Opuscula

On the Negrito Languages

Read Before the Philological Society

FEBRUARY 10, 1843.

By the term Negrito is meant those tribes of the Asiatic and Australian islands, who, in one or more of their physical characters, depart from the type of the nations in their neighbourhood and approach that of the African. The word is more comprehensive than Arafura, Andaman, or Papuan, and less comprehensive than Negro.

Of the Negrito localities the most western are—

The Andaman Islands.—A Vocabulary, collected by Lieutenant R. H. Colebrooke, appears in the Asiatic Researches, vol. iv. p. 410. The native name is Mineopie. An historical notice of them appears as early as the ninth century, in the Travels of the Two Arabians, translated by Renaudot.

The Nicobar and Carnicobar Islands.—In the largest of these it is stated that, in the interior, blacks are to be found. The current assertion concerning the language of the rest of these islands is, that the Carnicobar is Peguan, and the Nicobar Malay.—Asiatic Researches, iii. 303.

Malacca.—The Samangs of the interior are Negrito. For the single Vocabulary of their language, see Crawfurd’s Indian Archipelago, or Klaproth’s Nouveau Journal Asiatique, xii. 239, where Crawfurd’s Vocabulary is reprinted without acknowledgement. The Orang Benua are not Negrito; neither are the Jokong Negrito. For thirty words in the latter language, see Thomas Raffles in Asiatic Researches, xii. 109. In this list twelve words are shown by Raffles to be Malay, and Humboldt states the same of two more. The other sixteen may or may not be of Negrito origin. The Samangs are the Orang Udai.—Humboldt, Über die Kawi-Sprache.

Sumatra.—The Battas of Sumatra are Malay, not Negrito (Marsden’s Sumatra, p. 203, and Rienzi’s Oceanie, vol. i.). The Sumatran of Parkinson’s Journal (p. 198) is the Arabic of Acheen. The true Negritos of Sumatra seem to be,

1. The Orang Cooboo.—These are stated to be pretty numerous between Palembang and Jambee.—Marsden’s Sumatra, p. 35.

2. The Orang Googoo,—who are described by the Sumatrans of Laboon as being more Orang Utang than man.—Marsden’s Sumatra, p. 35. Specimens of the Orang Googoo (Gougon) Rienzi states to have seen. He says that they come from Palembang and Menangcaboo, and he calls them Pithecomorphi.

For an historical notice as early as 960 A. D., probably referring to the Blacks of Sumatra, see Klaproth in Nouveau Journal Asiatique, xii. 239.

Borneo.—The Biajuk of Borneo is not Negrito but Malay (Crawfurd’s Indian Archipelago); neither are the Dyacks Negrito. The statement of Marsden and Leyden is, that the Dyacks are whiter than the rest of the natives of Borneo; and the remark of more than one voyager is, that the Dyacks of Borneo look like South Sea Islanders in the midst of a darker population. Are the Marut, Idongs, Tidongs, or Tirungs of the north of Borneo Negrito? In Rienzi’s Oceanie there is a Borneo Vocabulary which is headed Dyack, Marut and Idaan, the three terms being treated as synonyms. Of this Vocabulary all the words are Malay. That there are Negritos in Borneo is most probable, but of their language we possess but one word, apün, father17 (and that more than doubtful); whilst of their name we know nothing; and in respect to their locality, we have only the statement of Kollf, that in the north of Borneo Blacks are to be found on the Keeneebaloo mountain; a statement, however, slightly modified by the fact of his calling them Idaans or Maruts (see Earl’s translation of the Voyage of the Doorga, p. 417). Compare the name Idaan in Borneo, with the name Orang Udai, applied to certain rude tribes in Malacca.

The Sooloo Islands.—There are positive statements that the Sooloos contain Negritos. They also contain Malays; as may be seen in a Sooloo vocabulary in Rienzi’s Oceanie, vol. i.

The Manillas.—The Isola de Negros testifies its population by its name. Hervas calls it the Papua of the Philippines. In Panay are the blackest of the Philippine Negritos. Rienzi would term them Melanopygmæi. In Bohol, Leyté and Samar, there are Negritos (Lafond Lurcy, ii. 182.); also in Cayagan (Lafond Lurcy, ii. 182.); also in Capul or Abac (Hervas). For the two main islands there are,—1st. In Mindanao, two wild tribes inhabiting the interior, the Bantschilen and the Hillunas. The proof of these two tribes being Negrito is the strongest for the Hillunas. They are the Negros del Monte of the Spaniards (Hervas, Catalogo delle Lingue; Adelung, i. 601). Near Marivèles are the Igorots or Ætas (Agtas of Hervas); and of these we have late and positive evidence, first to the fact of their being Negrito, and next to the difference of their language from the Tagal.—(Lafond Lurcy.) Secondly, in Luçon, the Zambalen of Adelung are Negrito. These are the Blacks of Pampango. The Blacks inhabiting the other parts of the island are called Ygelots; and Mount St. Mathew, near Manilla, is one of their well-known localities, and the Illoco mountains another. Here they were visited by Lafond Lurcy. They were all alike, and all under four feet six (French measure). Italonen, Calingas, and Maitim are the names under which the Philippine Blacks have been generally described. Agta and Maitim are said to be indigenous appellations.—Hervas.

Formosa.—The Formosan language is Malay. In the interior, however, are, according to the Chinese accounts,—1, the Thoufan; 2, the Kia-lao; 3, the Chan tchaó chan; 4, the Lang Khiao,—aboriginal tribes with Negrito characters, each speaking a peculiar dialect.—Klaproth, Recherches Asiatiques.

The Loochoo Islands.—The current Loochoo language is Japanese (Klaproth, Rech. Asiat.). But besides this, Adelung mentions from Père Gaubil and Gosier, that three other languages are spoken in the interior, neither Japanese nor Chinese; and we are now, perhaps, justified in considering that, in these quarters, the fact of a language being aboriginal, is primâ facie evidence of its being Negrito.

Java.—Here the evidence of an aboriginal population at all is equivocal, and that of Negrito aborigines wholly absent. For the Kalangs, see Raffles’s History of Java. The dark complexions on the island Bali show the darkness, not of the Negrito, but of the Hindoo; such at least is the view of Raffles opposed to that of Adelung (Mith. i.). There is no notice of Blacks in Ende (otherwise Floris), in Sumbawa, or in Sandalwood Island.

Savoo.—If the Savoo of modern geographers be the Pulo Sabatu of Dampier, then there were, in Dampier’s time, Blacks in Savoo. The Savoo of Parkinson’s Journal is Malay.

Timor.—In this island Negritos were indicated by Peron. Freycinet describes them. Lafond Lurcy had a Timor black as a slave. Of their language he gives four words:—manouc, bird; vavi, woman; lima, five; ampou, ten. All these are Malay.

Ombay.—In Freycinet’s Voyage the natives of Ombay are described as having olive-black complexions, flattened noses, thick lips, and long black hair. In Arago18 we find a short vocabulary, of which a few words are Malay, whilst the rest are unlike anything either in the neighbouring language of Timor (at least as known by Raffles’s specimens), or in any other language known to the author. Upon what grounds, unless it be their cannibalism, the Ombaians have been classed with the New Zealanders, is unknown. The evidence is certainly not taken from their language.

Between Timor and New Guinea we collect, either from positive statements or by inference, that, pure or mixed, there are Negritos in at least the following islands:—1, Wetta; 2, Kissa?; 3, Serwatty?; 4, Lette?; 5, Moa?; 6, Roma?; 7, Damma; 8, Lakor?; 9, Luan; 10, Sermatta; 11, Baba; 12, Daai; 13, Serua; 14, the Eastern Arroos; 15, Borassi. (Kollf’s Voy.; Earl’s Translation.)

The language of the important island of Timor-Laut is Malay. From a conversation with the sailor Forbes, who was on the island for sixteen years, the author learned that there are in Timor-Laut plenty of black slaves, but no black aborigines.

Celebes.—In the centre of Celebes and in the north there are Negritos: the inhabitants call them Turajas, and also Arafuras: they speak a simple dialect and pass for aborigines. (Raffles, History of Java.) Of this language we have no specimen. Gaimard’s Menada is the Menadu of Sir Stamford Raffles, and Raffles’s Menadu is Malay. (Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 191.) The remark made by the collector of this Menadu Vocabulary was, that those who spoke it were whiter than the true Bugis, and that they looked like South-Sea Islanders, a fact of value in a theory of the Dyacks, but of no value in the enumeration of the Negritos.

Bourou, Gammen, Salawatty, Battenta.—For each of these islands we have positive statements as to the existence of Negritos.

Gilolo.—In Lesson’s Natural History the inhabitants of Gilolo are classed with those of Gammen, Battenta, &c., as Negritos. The same is the case in the Mithridates, where the inference is, that in all the Moluccas, with the exception of Amboyna and Ternati, Negritos are to be found in the interior. For Guebé see the sequel.

The Teetees.—The Teetee Islands of Meares, the Jauts or Aeauw of the Mithridates, sixteen in number, are Negrito. (Meares, Voyage, Adelung.)

Oby.—According to Adelung this island is Negrito.

The object of what has gone before is less to state where Negritos are to be found than where they are to be looked for. Hence many of the above notices indicate the probable rather than the actual presence of them; and those statements concerning the Molucca localities that are taken from systematic books (and as such at secondhand) are all subject to one exception, viz. the fact that the tribes described as Arafura, although in current language Negrito, are not necessarily so. An instance of this has been seen in the so-called Arafura of Menadu. The same applies to the so-called Arafura of Ceram, (Handboek der Land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië. P. P. Roorda van Eysinga. Amsterdam 1841; indicated by Mr. Garnett,) which is Malay. In the quarters about to be given in detail the evidence is less exceptionable.

New Guinea.—Here there is little except Negritos; and here we meet with the name Papua. What is said of the Papuas must be said with caution. Physical conformation being the evidence, there are in New Guinea two nations, if not more than two:—1. Those of the North, with curly hair, which are subdivided into the pure Papuas, and the Papuas that are looked upon as a cross with the Malay (Quoy, Gaimard and Lesson in the French Voyages). 2. Those of the South, with lank hair, called by the French naturalists Arafuras. The author was unable to determine who were meant by the Alfakis of Quoy (Durville’s Voyage, iv. 746). To the language of these Alfakis are possibly referable the ten words of Lesson. These are the numerals, and, they are as might be expected, Malay. For the South of New Guinea we have not so much as a single vocabulary or a single word.

Waigioo.—The Waigioo and New Guinea have been frequently confounded; we have therefore deferred speaking of the latter until we could also deal with the former. Without going into the conflicting evidence, we may state that there are two Vocabularies wherein arm is kapiani, and three wherein arm is bramine. Of the first division we have—1st, the Vocabularies of the Uranie and Physicienne Corvettes, under Freycinet, in 1817, 1818, 1819, as given in Arago’s (the draughtsman’s) Narrative, p. 275, English translation; and 2ndly, the Undetermined Vocabulary of Dentrecasteaux. Dentrecasteaux, whilst at Boni in Waigioo, saw some strangers who spoke a language very different from the inhabitants of that island; he considered that they came from New Guinea. Now this language is the Waigioo of Arago19; whilst the Waigioo of Dentrecasteaux is the Papua of Arago. Among the Vocabularies of the second class we have Gaimard’s Rawak Vocabulary, stated especially (Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Philologie, vol. ii. p. 153.) to have been collected at Rawak in Waigioo in 1818: here arm is bramine. Now a vocabulary (that will soon be mentioned) of the New Guinea Papuan of Port Dorey was collected during the expedition of the Astrolabe by the same naturalist, M. Gaimard. With this vocabulary Gaimard’s Rawak coincides, rather than with Arago’s Waigioo and Dentrecasteaux’s Undetermined Vocabulary. This makes the third vocabulary for these islands. The fourth is Gaimard’s Port Dorey Vocabulary (Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 146.). The fifth, Dentrecasteaux’s (or La Billardière) Waigioo Vocabulary. This represents the same language as those last-mentioned, inasmuch as in it arm is bramine not kapiani. The sixth vocabulary is the Utanata, from Dutch authorities (vide Trans. Geogr. Soc). This akin to the Lobo Vocabulary.—Ibid. The next is Forest’s Vocabulary. See Forest’s Voyage to New Guinea. Such are the data for New Guinea and Waigioo. Dalrymple’s Vocabulary will be noticed in the sequel.

Guebé.—The Guebé Vocabulary of the Astrolabe (Philologie, ii. 157) is the Guebé of Freycinet’s Voyage in 1818, when it was collected by Gaimard, The Guebé of Arago (under Freycinet) also approaches the Guebé of Gaimard. According to D. Durville the Guebé is Papuan. The author however considers it Malay, though there was some resemblance to the Papuan, inasmuch as many Malay terms were common to both these dialects.

From New Guinea westward and southward the Negritos are no longer isolated. The following are Negrito Islands, or Negrito Archipelagos:—

1. New Britain; 2. New Hanover; 3. New Ireland; 4. Solomon’s Islands; 5. Queen Charlotte’s Archipelago; 6. Louisiade Archipelago; 7. Isles of Bougainville; 8. Bouka; 9. New Georgia; 10. Admirality Isles,—York, Sandwich, Portland; 11. Santa Cruz Archipelago; 12. Arsacides; 13. Espiritu Santo, or New Hebrides,—Mallicollo, Erromango, Tanna, Erronan, Annatom; 14. New Caledonia; 15. Warouka, Bligh’s and Banks’s Island.—Astrolabe. The Ticopian is not Negrito but Polynesian.—Voyage de l’Astrolabe.

Fiji Islands.—In the Fiji Islands the physical character of the natives is half Negrito and half Polynesian. Here is the Negrito limit to the east; that is, of Negrito tribes as existing at the present moment.

The languages of the list just given are known to us through the following Vocabularies.

New Ireland &c.—Gaimard’s Carteret Harbour Vocabulary.—Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 143.

Durville’s Port Praslin Vocabulary, incorporated with Gaimard’s Carteret Bay Vocabulary.—Ibid.

Dalrymple’s so-called New Guinea Vocabulary. The word so-called was used because, unless there were natives of New Ireland on the coast of New Guinea, Dalrymple’s Vocabulary is a representative of the Papuan. It coincides with those of Durville and Gaimard from New Ireland: it was collected by Schouten and Le Maire. It is also the New Guinea of De Brosses.

Vocabularies of four small islands are given by Dalrymple and De Brosses, viz. of Moses Island, Moa, Hoorn Island, and Cocos Island. These are the vocabularies of Reland (Diss. xi.), referred to by Adelung.

Manicolo.—In Queen Charlotte’s Archipelago, or perhaps among the Solomon Islands, lies an island in name resembling one of the New Hebrides. Durville called it Vanikoro, but Captain Dillon assures me that the true name is Manicolo. Of the language spoken here we have a vocabulary collected by Gaimard in three dialects; the Vanikoro, the Tanema, and the Taneanou. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 164.

Mallicollo.—Cook’s Island is Mallicollo. A glossary occurs in Cook’s Voyages.

Tanna.—A single vocabulary in Cook’s Voyages.

New Caledonia.—A short vocabulary in Cook. A longer one in Dentrecasteaux and La Billardière.

Of the Fiji we have a few words by Cook, a long vocabulary by Gaimard (Astrol. Phil. ii. 136), Port regulations, and MS. Scripture translations, which afford us full and sufficient samples of the language. To deal with this as Negrito the Polynesian element must be eliminated.

In the way of Ethnography Madagascar is Asiatic; since its language, as has been known since the time of Reland, is Malay. For this island the evidence of physical character gives two or more races, but the evidence of language only one.

Australia.—In this island we have vocabularies for the following localities: (1.) Murray Island; (2.) Caledon Bay; (3. 4.) Endeavour River; (5.) the Burrah Burrah tribe; (6.) Limestone Creek; (7.) Port Macquarie; (8.) Port Jackson; (9.) Menero Downs; (10.) Jervis Bay; (11.) Hunter’s River, vide Threlkeld’s Grammar; (12, 13, 14, 15.) Adelaide,—one of these being Teichelmanns and Schürmann’s Grammar; (16.) Gulf St. Vincent; (17, 18, 19, 20.) King George’s Sound; (22.) Grey’s Vocabulary; and a few others.

Van Diemen’s Land.—Here, as in Australia, everything is Negrito. In the way of Vocabularies, we have for the North,—(1.) Gaimard’s Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, taken down from the mouth of a Van Diemen’s Land woman at King George’s Sound, with an Englishman as an interpreter.—Voy. Astr. Phil. ii. 9. In the South we have (2.) Cook’s Vocabulary, collected in Adventure Bay, S. E. of Van Diemen’s Land,—nine words. (3.) Dentrecasteaux’s, or La Billardière’s Vocabulary. (4.) Allan Cunningham’s Vocabulary, collected in 1819 at Entrance Island. (5.) Dr. Lhotsky’s Vocabulary, derived from Mr. M’Geary, and representing the language of Hobart’s Town.—Journ. Geo. Soc. ix. Besides these, there is a Vocabulary procured by Mr. Robert Brown when in Australia. It nearly represents the same state of language as Dentrecasteaux’s Vocabulary.

Besides these remarks, another class of facts should be indicated. In the south of Japan, and in the Marianne Isles, there are statements that Blacks have been:—Père Cantova (in Duperrey and Freycinet), and Adelung (Mithr. i.). From Rienzi also we learn a statement of Lütke’s, viz. that in Pounipet, one of the Carolines, there are abundance of Blacks at this moment. These may be indigenous. The hypothetical presence of Negritos may account also for certain peculiarities of the Polynesian of the Tonga Islands. There are traces of them in the Navigator’s Archipelago. Crozet (see Pritchard’s Phys. Hist.) mentions Negritos in New Zealand, and Cook speaks to a tradition of aboriginal Negritos in Tahiti.

Such are the notices of the Oceanic Negritos in respect to their distribution and the amount of evidence afforded by the specimens of their language. The current opinion is, that over a certain area Blacks of a certain race or races were aborigines. This opinion there is no reason to disturb or to refine upon; the general question is as to the unity or the multiplicity of these races; but the more specific object of the present paper is to ascertain how far that question is decided by the comparison of their languages. The safe way is to ascend in the classification, and to begin with determining the uniformity of speech over limited areas, and within natural boundaries. The most convenient locality to begin with is—

New Guinea.—That four out of the seven New Guinea Vocabularies (supposing them to have been collected independently of each other) represent either dialects of one language, or else languages closely allied, appears on the first comparison. These vocabularies are,—a) Gaimard’s Rawak; b) Gaimard’s Port Dorey; c) Arago’s Papua; and d) Dentrecasteaux’s Waigioo. To these Forest’s Vocabulary (supposing always that his words have not been incorporated in the vocabularies that came after him) approaches more closely than to the other two.

English.	Forest.	Dentrecasteaux, &c.
fish	een	iené, Malay?
bird	moorsankeen	mazaukéhéné.
man	sononman	snoné, Malay?
woman	binn	biéné, Malay?
fire	for	afor.
water	war	ouar, Malay?
sand	yean	iené.
house	rome	rouma, Malay?
hook	sofydine	sarfedinne.
sun	rass	riass.

Of the two remaining vocabularies the Lobo comes nearer to Forest than the Utanata does. Neither, however, coincide with Forest, as Forest coincides with the first four: nor yet do they coincide so closely with each other.

English.	Forest.	Lobo.
arrow	ekay	larakai.
bird	moorsankeen	manoc.
hog	ben	booi, Malay?
island	meossy	nusu.
sun	rass	orak.
tree	kaibus	akajuakar.
woman	binn	mawinna, Malay?
water	war	malar.
yes	io	oro.

English.	Forest.	Utanata.
bow	myay	amuré.
I	iya	area.
slave	omini	manoki.
tree	kaibus	kai, wood.
water	war	warani, Malay?
yes	io	aroa.

Again:

English.	Utanata.	Lobo.
basin	pigani	bingau.
cheeks	awamu	wafiwiriongo.
death	namata	namata, Malay?
drink (to)	nemuka	makinu, and also eat.
evening	jauw aroă	urwawa.
eyes	mamé	matatongo, Malay?
feathers	wiegu	wo eru, Malay?
great	napitteki	nabitteki.
hands	toe mare	nimango uta, Malay?
hog	oe	booi, Malay?
handsome	nata	nangewie.
here	aré	inairi.
head	oepauw	umun.
iron	puruti	wurusesi.
knife	tai	toeri, for chopping.
lemons	munda	munda.
little	mimiti	netie.
long	marawas	marawas.
lay (to)	aïkai	koekeimanse.
man	marowane	marowane.
mouth	irie	oriengo.
noon	kameti aroa	oertoto, evening.
plate	pigani	piring.
rain	komak	komak.
river	warari napeteki	walar nabetik, water great.
rope	warauw	waras.
sago	kinani	kakana.
slave	manoki	mooi.
seek	matigati	namitik.
speak (to)	iwari	iwar.
take away (to)	namatorani	motara.

New Ireland.—As far as we have vocabularies for evidence, the language of New Ireland is one.

English.	Port Praslin.	Carteret Bay.	Dalrymple.
beard	katissendi	kambissek	incambesser, M.
arms		limak	pongliman, M.
bananas		ounn	tachouner, M.
belly	balang		bala.
fish		siss	hissou.
fire	bia		eef.
forehead	poussou nourou		posson arong.
buttocks	kambali	kabalik
back	ptarou	tarouk
eye	matal	matak	M.
ear	pala tignai	pralenhek
foot	pekendi	balankeki	kekeign.
finger	lima	oulimak	cateling liman.
hair	epiou	iouk	M.
iron	siner	siner
neck	kindouroua	kondarouak
nose	mboussou	kamboussouk	nisson.
shoulder	kamliman	kamlima
tooth	ninissai	insik	ysangh, M.
water	moloum	maloum	M.
moon	calaug		kalan.

For the affinities of the dialects of Moa, Moses Island, Cocos Island, Hoorn Island, to those of New Ireland, see Dalrymple’s Island Voyages, ad fin. That the differences in Manicolo are those of dialect, may be seen from Gaimard’s Vocabulary.

Australia.—That the Australian languages are one, at least in the way that the Indo-European languages are one, is likely from hence-forward to be admitted. Captain Grey’s statement upon the subject is to be found in his work upon Australia. His special proof of the unity of the Australian language is amongst the imprinted papers of the Geographical Society. The opinions of Threlkeld and Teichelmann go the same way. The author’s own statements are as follows:—

(1.) For the whole round of the coast there is, generally speaking, no vocabulary of sufficient length that, in some word or other, does not coincide with the vocabulary of the nearest point, the language of which is known to us. If it fail to do this it agrees with some of the remoter dialects. Flinder’s Carpentarian, compared with the two vocabularies of the Endeavour River, has seventeen words in common. Of these, three (perhaps) four coincide. Eye, meal, C.; meul, E. R.: hair, marra, C.; morye, E. R.: fingers, mingel, C.; mungal bah, E. R.: breast, gummur, C.: coyor, E. R.

Endeavour River.—Two vocabularies.—Compared with the vocabularies generally of Port Jackson, and the parts south and east of Port Jackson:—Eye, meul, E. R.; milla, L. C.: nose, emurda, E. R.; morro, L. C.: ears, mulkah, E. R.; moko, P. Macquarie: hair, morye, E. R.; mundah, B. B.: breast, coyor, E. R.; kowul, P. J.: fingers, mungal bah, E. R.; maranga, B. B.: elbow, yeerwe, E. R.; yongra, Menero Downs: nails, kotke, E. R.; karungun? P. J.: beard, wollar, E. R.; wato, Jervis’s Bay; wollak, Port Maquarie. The number of words submitted to comparison was twenty-two.

Menero Downs (Lhotsky), and Adelaide (G. W. Earl).—Thirteen words in common, whereof two coincide.

hand	morangan, M. D.	murra, Adel.
tongue	talang,	taling.

Adelaide (G. W. Earl) and Gulf St. Vincent (Astrolabe).

beard	mutta, A.	molda, G. S. V.
ear	iri,	ioure,
foot	tinna,	tenna,
hair	yuka,	iouka,
hand	murrah,	malla,
leg	irako,	ierko,
nose	mula,	mudla,
teeth	tial,	ta.

Gulf St. Vincent (Astrolabe) and King George’s Sound (Nind and Astrolabe); fifty words in common.

wood	kalla, G. S. V.	kokol, K. G. S.
mouth	ta,	taa,
hair	iouka,	tchao,
neck	mannouolt,	wolt,
finger	malla,	mal,
water	kawe,	kepe,
tongue	talein,	talen,
foot	tenna,	tchen,
stone	poure,	pore,
laugh	kanghin,	kaoner.

(2.) The vocabularies of distant points coincide; out of sixty words in common we have eight coincident.

English.	Jervis’s Bay.	Gulf St. Vincent.
forehead	holo	ioullo.
man	mika	meio.
milk	awanham	ammenhalo.
tongue	talen	talein.
hand	maramale	malla.
nipple	amgnann	amma.
black	mourak	pouilloul.
nails	berenou	pere.

(3.) The most isolated of the vocabularies; e. g. the Carpentarian, if compared with the remaining vocabularies, taken as a whole, has certain words to be found in different and distant parts of the island.

English.	Carpentarian.
eye	mail	milla, L. C.
nose	hurroo	morro, L. C.

The following is a notice of certain words coinciding, though taken from dialects far separated:

lips	tambamba,	Men. D.	tamande,	G. S. V.
star	jingi,	ditto	tchindai,	K. G. S.
forehead	ullo,	ditto	ioullo,	G. S. V.
beard	yernka,	Adel{	arnga,	}K. G. S.
			nanga,
bite	paiandi,	ditto	badjeen,	ditto.
fire	gaadla,	ditto	kaal,	ditto.
heart	karlto,	ditto	koort,	ditto.
sun	tindo,	ditto	djaat,	ditto.
tooth	}tia,	ditto	dowal,	ditto.
edge
water	kauwe,	ditto	kowwin,	ditto.
stone	pure,	ditto	boye,	ditto.

In the way of grammatical inflection we find indications of the same unity. We find also differences upon which we should be careful against laying too much stress. The inflection of the number is an instance of the difference. In South Australian—tinyara, a boy; tinyarurla, two boys; tinyar-anna, boys. In Western Australia—yago, a woman; yago-mun, women; goolang, a child; goolang-gurrah, children (gurra, many); doorda, a dog; doorda-goodjal, two dogs; doorda boula, many dogs (boula, many). Here there is a difference where we generally find agreement, viz. in the inflectional (or quasi-inflectional) expression of the numbers. The difference, however, is less real than apparent. The Australian is one of those languages (so valuable in general philology) where we find inflections in the act of forming, and that from the agglutination not of affixes, suffixes and prefixes, but of words. In other terms, inflection is evolving itself out of composition. The true view then of different forms for the same idea is not that the inflections are unlike, but that the quasi-inflectional circumlocutions differ from each other in different dialects. There is no inflectional parallel between two men in English and ἀνθρώπω in Greek.

Van Diemen’s Land, South.—For the south of Van Diemen’s Land the language seems radically one. The following is what Cook has in common with Dentrecasteaux (or La Billardière) and Allan Cunningham.

English.	Cook.	1803.	D. C.	A. C.
woman	quadne	cuani	quani
eye	evera	nubere	nubere	nammurruck.
nose	muidje	mugid	muigui	meoun.
ear	koidgi	cuengi-lia {	cuegnilia	}gounreek.
			vaigui
			ouagui

Lhotsky’s Vocabulary stands more alone. With the Vocabulary of 1803 and Dentrecasteaux’s Vocabulary, it has but three (or two) coincidences:—tongue, mina Lh.; mene, Voc. of 1803: water, lugana, Lh.; lia, Voc. 1803: drink, lugana, Lh.; laina, Voc. 1803. With Allan Cunningham’s Vocabulary it has fourteen words in common and three coincident:—nose, minerana, Lh.; meoun, A. C.: tongue, mina, Lh.; mim, A. C.: fire, lope, Lh.; lope. A. C.. Brown and Cunningham coincide a little more than Cunningham and Lhotsky. It is perhaps safe to say, that for the South of Van Diemen’s Land the language, as represented by its vocabularies, is radically one.

Van Diemen’s Land, North.—In Lhotsky’s Vocabulary seven words are marked W, four E, and one S, as being peculiar to the western, eastern and southern parts of the island. One of the four words marked E is found in the Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, being the only word common to the two, e. g. wood, mumanara, E.; moumra, Port Dalrymple. The coincidence of the North and South is as follows:—

English.	Port Dalrymple.	Lhotsky.
ear	tiberatie	pitserata.
eye	elpina	lepina.
leg	langna	langana, foot.
hawk	gan henen henen	ingenana.
posteriors	wabrede	wabrede.
man	lusuina	looudouenne.
night	livore	levira.
sea	legana	lugana, fresh water.
tooth	iane	yana.

English.	Port Dalrymple.	Brown & D. C.
belly	magueleni	lomongui.
bird	iola	oille.
kangaroo	taramei	tara.
lips	mona	mogudilia.
nose	medouer	mugid.
stone	lenn parene	loine.
tooth	iane	canan.
arms	regoula	rilia.

About thirty-five words are common to Lhotsky and the Vocabularies of Brown and Dentrecasteaux. From the foregoing observations we may conclude that for the whole of Van Diemen’s Land (as far as represented by the Vocabularies) the language is radically one.

Such are the groups as spread over limited areas and confined within natural boundaries. The affinity of speech between different islands is another question.

Preliminary to this we must eliminate the Malay from the Negrito. The full knowledge that this has been done imperfectly invalidates all that we have arrived at; so that, once for all, it may be stated, that what is asserted respecting the amount of words common to two localities is asserted subject to the condition of their being true Negrito and not Malay.

Andaman and Samang.—Few words in common; one coincident, and that borrowed in all probability from a third language.

New Guinea and Waigioo. By Waigioo is meant the Waigioo of Arago, and the Undetermined Vocabulary of Dentrecasteaux. They have about forty words in common, and the following are coincident:—

English.	Waigioo?	New Guinea?
hand	cocani, D.	konef.
belly	sgnani, A.	sneouar.
cheek	ganga foni, A.	gaiafoe.
breast	mansou, A.	soussou.
eyes	tagueni, D.	tadeni.
eyelids	inekarnei, A.	karneou.
foot	courgnai, A.	oekourae, heel.
fire	clap, A.	ap, afor.
hair	senoumebouran, A.	sonebrahene.
knee	capugi, A.	one-pouer.
rain	mei, D.	meker.
sand	saine, D.	iene, Malay.
nose {	sauny, D.	} soidon, mouth.
	soun, A.
stuff (made of bark of tree),	male, D.	maran, Malay.

New Guinea and New Ireland.—Forest and Dalrymple:—fish, een, F.; hissou, D. Mal.: fire, for, F.; eeff, D. Mal.: sand, yean, F., coon, D.: sun, ras, F.; nass, D: star, mak, F.; maemetia, D. Dalrymple and Utanata.—Upwards of twenty-five words in common:—Earth, taar, D.; tiri Mal.; Ut.: eat, nam nam, D.; nemuka, Ut.: tongue, hermangh, D.; mare, Ut. Dalrymple and Lobo.—About thirty words in common:—arms, pongliman, D.; nimango, Ut., Mal: belly, balang, D.; kanborongo, Ut.: tongue, hermangh, D.; kariongo, Ut.

Port Praslin and Carteret Bay (taken together), and Utanata and Lobo (taken together).—For the sake of comparison, the whole of the words that the two (or four) Vocabularies have in common are exhibited, and by their side the equivalents in Latin and in Greek.

English.	Utan. Lob.	P. P. and C. B.	Latin.	Greek.
arm	nimango	limak	brachium	ὠλἐνη.
back			tergum	νῶτον.
belly	kan-borongo	bala	venter	γαστήρ.
beard			barba	πώγον.
bud	manok	mani	avis	ὃρνις.
breast			pectus	στῆθος.
black	ikoko	guiam	niger	μέλας.
cough	wouru	lou-koro	tussis	βήξ.
dog	wure	poul	canis	κύων.
dance			salio	χορεύομαι.
eyes	matatongo	mata	oculus	ὃφθαλμος.
— brows	wura	pouli matandi	supercilium	ὀφρύς.
ear			auris	ὀῦς.
eat			edo	ἐσθίω.
fish			piscis	ἰχθύς.
foot	kaingo	balan keke	pes	πούς.
finger	nimango sori	lima	digitus	δάκτυλος.
fire			ignis	πῦρ.
great			magnus	μέγας.
hair			crinis	θριξ.
hand			manus	χεῖρ.
hog	booi	bouri	porcus	χοῖρος.
head	oepauw	pouklouk	caput	κεφάλη.
knee	kairigo-woko {	tangoulou	} genu	γόνυ.
		kekendi
		pougaigi
mouth			os	στόμα.
moon			luna	σελήνη.
neck			collum	τράχηλος.
nose			nasus	ρίς.
no			non	οὐ.
red	napetiaro	tara	ruber	ἐρυθρός.
run			curro	τρέχω.
sugar-cane
tongue	kariongo	kermea	lingua	γλῶσσα.
thigh			femur	μηρός.
teeth			dens	ὀδόυς.
water {	malar	} moloum	aqua	ὕδωρ.
	waran
yes	oro	io	imo	ναιχί.

With thirty-seven words in common, the two Negrito languages have seventeen coincident; with thirty-seven words in common; the two classical languages have nine coincident. The evidence, therefore, of the affinity of the Papua and New Ireland is stronger than of the Latin and Greek, as determined from identical data.

New Ireland and Manicolo.—The Port-Praslin and Carteret Bay Vocabularies being dealt with as one for New Ireland, and the three dialects being treated as one for Manicolo, we have, out of twenty-eight words in common, the following coinciding:—yes, io, P. P.; io, C. B.; io, Manic.: eye, mata, P. P.; matak, C. B.; mala, maleo, mataeo, Man., Mal.: banana, ounn C. B.; pounha, ounra, ounro, Man., Mal.: canoe, kouan, C. B.; naoure, goia, koure, Manic, Mal.: tooth, ninissai, P. P.; insik, C. B.; indje, Tanean: testes, puen, P. P.; boua bouinini, boua ini, Man.: beard, kam-bissek, C. B. (incam besser, Dalr.); oungoumie, vingoumie, Man., Mal.: breast, boroick, C. B.; berenhenham, Man.; ear, palalignai, P. P.; pralen, C. B.; manbalenhi, Manic.; hair, nihouge, D.; anaoko, Man.

Manicolo and Mallicollo.—Eighteen words in common, the following coincident:—Bread-fruit, baloe, Man.; barabe, Mall.: cocoa-nut, venoure, Man.; naroo, Mall.: eye, mataeo, Man.; maitang, Mall., Mal.: ear, tagnaini, Man.: talingan, Mall., Mal.: bird, menouka, Man.; moero, Mall., Mal.: head, batcha, Man.; basaine, Mall.: hog, boi boi, Man.; brrooas, Mall., Mal.: no, tae, Man.; taep, Mall.: water, ouine, Man.; ergour, Mall.: drink, kanou, nanou, Man.; nooae, Mall.

Mallicollo and Tanna.—Sixteen words in common:—cocoa-nuts, naroo, Mall.; nabooy, Tann.: drink, noaee, Mall.; nooee, Tann., Mal.: eye, maitang, Mall.; manee maiuk, Tann., Mal.: ears, talingan, Mall.; feeneenguk, Tann., Mal.: bird, möeroo, Mall.; manoo, Tann., Mal.: hog, brrooas, Mall.; boogas, Tann., Mal.: navel, nemprtong, Mall.; napeerainguk, Tann.: teeth, reebohn, warrewuk, Mall.; raibuk, Tann.; water, ergour, Mall.; namawarain, Tann.: woman, rabin, Mall.; naibraan, Tann., Mal.

Tanna and Mallicollo (taken together) and New Caledonia.—Neither with Mallicollo or Tanna alone, nor with Mallicollo and Tanna taken together, as compared with New Caledonia, do we find more words coincident than the following:—Cocoa-nut, naroo, M.; nabooy, T.; neeoo, N. Cal., Mal.: drink, noaee, M.; nooee, T.; oondoo, N. Cal.: head, noogwanaium, T.; garmoin (Cook), vangue, (L. B.), N. Cal.: yams, oofe, Tann.; oobe, N. Cal., Mal.: yes, eeo, Tann.; elo, N. Cal.: no, taep, Mall.; nda, N. Cal.

Next in order comes the comparison between the Vocabularies of Van Diemen’s Land and South Australia.

Port Dalrymple and King Georges Sound (Nind and Astrol.):—Wound, barana, P. D.; bareuk, N.: wood, moumbra, P. D.; pourn, N.: hair, kide, P. D.; kaat, N.: thigh, degagla, P. D.; tawal, N.: kangaroo, taramei, P. D.; taamour, N.: lips, mona, P. D.; mele, K. G. S.: no, poutie, P. D.; poualt, poort, K. G. S.: egg, komeka, P. D.; kierkee, K. G. S.: bone, pnale, P. D.; nouil, K. G. S. (bone of bird used to suck up water) N.: skin, kidna, P. D.; kiao? K. G. S.: two kateboueve, P. D.; kadjen, K. G. S. (N.). Fifty-six words in common.

Port Dalrymple and Gulf St. Vincent.—Mouth, mona, P. D.; tamonde, G. S. V. (a compound word, since taa is mouth, in K. G. S.): drink, kible, P. D.; kawe, G. S. V.: arm, anme, P. D.; aondo (also shoulder), G. S. V.: hawk, gan henen henen, P. D.; nanno, G. S. V.: hunger, tigate, P. D.; takiou, G. S. V.: head, eloura: P. D.; ioullo, G. S. V.: nose, medouer20, P. D., modla, G. S. V.: bird, iola, pallo, G. S. V.: stone, lenn parenne, P. D.; poure? G. S. V.: foot, dogna, P. D.; tenna, G. S. V.: sun, tegoura21, P. D.; tendo, G. S. V. Seventy words in common.

Port Dalrymple and Jervis’s Bay.—Wound, barana, P. D.; karanra, J. B.: tooth, iane, P. D.; ira, J. B.: skin, kidna, P. D.; bagano, J. B.: foot, dogna, P. D.; tona22, J. B.: head, eloura, P. D.; hollo, J. B. Fifty-four words in common. What follows is a notice of some miscellaneous coincidences between the Van Diemen’s Land and the Australian.

English.	Van Diemen’s Land.	Australia.
ears	cuengilia, 1803	gundugeli, Men. D.
thigh	tula, Lh.	dara, Men. D.
stone {	pure, Adel.	} lenn parene, P. D.
	voye, K. G. S.
breast	pinenana, Lh.	voyene, Men. D.
skin	kidna, P. D.	makundo, Teichelman.
day	megra, Lh.	nangeri, Men. D.
run	mella, Lh.	monri, Men. D.
feet	perre, D. C.	birre23.
little	bodenevoued, P. D.	baddoeen, Grey.
lip	mona, P. D.	tameno (upper lip), ditto.
egg	komeka, P. D.	muka, egg, anything round, Teichel.
tree	moumra, P. D.	worra (forest), Teichel.
mouth	} kamy, Cook.	} kame {	speak.	} J. B.
tongue			mouth.
tooth	} kane, P. D.		cry.
speak
leg	darra, P. J.	lerai.
knee	gorook, ditto.	ronga, D. C.
moon	tegoura, P. D.	kakirra, Teichelman.
nose	medouer, P. D. {	mudla, ditto.
		moolya, Grey.
hawk	gan henen henen, P. D.	gargyre, ditto.
hunger	tegate, P. D.	taityo, Teichelman.
laugh	pigne, P. D.	mengk, Grey.
moon	vena, 1835.	yennadah, P. J.
day	megra, 1835.	karmarroo, ditto.
fire	une, 1803.	yong, ditto.
dew	manghelena, rain	menniemoolong.
water	boue lakade {	neylucka, Murray, P. D.
		bado, ditto.
		lucka, Carpentarian.

Such is the similarity amongst the Negrito languages, as taken in their geographical sequence, and as divided into three groups. Between the Andaman and Samang there is no visible similarity or coincidence. From New Guinea to New Caledonia there is a series of coincidences; and there is also similarity between the Australian and Van Diemen’s Land. But it is far from following that, because languages will form groups when taken in geographical succession, they will also form groups when the sequence or succession shall be interrupted. Tested by another method there is an affinity as follows:

English.	Manicolo.	New Guinea.
arms	me, menini, maini	nimango, L., Mal.
belly	tchan-hane, tchaene {	kanborongo, L.
		sgnani, W.
bow	ore	amure, Ut.
drink	canou {	makinu, L.	} Mal.
		quinenne, A.
eye	mala, mateo	mame, U.; matatongo, U., Mal.
sun	ouioia	jauw, U.
tongue	mia, mimeaeo	mare, Ut.
woman	venime, vignivi {	mawina. L.	} Mal.
		viene, A.
yes	io	aroa, U., oro, L.
ear	tagnaini, ragnengo {	kanik, kananie, A.	} Mal.
		tantougni, W.
fish	ane, gniene	iene, A., Mal.
nose	n-hele	nony, A.
water	ouire {	ouara, A., Mal.
		war, F.
teeth	ongne	oualini, analini, W.
shoulders	outalen-buien-hane	poupouni, Waig.

English.	New Caledonia.	New Ireland.
ant	kinki	akan, P. P.
tooth	inouan	insik, C. B., Mal.
birth	manou	mane, C. B., Mal.
cheeks	poangue	paring, D.
eyebrows	poutchie-banghie	pouli-matandi, P. P.
fire	afi, hiepp	bia.
foot	bakatiengue {	kekeign, D.
		balankeke, C. P.
knees	bangueligha	pougaigi, P. P.
tongue	coubmeigha, coumean	kermea.
moon	ndan	kalan, P. P.
walk	ouanem	inan.
rain	oda	ous, D., Mal.
nose	mandee	mboussou, P. P.
sleep	kingo	heim, D.
black	ganne	guiam.
sun	niangat	naas, D.
navel	padan-bourigne, pamboran	pouta, P. P., Mal.
sea	dene	dan (water), D., Mal.
weep	ngot	ignek, C. B.

English.	New Caledonia.	Manicolo.
back	donnha	dienhane diene.
ear	guening	ragnengo.
good	kapareick	kapai.
head	bangue	batcha.
moon	manoc	mele.
no	nda	taie.
testes {	quienbeigha	bona.
	yabingue	bouenini.
water	oe	ouire, Mal.

English.	New Caledonia, D. C.	Waigioo, D. C., &c.
ear	guening	guenani.
fish	ica	icanne, Mal.
teeth	inouan	analiné, Undetermined, D. C.

---

Notwithstanding doubtful words certain, it seems that there is evidence of the most unlike of the languages between Waigioo and New Caledonia (inclusive) being not more unlike than the most dissimilar of the Indo-European tongues. That this statement may be enlarged seems probable by the following parallels:—

feet {	perre,	V. D. L.	} petiran, C. B.
	perelia (nails),	do.
beard	kongine,	V. D. L. {	gangapouni, Waig.
			yenga, Mal.
bird	mouta,	V. D. L.	manouk, Mal.
chin	kamnena,	V. D. L.	gambape, Waig.
eye	meul,	Austr	matta, Pap. and Mal.
tooth {	canan	} V. D. L. {	gani, mouth, Waig., D.
	iane		insik, teeth, P. P., Mal.
	yane
forehead	caberra,	Port Jackson	kabrani, Waig.
sand	gune,	V. D. L.	coon, yean.
wood	} gui,	V. D. L.	kaibus, Pap. and Mal.
tree
hair {	yoka	} Australia	nihouge, New Ir.
	rouka
sun	jinji	} Australia	niangat, N. C.
star	tchindai
ear	koyge,	V. D. L.	gaaineng, N. C.

English.	Van Diemen’s Land, D. C. L. B.	New Caledonia, D.C., L.B.
mouth	mougui	wangue and mouanguia.
arm	houana, gouna	pingue.
shoulders {	bagny	} bouheigha.
	baguy
fire	nuba	afi, hiepp, nap, Mal.
knees {	rangalia	} banguiligha.
	rouga
dead	mata	mackie.
no	neudi	nola.
ears	cuegni-lia	guening.
nails	pereloigni	pihingui.
hair	pelilogueni	bouling, poun ingue.
teeth	pegui {	penoungha.
		paou wangue.
fingers	beguia	badouheigha.
nose	mongui	mandec, vanding.
sleep	makunya	kingo.

English.	Andaman.	Miscellaneous.
ear	quaka {	cuengi,	V. D. L.
		gueening,	N. C.
hand	gonie	gong,	Aust., or V. D. L.
mouth	morna	mona,	V. D. L.
nose	mellee {	mudla	} V. D. L.
		medouer
sun	ahay	jauw,	Utan.
thighs	poye	pengue paan,	N. C.
wood	kiante	tanghee,	N. C.

The author concluded his paper with the following observations:—

1. For all that is known to the contrary, the Negrito tongues of Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, the Moluccas, Formosa and several smaller islands of whose languages we have no specimens; may be in any relation whatever to any other language, and to each other.

2. The Andamanee and Samang may be in any relation to any other Negrito tongue, or to each other, beyond that of mere dialect.

3. The languages hitherto known of New Guinea, New Ireland, the Solomon’s Isles, New Caledonia, Tanna, and Mallicollo, are related to each other, at least as the most different languages of the Indo-European tribe are related.

4. The known languages of Australian are related to each other, at least in the same degree.

5. The Van Diemen’s Land and Australian are similarly related.

6. Classified in divisions equally general with the Indo-European, the Negrito dialects (as far as they are known by their vocabularies) cannot fall into more than four, and may possibly be reducible to one; the data being up to a certain point sufficient to determine radical affinities, but nowhere sufficient to determine radical differences.

7. The ethnographical division, according to physical conformation, coincides with the ethnographical division according to language, only so far as the former avoids the details of classification. With the minute subdivisions of the French naturalists the latter coincides least.

8. The distinction between the Negritos and the Malays seems less broad when determined by the test of language, than it does when measured by physical conformation.

9. The notion of the hybridism of the Papuas, arising from the view of their physical conformation, is in a degree confirmed by the nature of their language; although even the physical evidence is not absolute, i. e. on a par with that respecting the hybridism of the Griquas and Confusos.

10. With two24 (if not more) Negrito tribes, whereof the evidence of language is wholly wanting, physiological differences indicate a probability of difference of language, equal to the difference between any two Negrito languages of which we have specimens.

11. Even in the physiological classifications we are far from being sure that the whole number of Negrito tribes has been described.

Note A

English.	Ombay.	New Zealand.	Malay.	Ticopia.	Timor.	Savoo.
	Arago.	Astrolabe.	Astrolabe.	Astrolabe.	Raffles.	Parkinson.
nose	imouni	hihiou	idong	issou	enur	swanga.
eyes	inirko	kanohi	mata	mata	mata	madda.
head	imocila	kadou, oupoko	kapala	ordou	ulu	katow.
mouth	ibirka	mangai	moulout	nhoutou	——	lara voulou.
teeth	vessi	niho	guiguit	nifo	nehan	——
chin	irakata	kouai	djengot	kaoue	——	pagave.
hair	inibatalaga	oudou	rambout	raoulou	——	row.
ear	iverlaka	taringa	kouping	tarinha	——	coodelou.
neck	tameni	?kaki	tengkok	teoua	——	lacoco.
breast	tercod	ouma	dada	ou	——	——
belly	25tekapana	kopore	prout	mimi, laha	kabon	duloo.
posteriors	tissoukou	——	——	——	——	voorai.
pudendum	glessi	——	——	——	——	——
bosom	ami	ou	pankou	fata fata	——	sousou.
shoulders	iklessine	poko iwi	bahou	touaga oupoko ——	kooloogoono.
arm	ibarana	——	——	——	——	——
hand	ouine	dinga	tanghan	rima	——	wulaba.
finger	tetenkilei	——	——	——	——	——
thumb	setenkoubassi	koro-matoua	djempol	maikao	——	——
thigh	itêna	owha	paha	faci	——	tooga.
leg	irnka	wae wae	vetis	vae	——	aen-vaibo.
knee	icieibouka	touri	loukout	poko touri	——	routou.
foot	makalata	——	kaki	vai	——	dureala.
tail	imbilitaka	ikou	bountot	——	——	——
bow	mossa	——	——	ten hassaou	——	——
arrow	dota	——	pana	fana	——	——
knife	pisso	koti koti	pissau	koffe	——	bussee, iron.

Note B

arm	kapiani, A.; capiani, D.
buttock	seni and senidokaouri, A.; tiaugapoui, D.
belly	sgnani, A.; iani, D.
back	kouaneteni, A.; cateni, D.
chin	gambapi, A.; capapi, D.
dugs	mansou, A.; sou (bosom), D.
eyes	jadjiemouri, A.; taguini, D.
fingers	cantoulili, D.
— fore	konkant-ili, A.
— middle	kouanti-poulo, A.
— ring	kouanti-ripali, A.
— little	kouanti-lminki, A.
foot	kourgnai, A.; caloani, D.
hair	sénoumébouran, A.; pia, D.
hand	konk afaleni, A.; cocani, D.
heel	konk abiouli, A.
knee	konk-apoki, A.; capougui, D.
leg	konkanfai, A.; anga fuini, D.
nose	soun, A.; sauny, D.
nails	cambrene, A.; cabrene, D.
teeth	oualini, A.; analini, D.
toe, great	kouanti-hel, A.
—, second and fourth	kouanti-bipali, A.
—, third	kouanti-poulo, A.
—, little	kouanti-lminki, A.
thigh	affoloni, A.; enfoloni, or anfoloni, D.

Addenda and Corrigenda (1859)

Andaman—The Andaman Language is monosyllabic, and allied to the Burmese of the opposite continent.

Nicoaar &c.—The statement that there are Blacks in the Nicobar Islands is inaccurate. The tribes further from the coast are the rudest. In the Nicobar vocabulary of the Voyage of the Galathea (Steen Bille—Galathea’s Reise omkring Jorden), the language most especially represented is that of the island Terressa; the words from Nancovry being marked N, and those from Cariecobar C. N. No difference, beyond that of dialect, is recognized as existing between them. At the same time it is, by no means, certain, that every form of speech belonging to the Archipelago is known to us.

Samang &c.—The statement that these are the Orang Udai is inaccurate. For further notice of the Samang see Newbold’s Indian Archipelago; a work not known to me when my paper was written. The ethnology of the Orang Benua is fully illustrated in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago. They are all Malay.

Sumatra.—This island gives us certain tribes ruder than others—not blacker; at any rate no Negritos.

The same applies to Borneo; where there is plenty of barbarism but nothing Negrito.

The same to the Sulu Archipelago.

The Manillas.—Specimens of four of the so-called Negrito languages are to be found in Steen Bille’s Voyage of the Galathea (Vol. III.); headed, (1) Umiray, (2) St. Miguel; (3) St. Matheo and (4) Dumagat. They evidently belong to the same group as the Tagal.

Formosa and Loocho.—The criticism that applies to Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago applies here.

For Timor, Ombay &c. see the next paper.

The language of the Arru islanders is not mentioned; indeed in 1843 no specimens of their language had been published. Since, however, a good account of them has been given by Windsor Earl. Their language contains much in common with the languages of the islands to the west of them, whilst in physical appearance they approach the Papuans. They present, in short, transitional characters—Journal of Indian Archipelago, and The Papua Races.

New Britain &c.—For Louisiade forms of speech see the next paper but one; for those of New Caledonia &c. see the fourth.

The Fijis.—The language of the Fijis is Polynesian.

Cocos Island.—The vocabulary of the island so-named seems to me to be that of Ticopia; and, as such, anything but Negrito.

In Braim’s Australia we find specimens of five Tasmanian forms of speech. The additions to the philology of Australia since 1843 are too numerous to find place in a notice like the present. The fundamental unity of all the languages of that continent is, now, generally recognized.

Of the Micronesian Islanders (natives of the Marianne and Caroline Archipelagos) some tribes are darker than others. They chiefly occupy the coral, as opposed to the volcanic, formations. The same is the case with the supposed Negritos of Polynesia.