Shortened Breast-Bone in Pigeons
The shortening of the sternum in pigeons is attributed to disuse of the flight muscles attached to it. The bone is only shortened by a third of an inch, but this represents a very remarkable reduction in proportional length, which Darwin estimates at from one-seventh to one-eighth, or over 13 per cent. This marked reduction, too, quite unlike the slight reduction of the wing-bones to which the other ends of the muscles are attached, was universal in the eleven specimens measured by Darwin; and the bone, though acknowledged to have been modified by artificial selection in some breeds, is not so open to observation as wings or legs. Even, however, if this relative shortening of the sternum remained otherwise inexplicable, it might still be as irrelevant to use and disuse as is the fact that “many breeds” of fancy pigeons have lost a rib, having only seven where the ancestral rock-pigeon has eight.30 But the excessive reduction in the sternum is far from being inexplicable. In the first place Darwin has somewhat over-estimated it. Instead of comparing the deficiency of length with the increased length which should have been acquired (since the pigeons have increased in average size) he compares it with the length of the breast-bone in the rock-pigeon.31 By this method if a pigeon had doubled in dimensions while its breast-bone remained unaltered, the reduction would be put down as 100 per cent., whereas obviously the true reduction would be one-half, or 50 per cent. of what the bone should be. Avoiding this error and a minor fallacy besides, a sound estimate reduces the supposed reduction of 13 or 14 per cent. to one of 11·7 per cent., which is still of course a considerable diminution.
Part of this reduction must be due to the direct effect of disuse during the lifetime of the individual. Another and perhaps very considerable part of the relative change must be attributed to the lengthening of the neck or body by artificial selection, or to other modifications of shape and proportion effected directly or indirectly by the same cause.32 The reduction is greatest in the Pouter (18½ per cent.) and in the Pied Scanderoon (17½ per cent.). In the former the body has been greatly elongated by artificial selection and three or four additional vertebræ have been acquired in the hinder part of the body.33 In the latter a long neck increases the length of the bird, and so causes, or helps to cause, the relative shortening of the breast-bone. In the English Carrier—which experiences the effects of disuse, as it is too valuable to be flown—the relative reduction of 11 per cent. is apparently more than accounted for by the “elongated neck.” The Dragon also has a long neck. In the Pouter, although the breast-bone has been shortened by 18½ per cent. relatively to the length of the body, it has lengthened by 20 per cent. relatively to the bulk of the body.34 Darwin forgot to ask whether allowance must not be made for a frequent, or perhaps general, elongation of the neck and the hinder part of the body, and the relative shortening or the throwing forward of the central portion containing the ribs (frequently one less in number) and the sternum. The whole body of the pigeon is so much under the control of artificial selection, that every precaution must be taken to guard against such possible sources of error.35
Under domestication there would be a suspension of the previous elimination of reduced breast-bones by natural selection (Weismann’s panmixia), and a diminution of the parts concerned in flying might even be favoured, as lessened powers of continuous flight would prevent pigeons from straying too far, and would fit them for domestication or confinement. Such causes might reduce some of the less observed parts affected by flying, while still leaving the wing of full size for occasional flight, or to suit the requirements of the pigeon-fanciers. A change might thus be commenced like that seen in the rudimentary keel of the sternum in the owl-parrot of New Zealand, which has lost the power of flight although still retaining fairly-developed wings.