II The Point Tie-up for Ingrain Carpets
This method of tying-up is based upon the straight-through tie-up principle, arranged as follows: The design in the fabric repeats from its centre equally towards each selvedge.
Figs. CXVI. and CXVII. illustrate two fabric designs, a to b, the width of the fabric or one yard on the loom; c is the centre or point of the design; b to d is the repeat of a to c, where the widths are sewed together.
Fig. CVIII., p. 73, shows the first and last rows, also the two centre rows of the journals threaded to the neck-cords (tail-cords) of the machine. Each cord is numbered to correspond. a, b, c, d, represent the cords for lifting the journals, on the same principle as in the straight-through tie-up. In power-looms this is done by a cam arrangement.
Fig. CXIX., p. 80, is designed to give a thorough understanding of the adjustment of harness-cords to heddles, as well as the leasing of the latter. The numbers selected for indicating the different cords correspond with those used in Fig. CXVIII.
Journal 1 = white, } ground.
Journal 2 = olive, }
Journal 3 = red, } figure.
Journal 4 = black, }
| Arrangement of threading; a to b, 51 times repeated, | = | 408 cords. | |
| The last row in the half width illustrated separately by c to d, which is the same as a to b, | = | 8 cords. | 416 |
| ---- | |||
| S forms the centre or point; e to f, first row of each journal, near centre, (repeat of centre-cord for ground or figure omitted; see o on journals 2 and 4), | = | 6 cords. | |
| g to h, 50 times repeated, | = | 400 cords. | |
| i to k, last row, same as g to h, | = | 8 cords. | 414 |
| ---- | |||
| Total number of cords used, | 830 | ||
The following is the method employed in drawing for indicating the different colors of warp-threads:
Blank for white, } ground.
Light shaded for olive, }
Heavy shaded for red, } figure.
Black for black, }
The beauty of an ingrain carpet consists in its color combination. In hand-looms the common batten is used in connection with a shuttle which is somewhat curved, a form most suitable to being thrown by the hand. The batten naturally falls towards the weaver by its own gravity, being usually worked a little out of a vertical line for that purpose. In this method the shed forms its own shuttle-race, or bed upon which the shuttle slides. When two or more shuttles are used, they are laid on the woven piece of carpet before the weaver, and he selects them as required. If a solid shuttle-race is connected to the batten, the warp-threads are pressed down upon it and the shuttle slides upon the ridge of the warp-threads. In this case the “fly-shuttle” is used, and also the “drop-box;” the latter being operated by some of the reserve needles of the Jacquard machine.
Fig. CXX. shows a shuttle-box mechanism for carpet hand-looms. As already stated, the four journals in power-looms are lifted by cams or similar contrivances. In Fig. CXXI. (representing the Crompton carpet loom) this cam arrangement is clearly visible; the cams are situated above the journals, the latter being lifted by means of the journal rods from above. The loom carries four shuttle-boxes at each end of the lathe; any one of the series at either end can be brought into line with the shuttle-race at any pick.
In some looms the journals are also lifted from below, as shown in Fig. CXXII., representing the “Knowles” carpet loom. In this the journals are controlled by a chain motion, instead of a cam, operating either journal at will, which can not be done on a loom where the journals are actuated by cams. This permits the shading of a fabric to be changed without cutting out the warp and re-drawing it. The box mechanism (four boxes on each side of the lathe) is positive, and controlled by a chain on the same shaft as the journals, and may be used with the chain alone, or with the chain in combination with the cards. The motion can be run forward or reversed at will, and any box called as desired.
Before closing this article, it is necessary to mention the method of working the loom built with a stationary “shuttle-raceway” and an independent “comb,” the latter having a reciprocating movement for beating up the filling, and a rising and falling motion for bringing the comb up into, and taking it out of the warp; it has also yielding racks and filling forks, and a cam so timed for operating the forks, that the latter will seize the filling and carry it forward in front of the range of the said comb.
Fig. CXXIII. illustrates the side view of the comb and its lay; also the parts necessary to be shown for working the same: k, the independent lay; d, the comb; c, the reed; a, its lathe; b, the shuttle-race; c, the breast beam of loom; oval ring, d, e, g, represents the motion of the comb in beating up the filling; e, r, upper shed of the warp; e, t, lower shed of the warp; x, the shed; h, stud fixed to the loom framing; h, i, to i, k, toggle connection of lay to stud, h; i, m, to m, l, crank connected at i to the toggles; l, crank shaft; p, o, lever for raising and lowering the lay, k; n, its fulcrum; s, grooved cam for working lever, p, o.
The vibratory movement of the comb-lay for beating up the filling is produced by the action of the cranks upon the toggle connections; and the upward and downward movement of the lay, to produce the entrance of the comb into the warp and its withdrawal therefrom, is produced by the action of the lever upon the grooved cam. The comb, d, is constructed of teeth, which are secured together by a bolt passing through them, and which have their bases of dovetail form to enable them to be secured between a dovetail lip, on the lay, and a dovetail clamping plate, secured to the lay by bolts.
Fig. CXXIV. illustrates the method of lifting the journals from below. The journals, of which there are four, are arranged to work in upright fixed guides on the loom framing, d, e, f, g, and are operated by treadles, which are arranged in pairs below, each journal being connected with one pair of treadles by two rods at its opposite ends. These treadles are operated by cams for each pair of treadles and each journal.
Fig. CXXV. represents the top view of the “fixed guides” containing the journals. This loom is provided with ten shuttle-boxes, (seven for the revolver, three upright), for each side, and built by the Furbush Machine Company, being a combination of their older carpet loom known as the “Murkland,” and the “Duckworth Carpet Loom.”