Helps to Latin Translation at Sight

Appendix VII

Note

The following Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature are intended to illustrate the passages selected for translation. Important events and writers in contemporary History and Literature are added, in order to emphasise the comparative method of treating History.

The names of those Latin authors from whose works passages have been selected are printed in capitals in the Literature Column.

A fuller outline of the Imperial Period will be given in a later volume.

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Periods of Latin Literature

Period I.	The Growth of Latin Literature	250-80 B.C.
Period II.	The Golden Age of Latin Literature	80 B.C.-14 A.D.
Period III.	The Silver Age of Latin Literature	14-117 A.D.
Period IV.	The Later Empire	from 117 A.D.

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Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature

B.C.	Rome.	Other Nations.	B.C.	Literature.	B.C.
Part I.—Regal Period, 753-509 B.C.
		Foundation of Carthage	878	Amos	c. 760
753	Foundation of Rome	Rise of Corinth	745	Isaiah	c. 720
753-716	Romulus Roman Senate of 200 Spolia opima (1)	Captivity of Israel	721	Hesiod	c. 700
716-673	Numa Pompilius Religious Institutions	Carentum founded	708
673-640	Tullus Hostilius Destruction of Alba Legend of Horatii and Curiatii	Destruction of Sennacherib’s host	701	Tyrtaeus (Sparta)	c. 680
		Cyrene founded	641	Archilochus.	650
640-616	Ancus Martius. Conquest of Latin Towns	Josiah’s reformation	625	Jeremiah	c. 625
	Ostia, first maritime colony	Periander, tyrant of Corinth	625-585
616-578	Tarquinius Priscus. Public Works: the Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima, and Temple of Jupiter	Draco, the law-giver at Athens	621	Alcaeus Sappho Solon	600
		Massilia founded	600
578-534	Servius Tullius. The Census, basis of Comitia Centuriata The Servian Wall includes the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills, i.e. Rome of Republican times	Captivity of Judah	606-536
		Solon at Athens	594	Thales	590
		Peisistratus at Athens	560-527	Ezekiel	585
		Croesus in Lydia	560-546	Aesop	c. 570
534-509	Tarquinius Superbus Conquest of Gabii Tyranny leading to expulsion of the Tarquins and abolition of the monarchy	Cyrus enters Babylon	538	Theognis	540
		Return of Jews under Zerubbabel	536	Pythagoras	530
		Expulsion of Peisistratidae	510	Anacreon	530
Part II.—Early Republic, 509-366 B.C.
509	Two Consuls (Praetors) first appointed Lex Valeria establishes right of appeal	Darius Hystaspes	521-486	Aeschylus	525-456
		Pindar	518-c. 443
507	Rome taken by Etruscans under Porsena	Ionian Revolt	501-493	Heracleitus	500
498	Latin War Dictator first appointed Battle of Lake Regillus	Miltiades at Athens	493-489	Simonides (Ceos)	490
		Ionians defeated at Lade	494
494	First Session of the Plebs Tribuni Plebis	Battle of Marathon	490
489	Volscian War (Coriolanus)	Aristides and Themistocles	490-470	Parmenides	490
486-5	Agrarian Law Spurius Cassius put to death	Xerxes	485-465	Bacchylides	470
477	Destruction of the Fabii at Cremera	Thermopylae. Salamis. Himera	480	Anaxagoras	460
458	War with Aequians—Battle of Mt. Algidus Cincinnatus Dictator	Plataea (Pausanians). Mycale	479	Sophocles	496-406
		Hiero I at Syracuse	478-467	Euripides	480-406
451	First Decemvirate Ten Tables	Pericles at Athens	469-429	Herodotus	c. 484-425
450	Second Decemvirate Two new Tables (Appius Claudius)	Cimon at Athens	466-449	Phidias (Parthenon)	448
448	Second Secession of the Plebs, resulting in the Valerio-Horatian Laws	Athenian defeat at Coronea	447	Empedocles	445
		Ezra and Nehemiah	c. 444
445	Military tribunes with consular power appointed	Athenian colony to Thurii	444	Era of the Sophists (Gorgias, Protagoras)	440
443	Censors first appointed
439	Spurius Maelius killed
437	War with Etruscans Cossus wins Spolia opima (2)	War of Corinth and Corcyra	435	Antiphon	c. 480-411
424	Capua taken by the Samnites	Peloponnesian War	431-405	Thucydides	c. 471-402
		Sphacteria (Demosthenes, Cleon)	425	Zeuxis Parrhasius	painters c. 420
		Alcibiades at Athens	424-404
		Syracusan Expedition	415-413	Lysias	c. 445-378
406-396	War with Veii Camillus Dictator	Battle of Aegospotami	405	Aristophanes	c. 450-385
406	Roman soldiers first receive pay	Lysander enters Athens	404	Cratinus	449
		Critias and Thirty Tyrants	404	Eupolis	429
		Democracy restored (Thrasybulus)	403
390	Invasion of the Gauls Battle of the Allia Burning of Rome (Brennus) Manlius Capitolinus Camillus Parens Patriae History based on documents begins	Artaxerxes II	405-359
		Expedition of Cyrus the Younger (The Anabasis of Xenophon)	401
		Xenophon	c. 430-355
		Socrates condemned	399	Socrates	468-399
389	Rome rebuilt	Dionysius I of Syracuse, Wars of Syracuse and Carthage	405-368	Plato	420-348
				Isocrates	436-338
376-366	The Licinian Laws First Plebeian Consul First Praetor (Judge) appointed	Pelopidas and Epaminondas (Thebes)	378-362	Isaeus	420-348
		Supremacy of Thebes (Leuctra)	371
		Death of Epaminondas (Mantinea)	362
Part III.—The Conquest of Italy, 366-266 B.C.
361	Second Invasion of the Gauls Legend of Manlius Torquatus	Dionysius II of Syracuse	368-343	Diogenes (Cynic)	c. 419-324
		Battle of Mantinea	362	Ludi Scenici at Rome	365
356	C. Marcius Rutilus, First Plebeian Dictator	Philip of Macedon	359-336
349	War with Gauls Legend of M. Valerius Corvus	Dion at Syracuse	357-353	Praxiteles (sculptor)	fl. 360
348	Treaty of Rome with Carthage	Olynthus taken by Philip	348	Aeschines	389-314
343-341	First Samnite War Battle of Mt. Gaurus (M. Valerius Corvus)			Demosthenes	384-322
				Aristotle	384-322
340-338	The Latin War Devotion of Decius Mus I	Battle of Chaeronea	338	Apelles (painter)	336
	Battle of Mt. Vesuvius
339	Leges Publiliae Supremacy of Comitia Tributa	Alexander the Great	336-323
326-304	Second Samnite War (C. Pontius)	Battle of Issus	333	Menander	344-292
321	Caudine Forks. The Yoke	Foundation of Alexandria	332
311	Appius Claudius, Censor The Via Appia	Battle of Arbela	331
311-309	Etruscan War First Battle at Lake Vadimo	Alexander’s Successors Battle of Ipsus (301)	323-301
305	Battle of Bovianum
298-290	Third Samnite War	Ptolemy I (Soter)	323-285	Euclid	fl. 300
		Agathocles at Syracuse	317-289	Theophrastus	c. 384-277
295	Battle of Sentinum Devotion of Decius Mus II	Demetrius Poliorcetes	308-283	Zeno, the Stoic	c. 366-264
287	Last Secession of the Plebs	Rhodes powerful	300-200	Epicurus	341-270
287	Lex Hortensia. Legislative power of Comitia Tributa finally established
	Political distinction between the Patricians and Plebeians now at an end	Aetolian League	284-167	Theocritus	fl. 280
283	Renewed Etruscan and Gallic War Second Battle at Lake Vadimo	Achaean League	280-146	Bion and Moschus	fl. 270
281-275	War with Tarentines and Pyrrhus
280	Battle of Heraclea. Victory of the phalanx	Gauls in Greece	280-278
279	Battle of Asculum Fabricius the Just	Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)	285-247	Septuagint	c. 277
278	Rome and Carthage allied
277	Pyrrhus masters nearly all Sicily
275	Battle near Beneventum (M’. Curius Dentatus) Pyrrhus returns to Epirus
273	Treaty of Rome with Egypt Recognition of Rome as one of the great powers			Aratus (astronomer)	fl. 270
272	Pyrrhus killed at Argos Surrender of Tarentum
266	All Italy (south of the Apennines) Roman

B.C.	Rome.	Other Nations.	B.C.	Literature. B.C.
Part IV.—The Contest with Carthage, 264-202 B.C.
264-241	First Punic War
263	Hiero of Syracuse joins Rome	Hiero of Syracuse	269-219
261	Romans build a fleet
260	Naval victory of Duilius near Mylae Columna Rostrata	Aratus, General of Achaean League	245	Callimachus fl. 260
256	Naval victory of Regulus at Ecnomus
255	Regulus defeated by Xanthippus of Sparta
				Latin Literature. B.C.
				Prose.	Verse.
				Period I.—The Growth of Latin Literature, 250-80 B.C.
250	Roman victory at Panormus (Metellus)
249	Carthaginian victory at Drepana (Claudius)
248-241	Hamilcar Barca in Sicily	Ptolemy III (Euergetes)	247-222
241	Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae Peace with Carthage Sicily made a Roman Province (1)
241-238	War of Carthage with her Mercenaries Corsica and Sardinia made a Roman Province (2)				Livius Andronicus (fl. 240)
236-228	Hamilcar in Spain. Hannibal’s oath				Naevius (fl. 235)
230-229	Illyrian War. (Queen Teuta)	Athens joins Achaean League	229
228	Corinth admits the Romans to the Isthmian Games Hasdrubal succeeds Hamilcar in Spain Founds New Carthage. The Iberus (Ebro) fixed as the Carthaginian boundary	Roman Embassy to Greece	228
225-223	Gallic rising (Boii and Insubres) Great victory near Telamon	Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta	226-5
222	Victory over the Insubres at Clastidium M. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (3) Subjugation of Gaul south of the Alps	Aratus and Antigonus take Sparta	221
		Antiochus the Great (Syria)	224-187
221	Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in Spain
219	Hannibal takes Saguntum (ally of Rome)	Ptolemy IV (Philopator)	222-205
218-202	Second Punic War	Philip V (Macedon)	221-179		Plautus (254-184)
218	Hannibal crosses the Alps Battles of the Ticinus and Trebia
217	Battle of Lake Trasimene Death of Flaminius Q. Fabius Maximus, Dictator
216	Battle of Cannae. Death of Paulus	Philip allied with Hannibal	216	Fabius Pictor (fl. 216)	Ennius (239-169)
216-211	Revolt of Capua
215	Marcellus saves Nola	First Macedonian War	214-205
214-212	Siege and Capture of Syracuse by Marcellus	Death of Archimedes	212
212	P. & Cn. Scipio defeated by Hasdrubal Loss of Spain south of the Ebro Hannibal seizes Tarentum
211-206	P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Maior) in Spain	Rome allied with Aetolians	211
210	Scipio surprises New Carthage
208	Hasdrubal (son of Hamilcar) eludes Scipio and crosses the Pyrenees to join Hannibal	Philopoemen, General of Achaean League	208-183
207	Defeat and Death of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (Nero)
204	Scipio goes to Africa: blockades Utica	Peace of Rome with Philip	205
203	Hannibal recalled: leaves Italy
202	Battle of Zama. Peace made
Part V.—Formation of Empire beyond Italy, 200-183 B.C.
200-196	Second Macedonian War
197	Battle of Cynoscephalae (Flaminius)
196	Proclamation of the Freedom of Greece
195	Hannibal takes refuge with Antiochus			Cato (234-149)
200-191	War with Insubrian and Boian Gauls Gallia Cisalpina a Roman Province (3)	Antiochus in Greece	192
191-190	War with Antiochus of Syria
191	Battle of Thermopylae (Cato)
190	Battle of Magnesia. (L. Scipio and Domitius)	Hannibal with Prusias, King of Bithynia	190-183		Pacuvius (220-132)
184	Censorship of Cato
183	Deaths of Hannibal, Scipio and Philopoemen
179	T. Sempronius Gracchus in Spain	War of Antiochus and Egypt	172-168
171-168	Third Macedonian War (Perseus)
168	Battle of Pydna (Aemilius Paulus) Egypt accepts the protectorate of Rome	Judas Maccabaeus (a treaty with Rome, 161)	166-161		Terence (185-159)
149-146	Third Punic War (Scipio Africanus Minor) Destruction of CarthageB
148-146	War with Andriscus (the pseudo-Philip) and the Achaeans. Destruction of Corinth (Mummius)				Lucilius (180-103)
148	Macedonia made a Roman Province (4)B Illyricum made a Roman Province (5)
149-140	War with Viriathus, the Lusitanian Hero	Judaea free from Syrian control (Simon Maccabaeus)	142
143-133	Numantine War
133	Destruction of Numantia (Scipio Africanus Minor) Roman Province in Spain (7)B Achaia made a Roman Province (8)				Accius (c. 170-90)
133	Attalus III bequeaths the Kingdom of Pergamum to Rome. This becomes the Roman Province of Asia (9)
Part VI.—Period of Civil Strife in Italy, etc. 133-44 B.C.
133-121	Attempted reforms (Leges Semproniae) of the Gracchi
133	Agrarian Law of Tiberius Gracchus Murder of Tib. Gracchus (P. Scipio Nasica) First civil bloodshed in Rome	John Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and Samaria	129
131	Two plebeian Consuls (the first time)
129	Death of Scipio Africanus Minor (Carbo suspected)
123-2	Tribunate of C. Gracchus	Roman Colony sent to Carthage	123
121	Death of C. Gracchus Conquest of S. Gaul Province of Narbonensis (10)	Mithridates (Pontus)	120-63		Afranius (fl. 100)
118	Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia
111-106	The Jugurthine War (Metellus, Marius, Sulla)	Conquests of Mithridates on the Black Sea	112-110
106	Jugurtha betrayed to Sulla
105	The Cimbrians defeat the Romans at Arausio
102	Marius defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae
101	Marius (with Catulus) defeats Cimbri at Vercellae
100	Marius Consul a sixth time	Sulla on the Euphrates	92
91	Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus
91-81	The Social or Marsic War	Tigranes (Armenia)	95-60
90	Lex Iulia, granting the civitas to the Italian States not in rebellion
89	Battle of Asculum
88-86	First Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)
				Period II.—The Golden Age of Latin Literature, 80 B.C.-14 A.D.
88	Sulla occupies Rome. First invasion of Rome by a Roman army
87-84	Cinnan revolution. Marius’ reign of terror
88-84	First Mithridatic War. (Sulla)
88	Massacre of Romans in Asia
86	Victory at Chaeronea. Sulla takes Athens Death of Marius
85	Victory at Orchomenus	Tigranes at war with Rome	86-85		Lucretius (97-53)
84	Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates
83-82	Second Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)
82	Death of the younger Marius Sulla Felix
83-81	The Sullan Proscriptions Second Mithridatic War (Murena)	Pompeius in Africa: triumphs as an Eques	81
81-79	Sulla Dictator Leges Corneliae
80	Cilicia made a Roman Province (11)
78	Death of Sulla
78-72	War with Sertorius in Spain (Pompeius)	Pharisees supreme in Judaea	78	Sisenna (fl. 78)
75	Mithridates in alliance with Sertorius
74	Bithynia made a Roman Province (12)	Nicomedes leaves Bithynia to Rome	75	Varro (116-27)
72	Betrayal and murder of Sertorius
73-71	War with Spartacus and his gladiators
71	Death of Spartacus (Crassus and Pompeius)
74-63	Third Mithridatic War (Lucullus, Pompeius)
72	Victory of Cabira (Pontus) Lucullus reforms the province of Asia (hence unpopular with Equites)				Catullus (84-54)
70	First Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus Overthrow of the Sullan Constitution
69	Victory at Tigranocerta (capital of Armenia)			Nepos (100-24)
67	Mutiny of Lucullus’ soldiers Mithridates recovers Pontus Lex Gabinia Pompeius destroys the Pirates	Rome interferes in Palestine	65	Sallust (86-34)
66	Lex Manilia Lucullus superseded by Pompeius Victory of Nicopolis (Armenia) Peace with Tigranes			Cicero (106-43)
64	Syria made a Roman Province (13)
63	Pompeius takes Jerusalem Death of Mithridates
63	Cicero Consul Catiline’s conspiracy crushed Cicero saluted as Pater Patriae
61	Pompeius’ great Triumph
60	First Triumvirate (Pompeius, Caesar, Crassus)
59	Caesar’s first Consulship. The Leges Iuliae
58-50	Caesar in Gaul (in Britain 55 and 54 B.C.) Gaul divided into three Provinces (14, 15, 16)			Caesar (102-44)
58-57	Cicero’s banishment and return			A. Hirtius (ob. 43)
56	Conference of the Triumvirs at Luca
55	Second Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus
53	Disaster at Carrhae. Death of Crassus
52	Pompeius sole Consul till August 1st
51-50	Cicero Governor of Cilicia
49-45	Third Civil War (between Caesar and Pompeius)
49	Caesar crosses the Rubicon
49	Caesar’s successful campaign round Lerida (Spain)
49	Massilia surrenders to Caesar
49	Defeat and death of Curio in Africa
48	Caesar’s unsuccessful investment of Dyrrachium	Cleopatra	69-30
48	Battle of Pharsalus. Murder of Pompeius
47	Alexandrine War. Settlement of Asia
46	Battle of Thapsus. Death of Cato
45	Caesar sole Consul. Battle of Munda (Spain)			Pub. Syrus (fl. 45)
44	Murder of Caesar
Imperial Period.
43	Second Triumvirate (Lepidus, Antonius, Octavianus)	Herod the Great in Judaea	37-4	Pollio (fl. 40)	Vergil (70-19)
42	Battle of Philippi (Brutus and Cassius)
31	Battle of Actium (Antonius and Cleopatra)	Egypt a Roman Province (17)			Horace (65-8)
27 B.C.- 14 A.D.	Octavianus Augustus				Tibullus (54-19)
23	Death of Marcellus			Livy (59 B.C.-18 A.D.)	Propertius (49-15)
20	Parthians restore standards	Birth of Christ	B.C. 4		Ovid (43 B.C.-18 A.D.
A.D. 9	Destruction of army under Varus (Arminius)		A.D.	A.D.	A.D.
				Period III.—The Silver Age, 14-117 A.D.
14-37	Tiberius			V. Pater­culus (fl. 20)	Manilius (fl. 12)
37-41	Caligula
41-54	Claudius	Pontius Pilate in Judaea	26-36	Val. Maximus (fl. 26)	Phaedrus (fl. 30-40)
43-51	Conquest of Britain	Crucifixion	30
		Boadicea in Britain	61	Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.) Petronius (ob. 66)	Persius (34-62) Lucan (39-65)
54-68	Nero Rome burnt 64
68-69	Galba, Otho, Vitellius
70-78	Vespasian. (Colosseum built)	Titus destroys Jerusalem	70	Pliny I. (23-79)
79-81	Titus
79	Eruption of Vesuvius (Herculaneum and Pompeii)			Quintilian (c. 35-95) Frontinus (c. 41-103) Tacitus (c. 55-120) Pliny II. (61-113) Suetonius (c. 75-160) Florus (fl. 137) Justinus (c. 150) A. Gellius (fl. 169)	Val. Flaccus (ob. 90) Statius (ob. 95) Silius (25-101) Martial (c. 40-102) Juvenal (c. 55-138)
81-96	Domitian	Agricola subdues Britain	78-85
93	Death of Agricola (father-in-law of Tacitus)
96-98	Nerva
98-116	Trajan	Greatest extent of Roman Empire
117-138	Hadrian	Hadrian’s wall	121
138-160	Antoninus Pius	Wall of Antonine	140
161-180	Marcus Aurelius
				Period IV.—The Later Empire, from 117 A.D.
					Nemesianus (fl. 284)
274-337	Constantine the Great	Council of Nicaea	325		Ter. Maurus (c. 300)
395-1453	Byzantine Empire	Romans leave Britain	409-420		Ausonius (fl. 379)
408-410	Alaric the Goth at Rome (Stilicho)	Hengist and Horsa (Kent)	449	Eutropius (fl. 375) Augustine (354-430)	Claudian (fl. 400) Prudentius (fl. 404) Rutilius (fl. 416)
451	Attila the Hun defeated at Chalons
455	Genseric the Vandal at Rome
476	Odoacer at Rome. Western Empire ends
		Constantinople taken by Turks	1453

Note

Reading selections (pages 61-272) are linked to the top of the page. References to the Introduction or Appendix are linked to the nearest convenient heading.