of speech are insufficient.

This creates the necessity for circumlocutions and other expedients. In no part of the world is this more manifest than in Old California; a district for which our data are of the scantiest. I think, however, that they are sufficient to shew that the Northern forms of speech, at least, are Yuma.

English.	O. Californian.	Yuma.
man (homo)	tama	epatsh.
man (vir)	uami	——
woman	wuctu	seenyack.
——	wakoe	sinyax.
——	huagin	seen.
child	whanu	hailpit.
——	wakna	——
father	iham	lothmocul.
——	kakka	niquioche.
——	keneda	nile.
——	kanamba	——
mother	nada	tile.
son	uisaiham	homaie.
sister	kenassa	amyuck.
head	agoppi	estar.
eye	aribika	ayon.
tongue	mabela	ipailya—Mohave.
hand	nagana	sith’l
foot	agannapa	hameelyay.
sky	ambeink	ammaya—Mohave.
earth	amet	omut—Cuchan.
——	——	ammartar—Mohave.
water	kahal	aha—Dieguno.
——	——	ahha—Mohave.
fire	usi	house—Cocomaricopa.
sun	ibo	nyatz.
day	ibo	nomasup.
moon	gomma	hullya.
——	ganehmajeie	——

The Pima group.—One of Mr. Bartlett’s vocabularies is of the Opata form of speech. (Ludwig.)

Tequima, according to the same authority is another name for the same language: in which there is a vocabulary by Natal Lombardo; Mexico. 1702, as well as an Arte de la Lengua Tequima, vulgarmente llamada Opata.

A Vocabulario de las Lenguas Pima, Eudeve, y Seris is said, by De Souza, to have been written by Fr. Adamo Gilo a Jesuit missionary in California.—Ditto—v. Pima.

Exceptions, which the present writer overlooked, are taken in the Mithridates to the statement that the Opata and Eudeve Pater-nosters represent the Pima Proper. They agree with a third language from the Pima country—but this is not, necessarily, the Pima. Hence, what applies to the Pimerian may or may not apply to the Pima Proper.

Nevertheless, the Pima belongs to the same class—being, apparently, more especially akin to the Tarahumara. I have only before me the following Tarahumara words (i. e. the specimens in the Mithridates) through which the comparison can be made. They give, however, thus much in way of likeness and difference.

English.	Tarahumara.	Pima.
man	rehoje	orter.
——	tehoje	cheeort.
——	——	huth.
woman	muki	oo-oove.
——	——	hahri.
wife	upi	oo-if.
head	moóla	mouk.
eye	pusiki	oupewe.
tongue	tenila	neuen.
hair	quitshila	moh.
——	——	ptmuk.
foot	tala	tetaght.
fire	naiki	tahi.
sun	taiea	tahs.
——	——	tasch.
moon	maitsaca	mahsa.
——	——	massar.
I	nepe	ahan.
two	guoca	coka.
——	oca	kuak.

Buschmann connects the Pima with the Tepeguana.

Another complication.—In Turner’s Extract from a MS. account of the Indians of the Northern Provinces of New Spain I find that Opa (Opata?) is another name for the Cocomaricopas whose language is that of the Yuma. This is true enough—but is the Opata more Yuma than the text (which connects it with the Hiaqui &c.) makes it?

The Pima, Hiaqui, Tubar, Tarahumara, and Cora as a class.—An exception to the text is indicated by the footnote of page 357. The Mithridates connects the Cora and Tarahumara with the Astek and with each other. The Astek elements of the Hiaqui, as indicated by Ribas are especially alluded to. So are the Tarahumara affinities of the Opata. All this is doing as much in the way of classification as is done by the present author—as much or more.

As much, or more, too is done by Buschmann; who out of the Cora, Tarahumara, Tepeguana and Cahita (the latter a representation of the section to which the Yaqui belongs) makes his Sonora Class—Sonorischer Sprachstamm. As a somewhat abnormal member of this he admits the Pima.

Of the Guazave there is a MS. Arte by P. Fernando Villapane—Ludwig.

That the data for the Tepeguana are better than the text makes them has already been suggested. Buschmann has used materials unknown to the present writer.

See Ludwig in voc. Tepeguana.

Pirinda and Tarasca.—The statement that there is a Pirinda grammar is inaccurate. There is one of the Tarasca; to which the reader is referred.

But this is not all. Under the title Pirinda in Ludwig we find that De Souza says of Fr. Juan Bravo, the author of a grammar of the Lengua Tarasca “fue maestro peritissimo de la lengua Pirinda llamada Tarasca.” This makes the two languages much more alike than the present paper makes them. The present paper, however, rests on the Pater-nosters. How inconclusive they are has already been indicated.

⁋ The following table, the result of a very limited collation gives some miscellaneous affinities for the Otomi.

English	man.
Otomi	nanyehe.
Maya &c.	uinic.
Paduca	wensh.
English	woman.
Otomi	danxu.
Maya	atan=wife.
English	woman.
Otomi	nsu.
Talatui	essee.
English	hand.
Otomi	ye.
Talatui	iku.
English	foot.
Otomi	qua.
Maya &c.	oc.
English	blood.
Otomi	qhi.
Maya &c.	kik.
English	hair.
Otomi	si.
S. Miguel	te-asa-kho.
English	ear.
Otomi	gu.
S. Miguel	tent-khi-to.
English	tooth.
Otomi	tsi.
Attacapa	ods.
English	head.
Otomi	na.
Sekumne	ono=hair.
English	fire.
Otomi	tzibi.
Pujune	ça.
English	moon.
Otomi	tzona.
Kenay	ssin=star.
English	stone.
Otomi	do.
Cumanch	too-mepee.
English	winter.
Otomi	tzaa.
Cumanch	otsa-inte.
S. Gabriel	otso.
English	fish.
Otomi	hua.
Maya &c.	cay.
English	bird.
Otomi	ttzintzy.
Maya &c.	tchitch.
English	egg.
Otomi	mado.
Poconchi	molo.
English	lake.
Otomi	mohe.
Pima	vo.
English	sea.
Otomi	munthe.
U. Sac. &c.	muni=water.
English	son.
Otomi	tsi.
——	ti.
——	batsi.
——	iso.
Natchez	tsitsce=child.
English	meat.
Otomi	nhihuni.
——	ngoe=flesh.
Mexican	nacatl=flesh.
English	eat.
Otomi	tsa.
Talatui	tsamak.
English	good.
Otomi	manho.
Sekumne	wenne.
English	rabbit.
Otomi	qhua.
Huasteca	coy.
English	snake.
Otomi	qqena.
Maya	can.
English	yes.
Otomi	ha.
Cumanch	haa.
English	three.
Otomi	hiu.
Mexican	yey.
Huasteca	okh.

The other two are as follows.

(2.)
The Otomi with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse.

English	man.
Otomi	nanyche.
Kuanchua	nan.
Canton	nam.
Tonkin	nam.
English	woman.
Otomi	nitsu.
——	nsu.
Kuanchua	niu.
Canton	niu.
Tonkin	nu.
English	son.
Otomi	batsi.
——	iso.
Kuanchua	dsu.
Canton	dzi.
Mian	sa.
Maplu	possa.
Play	aposo.
——	naputhœ.
Passuko	posaho.
English	hand.
Otomi	ye.
Siuanlo	he.
Cochin China	ua=arm.
English	foot.
Otomi	gua.
Pey	ha=leg.
Pape	ha, ho=do.
Kuanchua	kio.
Canton	koh.
Moitay	kcho.
English	bird.
Otomi	ttzintey.
Maya	chechetch.
Tonkin	tcheni.
Cochin China	tching.
English	sun.
Otomi	hiadi.
Canton	yat.
English	moon.
Otomi	rzana.
Siuanlo	dzan.
Teina	son.
English	star.
Otomi	tze.
Tonkin	sao.
Cochin China	sao.
Maplu	shia.
Play	shâ.
——	sha.
Passuko	za.
Colaun	assa.
English	water.
Otomi	dehe.
Tibet	tchi.
Mian	zhe.
Maplu	ti.
Colaun	tui.
English	stone.
Otomi	do.
Cochin China	ta.
Tibet	rto.
English	rain.
Otomi	ye.
Chuanchua	yu.
Canton	yu.
Colaun	yu.
English	fish.
Otomi	hua.
Chuanchua	yu.
Canton	yu.
Tonkin	ka.
Cochin China	ka.
Play	ya.
Moan	ka.
English	good.
Otomi	manho.
Teilung	wanu.
English	bad.
Otomi	hing.
——	hio.
Chuanchua	o.
Tonkin	hu.
Play	gyia.
English	great.
Otomi	nah.
——	nde.
——	nohoc.
Chinese	ta, da.
Anam	dai.
Play	do, uddo.
Pey	nio.
English	small.
Otomi	ttygi.
Passuko	tcheka.
English	eat.
Otomi	tze tza.
Chinese	shi.
Tibet	shie.
Mian	tsha.
Myamma	sa.
English	sleep.
Otomi	aha.
Chuanchua	wo, uo.

(2.)
The Maya, with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse.

English	son.
Maya	lakpal.
——	palal=children.
Myamma	lugala.
Teilung	lukwun.
English	head.
Maya	pol, hool.
Kalaun	mollu.
English	mouth.
Maya	chi.
Chuanchua	keu.
Canton	hou.
Tonkin	kau.
Cochin China	kau.
Tibet	ka.
English	hand.
Maya	cab.
Huasteca	cubac.
Maplu	tchoobah=arm.
Play	tchoobah=do.
Passuko	tchoobawh=do.
English	foot.
Maya	uoc, oc.
Chuanchua	kio.
Canton	kon.
Moitay	cho.
English	sun.
Maya	kin.
Colaun	koni.
Moan	knua.
Teiya	kawan.
Teilung	kangun.
Pey	kanguan.
English	moon.
Maya	u.
Chuanchua	yue.
English	star.
Maya	ek.
Mean	kie.
Miamma	kyi.
English	water.
Maya	ha.
Miamma	ya.
English	rain.
Maya	chaac.
Maplu	tchatchang.
Passuko	tatchu.
English	small.
Maya	mehen.
Tonkin	mon.
English	eat.
Maya	hanal.
Tonkin	an.
Play	ang.
English	bird.
Maya	chechitch.
Tonkin	tchim.
English	fish.
Maya	ca.
Tonkin	ka.
English	great.
Maya	noh.
Pey	nio.

The Acoma.—Two vocabularies from a tribe from the Pueblo of San Domingo, calling themselves Kiwomi, and a third of the Cochitemi dialect, collected by Whipple, are compared, by Turner, with the Acoma, of which they are dialects. Turner proposes the names Keres for the group. Buschmann, writing after him, says, “I name this form of speech Quera”—“ich nenne dies Idiom Quera.”

The notice of the “outward signs” is not so clear as it should be. It means that two of the languages, the Taos and Zuni, run into polysyllabic forms—probably (indeed almost certainly) from composition or inflexion; whereas the Tesuque (which is placed in contrast with the Zuni) has almost a monosyllabic appearance. This phenomenon appears elsewhere; e. g. in the Attacapa, as compared with the tongues of its neighbourhood. Upon the whole, the Zuni seems to be most aberrant of the group—saving the Moqui, which has decided Paduca affinities. They are all, however, mutually unintelligible; though the differences between them may easily be over-valued.

English.	Acoma.	Cochetime.	Kiwomi.
man	hahtratse	hachthe	hatshthe.
woman	cuhu	coyoni	cuyauwi.
hair	hahtratni	——	hatre.
head	nushkaine	——	nashke.
face	howawinni	——	skeeowa.
eye	hoonaine	——	shanna.
nose	ouisuine	——	wieshin.
mouth	ouicani	——	chiaca.
tongue	watchhuntni	——	watshin.
one	——	ishka	isk.
two	——	kuomi	‘tuomi.
three	——	chami	tshabi.
four	——	kiana	kiana.
five	——	tama	taoma.
six	——	chisa	chisth.
seven	——	maicana	maichana.
eight	——	cocomishia	cocumshi.
nine	——	maeco	maieco.
ten	——	‘tkatz	cahtz.

Texas.—p. 101.—“Ini and Tachi are expressly stated to be Caddo, &c. as it is from the name of the last that the word Texas is derived &c.”—The name Teguas is a name (other than native) of the population which calls itself Kiwomi. Word for word, this may (or may not) be Taos. It is only necessary to remember the complication here indicated. The exact tribe which gave the name to Texas has yet to be determined.

The Witshita.—Allied to one another the Kechis and Wacos (Huecos) are, also, allied to the Witshita.—See Turner, p. 68.

English.	Kichai.	Hueco.
man	caiuquanoquts	todekitz.
woman	chequoike	cahheie.
head	quitatso	atskiestacat.
hair	itscoso	ishkesteatz.
face	itscot	ichcoh.
ear	atikoroso	ortz.
eye	quideeco	kidik.
nose	chuscarao	tisk.
mouth	hokinnik	ahcok.
tongue	hahtok	hotz.
tooth	athnesho	ahtk.
hand	ichshene	ishk’ti.
foot	usinic	os.
fire	yecenieto	hatz.
water	kiokoh	kitsah.
one	arishco	cheos.
two	chosho	witz.
three	tahwithco	tow.
four	kithnucote	tahquitz.
five	xs’toweo	ishquitz.
six	nahitow	kiash.
seven	tsowetate	kiowhitz.
eight	naikinukate	kiatou.
nine	taniorokat	choskitte.
ten	x’skani	skittewas.

Turner makes these three languages Pawni. In the present text the Witshita is made Caddo. It is made so on the strength of the numerals—perhaps overhastily.

That a language may be Pawni without ceasing to be Caddo, and Caddo without losing its place in the Pawni group is suggested in the beginning of the paper. Turner’s table (p. 70), short as it is, encourages this view.

The truth is that the importance of the Caddos and Pawnis, from an ethnological point of view, is inordinately greater than their importance in any other respect. They are, however, but imperfectly known.

In Gallatin’s first paper—the paper of the Archæologia Americana—there is a Caddo vocabulary and a Pawni vocabulary; and all that be said of them is that they are a little more like each other, than they are to the remaining specimens.

When the paper under notice was published the Riccaree was wholly unknown. But the Riccaree, when known, was shewn to be more Pawni than aught else. This made the Pawni a kind of nucleus for a class.

⁋ Somewhat later the Caddo confederacy in Texas took prominence, and the Caddo became a nucleus also.

The true explanation of this lies in the highly probable fact that both the Caddo and Pawni are members of one and the same class. At the same time I am quite prepared to find that the Witshita (though compared with the Caddo by myself) is more particularly Pawni.

That the nearest congeners of the Caddo and Pawni class were the members of the Iroquois, Woccoon, Cherokee, and Chocta group I believed at an early period of my investigations; at a time (so to say) before the Riccarees, and the Californian populations were invented. If this doctrine were true, the Caddo (Pawni) affinities would run eastwards. They may do this, and run westwards also. That they run eastwards I still believe. But I have also seen Caddo and Pawni affinities in California. The Caddo numeral one = whiste; in Secumne and Cushna wikte, wiktem. Again the Caddo and Kichie for water = koko, kioksh. Meanwhile kik is a true Moquelumne form. This I get from a most cursory inspection; or rather from memory.

Upon the principle that truth comes out of error more easily than confusion I give the following notice of the distribution or want of distribution of the numerous Texian tribes.

*Coshattas—Unknown.

Towiach—Pawni (?).

Lipan—Athabaskan (?).

*Alish, or Eyish—Caddo (?).

*Acossesaw—Unknown.

Navaosos—Navahos (?).

*Mayes—Attacapa (?).

*Cances—Unknown.

Toncahuas—Are these the Tonkaways, amounting, according to Stem, to 1152 souls? If so, a specimen of their language should be obtained. Again—are they the Tancards? Are they the Tunicas? If so, they may speak Choctah.

Tuhuktukis—Are these the Topofkis, amounting to 200 souls? If so a specimen of their language, eo nomine, is attainable.

Unataquas, or Andarcos—They amount, according to Stem, to 202 souls. No vocabulary, eo nomine, known. Capable of being obtained.

Mascovie—Unknown.

Iawani or Ioni—Caddo? Amount to 113 souls. Specimen of language, eo nomine, capable of being obtained.

Waco—Wico?—Pawni.

*Avoyelle—Unknown.

17. Washita—Kiche—Pawni.

*Xaramene—Unknown.

*Caicache—Unknown.

*Bidias—Unknown.

Caddo—Caddo.

Attacapa—Attacapa.

Adahi—Adahi.

Coke—Carackahua.

Carankahua—Attacapa (?).

Towacano—Numbering 141 souls. Is this Towiach?

Hitchi—Kichi (?).

*Nandako.—Caddo (?).

*Nabadaches.—Caddo (?).

*Yatassi.

*Natchitoches.—Adahi (?).

*Nacogdoches.—Adahi (?).

Keyes.—Adahi (?).

These last may belong as much to Louisiana as to Texas—as, indeed, may some of the others. Those marked * are apparently extinct. At any rate, they are not found in any of the recent notices.

Finally, Mr Burnett mentions the San Pedro Indians.

The previous list shews that the obliteration of the original tribes of Texas has been very great. It shews us this at the first view. But a little reflection tells us something more.

Like Kanzas and Nebraska, Texas seems to have scarcely any language that is peculiar to itself; in this respect standing in strong contrast to California. The Caddo belongs to the frontier. The Pawni forms of speech occur elsewhere. The Adahi is probably as much the property of Louisiana as of Texas. The Cumanch, Chocta &c. are decidedly intrusive. The nearest approach to a true Texian form of speech is the Attacapa. No wonder it is isolated.

The Adahi, is has, at least the following affinities.

English	man.
Adahi	haasing.
Otto	wahsheegae.
Onondago	etschinak.
Abenaki	seenanbe = vir.
Abenaki	arenanbe = homo.
English	woman.
Adahi	quaechuke.
Muskoge	hoktie.
Choctah	hottokohyo.
Osage	wako.
Sack and Fox	kwyokih.
Ilinois	ickoe.
Nanticoke	aequahique.
Delaware	okhqueh.
Algonkin. &c.	squaw.
Taculli	chaca.
English	girl.
Adahi	quoâtwistuck.
Chikkasaw	take.
Choctah	villa tak.
Caddo	nuttaitesseh.
Oneida	caidazai.
Micmac	epidek.
English	child.
Adahi	tallahening.
Adahi	tallahache = boy.
Omahaw	shinga shinga.
Otto	cheechinga.
Quappa	shetyïnka.
English	father.
Adahi	kewanick.
Chetimacha	kineghie.
Chikkasaw	unky.
Choctah	aunkke.
English	mother.
Adahi	amanic.
Caddo	ehneh.
Sioux	enah, eehong.
Tuscarora	ena.
Wyandot	aneheh.
Kency	anna.
Eskimo	amama.
English	husband.
Adahi	hasekino.
Chetimacha	hichehase.
Winebago	eekunah.
Taculli	eki.
Tchuktchi	uika.
English	wife.
Adahi	quochekinok.
Adahi	quaechuke = woman.
Tuscarora	ekening = do.
Cherokee	ageyung = woman.
Chetimacha	hichekithia.
Chetimacha	hichehase = man.
English	son.
Adahi	tallehennie.
Caddo	hininshatrseh.
Omahaw	eeingyai.
Minetare	eejinggai.
Winebago	eeneek.
Oneida	yung.
English	brother.
Adahi	gasing.
Salish	asintzah
Ottawa	sayin = elder.
Ojibbeway	osy aiema.
English	head.
Adahi	tochake.
Caddo	dachunkea = face.
Caddo	dokundsa.
English	hair.
Adahi	calatuck.
Chippewyan	thiegah.
Kenay	szugo.
Miami	keelingeh = face.
English	face.
Adahi	annack.
Chetimacha	kaneketa.
Attacapa	iune.
Eskimo	keniak.
English	ear.
Adahi	calat.
Cherokee	gule.
Passamaquoddy	chalksee.
English	nose.
Adahi	wecoocal.
Montaug	cochoy.
Micmac	uchichun.
English	beard.
Adahi	tosocat.
Attacapa	taesh = hair.
Natchez	ptsasong = hair.
Chetimacha	chattie.
English	arm.
Adahi	walcat.
Taculli	olâ.
Chippewyan	law.
English	nails.
Adahi	sicksapusca.
Catawba	ecksapeeah = hand.
Natchez	ispehse = hand.
English	belly.
Adahi	noeyack.
Winebago	neehahhah.
Eskimo	neiyuk.
English	leg.
Adahi	ahasuck = leg.
Chetimacha	sauknuthe = feet.
Chetimacha	saukatie = toes.
Chetimacha	sau = leg.
Osage	sagaugh.
Yancton	hoo.
Otto	hoo.
Pawnee	ashoo = foot.
Sioux	see, seehuh = do.
Nottoway	saseeke = do.
Dacota	seehukasa = toes.
Nottoway	seeke = do.
English	mouth.
Adahi	wacatcholak.
Chetimacha	cha.
Attacapa	katt.
Caddo	dunehwatcha.
Natchez	heche.
Mohawk	wachsacarlunt.
Seneca	wachsagaint.
Sack and Fox	wektoneh.
Mohican	otoun.
English	tongue.
Adahi	tenanat.
Chetimacha	huene.
Uché	cootincah.
Choctah	issoonlush.
Knistenaux	otayenee.
Ojibbeway	otainani.
Ottawa	tenanian.
English	hand.
Adahi	secut.
Adahi	sicksapasca=nails.
Choctah	shukba=his arm.
Chikkasaw	shukbah=do.
Muskoge	sakpa=do.
Kenay	skona.
Attacapa	nishagg=fingers.
Omahaw	shagai.
Osage	shagah.
Mohawk	shake.
Yancton	shakai=nails.
Otto	shagai=do.
English	blood.
Adahi	pchack.
Caddo	baaho.
Passamaquoddy	pocagun.
Abenaki	bagakkaan.
Mohican	pocaghkan.
Nanticoke	puckcuckque.
Miami	nihpeekanueh.
English	red.
Adahi	pechasat.
Natchez	pahkop.
English	feet.
Adahi	nocat.
Micmac	ukkuat.
Miami	katah.
Taculli	oca.
Chippewyan	cuh.
Ilinois	nickahta=leg.
Delaware	wikhaat=do.
Massachusetts	muhkout=do.
Ojibbeway	okat=do.
English	bone.
Adahi	wahacut.
Otto	wahoo.
Yancton	hoo.
Dacota	hoohoo.
Ojibbeway	okun.
Miami	kaanih.
Eskimo	heownik.
Eskimo	oaecyak.
English	house.
Adahi	coochut.
Nachez	hahit.
Muskoge	chookgaw.
Choctah	chukka.
Catawba	sook.
Taculli	yock.
English	bread.
Adahi	okhapin.
Chetimacha	heichepat chepa.
English	sky.
Adahi	ganick.
Seneca	kiunyage.
English	summer.
Adahi	weetsuck.
Uché	waitee.
English	fire.
Adahi	nang.
Caddo	nako.
Eskimo	ignuck.
Eskimo	eknok.
Eskimo	annak.
English	mountain.
Adahi	tolola.
Taculli	chell.
English	stone, rock.
Adahi	ekseka.
Caddo	seeeeko.
Nachez	ohk.
English	maize.
Adahi	ocasuck.
Nachez	hokko.
English	day.
Adahi	nestach.
Muskoge	nittah.
Chikkasaw	nittuck.
Choctah	nittok.
English	autumn.
Adahi	hustalneetsuck.
Choctah	hushtolape.
Chikkasaw	hustillomona.
Chikkasaw	hustola=winter.
English	bird.
Adahi	washang.
Choctah	hushe.
Sack and Fox	wishkamon.
Shawnoe	wiskiluthi.
English	goose.
Adahi	nickkuicka.
Chetimacha	napiche.
Ilinois	nicak.
Ojibbeway	nickak.
Delaware	kaak.
Shawnoe	neeake.
English	duck.
Adahi	ahuck.
Eskimo	ewuck.
English	fish.
Adahi	aesut.
Cherokee	atsatih.
English	tree.
Adahi	tanack.
Dacota	tschang.
Ilinois	toauane.
Miami	tauaneh=wood.
English	grass.
Adahi	hasack.
Chikkasaw	hasook.
Choctah	hushehuck.
Uché	yahsuh=leaf.
Chikkasaw	hishe=do.
English	deer.
Adahi	wakhine.
Uché	wayung.
English	squirrel.
Adahi	enack.
Sack and Fox	aneekwah.
Nanticoke	nowekkey.
Abenaki	anikesses.
Knistenaux	annickochas.
English	old.
Adahi	hansnaie.
Caddo	hunaisteteh.
Nottoway	onahahe.
English	good.
Adahi	awiste.
Dacota	haywashta.
Yancton	washtai.
English	I.
Adahi	nassicon.
Cherokee	naski.
English	kill.
Adahi	yoeick.
Caddo	yokay.
Catawba	eekway.
English	two.
Adahi	nass.
Algonkin, &c.	nis, ness, nees.

Mexico-Guatemala.—The details of the languages of Mexico and Guatemala that are neither Mexican Proper (Astek) or Maya are difficult. Availing myself of the information afforded by my friend Mr. Squier, and the bibliographical learning of Ludwig, I am inclined to believe

1. That all the following forms of speech are Maya; viz. Chiapa, Tzendal (Celdal), Chorti, Mam, Pocoman (Poconchi), Populuca, Quiche, Kachiquel, Zutugil (Yutukil), Huasteca.

2. That the Zoque, Utlateca, and Lacondona may or may not be Maya.

3. That the Totanaca; and

4. The Mixteca are other than Maya.

5. That, if the statement of Hervas be correct, the Zapoteca, the Mazateca, the Chinansteca, and the Mixe are in the same category.

The Tlapaneka according to Humboldt is a peculiar language.—Ludwig in voc.

I have done, however, little or nothing, in the way of first hand work with the languages to the South of Sinaloa and the West of Texas. I therefore leave them—leave them with a reference to Ludwig’s valuable Bibliotheca Glottica, for a correction of my statement respecting the non-existence of any Indian forms of speech in New Grenada. The notices under v. v. Andaquies, Coconucos, Correquajes, Guaques, Inganos, will shew that this is far from being the case.

The present paper has gone over so large a portion of North America that it is a pity not to go over the remainder. The ethnology of the Canada, and the British possessions akin to Canada contains little which is neither Eskimo or Algonkin, Iroquois or Athabaskan. Of new forms of speech like those of which Oregon and California have given so many instances it exhibits none. Everything belongs to one of the four above-named classes. The Bethuck of Newfoundland was Algonkin, and so were the Blackfoot, the Shyenne and Arrapaho. Indeed, as has been already stated, the Eskimo and Athabaskan stretch across the Continent. The Blackfoot touches the Rocky Mountains. Of the Sioux class the British possessions shew a sample. The Red River district is Assineboin; the Assineboins being Sioux. So are a few other British tribes.

Upon the whole, however, five well-known families give us all that belong to British America to the East of the Rocky Mountains. As the present paper is less upon the Algonkin, Sioux and like classes than upon the distribution of languages over the different areas of North America this is as much as need be said upon the subject.

For the Northern two-thirds of the United States, East of the Mississippi, the same rule applies. The Sioux area begins in the West. The Algonkin class, of which the most Northern branch belongs to Labrador, where it is conterminous with the Eskimo, and which on the west contains the Blackfoot reaches as far south as South Carolina—the Nottoways being Algonkin. The enormous extent of this area has been sufficiently enlarged on. Meanwhile, like islands in an Ocean, two Iroquois district shew themselves. To the north the Iroquois, Hurons and others touch the Lakes and the Canadians frontier, entirely separated from the Tuscaroras who give a separate and isolated area in California. Whether the Iroquois area, once continuous, has been broken-up by Algonkin encroachments, or whether the Iroquois &c. have been projected into the Algonkin area from the South, or, whether vice versa, the Tuscaroras are to be considered as offsets from the North is a matter for investigation. The present writer believes that south of N. L. 45. (there or there about) the Algonkins are intrusive.

N. L. 35. cuts the Cherokee, the Woccoon, the Catawba, and the Chocta area—to the west of which lies of the Mississippi.

Between the frontier of Texas, the aforesaid parallel, and the Ocean we have Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Now here the displacement has been considerable. The part played by the Algonkins, Iroquois, and (it may be added) the Sioux is here played by the Cherokees, the Choctahs, and the Creeks. Whatever is other than Creek, Choctah, and Cherokee is in a fragmentary form. The details of what we know through vocabularies are as follows:—

The Woccon—extinct, and allied to——

The Catawba—also extinct. These belonged to the Carolinas. The Woccon and Catawba vocabularies are mentioned in the Mithridates.

The Tinqua—see Ludwig.

The Timuacuana—see p. 377.

The Uche—of this we find a specimen in the Archæologia Americana. The tribe belongs to the Creek confederacy and must be in a very fragmentary state.

The Natchez—on the Mississippi, facing the Caddos, Adahi.

The Chetimacha.—In Louisiana. Vocabulary in Archæologia Americana.

In the way of internal evidence (i.e. the evidence of specimens of language) this is all we have what may be called the fragmentary languages of the South Eastern portion of the United States. Of the Choctah, Creek, Chikkasah, and Cherokee we have an abundance, just as we have of the Algonkin and Eskimo. It is, however, the fragmentary tribes, the probable representatives of the aboriginal population, which we more especially seek.

As may be expected the fragmentary languages are (comparatively speaking) isolated. The Woccon and Catawba, indeed, are thrown into the same class in the Mithridates: but the Natchez and Uche are, by no means, closely akin. Why should they be? Such transitional forms as may once have existed have been obliterated. Nevertheless, both have miscellaneous affinities.

So much for the languages represented by specimens. In the way of external evidence I go no further than the Mithridates, and the Archæologia.

With the exception of the Woccons the Catawba and a few words from the Timuacana, the Mithridates, gives no specimens—save and except those of the Choctah, Cherokees, and Chikkasah. These two last it looks upon as the representative languages and calls them Mobilian from Mobile. Hence, the question which was put in Texas is, mutatis mutandis, put in Florida. What languages are Mobilian? What other than Mobilian?

The Woccons are either only or chiefly known through a work of Lawson’s. They were conterminous with the Algonkin Pamticoughs (intrusive?), and the Cherokees.

The Catawba lay to the south of the Woccon. Their congeners are said to be

The Wataree;

The Eeno—Compare this name with the Texian Ini;

The Chowah, or Chowan;

The Congaree;

The Nachee—Compare with Natchez; word for word;

The Yamassee;

The Coosah—Compare (word for word) Coosada, and

Coshatta.

In the South lay the Timuacana—of which a few words beyond the numerals are given.

In West Florida and Alabama, the evidence (I still follow the Mithridates) of Dr. Pratz scarcely coincides with that of the account of Alvaz Nuñez de Vaca. This runs thus.

In the island of Malhado were spoken languages of

1. The Caoques;

2. The Han.

On the coast—

3. The Choruico—Cherokee?

4. The Doguenes.

5. The Mendica.

6. The Quevenes.

7. The Mariames.

8. The Gualciones.

9. The Yguaces.

10. The Atayos—Adahi? This seems to have been a native name—“die sich Atayos nennen.”

11. The Acubadaos.

12. The Quitoles.

13. The Avavares—Avoyelles?

14. The Muliacone.

15. The Cutalchiche.

16. The Susola.

17. The Como.

18. The Camole.

Of migrants from the East to the West side of the Mississippi, the Mithridates gives—

The Pacana, conterminous with the Attacapas.

The Pascagula.

The Biluxi.

The Appalache.

The Taensa are stated to be a branch of the Natchez.

The Caouitas are, perhaps, word for word the Conchattas; also the Coosa, Coosada, Coshatta.

The Stincards are, word for word, the Tancards=Tuncas=Tunicas.

Dr. Sibley gives us Chetimacha as a name; along with specimens of the Chetimacha, Uche, Natchez, Adahi, and Attacapa as languages.

Word for word, Chetimacha seems to Checimeca; Appelusa, Apalach; Biluxi (perhaps the same); Pascagoula, Muscogulge. How, however, did Chichimeca get so far westwards?

We are scarcely, in the condition to speculate much concerning details of the kind. It is sufficient to repeat the notice that the native languages of the parts in question are in a fragmentary condition; the Uche being the chief representative of them. Whether it were Savaneric49, or not, is uncertain. It is, certainly, not Shawanno, or Shawno, i. e. Algonkin. On the contrary it is, as is to be expected, from the encroachments and displacements of its neighbourhood a very isolated language—not, however without miscellaneous affinities—inter alia the following.

English	sky.
Uche	haipoung.
Chiccasaw	abbah.
Catawba	wahpeeh.
English	day.
Uche	uckkah.
Attacapa	iggl.
Cherokee	ikah.
Muskoje	hiyiaguy=light.
Cherokee	egah=do.
Catawba	heakuh=do.
Delaware	wakheu=do.
Narrag	wequai=do.
Mapach	do=do.
English	summer.
Uche	waitee.
Adaize	weetsuck.
English	winter.
Uche	wishtuh.
Natchez	kwishitsetakop.
Chiccasaw	hustolah.
Seneca	oushat.
English	wind.
Uche	ahwitauh.
Caddo	houeto.
Muskoje	hotalleye.
English	rain.
Uche	chaah.
Chetimacha	kaya.
Attacapa	caucau.
Caddo	cawiohe.
English	river.
Uche	tauh.
Salish	saiulk.
Catawba	eesauh.
English	tree.
Uche	yah.
Caddo	yako.
Attacapa	kagg.
Catawba	yup.
Quappa	yon.
Esquimaux	keiyu=wood.
Yancton	cha=wood.
Catawba	yay=oak.
English	leaf.
Uche	yahsuh.
Muskoghe	ittohise=hair of tree=itta tree.
Chiccasaw	hoshsha.
Choctah	itte hishe.
English	deer.
Uche	wayung.
Adahi	wakhine.
Cherokee	ahwhih.
English	bear.
Uche	ptsaka.
Natchez	tsokohp.
English	bird.
Uche	psenna.
Caddo	bunnit.
Tuscar	tcheenuh.
Ilinois	pineusen.
Ottawa	bennaisewug.
Ojibbwa	pinaisi.
English	fish.
Uche	potshoo.
Caddo	batta.
Minetari	boa.

Such our sketch of the details. They give us more affinities than the current statements concerning the glossarial differences between the languages of the New World suggest. It is also to be added that they scarcely confirm the equally common doctrine respecting their grammatical likeness. Doing this, they encourage criticism, and invite research.

There is a considerable amount of affinity: but it is often of that miscellaneous character which baffles rather than promotes classification.

There is a considerable amount of affinity; but it does not, always, shew itself on the surface. I will give an instance.

One of the first series of words to which philologues who have only vocabularies to deal with have recourse, contains the numerals; which are, in many cases, the first of words that the philological collector makes it his business to bring home with him from rude countries. So generally is this case that it may safely be said that if we are without the numerals of a language we are, in nine cases out of ten, without any sample at all of it. Their value as samples for philological purposes has been noticed in more than one paper of the present writer’s here and elsewhere; their value in the way of materials for a history of Arithmetic being evident—evidently high.

But the ordinary way in which the comparisons are made between the numerals gives us, very often, little or nothing but broad differences and strong contrasts. Take for instance the following tables.

English.	Eskimo.	Aleutian.	Kamskadale.
one	atamek	attakon	kemmis.
two	malgok	alluk	nittanu.
three	pinajut	kankun	tshushquat.
four	istamat	thitshin	tshashcha.
five	tatlimat	sshang	koomdas.

No wonder that the tongues thus represented seem unlike.

But let us go farther—in the first place remembering that, in most cases, it is only as far as five that the ruder languages have distinct numerals; in other words that from six onwards they count upon the same principle as we do after ten, i. e. they join together some two, or more, of the previous numerals; even as we, by adding seven and ten, make seven-teen. The exact details, of course, differ; the general principle, however, is the same viz.: that after five the numerals become, more or less, compound, just as, with us, they become so after ten.

With this preliminary observation let us ask what will be the Kamskadale for seven when nittanu=two, and kumdas=five. The answer is either nittanu-kumdas or kumdas-nittanu. But the Kamskadale happens to have a separate word for six, viz. kiekoas. What then? The word for seven may be one of two things: it may be either = 6 + 1, or 5 + 2. The former being the case, and kemmis=one, the Kamskadale for seven should be either kemmis-kilkoas or kilkoas-kemmis. But it is neither one nor the other. It is ittakh-tenu. Now as eight=tshok-tenu we know this word to be compound. But what are its elements? We fail to find them amongst the simpler words expressive of one, two, three, four, five. We fail to find them amongst these if we look to the Kamskadale only—not, however, if we go farther. The Aleutian for one=attak-on; the Aleutian for six=attu-on. And what might be the Aleutian for seven? Even attakh-attun, little more than ittakh tenu in a broader form.

The Jukahiri gives a similar phenomenon.

Such is the notice of the care with which certain comparisons should be made before we venture to commit ourselves to negative statements.

There is an affinity amongst the American languages, and (there being this) there are also the elements of a classification. The majority, however, of the American languages must be classified according to types rather than definitions. Upon the nature of this difference, as well as upon the cause I have written more fully elsewhere. It is sufficient for present purposes to say that it applies to the languages of North America in general, and (of these) to those of the parts beyond the Rocky Mountains more especially. Eskimo characteristics appear in the Athabaskan, Athabaskan in the Koluch forms of speech. From these the Haidah leads to the Chimmesyan (which is, nevertheless, a very outlying form of speech) and the Hailtsa, akin to the Billechula, which, itself, leads to the Atna. By slightly raising the value of the class we bring in the Kutani, the Nutkan and the Chinuk.

In the Chinuk neighbourhood we move via the Jakon, Kalapuya, Sahaptin, Shoshoni, and Lutuami to the languages of California and the Pueblos; and thence southwards.

In American languages simple comparison does but little. We may test this in two ways. We may place, side by side, two languages known to be undoubtedly, but also known to be not very closely, allied. Such, for instance, are the German and Greek, the Latin and Russian, the English and Lithuanic, all of which are Indo-European, and all of which, when placed in simple juxta-position, by no means show themselves in any very palpable manner as such. This may be seen from the following table, which is far from being the first which the present writer has compiled; and that with the special view of ascertaining by induction (and not a priori) the value of comparisons of the kind in question.

English.	Latin.	Cayuse.	Willamet.
man	homo	yúant	atshánggo.
woman	mulier	pintkhlkaiu	pummaike.
father	pater	píntet	sima.
mother	mater	penín	sinni.
son	filius	wái	tawakhai.
daughter	filia	wái	tshitapinna.
head	caput	talsh	tamutkhl.
hair	crinis	tkhlokomot	amutkhl.
ear	auris	taksh	pokta.
eye	oculus	hăkamush	kwalakkh.
nose	nasus	pitkhloken	unan.
mouth	os	sumkhaksh	mandi.
tongue	lingua	push	mamtshutkhl.
tooth	dens	tenif	púti.
hand	manus	epip	tlakwa.
fingers	digiti	épip	alakwa.
feet	pedes	tish	puüf.
blood	sanguis	tiweush	méëuu.
house	domus	nisht	hammeih (—fire).
axe	securis	yengthokinsh	khueshtan.
knife	culter	shekt	hekemistāh.
shoes	calcei	taitkhlo	ulumóf.
sky	cœlum	adjalawaia	amiank.
sun	sol	huewish	ampiun.
moon	luna	katkhltóp	utap.
star	stella	tkhlikhlish	atuininank.
day	dies	eweiu	umpium.
night	nox	ftalp	atitshikim.
fire	ignis	tetsh	hamméih.
water	aqua	iskkainish	mampuka.
rain	pluvia	tishtkitkhlmiting	ukwíï.
snow	nix	poi	nukpeik.
earth	terra	lingsh	hunkhalop.
river	rivus	lushmi	mantsal.
stone	lapis	ápit	andi.
tree	arbor	lauik	huntawatkhl.
meat	caro	pithuli	umhók.
dog	canis	náapang	mantal.
beaver	castor	pieka	akaipi.
bear	ursa	limeaksh	alotufan.
bird	avis	tianiyiwa	pōkalfuna.
great	magnus	yaúmua	pul.
cold	frigidus	shunga	pángkafiti.
white	albus	tkhlaktkhláko	kommóu.
black	niger	shkupshkúpu	maieum.
red	ruber	lakaitlakaitu	tshal.
I	ego	ining	tshii.
thou	tu	niki	máha.
he	ille	nip	kak.
one	unus	na	wáän.
two	duo	leplin	kéën.
three	tres	matnin	upshin.
four	quatuor	piping	táope.
five	quinque	táwit	húwan.
six	sex	nóiná	taf.
seven	septem	nóilip	pshinimua.
eight	octo	nōimát	kĕëmúa.
nine	novem	tanáuiaishimshin	wanwaha.
ten	decem	ningitelp	tínifia.

Again—the process may be modified by taking two languages known to be closely allied, and asking how far a simple comparison of their vocabularies exhibits that alliance on the surface, e. g.:—

English.	Beaver Indian.	Chippewyan.
one	it la day	ittla hĕ.
two	onk shay day	nank hay.
three	ta day	ta he.
four	dini day	dunk he.
five	tlat zoon e de ay	sa soot la he.
six	int zud ha	l’goot ha hé.
seven	ta e wayt zay	tluz ud dunk he.
eight	etzud een tay	l’goot dung he.
nine	kala gay ne ad ay	itla ud ha.
ten	kay nay day	hona.
a man	taz eu	dinnay you.
a woman	iay quay	tzay quay.
a girl	id az oo	ed dinna gay.
a boy	taz yuz é	dinnay yoo azay.
interpreter	nao day ay	dinnay tee ghaltay.
trader	meeoo tay	ma kad ray.
moose-deer	tlay tchin tay	tunnehee hee.
rein-deer	may tzee	ed hun.
beaver	tza	tza.
dog	tlee	tlee.
rabbit	kagh	kagh.
bear	zus	zus.
wolf	tshee o nay	noo nee yay.
fox	e yay thay	nag hee dthay.

The difference is great: but the two forms of speech are mutually intelligible. On the other hand, the Cayuse and Willamet are more alike than the English and Latin.

Next to the details of our method, and the principles of our classification, the more important of the special questions command attention. Upon the relations of the Eskimo to the other languages of America I have long ago expressed my opinion. I now add the following remarks upon the prevalence of the doctrine which separated them.

Let us imagine an American or British ethnologist speculating on the origin and unity of the European populations and arriving, in the course of his investigations, at Finmark, or any of those northern parts of Scandinavia where the Norwegian and Laplander come in immediate geographical contact. What would be first? Even this—close geographical contact accompanied by a remarkable contrast in the way of the ethnology: difference in habits, difference in aptitudes, difference in civilisation, difference of creed, difference of physical form, difference of language.

But the different manner in which the southern tribes of Lapland comport themselves in respect to their nearest neighbours, according as they lie west or east, illustrates this view. On the side of Norway few contrasts are more definite and striking than that between the nomad Lap with his reindeer, and reindeer-skin habiliments and the industrial and highly civilized Norwegian. No similarity of habits is here; no affinity of language; little on intermixture, in the way of marriage. Their physical frames are as different as their moral dispositions no and social habits. Nor is this difficult to explain. The Norwegian is not only a member of another stock, but his original home was in a southern, or comparatively southern, climate. It was Germany rather Scandinavia; for Scandinavia was, originally, exclusively Lap or Fin. But the German family encroached northwards; and by displacement after displacement obliterated those members of the Lap stock whose occupancy was Southern and Central Scandinavia, until nothing was left but its extreme northern representatives in the most northern and least favored parts of the peninsula. By these means two strongly contrasted populations were brought in close geographical contact—this being the present condition all along the South Eastern, or Norwegian, boundary of Lapland.

But it is by no means the present condition of those parts of Russian Lapland where the Lap population touches that of Finland Proper.

Here, although the Lap and Fin differ, the difference lies within a far narrower limit than that which divides the Lap from the Norwegian or the Swede. The stature of the Lap is less than that of the Fin; though the Fin is more short than tall, and the Lap is far from being so stunted as books and pictures make him. The habits, too, differ. The reindeer goes with the Lap; the cow with the Fin. Other points differ also. On the whole, however, the Fin physiognomy is Lap, and the Lap Fin; and the languages are allied.

Furthermore—the Fin graduates into the Wotiak, the Zirianean, the Permian; the Permian into the Tsheremiss, the Mordvin &c. In other words, if we follow the Lap eastwards we come into a whole fancy of congeners. On the west, however, the further we went, the less Lap was everything. Instead of being Lap it was Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, or German. The last of those, however, would lead us into the Sarmatian family, and this would bring us round to the Fins of South Finland. The time, however, may come when Russia will have so encroached upon the Fin populations to the south of the Arctic Circle as for the Lap and Slave to come in immediate contact; and when this contact is effected there will be contrast also—contrast less strong, perhaps, than that between the Lap and Swede, but still contrast.

Mutatis mutandis—this seems to have been the case with the Eskimo and the North American Indians as they are popularly called—popularly but inaccurately; inasmuch as the present writer considers the Eskimo to be as truly American as any other occupants of the soil of America. On the East there has been encroachment, displacement, and, as an effect thereof, two strongly contrasted populations in close geographical contact—viz.: the Eskimos and the northern members of the Algonkin family. On the west, where the change has been less, the Athabaskans, the Kolutshes, and the Eskimos graduate to each other, coming under the same category, and forming part of one and the same class; that class being by no means a narrow, though not an inordinately, wide one.

Another special question is that concerning the origin of the Nahuatl, Astecs, or Mexicans. The maritime hypothesis I have abandoned. The doctrine that their civilisation was Maya I retain. I doubt, however, whether they originated anywhere. By this I mean that they are, though not quite in situ, nearly so. In the northermost parts of their area they may so entirely. When I refined on this—the common sense—view of them I was, like many others, misled by the peculiar phonesis. What it is may be better seen by an example than explained. Contrast the two following columns. How smoothly the words on the right run, how harshly sound (when they can be sounded) those of the left. Not, however, that they give us the actual sounds of the combination khl &c. All that this means is that there is some extraordinary sound to be expressed that no simple sign or no common combination will represent. In Mr. Hale’s vocabularies it is represented by a single special sign.

English.	Selish.	Chinuk.	Shoshoni.
man	skaltamekho	tkhlekala	taka.
woman	sumaăm	tkhlākél	kwuu.
boy	skokosea	tklkaskus	natsi.
girl	shautum	tklalekh	naintsuts.
child	aktult	etshanúks	wa.
father	luáus	tkhliamáma	ápui.
mother	skúis	tkhlianáa	pia.
wife	makhonakh	iuakhékal	wépui.
son	skokosea	etsokha	natsi.
daughter	stumtshäălt	okwukha	nanai.
brother	katshki (elder)	kapkhu	tamye.
sister	tklkikee	tkhliau	namei.

Now if the Astec phonesis be more akin to the Selish and its congeners than to the Shoshoni and other interjacent forms of speech, we get an element of affinity which connects the more distant whilst it separates the nearer languages. Overvalue this, and you may be misled.

Now, not to mention the fact of this phonesis being an overvalued character, there is clear proof in the recent additions to the comparative philology of California that its distribution is, by no means, what it was, originally, supposed to be. This may be seen from the following lists.

From the North of California.

(1.)

English.	Wish-osk.	Wiyot.
boy	ligeritl	kushama.
married	wehowut’l	haqueh.
head	wutwetl	metwet.
hair	pah’tl	paht’l.
face	kahtsouetl	sulatek.
beard	tseh’pl	cheh’pl.
body	tah	hit’l.
foot	wehlihl	wellih’tl.
village	mohl	katswah’tl.
chief	kowquéh’tl	kaiowuh.
axe	mahtl	mehtl.
pipe	maht’letl	mahtlel.
wind	rahtegut’l	ruktagun.
duck	hahalitl	hahahlih.

(2.)

English.	Hupah.	Tahlewah.
neck	hosewatl	——
village	——	wah’tlki.
chief	——	howinnequutl.
bow	——	chetlta.
axe	mehlcohlewatl	——

In the South of California.

English.	Duguno.		Cuchan.
leg	ewith’l		misith’l.
to-day	enyat’l		——
to-morrow	matinyat’l		——
bread	meyut’l		——
ear	hamat’l		smyth’l.
neck	——		n’yeth’l.
arm	}	selh	iseth’l.
hand
friend	——		nyet’l.
feather	——		sahwith’l.

I cannot conclude without an expression of regret that the great work of Adelung is still only in the condition of a second, or (at best) but a third edition. There is Vater’s Supplement, and Jülg’s Supplement to Vater. But there is nothing that brings it up to the present time.

Much might be done by Buschmann and perhaps others. But this is not enough. It requires translation. The few French writers who treat on Ethnological Philology know nothing about it. The Italians and Spanish are, a fortiori, in outer darkness as to its contents. The Russians and Scandinavians know all about it—but the Russians and Scandinavians are not the scholars in whose hands the first hand information falls first. The Americans know it but imperfectly. If Turner has had easy access to it, Gallatin had not: whilst Hales, with great powers, has been (with the exception of his discovery of the Athabaskan affinities of the Umkwa and Tlatskanai, out of which Turner’s fixation of the Apatch, Navaho, and Jecorilla, and, afterwards, my own of the Hoopah, seems to have been developed,) little more than a collector—a preeminent great collector—of raw materials. Nevertheless, the Atna class is his.

However, the Mithridates, for America at least, wants translation as well as revision. It is a work in which many weak points may be (and have been) discovered. Klaproth, himself a man who (though he has saved many an enquirer much trouble) has but few friends, has virulently attacked it. Its higher classifications are, undoubtedly, but low. Nevertheless, it is not only a great work, but the basis of all others. Should any one doubt its acumen let him read the part which, treating on the Chikkasah, demurrs to the identification of the Natchez with that and other forms of speech. Since it was written a specimen of the Natchez language has shewn its validity.

I think that the Natchez has yet to take its full importance. If the language of the Taensas it was, probably, the chief language of Tennessee. But the Creek, or Muscogulge, broke it up. Meanwhile the fragmentary Catawba, with which I believe that the Caddo was connected had its congeners far to westward.

I also think that the Uche represents the old language of Florida—the Cherokee being conterminous with the Catawba. If so, the doctrine of the fundamental affinity between the Pawni, Caddo, Catawba, and Cherokee gains ground.

The Uche demands special investigation. The Tinquin and Timuacana should be compared with it. Then why are they not? Few works are more inaccessible than a Spanish Arte, Diccionario, or Catecismo. The data for these enquiries, little known, are still less attainable. Without these, and without a minute study, of the first-hand authorities we can do but little but suggest. All that is suggested here is that the details of Florida (in its widest sense) and Louisiana must be treated under the doctrine that the aborigines are represented by the congeners of the Woccon, Catawba, Uche, Natchez, Tinquin, and Timuacana, inordinately displaced by the Cherokees and Creeks; who (for a great extent of their present area) must be considered as intrusive.

Footnotes

1 hora for wora, κοῖος=cujus; ὁιος=hujus; ἑος=ejus (1859).

2 English Language, p. 489.

3 This gloss in some MSS. is filled up thus:—
Σάροι. μέτρον καὶ ἀριθμος παρὰ Χαλδαίοις. ὁι γὰρ ρκ´ σάροι ποιοῦσιν ἐνιαυτοὺς βσκβ´, κατὰ τὴν τῶν Χαλδαίων ψῆφον, εἴπερ ὁ σάρος ποιεῖ μῆνας σεληνιακῶν σκβ´, ὁὶ γίνονται ιε´ ἐνιαυτοὶ καὶ μῆνες ἥξ.

4 In the course of the evening it was stated, that even by writers quoted by Syncellus ἔτος had been translated day; and a reference was made to an article in the Cambridge Philological Museum On the Days of the Week, for the opinion of Bailly in modern, and of Annianus and Panodorus in ancient times: ταῦτα ἔτη ἡμέρας ἐλογίσαντο στοχαστικῶς.—p. 40, vol. i. See also p. 42.

5 From Taal. Mag. iii. 4. 500. In the 86th number of the Quarterly Review we find extracts from a New Testament for the use of the Negroes of Guiana, in the Talkee-takee dialect. In this there is a large infusion of Dutch, although the basis of the language is English.

6 The term Turk is used in its wide Ethnological sense, and includes the Scythæ.

7 In the Asiatic Transactions of Bengal and the Asiatic Researches.—Figure 1. denotes the Caucasian, Figure 2. monosyllabic forms of speech. This list was first published in 1850, in my Varieties of Man—pp 123-128.

8 This means in three dialects.

9 Or dachi.

10 Or fa-ko-t-on, &c.

11 Non-radical.

12 Or, am in the habit of riding.

13 Eastern Origin of the Celtic Languages, p. 8.

14 English Language, First Edition, p. 68.

15 Hist. Eccl. l. 1. c. 1.

16 Eccl. Hist. iii, 6.

17 Mithr. i. 598.

18 Vide Note A.

19 See Note B.

20 Mula.

21 Also Moon.

22 Tjenne, tidna, jeena.

23 Generally toe-nail.

24 The Blacks of the Philippines and the Blacks of the South of New Guinea.

25 Kibou, Mad., opou, Owhywhee.

26 This is the preceding paper. (1859).

27 Given to Mr. Macgillivray by Mr. James Macarthur, and prefixed to the MS. Port Essington Vocabulary, alluded to at p. 157 of Vol. I.

28 These are three different dialects.

29 Or Erronan. The Nuia or Immer numerals are the same.

30 This is inaccurate—See following papers.

31 Since this statement was read, the author has been enabled, through the means of a Cumanche vocabulary, with which he was favoured by Mr Bollaert, to determine that these two languages are allied. (This was written in 1845. Since, then, the evidence that the Shoshoni and Cumanch belong to the same family has become conclusive.)

32 The evidence of this being the case has since become conclusive.—1859.

33 The Umqua has since been shewn to be the Athabaskan—1859.

34 The g is sounded hard.

35 As the French n in bon.

36 Reports of the Secretary of War, with Reconnaissances of route from San Antonio to El Paso. Washington, 1850. (Appendix B.)

37 From a Nauni Vocabulary, by R. S. Neighbour; Schoolcraft’s History, &c., Pt. ii.

38 No. 28. vol. ii. p. 34. Jan. 24, 1845.

39 Same word as taech = light in Coconoons; in Pima tai.

40 For an exception to this statement see the Remarks at the end of the Volume. (1859.)

41 This conveys an inadequate notion. Buschmann has thrown the Cora and Tarahumara (connected by Adelung) into the same class with the Tepeguana and Yaque, represented by the Cahia.—See Note (1859).

42 For a notice of Matlacinga see Ludwig: who mentions an Arte and Dictionary. I have seen no specimens of it. (1859).

43 Only of the Tarasca (1859).

44 The Utah is musah.

45 “On the Languages of the Oregon Territory.” By R. G. Latham. M. D. Read before the Ethnological Society, Dec. 1844.—Note.

46 For a full notice of Texas see Buschmann’s Supplementary Volume; first published within the present year (1859).

47 Or Upsaroka, name of nation.

48 See yellow.

49 More languages than one are thus named. See p. 375 for a Savaneric in Veragua.