Opuscula

Miscellaneous Contributions to the Ethnography of North America

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BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

JANUARY 24, 1845.

The present state of American Ethnography is the excuse for the miscellaneous character of the following notices. What remains just now to be done consists chiefly in the addition of details to an outline already made out. Such communications, however, are mainly intended to serve as isolated points of evidence towards the two following statements:—

1. That no American language has an isolated position when compared with the other tongues en masse, rather than with the languages of any particular class.

2. That the affinity between the languages of the New World, as determined by their vocabularies, is not less real than that inferred from the analogies of their grammatical structure.

Modifications of the current doctrines, as to the value of certain philological groups and classifications, are involved in the positions given above.

The Sitca and Kenay Languages.—That these languages are Esquimaux may be seen by reference to the comparative vocabularies in Lisiansky’s Voyages and Baer’s Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten, &c.

The Ugalyachmutsi.—In the work last quoted this language is shown to be akin to the Kenay. It is termed Ugalenz, and is spoken in Russian America, near Mount St. Elias. It has hitherto been too much disconnected from the Esquimaux group.

The Chipewyan and Nagail.—That these were Esquimaux was stated by the author in the Ethnological subsection of the British Association at York. The Taculli is also Esquimaux. The Sussee, in the present state of our knowledge, is best left without any absolute place. It has several miscellaneous affinities.

The bearing of these notices is to merge the groups called Athabascan and Kolooch in the Esquimaux.

It has been communicated to the Ethnological Society, that a majority of the languages of Oregon and New Caledonia are akin to each other and to the Esquimaux; a statement applying to about forty-five vocabularies, amongst which are the three following, hitherto considered as isolated:—

1. The Friendly Village vocabulary of Mackenzie. See Travels.—This is a dialect of the Billechoola.

2. The Atna of Mackenzie.—This is a dialect of the Noosdalum.

3. The Salish of Duponceau. See Archæologia Americana.—This is the Okanagan of Mr Tolmie. See Journal of Geographical Society.

The Ahnenin.—In this language, as well as in two others hereafter to be noticed (the Blackfoot and Crow), I have had, through the courtesy of Dr. Prichard, an opportunity of using valuable vocabularies of Gallatin’s, collected by Mr Mackenzie, an agent for the American fur-company on the Yellow-stone river; by whom also were drawn up the shorter vocabularies, in Mr. Catlin’s work on the American Indians, of the Mandan, Riccaree and other languages. The table also of the Natchez language is chiefly drawn from the comparative catalogues of Mr. Gallatin. That the MS. vocabulary of the Ahnenin represents the language of the Fall Indians of Umfreville, and one different from that of the true Minetares (with which it has been confounded), may be seen from the following comparison.

English.	Fall-Indian of Umfreville.	Ahnenin.	Minetare.
eye	nunnecsoon	araythya	ishtah.
knife	warth	wahata	matzee.
pipe	pechouon	einpssah	eekeepee.
tobacco	cheesouon	kitchtawan	owpai.
dog	hudther	ahttah	matshuga.
fire	usitter	——	beerais.
bow	bart	——	beerahhah.
arrow	utcee	——	eetan.
one	karci	——	lemoisso.
two	neece	nethiyau	noopah.
three	narce	——	namee.
four	nean	yahnayau	topah.
five	yautune	——	cheehoh.
six	neteartuce	——	acamai.
seven	nesartuce	——	chappo.
eight	narswartuce	——	nopuppee.
nine	anharbetwartuce	——	nowassappai.
ten	mettartuce	netassa	peeraga.

The Ahnenin language, without being at present referable to any recognized group, has numerous miscellaneous affinities.

English	God.
Ahnenin	esis—sun.
Sheshatapoosh	shayshoursh.
Passamaquoddy	saisos.
English	hair.
Ahnenin	betamnita.
Caddo	baat.
Taculli	pitsa—head.
Uche	pseotan—head.
English	ear.
Ahnenin	etah.
Esquimaux	heutinga.
——	tsheeutik.
——	shudik.
Knistenaux	otowegu.
Ojibbeway	ottowug.
Micmac	hadowugan.
Massachusetts	wehtoughh.
Narragansets	wuttowwog.
Delaware	wittauk.
Miami	tawakeh.
Shawnoe	towakah.
Omohaw	neetah.
Osage	naughta.
Quappa	nottah.
English	nose.
Ahnenin	husi.
Old Algonkin	yash.
Massachusetts	wutch.
English	mouth.
Ahnenin	ockya.
Osage	ehaugh.
Natchez	heche.
English	fingers.
Ahnenin	naha.
Onondagos	eniage.
English	blood.
Ahnenin	barts.
Caddo	baaho.
English	hand.
Ahnenin	ikickan.
Pawnee	iksheeree.
Muskoge	innkke.
Catawba	eeksapeeah.
Mohawk	oochsoochta.
English.	leg.
Ahnenin	nunaha.
Sack and Fox	nenanah.
Caddo	danuna—foot.
English	man.
Ahnenin	neehato—white man
——	watamahat—black? man
Tuscarora	aineehau.
Nottoway	eniha.
Seneca	ungouh.
Wyandot	aingahon.
Mohawk	oonguich.
Dacota	weetschahskta.
English	girl.
Ahnenin	wahtah.
Dacota	weetsheeahnah.
Yancton	weetchinchano.
Yancton	weetachnong—daughter.
Osage	wetongah—sister.
English	wife.
Ahnenin	etha.
Kenay	ssióo.
English	water.
Ahnenin	nitsa.
Quappa	nih.
Uche	tsach.
English	sun.
Ahnenin	esis.
Algonkin	kesis.
Choctaw	hashe.
Ohikkasaw	husha.
Muskoge	hahsie.
English	rock.
Ahnenin	hannike.
Winebago	eenee.
Dacota	eeang.
Yancton	eeyong.
Mohawk	oonoyah.
Onondago	onaja.
English	wood.
Ahnenin	bess.
Passamaquoddy	apass—tree.
Abenaki	abassi—tree.
English	bear.
Ahnenin	wussa.
Quappa	wassah.
Osage	wasauba.
Omahaw	wassabai.
English	dog.
Ahnenin	ahttah.
——	hudther.
Sheshatapoosh	attung.
Abenaki	attie.
Tuscarora	tcheer.
Nottoway	cheer.
English	elk.
Ahnenin	wussea.
Miami	musuoh—deer.
Illinois	mousoah—deer.
English	bad.
Ahnenin	wahnatta.
Mohawk	wahpateku.
Onondagos	wahethe.
Oneida	wahetka.
English	good.
Ahnenin	etah.
Caddo	hahut—handsome.
English	me, mine.
Ahnenin	nistow.
Blackfoot	niste—I.
English	you.
Ahnenin	ahnan.
Kenay	nan.
English	to-day.
Ahnenin	wananaki.
Mohawk	kuhhwanteh.
Onondagos	neucke.
English	to-morrow.
Ahnenin	nacah.
Tchuktchi	unako.
——	unniok.
Choctaw	onaha.
English	many.
Ahnenin	ukaka.
Mohawk	awquayakoo.
Seneca	kawkuago.
English	drink.
Ahnenin	nahbin.
Osage	nebnatoh.
English	sleep.
Ahnenin	nuckcoots.
Abenaki	nekasi.
Mohawk	yihkootos.
Onondagos	agotawi.
Seneca	wanuhgoteh.
English	two.
Ahnenin	neece.
Passamaquoddy	nes.
Abenaki	niss.
Massachusetts	neese.
Narragansets	neesse.
Mohican	neesoh.
Montaug	nees.
——	neeze.
Adaize	nass.
English	three.
Ahnenin	narce.
Abenaki	nash.
Narragansets	nish.
English	four.
Ahnenin	nean.
——	yahnayau.
Ojibbeway	newin.
Ottawa	niwin.
Knistenaux	nayo.
Old Algonkin	neyoo.
Sheshatapoosh	naou.
Massachusetts	yaw.
Narragansets	yoh.
English	six.
Ahnenin	nekitukujan.
Knistenaux	negotoahsik.
Ojibbeway	gotoasso.
——	nigouta waswois.
Ottawa	ningotowaswi.
Abenaki	negudaus.
Montaug	nacuttah.

The Blackfoot.—Of this language we have three vocabularies; a short one by Umfreville, a short one in Mr. Catlin’s work, and the longer and more important one in Mr. Gallatin’s manuscripts. The three vocabularies represent the same language. Its affinities are miscellaneous; more however with the Algonkin tongues than with those of the other recognized groups.

English	woman.
Blackfoot	ahkeya.
Old Algonkin	ickweh.
Ottawa	uque.
Delaware	okhqueh.
——	khqeu.
Nanticoke	acquahique.
Illinois	ickoe.
Shawnoe	equiwa.
Sauki	kwoyikih.
Cherokee	ageyung.
Woccoon	yecauau.
English	boy.
Blackfoot	sacoomahpa.
Upsaroka	skakkatte.
English.	girl.
Blackfoot	ahkaquoin.
Catawba	yahwachahu.
English	child.
Blackfoot	pokah.
Upsaroka	bakkatte.
English	father.
Blackfoot	onwa.
Seneca	hanee.
English	husband.
Blackfoot	ohmah.
Esquimaux	oemah.
English	daughter.
Blackfoot	netan.
Knistenaux	netannis.
Ojibbeway	nindanis.
——	nedannis.
Ottawa	tanis.
Massachusetts	nutannis.
Narragansets	nittannis.
Illinois	tahana.
Sack and Fox	tanes.
Uche	teyunung.
English	brother.
Blackfoot	nausah.
Passamaquoddy	nesiwas.
Abenaki	nitsie.
English	head.
Blackfoot	otoquoin.
Old Algonkin	oostiquan.
Sheshatapoosh	stoukoan.
Ojibbeway	oostegwon.
Knistenaux	istegwen.
——	ustequoin.
English	nose.
Blackfoot	okissis.
Menomeni	oocheeush.
English	neck.
Blackfoot	ohkokin.
Miami	kwaikaneh.
Sack and Fox	nekwaikaneh.
English	hand.
Blackfoot	okittakis.
Esquimaux	iyuteeka.
——	tikkiek—fingers.
English	leg.
Blackfoot	ohcat.
Ojibbeway	okat.
Knistenaux	miskate.
Sheshatapoosh	neescatch.
Massachusetts	muhkout.
Menomeni	oakauut.
English	feet.
Blackfoot	oaksakah.
Wyandot	ochsheetau.
Mohawk	oochsheeta.
Onondago	ochsita.
Seneca	oochsheeta.
Oneyda	ochsheecht.
Nottoway	seeke—toes.
English	bone.
Blackfoot	ohkinnah.
Knistenaux	oskann.
Ojibbeway	okun.
Ottawa	okunnum.
Miami	kanih.
Massachusetts	uskon.
Narragansets	wuskan.
Shawnoe	ochcunne.
Sack and Fox	okaneh.
Menomeni	okunum.
English	kettle.
Blackfoot	eske.
Knistenaux	askick.
Ojibbeway	akkeek.
English	shoes.
Blackfoot	atsakin.
Mohawk	ohtaquah.
Seneca	auhtoyuawohya.
Nottoway	otawgwag.
English	bread.
Blackfoot	ksaquonats.
Mohican	tauquauh.
Shawnoe	taquanah.
English	spring.
Blackfoot	motoe.
Osage	paton.
English	summer.
Blackfoot	napoos.
Knistenaux	nepin.
Ojibbeway	neebin.
——	nipin.
Ottawa	nipin.
Sheshatapoosh	neepun.
Micmac	nipk.
Abenaki	nipéné.
Massachusetts	nepun.
Narragansets	neepun.
Mohican	nepoon.
Delaware	nipen.
Miami	nipeenueh.
Shawnoe	nepeneh.
Sack and Fox	neepenweh.
Menomeni	neeaypeenaywaywah.
English	hail.
Blackfoot	sahco.
Knistenaux	sasagun.
Ojibbeway	sasaigan.
Sheshatapoosh	shashaygan.
English	fire.
Blackfoot	esteu.
Mohican	stauw.
English	water.
Blackfoot	ohhkeah.
Chikkasaw	uckah.
Attacapa	ak.
English	ice.
Blackfoot	sacoocootah.
Esquimaux	sikkoo.
Tchuktchi	tshikuta.
English	earth.
Blackfoot	ksahcoom.
Knistenaux	askee.
Ojibbeway	ahkee.
Ottawa	aki.
Old Algonkin	ackey.
——	ackwin.
English	lake.
Blackfoot	omah sekame.
Knistenaux	sakiegun.
Ojibbeway	sahgiegun.
Shawnoe	mskaque.
English	island.
Blackfoot	mane.
Upsaroka	minne—water.
——	minneteekah—lake.
——	minnepeshu—island.
Knistenaux	ministick.
Ojibbeway	minnis.
Old Algonkin	minis.
Passamaquoddy	muniqu.
Abenaki	menahan.
Mohican	mnauhan.
Delaware	menokhtey.
——	menatey.
Miami	menahanweh.
Menomeni	meenayish.
English	rock, stone.
Blackfoot	ohcootoke.
Nottoway	ohhoutahk.
English	tree.
Blackfoot	masetis.
Ojibbeway	metik.
Old Algonkin	metiih.
Sheshatapoosh	mistookooah.
Massachusetts	mehtug.
English	grass.
Blackfoot	mahtooyaase.
Miami	metahkotuck.
Quappa	montih.
English	leaf.
Blackfoot	soyapoko.
Massachusetts	wunnepog.
Narragansets	wunnepog.
Mohican	wunnepok.
Miami	metshipakwa.
Sack and Fox	tatapacoan.
Menomeni	ahneepeeoakunah.
English	beaver.
Blackfoot	kakestake.
Esquimaux	keeyeeak.
English	wolf.
Blackfoot	mahcooya.
Esquimaux	amaok.
Knistenaux	myegun.
Ojibbeway	mieengun.
——	maygan.
Old Algonkin	mahingan.
Massachusetts	muckquoshin.
Narragansets	muckquashin.
Miami	muhkwaiauch.
English	bird.
Blackfoot	pakesa.
Massachusetts	psukses.
Narragansets	peasis.
English	egg.
Blackfoot	ohwas.
Taculli	ogaze.
Kenay	kquasa.
Cherokee	oowatse.
Salish	ooseh.
English	goose.
Blackfoot	emahkiya.
Menomeni	mckawk.
English	partridge.
Blackfoot	katokin.
Nanticoke	kitteawndipqua.
English	red.
Blackfoot	mohisenum.
Massachusetts	misqueh.
English	yellow.
Blackfoot	ohtahko.
Esquimaux	toongook.
——	tshongak.
Knistenaux	asawwow.
Ojibbeway	ozawa.
——	ojawa.
Old Algonkin	oozao.
Sack and Fox	ossawah.
Menomeni	oashahweeyah.
English	great.
Blackfoot	ohmohcoo.
Micmac	mechkilk.
Mohican	makauk.
English	small.
Blackfoot	enahcootse.
Upsaroka	ecat.
English	strong.
Blackfoot	miskappe.
Knistenaux	mascawa.
Ojibbeway	machecawa.
Old Algonkin	masshkawa.
Nanticoke	miskiu.
English	warm.
Blackfoot	kazetotzu.
Knistenaux	kichatai.
——	kisopayo.
Ojibbeway	kezhoyah.
Ottawa	keshautta.
Old Algonkin	akishattey.
Passamaquoddy	kesipetai.
Massachusetts	kussutan.
Narragansets	kssetauwou.
English	I.
Blackfoot	nisto.
Chipewyan	ne.
Knistenaux	nitha.
——	neya.
Ojibbeway	neen, nin.
Old Algonkin	nir.
Sheshatapoosh	neele.
Micmac	nil.
Illinois	nira.
Ahnenin	nistow.
English	thou.
Blackfoot	christo.
Knistenaux	kitha.
Ojibbeway	keen, kin.
Old Algonkin	kir.
Micmac	kil.
Illinois	kira.
English	this, that.
Blackfoot	kanakha.
Upsaroka	kinna.
Nanticoke	youkanna.
English	to-day.
Blackfoot	anookchusiquoix.
Knistenaux	anoutch.
Onondago	neuchke.
English	yesterday.
Blackfoot	mahtone.
Dacota	tanneehah.
English	drink.
Blackfoot	semate.
Upsaroka	smimmik.
English	speak.
Blackfoot	apooyatz.
Upsaroka	bidow.
English	sing.
Blackfoot	anihkit.
Knistenaux	necummoon.
Ojibbeway	nugamoo.
Sheshatapoosh	nekahmoo.
Illinois	nacamohok.
Menomeni	neekaumeenoon.
English	sleep.
Blackfoot	okat.
Mohawk	yihkootos.
Onondago	agotawi.
Seneca	wanuhgoteh.
English	kill.
Blackfoot	enikke.
Abenaki	nenirke.

The Blackfoot numerals, as given by Mackenzie and Umfreville, slightly differ. The termination in-um runs through the numerals of Fitz-Hugh Sound, an Oregon language.

English.	Blackfoot of Umfreville.	Blackfoot of Mackenzie.	Fitz-Hugh Sound.
one	tokescum	sa	nimscum.
two	nartokescum	nahtoka	malscum
three	nohokescum	nahhoka	utascum.
four	nesweum	nasowe	moozcum.
five	nesittwi	nesitto	thikaescum.
six	nay	nowwe	kitliscum.
seven	kitsic	akitsecum	atloopooscum.
eight	narnesweum	nahnissowe	malknaskum.
nine	picksee	pakeso	nanooskim.
ten	keepey	kepo	highio.

2. nekty, Tuscarora; tiknee, Seneca; teghia, Oneida; dekanee, Nottoway; tekini, Otto.

3. noghoh, Mohican; nakha, Delaware.

5. nthsysta, Mohawk; sattou, Quappa; satta, Osage, Omahaw; sata, Otto; sahtsha, Minetare.

7. tzauks, Kawitchen, Noosdalum.

10. kippio, Chimmesyan.

The Crow and Mandan Languages.—Of the important language of the Upsarokas or Crows the Archæologia Americana contains only thirty words. Of the Mandan we have, in the same work, nothing beyond the names of ten chiefs. In Gallatin’s classification these tribes are dealt with as subdivisions of the Minetare nation. Now the Minetare are of the Sioux or Dacota family.

Between the Mandan vocabulary of Mr. Catlin and the Crow vocabulary of Gallatin’s MSS. there are the following words in common. The affinity seems less close than it is generally stated to be: still the two languages appear to be Sioux. This latter point may be seen in the second table.

English.	Mandan.	Crow.
God	mahhopeneta	sakahbooatta.
sun	menakha	a’hhhiza.
moon	esto menakha	minnatatche.
stars	h’kaka	ekieu.
rain	h’kahoost	hannah.
snow	copcaze	makkoupah—hail.
river	passahah	ahesu.
day	hampah	maupah.
night	estogr	oche.
dark	hampaheriskah	chippusheka.
light	edayhush	thieshe.
woman	meha	meyakatte.
wife	moorse	moah.
child	sookhomaha	bakkatte.
girl	sookmeha	meyakatte.
boy	sooknumohk	shakkatte.
head	pan	marshaa.
legs	doka	buchoope.
eyes	estume	meishta.
mouth	ea	ea.
nose	pahoo	buppa.
face	estah	esa.
ears	nakoha	uppa.
hand	onka	buschie.
fingers	onkaha	buschie.
foot	shee	busche.
hair	hahhee	masbeah.
canoe	menanko	maheshe.
fish	poh	booah.
bear	mahto	duhpitsa.
wolf	haratta	chata.
dog	mones waroota	biska.
buffalo	ptemday	bisha.
elk	omepah	eitchericazzse.
deer	mahmanacoo	ohha.
beaver	warrappa	biruppe.
shoe	hoompah	hoompe.
bow	warraenoopah	bistuheeah.
arrow	mahha	ahnailz.
pipe	ehudka	ompsa.
tobacco	mannasha	hopa.
good	shushu	itsicka.
bad	k’hecush	kubbeek.
hot	dsasosh	ahre.
cold	shincehush	hootshere.
I	me	be.
thou	ne	de.
he	e	na.
we	noo	bero.
they	eonah	mihah.
1	mahhannah	amutcat.
2	nompah	noomcat.
3	namary	namenacat.
4	tohha	shopecat.
5	kakhoo	chihhocat.
6	kemah	ahcamacat.
7	koopah	sappoah.
8	tatucka	noompape.
9	mahpa	ahmuttappe.
10	perug	perakuk.

English	God.
Mandan	mahhoppeneta.
Winebago	mahahnah.
Minetare	manhopa.
Algonkin	marutoo.
English	sun.
Mandan	menahka.
Omahaw	meencajai.
Caddo	manoh—light.
English	star.
Mandan	h’kaka.
Quappa	mihcacheh.
Otto	peekahhai.
Omahaw	meecaai.
Minetare	eekah.
English	day.
Mandan	hampah eriskah.
Winebago	haunip.
——	haumpeehah.
Dacota	anipa.
Yancton	aungpa.
Osage	hompaye.
Otto	hangwai.
Omahaw	ombah.
Minetare	mahpaih.
English	woman.
Mandan	meha.
Yancton	weeah.
Omahaw	waoo.
Minetare	meeyai.
Ioway	mega.
English	child.
Mandan	sookhomaha.
Quappa	schehjinka.
Otto	cheechingai.
Omahaw	shingashinga.
English	head.
Mandan	pan.
Dacota	pah.
Yancton	pah.
Quappa	pahhih.
Omahaw	pah.
English	arms.
Mandan	arda.
Minetare	arrough.
Pawnee	heeeeru.
English	leg.
Mandan	doka.
Quappa	jaccah.
Osage	sagaugh.
English	eyes.
Mandan	estume.
Dacota	ishta.
Yancton	ishtah.
Quappa	inschta.
Otto &c.	ishta.
English	mouth.
Mandan	ea.
Sioux passim	ea.
English	nose.
Mandan	pahoo.
Sioux passim	pah.
English	face.
Mandan	estah.
Dacota	eetai.
Yancton	eetai.
Minetare	etah.
English	ears.
Mandan	nakoha.
Winebago	nahchahwahhah.
Yancton	nougkopa.
Osage	naughta.
English	hands.
Mandan	onka.
Nottoway	nunke.
Tuscarora	ohehneh.
Menomeni	oanah.
Miami	enahkee.
English	fingers.
Mandan	onkahah.
Onondago	eniage.
Wyandot	eyingia.
Tchuktchi	ainhanka.
English	foot.
Mandan	shee.
Sioux	sih.
Pawnee	ashoo.
Tuscarora	uhseh.
English	hair.
Mandan	pahhee.
Sioux	pahee.
English	fish.
Mandan	poh.
Minetare	boa.
Sioux	ho, hough.
English	beaver.
Mandan	warappah.
Minetare	meerapa.
Otto	rawaiy.
English	deer.
Mandan	mahmanaco.
Yancton	tamindoca.
English	house.
Mandan	ote.
Ioway	tshe.
English	bow.
Mandan	warraenoopah.
Minetare	beerahhah.
Tuscarora	awraw.
English	arrow.
Mandan	mahha.
Sioux	mong, ma.
English	shoe.
Mandan	hoompah.
Dacota	hanipa.
Quappa	honpeh.
Minetare	opah.
English	bad.
Mandan	k’hecush.
Dacota	sheecha.
English	cold.
Mandan	shineekush.
Winebago	seeneehee.
Sioux	snee.
English	no.
Mandan	megosh.
Tuscarora	gwush.
English	I.
Mandan	me.
Dacota	meeah.
Minetare	meeee.
Quappa	vieh.
Osage	veca.
English	thou.
Mandan	ne.
Winebago	ney.
Dacota	neeah.
Minetare	nehe.
English	he.
Mandan	e.
Dacota	eeah.
English	we.
Mandan	noo.
Winebago.	neehwahkiaweeno.
Onondago	ni.
Knistenaux	neou.
English	one.
Mandan	mahhannah.
Osage	minche.
Omahaw	meeachchee.
English	two.
Mandan	nompah.
Sioux	nompa, noopa.
Uche	nowah.
English	three.
Mandan	namary.
Minetare	namee.
English	four.
Mandan	tohha.
Sioux	topah, tuah.
English	five.
Mandan	kakhoo.
Minetare	cheehoh.
Muskoge	chahgkie.
English	six.
Mandan	kemah.
Minetare	acamai.
English	seven.
Mandan	koopah.
Minetare	chappo.
English	eight.
Mandan	tatucka.
Seneca	tikkeugh.
Mohawk	sohtayhhko.
English	ten.
Mandan	perug.
Minetare	peragas.

The Riccaree Language.—In Balbi and in the Mithridates, the Riccaree is stated to be a dialect of the Pawnee; but no words are given of it: hence the evidence is inconclusive. Again, the term Pawnee is equivocal. There are tribes called Pawnees on the river Platte, and tribes called Pawnees on the Red river of Texas. Of the last nation we have no vocabulary; they appear however to be different from the first, and are Pawnees falsely so called.

Of the Riccaree we have but one vocabulary (Catlin’s North American Indians, vol. ii.); it has the following words common with the true Pawnee list of Say in the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii.

English.	Pawnee.	Ricaree.
God	thouwahat	tewaroohteh.
devil	tsaheekshkakooraiwah	kakewaroohteh.
sun	shakoroo	shakoona.
fire	tateetoo	tekieeht.
moon	pa	wetah.
stars	opeereet	saca.
rain	tatsooroo	tassou.
snow	toosha	tahhau.
day	shakoorooeeshairet	shacona.
night	ceraishnaitee	eenahgt.
light	shusheegat	shakoonah.
dark	eeraishuaite	tekatistat.
hot	toueetstoo	towarist.
cold	taipeechee	teepse.
yes	nawa	neecoola.
no	kakee	kaka.
bear	koorooksh	keahya.
dog	ashakish	hohtch.
bow	teeragish	nache.
arrow	leekshoo	neeche.
hut	akkaroo	acare.
woman	tsapat	sapat.
boy	peeshkee	weenatch.
girl	tchoraksh	soonahtch.
child	peeron	pera.
head	pakshu	pahgh.
ears	atkaroo	tickokite.
eyes	keereekoo	cheereecoo.
hair	oshu	pahi.
hand	iksheeree	tehonare.
fingers	haspeet	parick.
foot	ashoo	ahgh.
canoe	lakohoroo	lahkeehoon.
river	kattoosh	sahonnee.
I	ta	nanto.
1	askoo	asco.
2	peetkoo	pitco.
3	touweet	towwit.
4	shkeetish	tcheetish.
5	sheeooksh	tcheetishoo.
6	sheekshabish	tcheetishpis.
7	peetkoosheeshabish	totchapis.
8	touweetshabish	tochapiswon.
9	looksheereewa	totchapisnahhenewon.
10	looksheeree	nahen.
20	petouoo	wetah.
30	luksheereewetouoo	sahwee.
100	sheekookshtaroo	shontan.

The special affinities of the Riccaree are not very decided. It is anything rather than an isolated language; and will, probably, be definitely placed when we obtain vocabularies of the Indian languages of Texas.

English	evil spirit.
Riccaree	kakewaroohteh.
Catawba	yahwerejeh.
English	sun.
Riccaree	shakoona.
Caddo	sako.
Salish	skokoleel.
Delaware	gishukh.
Mohican	kesogh.
Esquimaux	sukkenuk.
Tchuktchi	shekenak.
English	stars.
Riccaree	aca.
Caddo	tsokas.
English	night.
Riccaree	enaght.
Esquimaux	oonooak.
——	unjuk.
Massachusetts	nukon.
English	dark.
Riccaree	tekatistat.
Attacapa	tegg—night.
Natchez	toowa—night.
Mohawk	tewhgarlars.
Oneida	tetincalas.
English	snow.
Riccaree	tahhau.
Adaize	towat.
Natchez	kowa.
Uche	stahae.
English	fire.
Riccaree	tekieeht.
Onondagos	yotecka.
Ioway	tako.
Ugalenz	takgak.
Kenay	taze.
English	cold.
Riccaree	teepse.
Attacapa	tsamps.
English	bad.
Riccaree	kah.
Mandan	k’hecush.
Sioux	sheecha.
English	boy.
Riccaree	weenatch.
Nottoway	aqueianha.
Esquimaux	einyook.
Winebago	eeneek—son.
Oneida	yungh.
English	head, hair.
Riccaree	pahgh, pahi.
Sioux	pah, pan.
Massachusetts	puhkuk.
Choctaw	eebuk.
Chiccasaw	skoboch.
English	eye.
Riccaree	cheereeco.
Tuscarora	ookawreh.
Esquimaux	eerruka.
English	foot.
Riccaree	ahgh.
Choctaw	iya.
Chiccasaw	eaya.
English	arms.
Riccaree	arrai.
Mandan	arda.
Tuscarora	orungjai.
English	bear.
Riccaree	keahya.
Seneca	yucwy.
Tchuktchi	kainga.
English	shoes.
Riccaree	hooche.
Sioux	hongha.
English	arrow.
Riccaree	neeche.
Choctaw	oski noki.
Chiccasaw	nucka.
English	hut.
Riccaree	acane.
Mohawk	canuchsha.
Onondago	ganschsaje.
Oneida	kaunoughsau.
Tuscarora	yaukuhnugh.
English	canoe.
Riccaree	lahkeehoon.
Taculli	allachee.
Salish	‘tlea’yh.
English	yes.
Riccaree	neecoola.
Adaize	cola.
English	no.
Riccaree	kaka.
Chetimacha	kahie.
Algonkin	kah.
Kenay	kukol.
English	I.
Riccaree	nanto.
Algonkin	neen.
English	you.
Riccaree	kaghon.
Algonkin	keen.
English	one.
Riccaree	asco.
Wyandot	scat.
Mohawk	huskat.
Onondayo	skata.
Seneca	skaut.
English	two.
Riccaree	pitco.
Caddo	behit.
English	four.
Riccaree	tcheetish.
Attacapa	tsets.
English	thirty.
Riccaree	sahwee.
Cherokee	tsawaskaw.

The Creek and Choctaw Languages.—That the question as to the affinity between the Creek and the Choctaw languages is a question of classification rather than of fact, may be seen from the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 405; where it is shown that out of six hundred words, ninety-seven are common to the two languages.

The Caddo.—That this language has affinities with the Mohawk, Seneca, and the Iroquois tongues in general, and that it has words common to the Muskoge, the Catawba, the Pawnee, and the Cherokee languages may be seen from the tables of the Archæologia Americana. The illustrations however of these languages are to be drawn from a knowledge of the dialects of Texas and the Oregon districts, tracts of country whereon our information is preeminently insufficient.

The Natchez.—This language has the following miscellaneous affinities, insufficient to give it a place in any definite group, but sufficient to show that it is anything rather than an isolated language.

English	man.
Natchez	tomkuhpena.
Cochimi	tamma.
St. Xavier	tamma.
Loretto	tamma.
St. Borgia	tama.
Othomi	dame.
Shahaptan	hama.
English	woman.
Natchez	tamahl.
Huasteca	tomol.
English	girl.
Natchez	hohlenoo.
Noosdalum	islanie.
Squallyamish	islanie.
Kawitchen	islanie.
English	head.
Natchez	tomme apoo.
Dacota	pah.
Yancton	pah.
Quappa	pahih.
Omahaw	pah.
English	hair.
Natchez	etene.
Mixteca	dzini.
English	eye.
Natchez	oktool.
Mexican	ikhtelolotli.
English	nose.
Natchez	shamats.
Huasteca	zam.
English	mouth.
Natchez	heche.
Poconchi	chi.
Maya	chi.
English	tooth.
Natchez	int.
Calapooiah	tinti.
Mexican	tentli—lip.
Cora	tenita.
English	moon.
Natchez	kwasip.
St. Antonio	tatsoopai.
Kawitchen	quassin—stars.
Noosdalum	quassin—stars.
English	star.
Natchez	tookul.
St. Antonio	tatchhuanilh.
Cathlascou	tukycha napucha.
Caddo	tsokas.
English	river.
Natchez	wol.
Pima	vo—lake.
Cathlascou	emalh.
English	hill.
Natchez	kweyakoopsel.
St. Juan Capistrano	kahui.
Kliketat	keh.
Dacota	khyaykah.
Yancton	haiaca.
English	maize.
Natchez	hokko.
Adaize	ocasuck.
English	tree.
Natchez	tshoo.
Choctaw	itte.
Chikkasaw	itta.
Muskoge	ittah.
English	flesh.
Natchez	wintse.
Algonkin	wioss.
English	deer.
Natchez	tza.
Winebago	tcha.
Quappa	tah.
Muskoge	itzo.
Caddo	dah.
English	buffalo.
Natchez	wastanem.
Uche	wetenenvuenekah.
English	fish.
Natchez	henn.
Chimmesyan	hone kustamoane—salmon.
Kliketat	tkinnat.
Shahaptan	tkinnat.
Mohawk	keyunk.
Seneca	kenyuck.
Oneida	kunjoon.
Nottoway	kaintu.
Yancton	hohung.
English	white.
Natchez	hahap.
Shahaptan	hipi.
Attacapa	cobb.
Old Algonkin	wabi.
Delaware	wape.
Shawnoe	opee.
English	black.
Natchez	tsokokop.
Narragansets	suckesu.
Long Island	shickayo.
English	bad.
Natchez	wattaks.
Mohawk	wahhatekuh.
Onondago	wahethe.
Oneida	wahetka.
English	cold.
Natchez	tzitakopana.
Kliketat	tsoisah.
Shahaptan	tsoisah.
English	hot.
Natchez	wahiloohie.
Muskoge	hahiye.
Attacapa	alliu.
English	I.
Natchez	tukehah.
Adaize	hicatuck.
Chetimacha	uticheca.
English	thou.
Natchez	ukkehah.
Kliketat	yuke.
English	arm.
Natchez	ish.
Dacota	ishto.
Yancton	isto.
English	blood.
Natchez	itsh.
Choctaw	issish.
Chikkasaw	issish.
English	town.
Natchez	walt.
Pawnee	kwat.
English	house.
Natchez	hahit.
Dacota	tea.
Yancton	teepee.
Quappa	tih.
Osage	tiah.
Omahaw	tee.
Minetare	attee.
English	friend.
Natchez	ketanesuh—my.
Chetimacha	keta.
English	boat.
Natchez	kwagtolt.
Chimmesyan	waigh—paddle.
Caddo	haugh.
English	sky.
Natchez	nasookta.
Chimmesyan	suchah.
Tlaoquatch	naase.
Muskoge	sootah.
Choctaw	shutik.
English	sun.
Natchez	wah.
Noosdalum	kokweh.
Squallyamish	thlokwahl.
Poconchi	quih.
Yancton	oouee.
English	night.
Natchez	toowa.
Chetimacha	timan.
Attacapa	tegg.
English	summer.
Natchez	amehika.
Billechoola	awmilk.
English	winter.
Natchez	kwishitshetakop.
Mohawk	koosilkhuhhuggheh.
Oneida	koashlakke.
Tuscarora.	koosehhea.
Nottoway	goshera.
English	thunder.
Natchez	pooloopooloolunluh.
Chimmesyan	killapilleip.
English	snow.
Natchez	kowa.
Billechoola	kai.
English	sea.
Natchez	kootshel.
St. Diego	khasilk.
Choctaw	okhuttah.
English	bear.
Natchez	tsokohp.
Uche	ptsaka.
English	snake.
Natchez	wollah.
Esquimaux	malligooak.
English	bird.
Natchez	shankolt.
Uchee	psenna.
Tascarora	tshenu.
English	eat.
Natchez	kimposko.
Muskoge	humbiischa.
English	run.
Natchez	kwalneskook.
Shahaptan	willnikit.
English	kill.
Natchez	appawe.
Choctaw	uhbe.
English	walk.
Natchez	naktik.
Adaize	enacoot.

The Uche, Adaize, &c.—See Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 306. For these languages, tables similar to those of the Natchez have been drawn up, which indicate similar affinities. The same can be done for the Chetimacha and Attacapa.

New Californian Languages.—The dialects of this district form no exception to the statements as to the unity of the American languages. In the Journal of the Geographical Society (part 2. vol. ii.) we find seven vocabularies for these parts. Between the language of the diocese of San Juan Capistrano and that of San Gabriel, the affinity is palpable, and traces of a regular letter change are exhibited, viz. from l to r:

English.	San Juan Capistrano.	San Gabriel.
moon	mioil	muarr.
water	pal	paara.
salt	engel	ungurr.

Between the remaining vocabularies, the resemblance by no means lies on the surface; still it is unquestionable. To these data for New California may be added the Severnow and Bodega vocabularies in Baer’s Beiträge &c. These two last, to carry our comparison no further, have, amongst others, the following terms in common with the Esquimaux tongues:

English	white.
Severnow	kalle.
Esquimaux	kowdlook, kowlook.
English	hand.
Bodega	talu.
Esquimaux	tadleek, dallek—arm.
English	beard.
Bodega	ymmy.
Esquimaux	oomich.
English	sky.
Severnow	kalu.
Cadeack	kilik.
English	moon.
Severnow	kalazha.
Kenay	golshagi.
English	water.
Severnow	aka.
Bodega	duka.
Ugalyachmutsc	kai.
English	ice.
Severnow	tnlash.
Ugalyachmutsc	thlesh.
Bodega	kulla.
Fox Island	klakh.
English	day.
Severnow	madzhu.
Cadeack	matsiak—sun.
English	night.
Bodega	kayl.
Ugalyachmutsc	khatl.
English	star.
Severnow	karnau.
Greenland	kaumeh—moon.
English	head.
St. Barbara	nucchu.
Greenland	niackoa.
English	winter.
Severnow	komua.
Tchuktchi	ukiumi.

The concluding notices are upon languages which have already been placed, but concerning which fresh evidence is neither superfluous nor misplaced.

Sacks and Foxes.—Cumulative to evidence already current as to the tribes of the Sacks and Foxes belonging to the Algonkin stock, it may be stated that a few words collected by the author from the Sack chief lately in London were Algonkin.

The Ojibbeways.—A fuller vocabulary, taken from the mouth of the interpreters of the Ojibbeway Indians lately exhibited, identifies their language with that represented by the vocabularies of Long, Carver, and Mackenzie.

The Ioway.—Of the Ioway Indians, Mr. Gallatin, in 1836, writes as follows:—“They are said, though the fact is not fully ascertained, to speak the same dialect,” i. e. with the Ottoes. Again, he writes, “We have not that [the vocabulary] of the Ioways, but nineteen words supplied by Governor Cass seem to leave no doubt of its identity with the Ottoes.”—Archæolog. Amer. ii. 127, 128. Cass’s vocabulary is printed in p. 377.

In 1843, however, a book was published in the Ioway language, bearing the following title page, “An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language, with an English Translation, by Wm. Hamilton and S. M. Irvine, under the direction of the B. F. Miss; of the Presbyterian Church: J. B Roy, Interpreter; Ioway and Sac Mission Press, Indian Territory, 1843.” In this book the orthographical principles are by no means unexceptionable; they have the merit however of expressing simple single sounds by simple single letters; thus v = the a in fall; x = the u in tub; c = the ch in chest; f = th; g = ng; j = sh. Q however is preserved as a double sound = qu. From this alphabet it is inferred that the Ioway language possesses the rare sound of the English th. With the work in question I was favoured by Mr. Catlin.

Now it is only necessary to pick out from this little work the words selected by Balbi in his Atlas Ethnographique, and to compare them with the corresponding terms as given by the same author for the Sioux, the Winebago, the Otto, the Konza, the Omahaw, the Minetare, and the Osage languages, to be convinced the Ioway language belongs to the same class, coinciding more especially with the Otto.

English	head.
Ioway	nanthu.
Winebago	nahsso.
Otto	naso.
Minetare	antu.
English	nose.
Ioway	pa.
Sioux	paso.
Winebago	pah.
Otto	peso.
Konza	pah.
Omahaw	pah.
Minetare	apah.
Sioux	pah—head.
Omahaw	pah—head.
English	mouth.
Ioway	e.
Sioux	ei.
Winebago	i.
Otto	i.
Konza	yih, ih.
Minetare	iiiptshappah.
Omahaw	ihah.
Osage	ehaugh.
English	hand.
Ioway	nawæ.
Sioux	nape.
Winebago	nahpön.
Otto	naue.
Omahaw	nombe.
Osage	nomba.
English	feet.
Ioway	the.
Sioux	siha.
Winebago	si.
Otto	si.
Konza	sih.
Omahaw	si.
Minetare	itsi.
Osage	see.
English	tongue.
Ioway	ræthæ.
Otto	reze.
Sioux	tshedzhi.
Konza	yeezah.
Minetare	theysi.
English	teeth.
Ioway	he.
Sioux	hi.
Winebago	hi.
Otto	hi.
Konza	hih.
Omahaw	ei.
Minetare	ii.
English	fire.
Ioway	pæchæ.
Sioux	peta.
Winebago	pytshi.
Otto	pede.
Omahaw	pede.
Osage	pajah.
English	water.
Ioway	ne.
Sioux	mini.
Winebago	ninah, nih.
Otto	ni.
Omahaw	ni.
Minetare	mini.
Osage	neah.
English	one.
Ioway	eyungkæ.
Otto	yonke.
Sioux	wonchaw,
——	ouonnchaou.
English	two.
Ioway	nowæ.
Sioux	nopa.
——	nonpa.
Winebago	nopi.
Otto	noue.
Konza	nompah.
Minetare	noopah.
Osage	nombaugh.
English	three.
Ioway	tanye.
Winebago	tahni.
Otto	tana.
English	four.
Ioway	towæ.
Sioux	topah.
Winebago	tshopi.
Otto	toua.
Konza	tohpah.
Omahaw	toba.
Minetare	topah.
Osage	tobah.
English	five.
Ioway	thata.
Sioux	zapta.
Winebago	satsch.
Otto	sata.
Konza	sahtah.
Omahaw	satta.
Osage	sattah.
English	six.
Ioway	shaqæ.
Sioux	shakpe.
Winebago	kohui.
Otto	shaque.
Konza	shappeh.
Omahaw	shappe.
Osage	shappah.
English	seven.
Ioway	shahma.
Otto	shahemo.
Minetare	tshappo.
English	eight.
Ioway	krærapane.
Otto	krærabene.
Omahaw	perabini.
English	nine.
Ioway	ksangkæ.
Otto	shanke.
Konza	shankkoh.
Omahaw	shonka.
Osage	shankah.
English	ten.
Ioway	kræpana.
Winebago	kherapon.
Otto	krebenoh.
Konza	kerebrah.
Omahaw	krebera.
Osage	krabrah.

With the book in question Cass’s vocabulary coincides.

	Hamilton and Irvine.	Cass.
fire	pæchæ	pedge.
water	ne	ni.
one	eyungkæ	iengki.
two	nowæ	noe.
three	tanye	tahni.
four	towæ	toe.
five	thata	satahng.
six	shagæ	shangwe.
seven	shahma	shahmong.
eight	kræræpane	krehebni.
nine	ksangkæ	shange.
ten	kræpanæ	krebnah.