Opuscula

America (North). On the Languages of the Oregon Territory

Read Before the Ethnological Society on the 11th December 1844

The languages dealt with are those that lie between Russian America and New California. It is only, however, such as are spoken on the sea-coast and on the American frontier that are fairly known to us. Concerning some of the latter, such as the Blackfoot, the notices are deferred. Little, in the present state of our knowledge, can be attempted beyond the mere verification of vocabularies. In his list, however, of these, the writer has attempted to be exhaustive.

It is convenient to enumerate these vocabularies separately and to proceed from North to South.

Queen Charlotte’s Island.—The two chief vocabularies are Mr Tolmie’s and Messrs Sturgin and Bryant’s, in the Journal of the Geographical Society and the Archæologia Americana respectively. They represent different dialects.

English.	Sturgin & Bryant.	Haidahof, Tolmie.
Man	keeset	kleilhatsta
Woman	kna, ana	tsata
Canoe	cloo	kloo
Tobacco	qull	quil
Water	huntle	huntle
Sun	tzue	shandlain
Moon	kuhn	khough
Rain	tull	tull
Snow	tull hatter	dhanw
Dog	hah	hootch
Bear	tunn	tann
T.	cagen	teea
Thou	tinkyah	tungha

With these, the few words in the Mithridates coincide

	Mithridates.	Tolmie.
One	sounchou	squansung
Two	stonk	stung
Three	sloonis	klughunnil

Chimmesyan.—Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary—Journal of Geographical Society. Spoken between 53° 30´ and 55° 30´ N. L.

Billechoola.—Mr Tolmies vocabulary; ibid. Spoken on the Salmon River.

Friendly Village.—In Mackenzie’s Travels, we find a few words from a tribe on the Salmon River. Their locality is called by Mackenzie the Friendly Village. By the aid of Mr Tolmie’s vocabularies, we can now place this hitherto unfixed dialect. It belongs to the Billechoola tongue.

English.	Friendly Village.	Billechoola.
Salmon	zimilk	shimilk
Dog	watts	watz
House	zlaachle	shmool’
Bark-mat	zemnez
Cedar-bark-blanket		tzummi
Beaver	couloun	couloun
Stone	dichts	quilstolomick
Water	ulkan	kullah
Mat	gistcom	stuchom
Bonnet	ilcaette	kayeete

Fitz-Hugh Sound.—For these parts we possess only the numerals. They coincide most with the Haeltzuk, a language that will next be noticed. The termination in skum is common to the Fitz-Hugh Sound and the Blackfoot numerals.

English,	two.
F. Sound,	malscum.
Haeltzuk,	malook.
English,	three.
F. Sound,	utascum.
Haeltzuk,	yootook.
English,	four.
F. Sound,	moozcum.
Haeltzuk,	moak.
Billechoola,	moash.
English,	five.
F. Sound,	thekaescum.
Haeltzuk,	skeowk.
Billechoola,	tzeiuch.
English,	six.
F. Sound,	kitliscum.
Haeltzuk,	katlowk.
English,	seven.
F. Sound,	atloopooskum.
Haeltzuk,	malthlowsk.
English,	ten.
F. Sound,	highioo.
Haeltzuk,	aikas.

Haeltzuk.—Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary. Spoken from 50° 30´ to 53° 30´ N. L.—Journal of Geograph. Soc.

Quadra and Vancouver’s Island—Nootka Sound.—For these parts we have several vocabularies.

1. The Numerals.—From Dixon—Mithridates, iii., 2, 115.

2. King George’s Sound.—The Numerals, Mith., iii., 2; 115.

3. Mozino’s MS. Vocabulary.—See Mith., iii., 2.

4. Captain Cook’s Vocabulary.—This is comparatively copious. It represents the same language with the three preceding.

5. The Tlaoquatch vocabulary of Mr Tolmie. Journ. of Geog. Soc.—This certainly represents, as is truly stated by Dr. Scouler, the same language as the Nootka-Sound vocabulary of Cook.

English.	Cook’s Nootka.	Tolmie’s Tlaoquatch.
Sky	naas	naase
Mountain	noohchai	notcheh
House	mahtai	maas
Paddle	oowhabbie	oowhapie
Canoe	shapats	tshappits
Water	chauk	tchaak
Go	cho	tcha-alche
Run	kummiitchchut	kumitkok
Bow	moostatte	moastatit
Arrow	tseehatte	tzehatite
Knife	kotyok	tzokquaeek
Man	tanass	tanais

6. Straits of Fuca.—A short vocabulary taken during the voyage of the Sutil y Mexicana—Archæol. Amer., ii., 306. Is not this Mozino’s?

7. The Wakash vocabulary of Jewitt.—Archæol. Amer., ii. 306.

English.	Fuca.	Tlaoquatch.	Wakash.
Water	ihaac	tchaak	chahak
Sky	tacuihamach	naase	sieyah
Stars	uliusac	taastass	tartoose
Moon	ilajudshashitle	hopulh	oophelth
Sun	dagina	tlopil	oophetlh
Ear	pipi	parpee

Kawitchen.—Spoken at the entrance of Trading River opposite Vancouver’s Island. Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary.—See Journal of Geograph. Societ.

Noosdalum.—Spoken in Hood’s Channel.—Ibid.

The Atna of Mackenzie.—This we may now place. It resembles the Noosdalum, with dialectal differences.

English.	Atnah.	Noosdalum.
Man	scuynlouch	sohwieken
Woman	smosledgensk	sheeakatso
Beaver	schugh	skyauw
Dog	scacah	skacha
Water	shaweliquoih	kah
Plains	spilela	spilchun
Here	thlaelych	lilkaa
Iron	soucoumang	halaitan
Bow	isquoinah	schomotun
Arrow	squaili	ytsh tzimaan

In Baer’s Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika, we find a second vocabulary named Atna. This is spoken on the Copper River in Russian America, and represents a different language from the Atna of Mackenzie. Both, however, belong to the same30 group. The plausible mode of accounting for this coincidence, is to suppose that two tribes named themselves men, which throughout the Athabascar languages is expressed by the root t-n, as dinnie, tenni, tnain, &c.

Squallyamish.—Spoken at Puget’s Sound. Mr Tolmie in T. G. S.

Chenook.—For the important languages of the Chenook or Flathead Indians on the river Columbia, we have the following data:

1. Franchere’s vocabulary; Archæol. Americana, ii., 379.

2. Parker’s vocabulary; communicated in M. S., by A. Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

3. Cathlascou of Tolmie, J. G. S.

4. Chenook of Tolmie, ibid.

Of these vocabularies the Chenook of Parker and Franchere coincide closely. Parker’s Chenook, compared with the two vocabularies of Tolmie, agrees most with the Cathlascou.

Kalapooiah.—This tribe is placed by Parker on the Multomah river. According to Tolmie, their language is spoken on the Wallamat Plains.

1. Tolmie’s vocabulary. J. G. S.

2. Parker’s vocabulary. M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

The two vocabularies represent one and the same language.

Okanagan.—Spoken on Fraser’s River. Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary. The Okanagan vocabulary enables us to fix the following one:

The Salish.—This is an anonymous vocabulary from Duponceau’s collection. Archæolog. Americ., ii, 306. It is evidently closely akin to the Okanagan.

English.	Salish.	Okanagan.
Man	ekeltamaiuh
Woman		tukulthlimeilooch
Canoe	‘tleagh	slalthleim
Stars	ko’kusmh	hohooos
Rain	steepais	tepais
Snow	amaikut	smakoot
Water	saioolkh	sauwulh
Mountain	aitzumkummok	atzimmok
Deer	atsooleea
Roebuck		klatzeenim
Bear	c’summaitshui	skummachist
Wolf	n’tsseetsan	nutzetzim
One	neo	nuchs
Two	essel	uskul
Three	tsailhis	kaalthleis
Four	mos	moas
Five	tseel	koheil
Seven	seespil	sheespil
Ten	opan	opuniet

Kliketat. Spoken between Fort Nez Perce’s, Mount Rainier, and the Columbia Falls.

1. Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary.

2. Mr Parker’s vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

These represent allied dialects of the same language.

Shahaptan, Nez Perce’s.—It is truly stated by Gallatin that the Shahaptan and Kliketat languages are allied.

1. Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary.

2. Mr Parker’s vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

Jamkallie. Spoken near the sources of the Wallamat, Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary.

Umpqua.—On the river so called. Mr Tolmie’s vocabulary.

This is the most southern point for which we possess Oregon vocabularies.

Four more vocabularies complete the enumeration of our data for the parts in question.

1. Shoshonie or Snake Indians.—The first is a southern or central one, the Shoshonie or Snake vocabulary, collected by Say, and representing a language south of that of the Nez Perces. Archæol. Americ., ii. 306.

2. Sussee.—The Sussee of Umfreville, is either spoken within the Oregon Territory, or within the districts immediately to the north of it.

3. The Nagail—See Mackenzie’s Travels.

4. The Taculli—See Archæol. Americ., ii. 305.

Such are the vocabularies for the Oregon Territory of North America. In number they amount to forty-one. Dealing with speech as the instrument of intercourse, it is highly probable that these vocabularies may represent as many as nineteen different languages, that is, modes of speech, mutually unintelligible. Dealt with, however, ethnologically, their number is evidently capable of being reduced.

In the present state of our knowledge, it is convenient to leave the Shoshonie language31 unplaced. All that we possess of it is the vocabulary noticed above. It consists of only twenty-four words. Their affinities (such as they are) are miscellaneous

English,	beaver.
Shoshonie,	hanish.
Chenook,	eena.
Haidah,	tzing.
Cathlascou,	kanook.
English,	salmon.
Shoshonie,	augi.
Haidah,	swaggan.
English,	horse.
Shoshonie,	bunko.
Blackfoot,	pinnechometar.
	pennakomet.
English,	woman.
Shoshonie,	wepee.
Souriquois,	meboujou.
Penobscot,	m’phenim.
Micmac,	epit.
Echemin,	apet.
Pima,	uba.
Calapooiah,	apomeik.
English,	friend.
Shoshonie,	hauts.
Chetimacha,	keta.
Onondago,	ottie.
English,	water.
Shoshonie,	pa.
New Sweden,	bij.
Algonkin,	ne-pi, passim.
English,	good.
Shoshonie,	saut.
Shahaptan,	tautz.
Pima,	tiuot.
Chocta,	chito = great.
Crow,	esah = great.
	bassats = many.
English,	go.
Shoshonie,	numeraro.
Kawitchen,	namilthla.
English,	come.
Shoshonie,	keemak.
Nez Perces,	come.
English,	awl.
Shoshonie,	weeu.
Ahnenin,	bay.
English,	no.
Shoshonie,	kayhee.
Ahnenin,	chieu.
Potowotami,	cho.
Ojibbeway,	kaw.
Ottawa,	kaween.
Old Algonkin,	kah.
Chetimacha,	kahie.

It is also advisable to deal cautiously with the Sussee language. Umfreville’s vocabulary is short, and consisting almost exclusively of the names of articles of commerce. Lists of this sort are of little value in ethnography. Still, upon the whole, it confirms the current opinion as to the place of the Sussee language, viz. that it is32 Athabascan. At any rate, it has certain miscellaneous affinities.

English,	eye.
Sussee,	senouwoh.
Kenay,	snaga.
Taculli,	onow.
Chipewyan,	nackhay.
English,	five.
Sussee,	coo.
Chipewyan,	coun.
English,	kettle.
Sussee,	usaw.
Taculli,	osa.
English,	axe.
Sussee,	chilthe.
Taculli,	chachil.
English,	knife.
Sussee,	marsh.
Illinois,	mariesa.
Minitari,	matse.
English,	shoes.
Sussee,	siscau.
Taculli,	kiscot.
English,	one.
Sussee,	uttegar.
Eskimo,	attowseak.
	adaitsuk.
	adoajak.
	atamek.
English,	three.
Sussee,	tauky.
Kenai,	tohchke.
Taculli,	toy.
Chipewyan,	taghy.
English,	four.
Sussee,	tachey.
Kenai,	tenki.
Taculli,	tingkay.
Chipewyan,	dengky.
English,	seven.
Sussee,	checheta.
Mohawk,	chahtahk.
Onondago,	tschoatak.
Seneca,	jawdock.
Oneida,	tziadak.
Nottoway,	ohatay.
English,	ten.
Sussee,	cuneesenunnee.
Chipewyan,	canothna.

Laying these two languages aside, and reserving the Blackfoot for future inquiries, the other vocabularies are referrible to two recognized groups. The Nagail and Taculli are what Gallatin calls Athabascan. All the33 rest are what Prichard calls Nootka-Columbian. Respecting the former class, the evidence is unequivocal, and the fact generally admitted. Respecting the latter, the statement requires consideration.

At first glance, Mr Tolmie’s vocabularies differ materially from each other; and only a few seem less unlike each other than the rest. Such are the Kliketat and Shahaptan, the Calapooiah and Yamkallie, the Kawitchen and Tlaoquatch, the Chenook and Cathlascou. Besides this, the general difference between even the allied vocabularies is far more visible than the general resemblance. Finally, the numerals and the fundamental terms vary in a degree beyond what we are prepared for, by the study of the Indo-European tongues.

Recollecting, however, the compound character of the most fundamental words, characteristic of all the American language; recognising, also, as a rule of criticism, that in the same class of tongues the evidence of the numerals is unimportant in the determination of differences, and comparing the sixteen Oregon vocabularies of Mr Tolmie with each other, we may satisfy ourselves as to the radical unity of the group. To these lists, and to the accompanying paper of Dr. Scouler, reference is accordingly made. The value of these groups (the Athabascan and the Nootka-Columbian) is a different and a more difficult question. The maximum difference between any two known languages of the Athabascan group is that between English and German. The maximum difference between the most unlike languages of the Nootka-Columbian group is that between the modern Greek and Portuguese, i. e. the most distant tongues of the classical stock of the Indo-European tribe. Hence, the terms in question are equivalent to the more familiar terms, Gothic, Celtic, Slavonic, &c. All this, however, is illustration, rather than absolute arrangement; yet it serves to give definitude to the current opinions upon the subject.

To the current views, however, the writer takes exception. He considers that the groups in question have too high a value; and that they are only equivalent to the primary subdivisions of stocks like the Gothic, Celtic, and Classical, rather than to the stocks themselves. Still less can they have a higher and more exaggerated value, and be dealt with as equivalent to groups like the Indo-European.

Hence, the differences between the Athabascan languages of the Oregon and the Nootka-Columbian languages of the Oregon, are the differences between the Latin and Greek, the Welsh and Gaelic, the German and Icelandic, rather than those between the German and Russian, the Latin and Persian, the Greek and Lithuanic, &c.

In determining the higher and more comprehensive class, we must take in a third group of languages. These are those of Russian America. They have generally been referred to two groups of uncertain value, viz. the Kolooch and the Eskimo; the former, for the part about Sitca, or Norfolk Sound, the latter for the parts about the Island of Cadiack, and the Peninsula of Aliaska.

Now, the Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo; a fact stated by the writer, at the meeting of the British Association at York, and founded upon the comparison of the Athabascan vocabularies of Mackenzie and Dobbs, on the one side, with the Western Eskimo ones, on the other.

And the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan. This may be seen by reference to Lisiansky’s vocabularies, and a comparison between the Sitca and Cadiack.

English.	Sitca.	Cadiack.
Cry	kaáh	keyya
Drink	itanna	tanha
Hail	katelst	koudat
Knee	kakeek	chiskoohka
Lake	aaka	nanoak
Lips	kahaka	hlukha
Man	chakleyh	shook
Spark	heeklya	chatalahi
Wind	keelhcha	kyaeek

Now, by taking in the Eskimo of the Aleutian Islands, this list might be doubled; and by dealing with the Kenay as Eskimo, it might be trebled.

Again, by attempting to fix the points whereat the Eskimo language ceases, and the Kolooch tongue begins, we may get further evidence that the difference between them is exaggerated; since the languages passed by gradual transitions into each other.

What follows, moreover, is cumulative evidence towards the same conclusion.

Over and above the vocabularies collected by Mr Tolmie that have already been dealt with, there is a seventeenth, viz. the Tunghaas. This is stated in Dr Scouler’s accompanying paper to be the most northern dialect with which the Hudson’s Bay traders come in contact. It is also stated to be Sitcan; and that truly.

English.	Tunghaas.	Sitca.
Sea-otter	youchtz	youtch
River-otter	coostah	kooshta
Bear	hooctch	hoots
Whale	yioagh	yaaga
Woman	shewat	shavvot
Summer	kootaan	kootaan
He	yout	youta
Good	ahkeh	tooake

On the other hand, the Tonghaas has affinities with the Haidah of Queen Charlotte’s Island, and through it with the so-called Nootka-Columbian languages in general.

Cumulative, in the way of evidence to this, is the statement, with the verification of which we shall conclude, viz., that, besides the Athabascan, the other languages of the Oregon Territory have affinities with the Eskimo. With the Oonalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and with Mr Tolmie’s vocabularies (with Cook’s occasionally) en masse on the other, we have at least the following words common to the two groups.

English,	sky.
Cook’s Nootka,	eenaeel nas.
Tlaoquatch,	naase.
Oonalashka,	anneliak = day.
English,	sky.
Haidah,	shing.
Billechoola,	skoonook = day.
Haidah,	yen = clouds.
Haeeltzuk,	unnowie.
Oonalashka,	youyan = sky.
	innyak = sky.
English,	moon.
Billechoola,	tlooki.
Cadiack,	yaalock.
English,	snow.
Haeeltz,	naie.
Calapooah,	anoopeik.
Yamkallie,	kanopeik.
Cadiack,	annue.
Oonalashka,	kannue.
English,	hail.
Haidah,	dhanw = snow.
Oonalashka,	tahenem dahskeeto.
English,	water.
Cook’s Nootka,	chauk.
Tlaoquatch,	tchaak.
Cadiack,	kooyk = river.
English,	river.
Tloaquatch,	aook.
Cadiack,	alaook = sea.
English,	rain.
Calapooiah,	tochtocha.
Cadiack,	kedoh.
Oonalashka,	chetak.
English,	sand.
Haidah,	il kaik.
Oonalashka,	choohok.
English,	mountain.
Kliketat,	pannateet
Cadiack,	poonhokanlie.
English,	house.
Kliketat,	needh.
Shahaptan,	eneedh.
Cadiack,	naa.
English,	song.
Cook’s Nootka,	oonook.
Oonalashka,	oonoohada=sing.
English,	go.
Cook’s Nootka,	cho.
Oonalashka,	icha.
English,	cleave, cut.
Cook’s Nootka,	tsook.
Cadiack,	chaggidzu.
Oonalashka,	toohoda.
English,	crow.
Cook’s Nootka,	kaenne.
Cadiack,	kalnhak.
English,	fire.
Cook’s Nootka,	eeneek.
Cadiack,	knok.
Oonalashka,	keynak.
English,	skull.
Cook’s Nootka,	koometz.
Oonalashka,	kamhek.
English,	teeth.
Cook’s Nootka,	cheecheetsh.
Cadiack,	hoodeit.
English,	middle finger.
Cook’s Nootka,	taeeai.
Cadiack,	teekha.
English,	how much.
Haeeltzuck,	kinshook.
Kawitchen,	quien.
Noosdalum,	quien.
Oonalashka,	kannahen.
Cadiack,	kouhcheen.
English,	mat.
Chenook,	swussak.
Shahaptan,	tooko.
Oonalashka,	sootok.
English,	bow.
Okanagan,	tsukquenuk.
Oonalashka,	saeheek.
English,	house.
Squallyamish,	aalall.
Oonalashka,	oolon.
English,	iron.
Squallyamish,	kumnuttin.
Cadiack,	komlyahook.
English,	sea-otter.
Billechoola,	qunnee.
Oonalashka,	cheenatok.
English,	bear.
Haidah,	tan.
Oonalashka,	tanhak.

To this list a previous statement applies more especially. By treating the Sitca and Kenay vocabularies as Eskimo, the number of coincidences might have been doubled.

Besides this, it must be remembered that, in Tolmie’s vocabularies, no terms expressive of the different parts of human body are given; and that several names of the commonest objects are wanting, e. g. fire, &c.

Neither have the vocabularies of Wrangell for the varied dialects of Russian America been made use of.

As the lists, however, stand, the author considers that he has shewn reason for believing that the Athabascan, the Kolooch, the Nootka-Columbian, and the Cadiack groups are subordinate members of one large and important class—the Eskimo; a fact which, coinciding with all his other inquiries in American Ethnology, breaks down, further than has hitherto been done, the broad and trenchant line of demarcation between the circumpolar and the other Indians of the Western Continent.

Notes

Note 1

In a valuable paper On the Tribes inhabiting the N. W. Coast of America read a few weeks afterwards by Dr. J. Scouler the following-tables shewed—

1. The fact that the Nutka forms of speech were to be found on the Continent;

2. That the Wallawalla was Sahaptin.

a.

English.	Tlaoq. & Nootka.	Columbia.
Plenty	Aya,	Haya
No	Wik,	Wake
Water	Tehaak,	Chuck
Good	Hooleish,	Closh
Bad	Peishakeis,	Peshak
Man	Tehuckoop,	Tillieham
Woman	Tlootsemin,	Clootchamen
Child	Tanassis,	Tanass
Now	Tlahowieh,	Clahowiah
Come	Tchooqua,	Sacko
Slave	Mischemas,	Mischemas
What are you doing?	Akoots-ka-mamok,	Ekta-mammok
What are you saying?	Au-kaak-wawa,	Ekta-wawa?
Let me see	Nannanitch,	Nannanitch
Sun	Opeth,	Ootlach
Sky	Sieya,	Saya
Fruit	Chamas,	Camas
To sell	Makok,	Makok
Understand	Commatax,	Commatax

b.

English.	Shahaptan.	Wallawalla.	Kliketat.
Man	Nama	Winsh	Wins
Boy	Naswae	Tahnutshint	Aswan
Woman	Aiat	Tilahi	Aiat
Girl	Piten	Tohauat	Pitiniks
Wife	Swapna	Asham	Asham
Child	Miahs	Isht	Mianash
Father	Pishd	Pshit	Pshit
Mother	Pika	Ptsha	Ptsha
Friend	Likstiwa	Hhai	Hhai
Fire	Ala	Sluksh	Sluks
Water	Tkush	Tshush	Tshaush
Wood	Hatsin	Slukas	Slukuas
Stone	Pishwa	Pshwa	Pshwa
Ground	Watsash	Titsham	Titsham
Sun	Wishamtuksh	Au	An
Moon	——	Ailhai	Ailhai
Stars	Witsein	Haslu	Haslo
Clouds	Spalikt	Pashst	——
Rain	Wakit	Sshhauit	Tohtoha
Snow	Maka	Poi	Maka
Ice	Tahask	Tahauk	Toh
Horse	Shikam	Kusi	Kusi
Dog	Shikamkan	Kusi Kusi	Kusi Kusi
Buffalo	Kokulli	Musmussin	Musmussin
Male Elk	Wawakia	Wawakia	Winat
Female Elk	Taship	Tashipka	Winat
Grey Bear	Pahas	Wapantle	——
Black Bear	Jaka	Saka	Analmi
House	Snit	Snit	Snit
Gun	Timuni	Tainpas	Tuilpas
Body	Silaks	Waunokshash	——
Head	Hushus	Tilpi	Palka
Arm	Atim	Kamkas	——
Eyes	Shilhu	Atshash	Atshash
Nose	Nathnu	Nathnu	Nosnu
Ears	Matsaia	Matsiu	——
Mouth	Him	Em	Am
Teeth	Tit	Tit	——
Hands	Spshus	Spap	Alla
Feet	Ahwa	Waha	Waha
Legs	Wainsh	Tama	——
Mocassens	Ileapkat	Shkam	Shkam
Good	Tahr	Skeh	Shoeah
Bad	Kapshish	Milla	Tshailwit
Hot	Sakas	Sahwaih	Sahweah
Cold	Kenis	Kasat	Tewisha Kasat
Far	Waiat	Wiat	Wiat
Near	Keintam	Tsiwas	Tsa
High	Tashti	Hwaiam	Hweami
Low	Ahat	Smite	Niti
White	Naihaih	Koik	Olash
Black	Sunuhsimuh	Tshimuk	Tsimuk
Red	Sepilp	Sutsha	Sutsa
Here	Kina	Tshna	Stshiuak
There	Kuna	Kuna	Skone
Where?	Minu?	Mina?	Mam
When?	Mana?	Mun?	Mun?
What?	Mish?	Mish?	Mish?
Why?	Manama?	Maui?	——
Who?	Ishi?	Skiu?	Skiu?
Which?	Ma?	Mam?	——
How much?	Mas?	Milh?	Milh?
So much	Kala	Kulk	Skulk
How far?	Miwail?	Maal?	——
So far	Kewail	Kwal	——
How long?	Mahae?	Maalh	——
To long	Kohae	Kwalk	——
This	Ki	Tshi	Tshi
That	Joh	Kwa	Skwa
I	Su	Su	Suk
You	Sui	Sui	Suik
He, she, it	Ipi	Ipin	Pink
We	Nun	Nama	Nemak
Ye	Ima	Ena	Imak
They	Ema	Ema	Pamak
To go	Kusha	Winasha	Winasha
To see	Hakesha	Hoksha	——
To say	Heisha	Nu	Nu
To talk	Tseksa	Siniwasa	Sinawasa
To walk	Wenasa	Winashash	——
To read	Wasasha	Wasasha	Wasasha
To eat	Wipisha	Kwatashak	——
To drink	Makosha	Matshushask	——
To sleep	Pinimiksha	Pinusha	——
To wake	Waksa	Tahshisask	Tahshasha
To love	Watanisha	Tkeshask	Tkehsha
To take	Paalsa	Apalashask	——
To know	Lukuasa	Ashakuashash	Shukuasha
To forget	Titolasha	Slakshash	——
To give	Inisha	Nishamash	——
To seize	Inpisha	Shutshash	Wanapsha
To be cold	Iswaisa	Sweashash	Iswaiska
To be sick	Komaisa	Painshash	Painsha
To hunt	Tukuliksa	Salaitisas	Nistewasa
To lie	Mishamisha	Tshishkshash	Tshiska
To steal	Pakwasha	Pakwashash	Pakwasha

Note 2

This, along with the paper on the Ethnology of Russian America, was the development of a communication laid before the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at York in the previous September, to the effect that the “line of demarcation drawn between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant”; wherein it was stated.—

1. That the true affinities of the Chipewyan were with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay and Sitka forms of speech.—

2. That the Ugalents (Ugyalyachmutsi of Resanoff), although separated from the neigbouring Eskimo tongues so as to cause the appearance of a discontinuity in the Eskimo area could, when we dealt with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay, and Sitka vocabularies as the representatives of a single language be shown to be Eskimo.—

3. That affinities of a more general kind were to be found even further southward.

4. 5. That the Atna of Mackenzie was the Noosdalum, and the Friendly Village vocabulary the Billechoola, of Mr Tolmie.

(Transactions of the Sections p. 78.—On the Southern Limits of the Eskimo race in America.)