Appendices
| PAGE | ||
| I. | LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS | 274-276 |
| II. | LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES | 277-281 |
| III. | LIST OF IMPORTANT SUFFIXES | 282-286 |
| IV. | GROUPS OF COGNATE WORDS | 287-288 |
| V. | HOW TO THINK IN LATIN | 289-292 |
| VI. | SHORT LIVES OF ROMAN AUTHORS | 293-345 |
| VII. | CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE | 347-363 |
Appendix I
List of Important Conjunctions
I. CO-ORDINATE.—These conjunctions join sentences of equal grammatical rank (ordo), that is, each sentence is grammatically independent of the other.
They are generally divided into FIVE classes:—
(1) Copulative (link) conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences and the meaning.
et, -quĕ, ac, atque... and.
et... et, -que... -que (poet.)... both... and.
ĕtĭam, quŏque... also.
Divide et impera.
Divide and control.
(2) Disjunctive conjunctions join together the sentence but they disjoin or separate from each other the thoughts conveyed.
aut... aut, vĕl... vĕl (vĕ)... either... or.
sĭve (seu)... seu... whether... or.
nĕc (nĕque)... nec (neque)... neither... nor.
aut vincemus aut moriemur.
We will either conquer or die.
(3) Adversative conjunctions oppose two statements to each other.
sĕd, vērum, vērō, cētĕrum... but.
autem, tămen... however.
ăt... but, on the other hand.
Ille quidem tardior: tu autem ingeniosus, sed in omni vita inconstans.
He is a little dull: while you are clever, but unstable in all your actions.
(4) Inferential.—The statement of one sentence brings in (infert) or proves the other.
Ergo, ĭgĭtur, ĭtăque... therefore, accordingly.
‘Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem:
Ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.’
Ennius.
(5) Causal.
nam, namque, ĕnim, ĕtĕnim... for.
quāpropter, quārē, quămobrem... wherefore.
Ex.: ‘quamobrem, Quirites, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris: nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt, sed profecto iustiores nunquam.’
II. SUBORDINATE.—These conjunctions attach to a sentence or clause another clause which holds (grammatically) a lower or subordinate position, qualifying the principal clause just as an adverb qualifies a verb.
Thus in ‘I will do this, if you do,’ the if clause is equivalent to the adverb conditionally.
They are generally divided into EIGHT classes:—
(1) Final introduce a clause expressing a purpose.
ŭt, quō... that, in order to.
nē, quōmĭnus... that not, lest.
qui... who (= ut is...).
Edo ut vivam.
Ne ignavum te putemus, fortiter pugna.
Pauci mihi sunt quos mittam.
(2) Consecutive introduce a clause expressing a consequence or result.
ŭt... so that, so as to.
ŭt nōn, quīn... so as not to.
qui... who (of such a kind as to...).
Ex.: Tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat.
Tam fortis est ut hostes non timeat.
Dignus erat qui rex fieret.
(3) Temporal.
cum, quandō... when.
ŭbī̆, ŭt... when, as.
sĭmŭl, sĭmŭl atque (ac)... as soon as.
postquam... after that.
dum, dōnec, quŏad... until, as long as, while.
prĭus... quam, antĕ... quam... before that.
Discedere prius noluit quam ducem vidisset.
Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit.
(4) Conditional.
sī, nĭsī̆ (nī), si non, quod sī... if, unless, if not, but if.
mŏdŏ, dummŏdo, si mŏdo... if only, provided that.
dummŏdo nē (dum nē, mŏdo nē)... provided only not.
Ne promiseris unquam nisi fidem praestare potes.
Never promise if you cannot keep your word.
(5) Comparative and Proportional.
ut, utī, sīcut, vĕlut... just as, as.
tanquam, quăsĭ... as if.
quo... ĕo... the more... the more.
Poenas dedit sicut meritus est.
E corpore velut e carcere, evolat animus.
The soul flies forth from the prison-house of the body.
quo difficilius eo praeclarius.
(6) Concessive.
etsī, ĕtĭamsi, tămetsi... even if.
quamquam... although.
quamvīs, quamlĭbet... however much.
lĭcet, ut, cum... though, although.
Cum liber esse posset, servire maluit.
(7) Causal.
quĭă, quŏd, quŏnĭam, quandō... because.
cum... since.
proptĕrĕā... quod... for this reason... that.
quandōquĭdem, quippe... since indeed, inasmuch as.
Quae cum ita sint, ab urbe discedam.
Socrates accusatus est quod iuventutem corrumperet.
(8) Interrogative (with dependent clauses).
cūr, ūtrum... ăn, num... why, whether... or, if.
quemadmŏdum, ut... how.
ŭbī̆, quandō... when.
Caesar utrum iure caesus fuerit, an nefarie necatus, dubitari potest.
Whether Caesar was rightfully put to death, or foully murdered, is open to question.