From the Indus to the Tigris

Appendix. A. — Synoptical Grammar and Vocabulary of the Brahoe Language

This language is spoken throughout Balochistan as far west as Kej, Panjgúr, and Jalk, up to the borders of Sistan, and is written in the Persian character.

There is no inflection for gender or case. The plural is formed by the addition of ák if the singular ends in a consonant, as kasar, a road, kasarák, roads; of k alone if the singular ends in a vowel, as urá, a house, urák, houses—húlí, a horse, húlík, horses—are, a man, arek, men—dú, the hand, becomes dík, the hands; and of ghák if the singular ends in the mute h, as bandah, a man, bandahghák, men.

The cases are formed by the addition of certain distinguishing particles to the nominative, as is shown in the following typical forms of declension:—

Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	kasar	a road.	Nom.	kasarúk	roads.
Gen.	kasarná	of a road.	Gen.	kasarúkná	of roads.
Dat.	kasar e	to a road.	Dat.	kasarúk e	to roads.
Acc.	kasar	a road.	Acc.	kasarák	roads.
Abl.	kasaryún	from a road.	Abl.	kasarakyán	from roads.
Voc.	ore kasar	O road!	Voc.	ore kasarúk	O roads!
Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	urá	a house.	Nom.	urák	houses.
Gen.	uráná	of a house.	Gen.	urákná	of houses.
Dat.	uráte-e	to a house.	Dat.	urák e	to houses.
Acc.	urá	a house.	Acc.	urák	houses.
Abl.	urátyún	from a house.	Abl.	urákyán	from houses.
Voc.	ore urá	O house!	Voc.	ore urák	O houses!
Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	húli	a horse.	Nom.	húlik	horses.
Gen.	húlíná	of a horse.	Gen.	húlikná	of horses.
Dat.	húlíte-e	to a horse.	Dat.	húlik e	to horses.
Acc.	húlí	a horse.	Acc.	húlik	horses.
Abl.	húlityún	from a horse.	Abl.	húlikyún	from horses.
Voc.	ore húli	O horse!	Voc.	ore húlik	O horses!

The dative affix of the last two declensions te really means into; the simple affix e means at, to, and the forms úráe and húlíe are also used in this case.

Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	bandah	a man.	Nom.	bandahghák	men.
Gen.	bandahná	of a man.	Gen.	bandahghákná	of men.
Dat.	bandah e	to a man.	Dat.	bandahghák e	to men.
Acc.	bandah	a man.	Acc.	bandahghák	men.
Abl.	bandahyán	from a man.	Abl.	bandahghákyán	from men.
Voc.	ore bandah	O man!	Voc.	ore bandahghák	O men!

The singular bandah is often pronounced bandagh, and the plural bandaghák.

Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	arwat	a woman.	Nom.	arwaták	women.
Gen.	arwatná	of a woman.	Gen.	arwatákná	of women.
Dat.	arwat e	to a woman.	Dat.	arwaták e	to women.
Acc.	arwat	a woman.	Acc.	arwaták	women.
Abl.	arwatyán	from a woman.	Abl.	arwatákyán	from women.
Voc.	ore arwat	O woman!	Voc.	ore arwaták	O women!

There are several exceptions to these rules for forming the plural. Thus már, a boy, becomes mák for márák, boys—bángo, a cock, becomes bángák, cocks—kóchak, a dog, becomes kochaghák, dogs, &c.

Nouns are qualified by an adjective set before them, and then declined as a compound word, as chuno már, a little boy—chuno már ná, of a little boy—chuno mák, little boys—chuno mák e, to little boys, &c., sharo masar, a good girl—sharo masarák, good girls, &c.

Degrees of comparison are expressed by the use of the ablative case with the positive, as e juwán húlí are (or e), that is a handsome horse—dá juwán húlí asite, this is a (more) handsome horse—dá kul húlíyán juwán are (or e), this is the handsomest of all the horses—are arwatyán balo e (or are), the man is larger than the woman—arek arwatákyán balo arer, men are larger than women—bandaghák zorak arer, vale dá bandagh kulyán zorak asite, the men are strong, but this man is stronger than all—dáfk arwaták zorak arer, vale bandaghák zorak asitur, these women are strong, but men are stronger—hísun áhinyán khuben e, gold is heavier than iron.

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are í, I—ní, thou—o, he, she, or it; their plurals are nan, we—num, ye—ofk, they.

The demonstrative pronouns are, proximate, dá, this—plural dáfk, these; and remote, e, that—plural efk, those.

They are declined as follows:—

Personal Pronouns

Singular.			Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	í	I, me.	Nom. & Acc.	nan	we, us.
Gen.	kaná	of me, my.	Gen.	nanná	of us, our.
Dat.	kane	to me.	Dat.	nane	to us.
Abl.	kanyán	from me.	Abl.	nanyán	from us.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	ní	thou, thee.	Nom. & Acc.	num	ye, you.
Gen.	ná	of thee, thy.	Gen.	numá	of you, your.
Dat.	ne	to thee.	Dat.	nume	to you.
Abl.	nyán	from thee.	Abl.	numyán	from you.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	o	he, she, it, him, her, it.	Nom. & Acc.	ofk	they.
Gen.	oná	of him, his, etc.	Gen.	oftá	of them, their.
Dat.	ode	to him, her, etc.	Dat.	ofte	to them.
Abl.	odán	from him, her, etc.	Abl.	oftyán	from them.

Examples—Urá kaná mur are, my house is far off—oná tuman khurk e, his village is near—húlík numá aráng arer? where are your horses?—iragh oftyán hallak, take the bread from them—nane dír hatbo, bring us water.

The demonstrative pronouns are similarly declined.

Singular.			Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	dá	this.	Nom. & Acc.	dáfk	these.
Gen.	dáná	of this.	Gen.	dáftá	of these.
Dat.	dáde	to this.	Dat.	dáfte	to these.
Abl.	dádán	from this.	Abl.	dáftyán	from these.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	e	that.	Nom. & Acc.	efk	those.
Gen.	ená	of that.	Gen.	eftá	of those.
Dat.	ede	to that.	Dat.	efte	to those.
Abl.	edán	from that.	Abl.	eftyán	from those.

Examples—Dá masar ená areghas ír e, this girl is that man’s sister—(the word areghas is here an inflected form of are, a man. In composition, where the nominative ends in a vowel, the particle ghas, and where in a consonant, the particle as, is added to distinguish the oblique case, or the accusative only)—dáfk darakhták eftyán burzo asitur, these trees are taller than those.

The possessive pronoun is expressed by the adjective ten or tenat, own, self, added to the several personal pronouns, and is regularly declined, singular and plural being the same, as í ten, I myself, nan ten, we ourselves, ní ten, thou thyself, num ten, you yourselves, o ten, he himself, ofk ten, they themselves.

Singular.			Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	í ten	myself.	Nom. & Acc.	nan ten	ourselves.
Gen.	í tenná	of myself.	Gen.	nan tenná	of ourselves.
Dat.	í tene	to myself.	Dat.	nan tene	to ourselves.
Abl.	í tenyán	from myself.	Abl.	nan tenyán	from ourselves.

And so on with the other personal pronouns above mentioned.

Examples—Ílum kaná tenat kárem kare, my brother did the work himself—í tenná zaghm are, it is my own sword—efk bandaghák ten-pa-ten jang kerá, those men are quarrelling amongst themselves.

The interrogative pronouns are der, who?, the same in the singular and plural, and applied only to animate objects, and ant, which? and ará, what? used in both numbers, but only applied to inanimate objects. The first is declined regularly. The others are indeclinable.

Singular and Plural.
Nom. & Acc.	der	who? whom?
Gen.	dinná	of whom? whose?
Dat.	dere	to whom?
Abl.	deryán	from whom?

Examples—Dá bandagh der are? who is this man?—dinná már are? whose son is he?—ní ant cóm asitus? of which tribe are you?—dá kasar ará tuman te káek? to which camp does this road go? Ará is also used as a relative pronoun, with hamo as its correlative, as ará ki sharo e hamo halbo, ará ki gando e hamo gum kar, whichever is good, that bring; whichever is bad, that throw away.

There are besides a number of adjective pronouns. Those in common use are the following:—Pen, another, har pen, every other, ant pen, which other. Example—kaná ílum afas pen bandagh asite, he is not my brother, he is some other man. Ákhadr, as much as, hamo khadr, so much, dá khadr, this much. Example—ákhadr ki darkár e hamo khadr haltak, as much as is necessary, so much take. Hamdún, like as—so. Example—hamdún ní us hamdún í ut, like as thou art so am I. Hamro, what sort, as dá hamro húlí are, what sort of horse is this?

Adjectives

The adjectives precede the nouns they qualify, and undergo no change for gender or number of case, as húlan are, a stout man—húlan arwat, a stout woman. Some adjectives are modified by the addition of certain particles denoting either increase or diminution, as sharo bandagh, a good man; sharangá bandagh, a very good man—chuno masar, a little girl; chunaká masar, a very little girl.

Verbs

The verbs appear to be more or less irregular in their paradigms. I had not sufficient opportunity to examine their structure on an extended scale, so as to reduce them to some form of classification, and the natives from whom I gathered my information regarding the language had no knowledge whatever of the rules guiding their speech. The different tenses offered in the following forms of conjugations have been derived from the replies to questions requiring answers in the present, past, and future respectively, through the medium of the Persian language, and I trust they may be found generally correct.

The infinitive ends in ing, and is often used as a verbal noun. Example—jang kaning sharaf, quarrelling is not good (or proper)—rást páning shar e, speaking the truth is good (or right). The infinitive sign is generally added to the root, which is the same as the imperative, as hin, go; hining, to go—haraf, ask; harafing, to ask. But there are many exceptions to this, as bar, come; baning, to come—kar, do; kaning, to do, &c.

Some verbs form the past tenses on a different root to that from which the present tenses are formed, as will be seen by the list of verbs given at the end of this paper. The rules might be easily worked out with a little leisure for their study.

Transitives are formed from intransitives by interposing f between the root and infinitive sign, as khuling, to fear; khulfing, to frighten—harsing, to change; harsfing, to alter—túling, to sit; túlfing, to seat, &c.

Causals are formed from these transitives by changing the f to íf or ef, as khulfing, to frighten; khulífing, to cause to frighten—túlfing, to seat; túlífing, to cause to seat, &c.

The paradigms of the substantive verb, and two intransitive and two transitive verbs, are here given as models for all other verbs. Irregularities are only to be ascertained by a practical acquaintance with the language, but they do not seem to be numerous.

The substantive verb maning, “to be or become,” is thus conjugated:—

Infinitive Mood—maning—to be.

Present Participle—are-e—being.

Agent—manok—becomer.

Past Participle—mas—been.

Imperative Mood.
Singular.		Plural.
ní mares	be thou.	num mabo	be you.
o mare	let him be.	ofk marer	let them be.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í ut	I am.	nan un	we are.
ní us	thou art.	num ure	you are.
o are-e	he, she, it is.	ofk arer-or	they are.
Aorist.
Singular.		Plural.
í asitut	I may be.	nan asitun	we may be.
ní asitus	thou mayest be.	num asiture	you may be.
o asite	he, etc. may be.	ofk asitor	they may be.
Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í asut	I was.	nan asun	we were.
ní asus	thou wast.	num asure	you were.
o asak	he, etc. was.	ofk asor	they were.
Continuative Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í masut	I was being.	nan masun	we were being.
ní masus	thou wast being.	num masure	you were being.
o masak	he, etc. was being.	ofk masor	they were being.
Perfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í masasut	I have been.	nan masasun	we have been.
ní masasus	thou hast been.	num masasure	you have been.
o masas	he, etc. has been.	ofk masasor	they have been.
Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í masunut	I had been.	nan masunun	we had been.
ní masunus	thou hast been.	num masunure	you had been.
o masune	he, etc. has been.	ofk masunor	they had been.
Future Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í marew	I will be.	nan maren	we will be.
ní mares	thou wilt be.	num marere	you will be.
o marek	he, etc. will be.	ofk marer	they will be.
Future Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í marot	I will have been.	nan maron	we will have been.
ní maros	thou wilt have been.	num morore	you will have been.
o maroe	he, etc. will have been.	ofk maror	they will have been.

The intransitive verbs “to come” and “to go” are thus conjugated:—

Infinitive Mood—baning—to come.

Present Participle—bare—coming.

Agent—barok—comer.

Past Participle—bas—come.

Imperative Mood.
Singular.		Plural.
ní bank-bar	come thou.	num babo	come you.
o bare	let him come.	ofk barer	let them come.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í bareva	I am coming.	nan barena	we are coming.
ní baresa	thou art coming.	num barere	you are coming.
o bare	he, etc. is coming.	ofk barera	they are coming.
Aorist.
Singular.		Plural.
í barew	I may come.	nan baren	we may come.
ní bares	thou mayest come.	num barere	you may come.
o barek	he, etc. may come.	ofk barer	they may come.
Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í basut	I came.	nan basun	we came.
ní basus	thou camest.	num basure	you came.
o basak	he, etc. came.	ofk basor	they came.
Perfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í basasut	I have come.	nan basasun	we have come.
ní basasus	thou hast come.	num basasure	you have come.
o basas	he, etc. has come.	ofk basasor	they have come.
Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í basunut	I had come.	nan basunun	we had come.
ní basunus	thou hadst come.	num basunure	you had come.
o basune	he, etc. had come.	ofk basunor	they had come.
Future Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í barew	I will come.	nan baren	we will come.
ní bares	thou wilt come.	num barere	you will come.
o barek	he, etc. will come.	ofk barer	they will come.
Future Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í barot	I will have come.	nan baron	we will have come.
ní baros	thou wilt have come.	num barore	you will have come.
o baroe	he, etc. will have come.	ofk baror	they will have come.

The verb “to go”:—

Infinitive Mood—hining—to go.

Present Participle—káe—going.

Agent—hinok—goer.

Past Participle—hiná—gone.

Imperative Mood.
Singular.		Plural.
ní hinak-hin	go thou.	num hinbo	go you.
o káe	let him, etc. go.	ofk kára	let them go.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í káwa	I am going.	nan kána	we are going.
ní kása	thou art going.	num káre	you are going.
o káe	he, etc. is going.	ofk kára	they are going.
Aorist.
Singular.		Plural.
í káw	I may go.	nan kán	we may go.
ní kás	thou mayest go.	num káre	you may go.
o káek	he, etc. may go.	ofk kár	they may go.
Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í hinát	I went.	nan hinán	we went.
ní hinás	thou wentest.	num hináre	you went.
o hinák	he, etc. went.	ofk hinár	they went.
Perfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í hinásut	I have gone.	nan hinásun	we have gone.
ní hinásus	thou hast gone.	num hinásure	you have gone.
o hinásas	he, etc. had gone.	ofk hinásor	they have gone.
Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í hinánut	I had gone.	nan hinánun	we had gone.
ní hinánus	thou hadst gone.	num hinánure	you had gone.
o hináne	he, etc. had gone.	ofk hinánor	they had gone.
Future Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í káw	I will go.	nan kán	we will go.
ní kás	thou wilt go.	num káre	you will go.
o káek	he, etc. will go.	ofk kár	they will go.
Future Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í kot	I will have gone.	nan kon	we will have gone.
ní kos	thou wilt have gone.	num kore	you will have gone.
o koe	he, etc. wilt have gone.	ofk kor	they will have gone.

The above may be taken as examples of all intransitive verbs. But the different roots for the present and past tenses can only be acquired by practice.

The transitive verbs “to do” and “to beat” are thus conjugated.

The verb “to do or make.”

Infinitive Mood—kaning—to do, make.

Present Participle—ke—doing.

Agent—karok—doer, maker.

Past Participle—kar—done.

Imperative Mood.
Singular.		Plural.
ní karak-kar	do thou.	num kabo	do you.
o ke	let him, etc. do.	ofk kera	let them do.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í keva	I am doing.	nan kena	we are doing.
ní kesa	thou art doing.	num kere	you are doing.
o ke	he, etc. is doing.	ofk kera	they are doing.
Aorist.
Singular.		Plural.
í kev	I may do.	nan ken	we may do.
ní kes	thou mayest do.	num kere	you may do.
o kek	he, etc. may do.	ofk ker	they may do.
Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í karet	I did.	nan karen	we did.
ní kares	thou didst.	num karere	you did.
o karek	he, etc. did.	ofk karer	they did.
Perfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í karesut	I have done.	nan karesun	we have done.
ní karesus	thou hast done.	num karesure	you have done.
o karesas	he, etc. has done.	ofk karesor	they have done.
Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í karenut	I had done.	nan karenun	we had done.
ní karenus	thou hadst done.	num karenure	you had done.
o karene	he, etc. had done.	ofk karenor	they had done.
Future Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í kev	I will do.	nan ken	we will do.
ní kes	thou wilt do.	num kere	you will do.
o kek	he, etc. will do.	ofk ker	they will do.
Future Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í karot	I will have done.	nan karon	we will have done.
ní karos	thou wilt have done.	num karore	you will have done.
o karoe	he, etc. will have done.	ofk karor	they will have done.

The verb “to beat or strike.”

Infinitive Mood—khaling—to beat.

Present Participle—khale—beating.

Agent—khalok—beater.

Past Participle—khalk—beaten.

Imperative Mood.
Singular.		Plural.
ní khalt	beat thou.	num khalbo	beat you.
o khale	let him beat.	ofk khalera	let them beat.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í khaleva	I am beating.	nan khalena	we are beating.
ní khalesa	thou art beating.	num khalere	you are beating.
o khale	he, etc. is beating.	ofk khalera	they are beating.
Aorist.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalev	I may beat.	nan khalen	we may beat.
ní khales	thou mayest beat.	num khalere	you may beat.
o khalek	he, etc. may beat.	ofk khaler	they may beat.
Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalet	I beat.	nan khalken	we beat.
ní khalkes	thou beatest.	num khalkere	you beat.
o khalk	he, etc. beat.	ofk khalker	they beat.
Perfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalesut	I have beaten.	nan khalesun	we have beaten.
ní khalesus	thou hast beaten.	num khalesure	you have beaten.
o khalesas	he, etc. has beaten.	ofk khalesor	they have beaten.
Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalenut	I had beaten.	nan khalenun	we had beaten.
ní khalenus	thou hadst beaten.	num khalenure	you had beaten.
o khalene	he, etc. had beaten.	ofk khalenor	they had beaten.
Future Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalev	I will beat.	nan khalen	we will beat.
ní khales	thou wilt beat.	num khalere	you will beat.
o khalek	he, etc. will beat.	ofk khaler	they will beat.
Future Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalot	I will have beaten.	nan khalon	we will have beaten.
ní khalos	thou wilt have beaten.	num khalore	you will have beaten.
o kaloe	he, etc. will have beaten.	ofk khalor	they will have beaten.

The passive voice of transitive verbs is formed by conjugating the past participle with the substantive verb maning, “to be.” Thus:—

Infinitive Mood—khalk maning—to be beaten.

Present Participle—khalk are—being beaten.

Past Participle—khalk mas—been beaten.

Imperative Mood.
Singular.		Plural.
ní khalk mares	be thou beaten.	num khalk mabo	be thou beaten.
o khalk mare	be he, etc. beaten.	ofk khalk marer	be they beaten.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalkut	I am beaten.	nan khalkun	we are beaten.
ní khalkus	thou art beaten.	num khalkure	you are beaten.
o khalk are-e	he, etc. is beaten.	ofk khalkarer	they are beaten.
Imperfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalk asut	I was beaten.	nan khalk asun	we were beaten.
ní khalk asus	thou wast beaten.	num khalk asure	you were beaten.
o khalk asak	he, etc. was beaten.	ofk khalk asor	they were beaten.
Perfect.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalk masasut	I have been beaten.	nan khalk masasun	we have been beaten.
ní khalk masasus	thou hast been beaten.	num khalk masasure	you have been beaten.
o khalk masas	he, etc. has been beaten.	ofk khalk masasor	they have been beaten.
Past.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalk masunut	I had been beaten.	nan khalk masunun	we had been beaten.
ní khalk masunus	thou hadst been beaten.	num khalk masunure	you had been beaten.
o khalk masune	he, etc. had been beaten.	ofk khalk masunor	they had been beaten.
Future Present.
Singular.		Plural.
í khalk marew	I will be beaten.	nan khalk maren	we will be beaten.
ní khalk mares	thou wilt be beaten.	num khalk marere	you will be beaten.
o khalk marek	he, etc. will be beaten.	ofk khalk marer	they will be beaten.

The other tenses can be supplied from the paradigm of the substantive verb. Negation is expressed by interposing f or af between the first two syllables of the verb, as bafarew, I will not come—kafarek, he did not do it—í khor afut, I am not blind—dá kárem o hech gáhas kafarot, he will never have done this deed—ní tifes, thou wilt not give? Prohibition is expressed by na or ma, don’t, placed before the imperative, as na kar, do not—ma khalt, do not beat. But the f is also used in an imperative sense, as nájor mafarew, may you not be ill—pa, speak; paf, don’t speak—ka, do; kafa or kapa, don’t.

With nouns negation is expressed by afak added to the word, as jor-afak, not well, sick—nyám-afak, not justice, unjust—zor afak, not strong, weak.

Adverbs

The adverbs are very numerous, and include interjections and prepositions. The adverbs of time are the following and others:—

dásá, now.

gurá, then.

gáhas, never.

padá, again.

zú, quickly.

madá, slowly.

wakhtí, early.

madáná, late.

ná gumán, suddenly.

har-vakht, always.

hech-vakht, at no time.

gáhas, ever.

chi-vakhtas-ki, when.

hamo-vakht, then.

asi-asi-vakht, sometimes.

harde, every day.

asit-jár, once.

irat-jár, twice.

musit-jár, thrice.

báz-jár, often.

ewáde, formerly.

awal, at first.

ákhir, at last.

begáh, this evening.

ano, to-day.

pagáh, to-morrow.

palme, day after to-morrow.

kúde, three days hence.

daro, yesterday.

mulkhudo, day before yesterday.

kúmulkhudo, three days ago.

ano-nan, to-night.

manjan, midday.

ním-shab, midnight.

peshín, forenoon.

digar, afternoon.

The adverbs of place are the following and others:—

burzá, above.

shef, below.

mustí, before.

padáe, behind.

tahtí, inside.

peshán, outside.

khurk, near.

mur, far.

dáde, here.

ede, there.

jáaski, where.

ere, there.

aráde, where?

hamangi, there.

haráng, as far as.

aráká, so far.

moni, opposite.

to, with.

te, in, up to.

kátum, on, upon.

dápárán, this side.

epárán, that side.

chármán, all sides.

antmur, how far?

The adverbs of quantity are the following and others:—

báz, much, very many.

machit, little, few.

hech, none.

girá, some.

bas, enough.

at, how much?

ákhadr, as much as.

dákhadr, so much.

har, every.

bíra, only, merely.

har-ant, whatever.

hechrá, nothing.

Other adverbs are the following, conjunctions and interjections:—

antai, why?

ho-hán, yes.

ahá, no.

vale, but.

hamhon, perhaps.

ki, that.

are, holloa!

háeháe, alas!

wáwáh, wonderful!

armán, pity!

ham, also.

lekin, but.

gwácháni, indeed!

jágai, instead of.

mat, leave off! don’t!

paráe, for sake of.

agar, if.

baghair, except.

The days of the week are the same as in Persian, and so are the cardinal numbers, with the exception of the first three. These are asit, one; irat, two; musit, three. The rest are chár, four; panj, five, &c.

The ordinals and fractions are as follows:—

awal first.

elo second.

mustímíko third.

chármíko fourth, and so on.

miscálí a quarter.

ním half.

sihshálí three-quarters.

panjpáo one and a quarter.

Brahoe Vocabulary

List of nouns in common use:—

Parts of the Body and Secretions kátum, head.

khoprí, skull.

milí, brain.

chugh, nape.

gardan, neck.

likh, throat.

peshání, forehead.

khush, temple.

khaf, ear.

khan, eye.

bhirwá, eyebrow.

khannásil, eyelid.

michách, eyelash.

díd, pupil.

bámas, nose.

gránz, nostril.

kalak, cheek.

bá, mouth.

jur, lip.

zanú, chin.

duví, tongue.

gutulú, gullet.

dandán, tooth.

dandánnású, gum.

mon, face.

badan, body (also ján).

churoh, urine.

kiriftí, dung (also phí).

kísh, matter, pus.

tús, flatus.

nargat, windpipe.

sína, chest.

khad, breast.

gwar, nipple.

kopá, shoulder.

pitakh, bladebone.

tarkh, armpit.

pahlú, rib, flank.

baj, back.

mukh, loin.

saghas, buttock.

phid, belly.

phút, navel.

land, penis.

gand, testicle.

phundú, anus.

phús, vulva.

rán, thigh.

kach, hip.

khond, knee.

dhakan, kneecap.

pinní, leg.

phenj, calf.

nat, foot.

kurí, heel.

mijol, ankle.

had, bone.

rísh, beard.

burút, mustache.

píshkav, ringlet.

talaf, sole.

dú, arm.

surosh, elbow.

tút, cubit.

chamba, wrist (also kar).

dú, hand.

talaf, palm.

úr, finger, toe.

zíl, nail.

phif, lung.

ust, heart.

phid, stomach.

rotíng, intestines.

jagar, liver.

zák, gall bladder.

zardoí, gall, bile.

diloí, spleen.

gurda, kidney.

pujhá, hair.

sil, skin.

sú, flesh.

tuzmí, fat.

ditar, blood.

páhlt, milk.

túfing, spittle.

khárínk, tears.

khet, sweat.

khel, fever.

zindá, alive.

kask, dead.

Nouns of Relationship, &c. bandagh, man.

zá’ífa, woman.

are, husband.

arwat, wife.

már, son.

masar, daughter.

khadyá, babe.

chunaká, child.

báv, father.

lummá, mother.

ílum, brother.

ír, sister.

bává, father!

áí, mother!

adá, brother!

adí, sister!

brázát, brother’s child.

khwárzát, sister’s child.

pejhzát, cousin.

illa, paternal uncle and aunt.

táta, maternal uncle and aunt.

píra, grandfather.

balla, grandmother.

nwása, grandchild.

Names of Ornaments, Clothing, &c. saht, ornament.

tábíz, charm.

chhalav, signet-ring.

tik, seal.

panra, ear-ring.

lik, ear-drop.

phulo, nose-ring.

durr, pearl ring.

jamak, gold ring.

dáwaní, frontlet.

tauc, necklet.

chandanhár, necklace.

daswána, armlet.

báhínk, bracelet.

kangaur, wristlet.

pádínk, anklet.

khál, mole.

surma, eye-black.

shefk, eye-black pin.

món-rukh, mirror.

zulf, curl,

gesú, ringlet.

rez, plait.

gud, clothes.

kús, shirt.

kás, blanket felt.

sharwál, trousers.

chokhá, cloak.

postín, fur coat.

khyrí, waist mantle.

mukhtá, waist sash.

top, cap.

dastár, turban.

mocharí, shoe.

litar, slipper.

moza, boot.

chhawat, sandal.

dasgala, glove.

khout, blanket.

thappur, rug.

khat, bed.

lehf, coverlet.

cudh, sheet.

bálisht, pillow.

bhop, mattress.

shál, shawl.

katúr, mat.

kónt, carpet.

berum, bedding.

urá, house.

kúdi, shed.

biht, wall.

bám, roof.

darich, door.

darícha, window.

hawelí, court.

barám, marriage.

dishtár, bride.

náo-zámás, bridegroom.

mahr, dowry.

Household Stores and Domestic Utensils ghalla, corn.

nut, flour.

pirísh, lentils.

birinj, rice.

bat, cooked rice.

kholum, wheat.

sá, barley.

makaí, Indian corn, maize.

zúrat, millet.

júárí, millet.

phug, wheat straw.

karab, maize straw.

liz, rice straw.

tambákh, tobacco.

dár, wood.

khushád, cow-dung.

pogh, charcoal.

kulf, lock.

kilíd, key.

zamzír, chain.

chirágh, candle.

hedr, turmeric.

beh, salt.

pilpil, pepper.

pímáz, onions.

thúm, garlic.

lawang, cloves.

zíra, caraway.

mavíz, raisins.

tel, oil.

hormag, dates.

írugh, bread.

khassí, butter.

sí, fat, tallow.

gharesh, melted butter.

páhlt, milk.

dahí, curds.

punváhlt, whey (?)

pachíruk, cream (?)

panír, cheese.

cúrút, hard cheese.

khásun, buttermilk.

khúlí, corn-bin.

nuskhal, hand-mill.

túra, basket.

loth, bag.

khári, hamper.

gothrí, sack.

chhara, bucket.

dillo, water-jar.

khallí, jar.

kunza, flagon.

kásagh, bowl.

bhatal, big bowl.

tás, cup.

símí, copper tray.

karsán, wooden dish.

loí, pot.

kuno, large pot.

kho, saucepan.

garoh, earthen jar.

kúlik, pail or pan.

kalind, earthen pot.

Domestic Animals and Implements húli, horse.

mádyán, mare.

naryán, stallion.

kurra, colt.

litík, tail.

buchk, mane.

búz, muzzle.

lidh, dung.

húch, camel.

bísh, ass.

khachar, mule.

dhaggí, cow.

rorh, calf.

kárígar, bull.

kharás, ox.

mehí, buffalo cow.

gosála, buffalo calf.

sánda, buffalo bull.

máe-khad, udder.

mat, he-goat.

het, she-goat.

daggar, kid (also bahí).

bakhta, ram.

mir, ewe.

súr, lamb.

khur, sheep.

shwánagh, shepherd.

ramagh, herd, flock.

ged, sheepfold.

surumb, horse-hoof.

shankala, cloven hoof.

kás, wool.

drasam, goats’ hair.

bángo, cock.

kukur, hen.

chúri, chicken.

byda, egg.

para, feather (also path).

bánzil, wing.

haddí, spur.

súnt, beak.

panja, claw.

gunjí, crop.

ojarínk, gizzard.

kóchak, dog.

kútri, pup.

pishí, cat.

hal, rat.

kapot, pigeon.

gunjishk, sparrow.

hílt, fly.

pasha, musquito.

munghí, wasp (?)

makish, bee.

shahd, honey.

angumen, honeycomb.

mom, wax.

kak, flea.

bor, louse.

rishk, a louse-nit.

mangur, bug.

jolágh, spider.

phú, worm.

poghut, frog.

telt, scorpion.

morínk, ant.

Agriculture and Implements curda, field.

dagár, land.

mish, earth.

lichakh, mud.

khal, stone.

phud, clod.

chhib, turf.

langár, plough.

khamir, share (also phalí).

jugh, yoke.

bel, spade.

lashí, sickle.

khen, harrow.

chárchak, pitchfork.

mála, roller.

dhún, well.

sálí, rice field.

kholum, wheat.

sá, barley.

makaí, maize.

zúrat, millet.

pirísh, millet.

kunjid, sesame.

karpás, cotton plant.

gogra, cotton pod.

kakra, cotton seed.

pumba, cotton wool.

uspust, lucerne.

roding, madder.

rambí, hoe.

kbashád, manure (?)

jal, rivulet.

hilár, date tree.

ták, vine.

augúr, grape.

sóf, apple.

bihí, quince.

zardálu, apricot.

alúcha, plum.

shalgam, turnip.

gázir, carrot.

turb, radish.

karam, cabbage.

ság, potherbs.

kothík, melon.

pímáz, onion.

thúm, garlic.

kárez, aqueduct.

Arms and Armour zaghm, sword.

ispar, shield.

nezagh, spear.

pát, stick.

lath, club.

bízak, leather milk-churn.

bil, bow.

sum, arrow.

kamánchol, sling.

katár, knife.

much, fist.

chágal, leather water-bottle.

tufak, musket.

kundágh, stock.

palíta, match.

bárút, powder.

mukh-taf, belt.

sikh, ramrod.

Elements and Minerals dharatí, earth.

hawá, air.

khákhar, fire.

dír, water.

hiss, ashes.

jhamjal, flame.

molh, smoke.

duhun, soot.

deí, sun.

túbe, moon.

istár, star.

jhamar, cloud.

phir, rain.

jur, mist.

barf, snow.

barfíchk, hail.

shaonamba, dew.

yakh, ice.

pae, thunder.

breshná, lightning.

subh, morning.

manjan, noon.

shám, evening.

haft-de, week.

túwas, month (also tú)

sál, year.

attam, spring.

ahár, summer.

irícha, autumn.

suhel, winter.

sekha, shade.

phúdi, cold.

basúní, heat.

mash, mountain.

lak, mountain pass.

darra, defile.

hísun, gold.

píhun, silver.

ahin, iron.

mis, copper.

surf, lead.

jist, zinc.

birinj, brass.

kaláí, tin.

surma, antimony.

gokurt, sulphur.

phitkí, alum.

shora, nitre.

beh, salt.

totí, blue vitriol.

mush-kush, arsenic.

hartál, orpiment.

feroza, turquoise.

likh, glass bead.

táho, wind.

shamál, north wind.

uttar, storm.

lúr, sand storm.

shikh, hill peak.

talár, hill slope.

putáo, hill skirt.

chur, gulley.

símáb, mercury.

istar-khal, flint.

folád, steel.

chun, lime.

Arts and Instruments drakhan, carpenter.

tash, adze.

mekhchú, hammer.

ara, saw.

mochinak, tweezers.

kház, shears.

síla, needle.

dask, thread.

rez, cord.

cáynchí, scissors.

chit, leather strap.

áhingar, blacksmith.

zargar, goldsmith.

degdán, furnace.

dhamok, bellows.

sindán, anvil.

kudína, hammer.

mekh, nail.

para, wedge.

charkh, grindstone.

anbúr, forceps.

tafar, hatchet.

kumbár, potter.

lichak, clay.

charkh, potter’s wheel.

mishí, pottery.

korí, weaver.

razán, loom.

iras, comb.

lorí, musician.

damáma, drum.

sittok, dancer.

shutár, pipe.

Natural Objects and Sentiments de, sun.

istár, star.

nokh, new moon.

túbe, full moon.

mash, Mountain.

dan, plain.

chuk, bird.

darakht, tree.

khal, rock.

karod, ravine.

tang, strait.

jal, river.

chol, desert.

dam-diringun, fatigue.

khulisun, fear.

kuskun, death.

bíngun, hunger.

mulás, thirst.

phúdi, cold.

basúní, heat.

cahar, anger.

pashemání, regret.

gham, sorrow.

armán, grief.

pachár, helplessness.

faryád, complaint.

diláwarí, courage.

khúshi, joy.

lagorí, cowardliness.

thap, wound.

múch, blow.

dakka, shove.

ghut, prod.

chapánt, slap.

buz-halk, kiss.

tawár, call.

marám, shout.

hoghínk, sobbing.

makhínk, laughing.

Names of Trees and Plants tút, mulberry.

gwan, pistacia.

hápurs, juniper.

khat, olive.

pish, dwarf-palm.

hilár, date-palm.

kirrí, tamarisk.

kabbar, salvadora.

pissí, jujube.

khaler, capparis.

kharag, calotropis.

jawar, oleander.

jag, poplar.

marr, mimosa.

anjír, fig.

shark, rhazzia.

zámur, mezereon.

hóm, ephedra.

náróm, ephedra.

musunduk, liquorice (?)

shámpastír, indigo-fern.

shinz, hedysarum.

kotor, wild almond.

khardaruao, artemisia.

kisánkúr, peganum.

mungalí, salsola (?)

lána, caroxylon.

búndí, anabis (?)

gomáz, arundo.

khásum, andropogon.

ritáchk, spurge.

shenálo, caryophyllum.

piplí.

panirband, withiana.

byh, grass.

mora, dry lucerne.

Names of Birds and Beasts chuk, bird.

kuttám, nest.

wacáb, eagle.

báz, hawk.

hil, rook.

kulágh, crow.

sher, tiger.

khalegha, leopard.

búm, owl.

kirkashí, swallow.

charz, bustard.

kapot, pigeon.

ginjishk, sparrow.

shakúk, magpie.

sínkúr, porcupine.

jájak, hedgehog.

kakáo, partridge, Greek.

hanj, wild duck.

murdárkhor, vulture.

bárú, quail.

cú, swan.

kapínjar, partridge.

kúkam, wild pig.

harraf, wild goat.

kharmá, wolf.

kaftár, hyena.

tola, jackal.

shok, fox.

rich, bear.

bolú, monkey.

murrú, hare.

gorpat, badger.

nor, mungoose.

hal, rat.

sarkúk, tortoise.

shab-pirik, bat.

malakh, locust.

dúshá, snake.

kirráú, lizard.

tehlt, scorpion.

gorkhar, wild ass.

khazmú, gazelle.

math, male márkhor.

het, female márkhor.

khár, wild sheep, male.

gad, wild sheep, female.

shák, horn.

sil, skin.

Adjectives Commonly in Use mon, black.

píhun, white.

kharun, green.

khísun, red.

pushkun, yellow.

sámo, grey.

míl, blue.

chot, crooked.

rást, straight.

básun, hot.

phuden, cold.

bárun, dry.

pálun, wet.

murghun, long.

gwand, short.

kuchá, broad.

tang, narrow.

húlon, thick.

ushkon, thin.

tez, sharp.

kunt, blunt.

hukmatí, obedient.

rást, right.

cháp, left.

mallók, opener.

sakht, hard.

khulkon, soft.

durusht, rough.

awár, smooth.

bíngún, hungry.

malás, thirsty.

wasum, full.

sun, empty.

khuben, heavy.

subuk, light.

zaft, quick.

madám, slow.

báz, much.

machit, little.

balo, large.

chuno, small.

pír, old.

warná, young.

khad, deep.

shef, shallow.

arzán, cheap.

girán, dear.

jor, well.

nájor, sick.

taffók, shutter.

mutkun, old.

puzkun, new.

tárma, dark.

roshtírak, bright.

mur, far.

khurk, near.

sharo, good.

gando, bad.

bahádur, bold.

lagor, timid.

hanen, sweet.

kháren, sour.

talkh, bitter.

turun, acrid.

burzo, tall.

mandar, short.

khor, blind.

kar, deaf.

gánuk, mad.

gung, dumb.

shifárk, lean.

húlan, fat.

mand, lame.

leláwí, greedy.

dhakkók, hider.

Verbs

The verbs in common use are here given in alphabetical order. As a guide to conjugation on the paradigms already given, the forms of the root and present and past tenses are added. The imperative is in the second person plural, and the present and past tenses in the third person singular.

English.	Infinitive.	Imperative.	Present.	Past.
abandon	íling	ílbo or ílabo	íle or ílate	ílene or íl
abound	báz-maning	báz-mabo	báz-are	báz-mas
abuse	kiring	kiribo	kirite	kir
accept	haling	halbo	hale	halk
adhere	liching	lichibo	liche	lich
adorn	zeb-tining	zeb-tibo	tire	tis
allot	bakhshing	bakhshbo	bakhshe	bakhsh
alter	harsing	harsibo	harse	hars
arrive	rasing	rasibo	rase	ras
ask	harafing	harafebo	harafe	haraf
assault	hrúsh-kanning	hrúsh-kabo	hrúsh-ke	hrúsh-kar
awake	bash-maning	bash-mabo	bash-are	bash-mas
await (seek)	huning	honbo	hore	hor
become	maning	mabo	are-e	mas
beat	khaling	khalbo	khale	khalk
beg	pinding	pindbo	pinde	pind
begot, to be	vadí-maning	vadí-mabo	vadí-are	vadí-mas
begin	shurú-kaning	shurú-kabo	shurú-ke	shurú-kar
bend	dol-kaning	dol-kabo	dol-ke	dol-kar
bind	tafing	tafbo	tafe	taf
bite	daling	dalbo	dale	dal
bleat	laláring	lalárbo	laláre	lalár
blow	laging	lagbo	lage	lag
boil, a.	básing	básbo	báse	bás
boil, n.	joshing	joshbo	joshe	josh
braid	gofing	gofbo	gofe	gof
bring	hataring	hatbo	hate	hes
break	piraghing	pirabo	pire	piragh
breathe	uf-kaning	uf-kabo	uf-ke	uf-kar
bring	haling	halbo	hale	halk
burn	hoshing	hoshbo	hoshe	hosh
burst	chiling	chilbo	chile	chil
bury	cabr-kaning	cabr-kabo	cabr-ke	cabr-kar
buy	saudá-haling	saudá-halbo	saudá-hale	saudá-halk
call	tawár-kaning	tawár-kabo	tawár-ke	tawár-kar
carry	daning	danbo	dare	dar
cast	biting	bitibo	bite	bit
carve	kishking	kishbo	kishe	kishk
catch	haling	halbo	hale	halk
clothe	berfing	berbo	berfe	berf
collect	much-kaning	much-kabo	much-ke	much-kar
come	baning	babo	bare	bas
conceal	dhaking	dhabo	dhake	dhak
cook	bising	biribo	bire	bis
copulate	haning	hanbo	hane	han
cough	jhaking	jhakabo	jhake	jhak
count	hisáb-kaning	hisáb-kabo	hisáb-ke	hisáb-kar
cover	dhaking	dhakbo	dhake	dhak
cry	hoghing	hoghbo	hoye	hogh
cut	haring	harbo	hare	har
dance	nách-kaning	nách-kabo	nách-ke	nách-kar
deceive	refing	refbo	refe	ref
die	kahing	kahbo	kahe	kah
dig	kad-khaling	kad-khalbo	kad-khale	kad-khalk
divide	bakhshing	bakhshbo	bakhshe	bakhsh
draw	kashing	kashbo	kashe	kash
dream	túgh-khaning	túgh-khanbo	túgh-khane	túgh-khan
drink	dír-kuning	dír-kubo	dír-kune	dír-kun
drop	chaking	chakbo	chake	chak
dwell	já-maning	já-mabo	já-are	já-mas
do	kaning	kabo	ke	kar
eat	kuning	kubo	kune	kun
endure	kashing	kashbo	kashe	kash
enter	tahtí-baning	tahtí-babo	tahtí-bare	tahtí-bas
escape	chhuting	chhutbo	chhute	chhut
empty	musun-kaning	musun-kabo	musun-ke	musun-kar
fall	taming	tambo	tame	tam
fear	khuling	khulbo	khule	khul
flee	nering	nerbo	nere	ner
fly	bál-kaning	bál-kabo	bál-ke	bál-kar
fight	jang-kaning	jang-kabo	jang-ke	jang-kar
fill	pur-kaning	pur-kabo	pur-ke	pur-kar
forbid	rad-kaning	rad-kabo	rad-ke	rad-kar
forget	yád-hining	yád-hirbo	yád-hire	yád-hir
forgive	bashking	bashkbo	bashke	bashk
forsake	íling	ílbo	íle	íl
frighten	khulífing	khulífbo	khulífe	khulíf
fry	bhugí-kaning	bhugí-kabo	bhugí-ke	bhugí-kar
follow	randat-hining	randat-hinbo	randat-káe	randat-hin
gallop	dudefing	dudefbo	dudefe	dudef
gather	much-kaning	much-kabo	much-ke	much-kar
get up	bash-maning	bash-mabo	bash-are	bash-mas
give	tining	tinbo or tibo	tire	tis
go	hining	hinbo	káe	hin
graze	khwáfing	khwáfbo	khwáfe	khwáf
grind	nusing	nusbo	nuse	nus
growl	báshághing	báshábo	báshághe	báshágh
guess	samá-kaning	samá-kabo	samá-ke	samá-kar
hang	laronj-kaning	laronj-kabo	laronj-ke	laronj-kar
happen	taming	tambo	tame	tam
have	toning	tonbo	tore	ton
hear	bining	binbo	bire	bin
hide	dhaking	dhakbo	dhake	dhak
hold	toning	tonbo	tore	ton
hug	gwar-haling	gwar-halbo	gwar-hale	gwar-halk
inquire	harafing	harafebo	harafe	haraf
itch	kháring	khárbo	kháre	khár
join	much-tining	much-tibo	much-tire	much-tis
keep	nigáh-toning	nigáh-tonbo	nigáh-tore	nigáh-ton
kick	laghat-khaling	laghat-khalbo	laghat-khale	laghat-khalk
kill	kasfing	kasfebo	kasfe	kas
kiss	pak-tining	pak-tibo	pak-tire	pak-tis
kiss	buz-haling	buz-halbo	buz-hale	buz-halk
knead	much-kaning (?)	much-kabo	much-ke	much-kar
know	sháhing	sháhibo	sháhe	sháh
laugh	makhing	makhbo	makhe	makh
lay	túlfing	túlfebo	túlfe	túl
lead	duning	dunbo	dure	dur
leak	chutfing	chutfebo	chutfe	chut
learn	hífing	hífbo	hífe	híf
leave	íling	ílbo	íle	íl
let go	íla-kaning	íla-kabo	íla-ke	íla-kar
lie	drogh-páning	drogh-pabo	drogh-pare	drogh-par
lick	chating	chatebo	chate	chat
lift	hefing	hefbo	hefe	hef
light	roshtínk-tining	roshtínk-tibo	roshtínk-tire	roshtínk-tis
listen	khafing	khafbo	khafe	khaf
live	zind-maning	zind-mabo	zind-are	zind-mas
loathe	gando-daning	gando-danbo	gando-dare	gando-dar
lodge	jáeti-maning	jáeti-mabo	jáeti-are	jáeti-mas
look	khaning	khanbo	khane	khan
lose	gohing	gohebo	gohe	goh
make	kaning	kabo	ke	kar
marry	barám-kaning	barám-kabo	barám-ke	barám-kar
measure	dághing	dághebo	dághe	dágh
meet	huning	hunbo	hure	hur
mend	jor-kaning	jor-kabo	jor-ke	jor-kar
melt	dír-kaning	dír-kabo	dír-ke	dír-kar
milk	bhíring	bhírbo	bhíre	bhír
miss	rad-kaning	rad-kabo	rad-ka	rad-kar
mix	awár-kaning	awár-kabo	awár-ke	awár-kar
move	surfing	surfebo	surfe	sur
open	maling	malbo	male	mal
open	ithing	ithibo	ithe	ith
pass	gidring	gidirebo	gidire	gidar
pinch	chundik-tining	chundik-tibo	chundik-tire	chundik-tis
place	túlfing	túlfebo	túlfe	túl
plant	tikhing	tikhbo	tikhe	tikh
play	makhing	makhbo	makhe	makh
pluck	bening	benbo	bere	ber
poke	ghut-khaling	ghut-khalbo	ghut-khale	ghut-khalk
possess	daning	danbo	dare	dar
pour	shághing	sholbo	shághe	shol
pull	kashing	kashbo	kashe	kash
push	dhakka-tining	dhakka-tibo	dhakka-tire	dhakka-tis
quarrel	jang-kaning	jang-kabo	jang-ke	jang-kar
question	harfing	harfbo	harfe	haraf
rain	dasing	dasbo	dase	das
raise	hefing	hefbo	hefe	hef
reach	rasing	rasbo	rase	ras
read	khwáning	khwánbo	khwáne	khwán
reap	rúting	rútbo	rúte	rút
recline	túgh-maning	túgh-mabo	túgh-are	túgh-mas
recognise	cháning	chánbo	cháne	chás
recollect	yád-tiling	yád-tilbo	yád-tile	yád-tilk
remind	yád-tining	yád-tibo	yád-tire	yád-tis
release	chhutfing	chhutfebo	chhutfe	chhut
reject	rad-kaning	rad-kabo	rad-ke	rad-kar
rest	dam-daning	dam-danbo	dam-dare	dam-dar
remain	manzil-maning	manzil-mabo	manzil-are	manzil-mas
rinse	píling	pílbo	píle	píl
repel	hy-kaning	hy-kabo	hy-ke	hy-kar
respire	dam-kashing	dam-kashbo	dam-kashe	dam-kashk
return	harsing	harsebo	harse	hars
ride	suwár-maning	suwár-mabo	suwár-are	suwár-mas
rise	bash-maning	bash-mabo	bash-are	bash-mas
rob	duzdí-kaning	duzdí-kabo	duzdí-ke	duzdí-kar
roll	redeting	redetebo	redete	redet
rub	mushking	mushkbo	mushke	mushk
run	halma-kaning	halma-kabo	halma-ke	halma-kar
say	páning	pábo	páre	pár
scatter	khasing	khasbo	khase	khas
scrape	tráshing	tráshbo	tráshe	trásh
scratch	khárfing	khárfebo	khárfe	kháraf
search	pating	patbo	pate	pat
see	khaning	khanbo	khane	khan
seek	huning	hunbo	hure	hur
seize	phuling	phulbo	phule	phul
sell	saudá-kaning	saudá-kabo	saudá-ke	saudá-kar
send	ráhí-kaning	ráhí-kabo	ráhí-ke	ráhí-kar
sew	múghing	múghbo	múghe	múgh
share	sholfing	sholfebo	sholfe	sholaf
shine	rosh-tining	rosh-tibo	rosh-tire	rosh-tis
shiver	larzing	larzbo	larze	larz
shout	marám-kaning	marám-kabo	marám-ke	marám-kar
shut	tafing	tafbo	tafe	taf
sing	sha’ir-páning	sha’ir-pábo	sha’ir-páre	sha’ir-pár
sit	túling	túsbo	túse	tús
sleep	túgh-kaning	túgh-kabo	túgh-ke	túgh-kar
slip	lughusht-haling	lughusht-halbo	lughusht-hale	lughusht-halk
seat	túlfing	túlfebo	túlfe	túlaf
sneeze	nich-tining	nich-tibo	nich-tire	nich-tis
sow	dasfing	dasfebo	dasfe	dasaf
speak	hít-kaning	hít-kabo	hít-ke	hít-kar
spill	sholing	sholbo	shole	shol
stumble	leting	letbo	lete	let
spin, n.	harsing	harsbo	harse	hars
spin, a.	harsefing	harsefebo	harsefe	harsef
spit	túf-kaning	túf-kabo	túf-ke	túf-kar
split	trakhing	trakhbo	trakhe	trakh
spread	tálán-kaning	tálán-kabo	tálán-ke	tálán-kar
sprinkle	chateting	chatetebo	chatete	chatet
stand	saling	salbo	sale	sal
stay	maning	mabo	are	mas
stoop	shefming	shefmabo	shefe	shef
strain	chhán-kaning	chhán-kabo	chhán-ke	chhán-kar
strike	khaling	khalbo	khale	khalk
strip	laghar-kaning	laghar-kabo	laghar-ke	laghar-kar
suck	chusfing	chusfebo	chusfe	chusaf
sweat	khet-kaning	khet-kabo	khet-ke	khet-kar
swell	pirsing	pirsbo	pirse	pirs
sweep	rofing	rofbo	rofe	rof
swim	tár-khaling	tár-khalbo	tár-khale	tár-khalk
swing	jhulut-kaning	jhulut-kabo	jhulut-ke	jhulut-kar
take	haling	halbo	hale	halk
take away	harf-hining	harf-hinbo	harf-káe	harf-hin
talk	hít-kaning	hít-kabo	hít-ke	hít-kar
tap	tak-khaling	tak-khalbo	tak-khale	tak-khalk
taste	chaking	chakebo	chake	chak
teach	sarpan-kaning	sarpan-kabo	sarpan-ke	sarpan-kar
tear	haring	haribo	hare	har
throw	harabing (biting)	harabebo	harabe	harab
tickle	gudulú-kaning	gudulú-kabo	gudulú-ke	gudulú-kar
till (plough)	langár-kaning	langár-kabo	langár-ke	langár-kar
tire	dam-daning	dam-danbo	dam-dare	dam-dar
trip	thábo-kaning	thábo-kabo	thábo-ke	thábo-kar
turn, n.	harsing	harsebo	harse	haras
twine	peching	pechebo	peche	pech
twist	res-tining	res-tibo	res-tire	res-tis
tumefy	padám-kaning	padám-kabo	padám-ke	padám-kar
turn, a.	harsefing	harsefebo	harsefe	harsef
understand	sarpan-maning	sarpan-mabo	sarpan-are	sarpan-mas
upset	musun-kaning	musun-kabo	musun-ke	musun-kar
wait	jáeti-maning	jáeti-mabo	jáeti-are	jáeti-mas
walk	kasar-hining	kasar-hinbo	kasar-káe	kasar-hin
wander	charing	charbo	chare	char
want	aling-bating	albo-batbo	ale-bate	al-bat
wash	siling	silbo	sile	sil
wear	bening	benbo	bene	ben
weare	báfing	báfbo	báfe	báf
weep	hoghing	hoyibo	hoye	hogh
weigh	tol-kaning	tol-kabo	tol-ke	tol-kar
wink	khan-khaling	khan-khalbo	khan-khale	khan-khalk
wish	árzú-takhing	árzú-takhbo	árzú-takhe	árzú-takh
whistle	shutár-kashing	shutár-kashbo	shutár-kashe	shutár-kash
work	kárem-kaning	kárem-kabo	kárem-ke	kárem-kar
wound	thading	thadbo	thade	thad
wrap	much-kaning	much-kabo	much-ke	much-kar
wring	píling	pílbo	píle	píl
write	nabisht-kaning	nabisht-kabo	nabisht-ke	nabisht-kar

The materials from which the above Grammar and Vocabulary are compiled were collected during a rapid journey through the territories of the Khán of Calát—the Brahoe country—and tested, so far as opportunity offered, by reference to natives in different parts of the country, and by comparison with Eastwick’s “Epitome of the Grammars of the Brahuiky, Balochky, and Panjabi Languages.” It was my intention to have added some dialogues and phrases as a conclusion to the work. But to do so would extend the limits of this book to undue proportions, and delay its appearance indefinitely. I have therefore left this part of the work unfinished, and only offer the above synopsis in the hope that it may prove useful to the officers serving on the Sind Frontier; and if it should happily stimulate one amongst them to correct its errors, supply its deficiencies, and enlarge its scope, then the object of my labour will have been gained.

H. W. B.

APPENDIX.
B.
RECORD OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND ALTITUDES ON THE MARCH FROM THE INDUS TO THE TIGRIS, THROUGH BALOCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN, SISTAN, KHORASSAN, AND IRAN.

Locality.	Date, 1872		Thermometer.			Distance —Miles.	Barometer.			Altitude —Feet.	Wind.	Weather.
	Month.	Day.	Max.	Mean.	Min.		Max.	Mean.	Min.
Sakkar,	Jan.	5		52				29·99				Fair.
Shikárpúr,	″	5	64	53	42	24		30·00				do.
Jacobabad,	″	7	64	61	59	26	30·02	29·81	29·42			do.
Barshori,	″	8	76	54	38	35	29·46	29·40	29·36	90		do.
Sanjarání,	″	9	78	56	41	13	29·41	29·35	29·30	160		do.
Kotra,	″	10	76	60	39	30	29·36	29·32	29·27	166		do.
Pirchhalta,	″	11	88	64	39	9	29·03	28·94	28·89	520		do.
Kuhaw,	″	12	76	62	56	12	28·71	28·63	28·59	810		do.
Hatáchi,	″	13	63	53	42	16	27·73	27·72	27·71	1710		do.
Narr,	″	14	72	53	36	16	26·74	26·71	26·68	2710		do.
Gorú,	″	15	78	44	25	13	25·78	25·73	25·67	3725	NW.	Cloudy.
Khozdár,	″	16	70	50	40	16	25·70	25·59	25·50	3870	do.	do.
Bághwána,	″	18	68	58	48	16	25·51	25·20	25·05	4290	do.	do.
Lákoryán,	″	19	56	45	38	26	24·45	24·18	24·00	5420	do.	Rain & sleet.
Súráb,	″	20	49	32	23	20	23·90	23·87	23·85	5770	do.	Cloudy.
Gandaghen,	″	21	44	20	10	13	23·87	23·71	23·60	5950	do.	do.
Rodinjo,	″	22	64	40	14	15	23·21	23·13	23·09	6625	do.	do.
Calát,	″	23	53	25	8	23	23·09	23·00	22·94	6780	do.	do.
Mungachar,	″	25	56	32	21	26	23·90	23·84	23·77	5700	do.	do.
Amánullah,	″	26	58	32	19	26	24·00	23·99	23·96	5630	do.	Slight rain.
Mastung Fort,	″	27	49	39	32	9	24·04	23·10	23·95	6662	do.	Cloudy.
Nishpá Pass,	″	28		32		18		23·67		6000	do.	Sleet & hail.
Sariáb,	″	28	53	43	38	11	23·94	23·88	23·80	5760	do.	Sleet & rain.
Shál Kot,	″	29	56	41	29	13	24·00	23·96	23·92	5660	do.	Cloudy.
Murghí Pass,	″	30		32		11		24·16		5440	do.	Sleet & hail.
Cushlác,	″	30	29	17	5	5	24·50	24·44	24·35	5125	do.	Snow.
Hykalzai,	Feb.	1	42	32	22	18	24·75	24·73	24·70	4800	do.	do.
Arambi,	″	2	44	32	19	15	24·59	24·54	24·51	4960	do.	do.
Churgha Khojak,	″	3	49	38	31	13	22·84	22·82	22·81	7000	do.	do.
Khojak Pass,	″	4		40		1½		22·47		7410	N.	Mist & sleet.
Cháokat Khojak,	″	4		40		1½		23·15		6600	do.	do.
Chaman,	″	4	46	37	26	4	24·10	24·05	24·00	5560	do.	Hail & sleet.
Gátaí,	″	5	50	37	28	22	25·50	25·48	25·45	3990	do.	Cloudy, hail.
Mel Mándah,	″	6	47	26	11	14	25·45	25·21	25·29	4100	do.	Fair.
Mákú,	″	7	50	37	31	18	25·94	25·92	25·90	3520	do.	Cloudy.
Mund Hissár,	″	8	50	38	32	16	26·19	26·15	26·12	3280	NW.	Cldy., snow.
Kandahar,	″	9	54	36	30	12	26·30	26·21	26·12	3220	do.	Cloudy, fair.
Kohkarán,	″	14	62	44	31	7	26·25	26·22	26·20	3210	do.	Fair.
Hanz Maddad,	″	15	76	45	30	18	26·48	26·37	26·29	3050	do.	do.
Chashma,	″	16	68	47	29	22	26·69	26·64	26·59	2780	do.	do.
Balakhán,	″	17	64	47	36	23	26·75	26·62	26·54	2700	NE.	Cloudy, rain.
Calá Búst,	″	18	84	46	29	28	27·00	26·90	26·85	2510	N.	Fair.
Hazárjuft,	″	20	74	45	31	40	27·10	27·06	27·02	2350	NW.	do.
Mian Pushta,	″	21	80	47	30	14	27·27	27·20	27·15	2210	do.	Cloudy.
Sufár,	″	22	74	55	42	18	27·21	27·19	27·16	2220	do.	Fair.
Banádir Jumá,	″	23	82	59	46	15	27·26	27·23	27·19	2180	do.	do.
Landi,	″	24	70	54	46	14	27·30	27·27	27·24	2140	W.	Cloudy, rain.
Calá Sabz,	″	25	86	63	52	22	27·24	27·22	27·18	2190	do.	Fair.
Mel Gudar,	″	26	74	60	50	23	27·28	27·28	27·24	2130	do.	Cloudy.
Landi Bárech,	″	27	64	53	46	36	27·54	27·44	27·38	1975	NW.	Rainy.
Rúdbár,	″	28	68	52	40	17	27·60	27·58	27·56	1830	do.	Cloudy, fair.
Calá Ján Beg,	″	29	70	55	40	28	27·66	27·62	27·60	1790	do.	Fair.
Chárburjak,	Mar.	1	73	54	40	14	27·75	27·69	27·65	1720	do.	do.
Bandar Trákú,	″	2	77	57	42	13	27·68	27·67	27·66	1740	do.	do.
Daki Dela,	″	3	80	65	55	14	27·56	27·55	27·54	1860	S.	Cloudy.
Cabri Hájí,	″	4	84	69	55	12	27·61	27·52	27·46	1890	do.	do.
Burj ’Alam,	″	5	80	62	50	19	27·60	27·58	27·56	1830	SW.	Fair, cloudy.
Wásilán,	″	6	76	60	40	7	27·59	27·55	27·51	1860	NW.	Cloudy.
Nasírabad,	″	7	78	63	51	12	27·75	27·64	27·59	1770	N.	Cldy. & gusty.
Banjár,	″	8	74	46	43	6	28·04	27·88	27·65	1540	do.	do.
Bolay,	″	11	74	55	46	7	27·90	27·84	27·80	1680	do.	Cloudy.
Silyán,	″	13	70	54	39	28	27·79	27·76	27·70	1650	do.	Cloudy, fair.
Lásh,	″	15	96	54	34	18	27·79	27·69	27·60	1720	do.	do.
Panjdih,	″	18	83	62	50	6	27·69	27·59	27·50	1820	NW.	Cloudy.
Khúshkrodak,	″	19	83	63	50	16	27·50	27·49	27·49	1920	do.	Fair.
Calá Koh,	″	20	94	65	52	15	27·40	27·39	27·38	2020	do.	do.
Harút Rúd,	″	21	92	76	65	15	27·39	27·30	27·22	2110	SW.	Cloudy.
Cháhi Sagak,	″	22	78	66	56	24	26·25	26·23	26·22	3200	NW.	do.
Cháhi Pass,	″	23		54		5		25·59		3870	do.	Cloudy, rain.
Duroh,	″	23	66	57	50	23	25·50	25·48	25·45	3990	do.	do.
Husenabad,	″	24	66	50	38	27	25·09	25·01	24·96	4500	W.	do.
Sarbesha,	″	26	54	40	28	29	23·70	23·68	23·60	5990	NW.	do.
Múd,	″	28	71	46	31	22	23·61	23·58	23·57	6100	do.	Cloudy.
Birjand,	″	29	80	56	37	25	24·79	24·66	24·56	4880	N.	Cloudy, fair.
Ghíbk,	April	2	61	41	32	18	23·12	23·11	23·10	6650	do.	Cloudy, rain.
Sihdib,	″	4	64	46	33	18	24·07	24·03	24·0	5586	NW.	do.
Rúm,	″	5	60	48	36	10	23·90	23·90	23·90	5735	do.	do.
Kharbáj Pass,	″	6		43		7		23·20		6550	do.	Cloudy.
Gháyn,	″	6	70	52	35	15	24·76	24·68	24·61	4860	do.	Cldy. & stmy.
Girimunj,	″	9	52	44	37	22	24·50	24·50	24·50	5060	W.	Fair.
Dashtí Pyáz,	″	10	80	53	35	15	24·26	24·18	24·11	5420	N.	Cloudy, rain.
Kakhak,	″	13	64	49	45	16	24·24	24·22	24·20	5375	do.	Fair.
Zihbad,	″	14	88	67	57	16	24·55	24·51	24·48	5050	do.	Cloudy.
Bijistan,	″	15	84	65	47	28	25·24	25·18	25·13	4310	NW.	Rainy.
Yrínasi,	″	17	80	59	45	26	26·61	26·56	26·48	2860	N.	Fair.
Abdullahabad,	″	18	89	61	51	25	26·20	26·11	26·05	3325	NW.	Cloudy.
Turbat Hydari,	″	20	82	56	40	32	25·04	24·95	24·90	4562	do.	Rainy.
Baidár Pass,	″	23		46		10		23·74		5920	do.	Rain.
Gudari Baidár,	″	23		40		7		22·70		7134	do.	do.
Asudábád,	″	23	49	43	40	11	23·89	23·85	23·82	5790	do.	do.
Gudari Rúkh,	″	24		42		6		22·85		6962	do.	Cloudy, rain.
Rabáti Sufed,	″	24		50		6		23·82		5825	do.	Cloudy.
Káfir Calá,	″	24		50		6		24·53		5025	do.	do.
Sharífabad,	″	24	62	49	44	16	24·70	24·68	24·63	4860	do.	Rain.
Mashhad,	″	25	94	54	43	24	26·40	26·25	26·07	3180	do.	Rainy.
Jágharc,	May	3	64	54	46	20	24·90	24·87	24·83	4650	do.	do.
Nishabor Pass,	″	4		50		14		20·90		9390	W.	Fair, cloudy.
Dihrúd,	″	4	62	61	59	10	24·34	24·29	24·22	5290	do.	Cloudy.
Nishabor,	″	5	75	56	49	22	25·60	25·47	25·37	4000	do.	Rainy.
Záminabad,	″	7	80	52	40	16	25·96	25·90	25·80	3540	SW.	Cloudy.
Shoráb,	″	8	69	50	45	9	25·47	25·45	25·42	4020	S.	Fair.
Záfaráni,	″	9	82	73	60	18	26·12	25·88	25·90	3562	SE.	do.
Sabzwár,	″	11	82	67	59	25	26·20	26·12	26·04	3312	do.	Fair, cloudy.
Mihr,	″	13	84	74	69	33	26·09	26·02	25·98	3380	do.	Fair.
Mazinán,	″	14	74	67	58	20	26·64	26·61	26·60	2810	SW.	do.
Abbasabad,	″	15	86	74	56	23	26·54	26·51	26·49	2910	do.	do.
Miandasht,	″	16	75	63	54	22	25·40	25·37	25·32	4110	W.	Storm & rain.
Miánmay,	″	17	76	58	54	24	25·90	25·83	25·75	3620	NW.	Rain.
Shahrúd,	″	18	82	63	51	41	25·20	25·64	24·85	3820	do.	Cldy., rainy.
Dihmulla,	″	24	70	63	58	16	25·90	25·87	25·83	3575	W.	Fair.
Damghán,	″	25	86	62	50	26	25·80	25·77	25·75	3680	do.	do.
Khúsha,	″	26	85	65	53	23	25·25	25·23	25·20	4260	do.	Cloudy.
Ahuán,	″	27	73	58	47	24	23·30	23·24	23·25	6500	do.	Cloudy, fair.
Samnán,	″	28	92	70	60	24	25·51	25·46	25·38	4010	NW.	Fair, cloudy.
Lásjird,	″	30	84	73	68	22	25·32	25·24	25·22	4150	W.	Fair.
Dih Namak,	″	31	91	84	76	25	26·55	26·47	26·43	2950	do.	Gusty & dusty
Kishlác,	June	1	88	76	80	24	26·52	26·46	26·42	2960	NW.	do.
Aywáni Kyf,	″	2	88	75	56	21	25·81	25·70	25·60	3760	do.	Fair.
Khátúnabad,	″	4	82	72	56	27	26·10	26·04	25·98	3400	W.	do.
Gulahak,	″	5	76	72	55	18	24·69	24·62	24·53	4925	do.	do.
Tahrán,	″	8	76	72	69	8	25·64	25·61	25·60	3850	do.	do.
Rábút Karím,	″	9	88	78	70	29	25·87	25·85	25·81	3600	do.	do.
Khanabad,	″	10	96	75	59	33	25·23	25·19	25·15	4300	NE.	Warm, fair.
Khushkak,	″	11	72	64	56	26	24·23	24·19	24·15	5410	W.	Cl’dless sky.
Novarán,	″	12	73	61	54	36	24·08	24·06	24·04	5550	None	Warm, fair.
Zaráh,	″	13	94	58	50	32	24·20	24·15	24·10	5450	do.	do.
Mílagard,	″	14	90	64	48	20	24·06	24·05	24·05	5562	do.	do.
Hamadán,	″	15	81	71	60	36	23·60	23·53	23·50	6162	do.	do.
Asadabad,	″	17	83	71	60	32	24·05	24·04	24·01	5575	do.	do.
Kangawár,	″	18	78	65	51	25	24·49	24·44	24·41	5125	do.	do.
Sahnah,	″	19	87	70	52	23	24·87	24·84	24·80	4680	do.	do.
Besitun,	″	20	88	66	52	18	25·10	25·04	25·00	4462	do.	do.
Kirmánshah,	″	21	94	68	40	28	24·75	24·70	24·66	4837	do.	do.
Mydasht,	″	23	71	64	48	23	24·68	24·66	24·64	4880	do.	do.
Hárúnabad,	″	24	79	68	50	28	24·90	24·88	24·85	4640	W.	Gusty day.
Karriud,	″	25	79	72	56	24	24·46	24·36	24·30	5212	None	Fair.
		Tent
Pul Zuháb,	″	26	102	76	60	32	27·22	27·19	27·16	2220	W.	Fair, hot.
Casri Shirin,	″	27	103	86	68	24	27·84	27·79	27·76	1625	do.	Hot day.
Hájí Cara,	″	28	108	84	64	24	28·49	28·39	28·30	1040	WN.	do.
Sherabad,	July	8	102	98	92	45	28·70	28·70	28·70	750	None	Fair, hot.
Bácúba,	″	9	106	98	92	32	29·20	29·20	29·20	270	do.	do.
Baghdad,	″	10	109	92	76	40	29·42	29·36	29·30	130	W.	do.

N.B.—The indications of the thermometer were recorded from an instrument placed against the wall of a tent.

The distances have been reckoned at the pace of our riding-horses, at the rate of four miles an hour.

The altitudes have been calculated approximately from the mean of the daily indications of an aneroid barometer, usually suspended in the shade of a tent.

H. W. B.