Bibliography — By W. D. Witt — Elementary Cryptanalysis by Helen Fouché Gaines

Bibliography — By W. D. Witt

An extended bibliography of cryptography would fill many pages and is therefore beyond the scope of this work, but it is hoped that the following short selected list will be found useful. Some of these works are out of print or otherwise unobtainable, but may, in some instances, be found in public libraries or in old bookstores. The Riverbank Publications may be consulted at The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

More or Less Elementary Works

Boyer, John Q. “The Cryptogram” in Real Puzzles by John Q. Boyer, Rufus T. Strohm and George H. Pryor, pp. 147-154. Baltimore, 1925. (Simple substitution ciphers only.)

Buranelli, Prosper, Margaret Petherbridge and F. Gregory Hartswick. The Cryptogram Book. New York, 1928. (Simple substitution ciphers only.)

Hitt, Parker (Colonel). The A B C of Secret Writing. New York, 1935.

Lysing, Henry, pseud. (John Leonard Nanovic). Secret Writing. New York, 1936.

—. The Cryptogram Book. New York, 1937.

Mansfield, Louis C. S. The Solution of Codes and Ciphers. London, 1936.

—. One Hundred Problems in Cipher. London, 1936.

Ohaver, M. E. Cryptogram Solving. Columbus, Ohio, 1933, (Simple substitution ciphers only.)

Thomas, Paul B. Secret Messages. New York and London, 1928. 2nd printing, 1929.

Windolph, J. Fred (“Phil Down”). “Cryptograms: Their Construction and Solution” in A Key to Puzzledom, pp. 53-64. New York, 1906. (Simple substitution ciphers only.)

Yardley, Herbert Osborne (Major). Yardleygrams. Indianapolis, 1932. (The London edition (1932) bears the title Ciphergrams.)

Advanced Works

Friedman, William F. (Lt.-Colonel). Elements of Cryptanalysis. Washington, Gov. Printing Office, 1924. “For Offcial Use Only.” (Contains a bibliography. Out of print and unobtainable.)

—. See also Riverbank Publications.

Givierge, Marcel (General). Cours de Cryptographie. Paris, 1st edition, 1925, 2nd edition, 1932.

Hitt, Parker (Colonel). Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers. Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 1st edition, 1916, 2nd edition, 1918.

Riverbank Publications. Papers (except No. 19) by W. F. Friedman. Department of Ciphers, Riverbank Laboratories, Geneva, Illinois.

No. 15, 1917. “A Method of Reconstructing the Primary Alphabet.”

No. 16, 1918. “Methods for the Solution of Running-key Ciphers.”

No. 17, 1918. “An Introduction to Methods for the Solution of Ciphers.”

No. 18, 1918. “Synoptic Tables for the Solution of Ciphers, and a Bibliography of Cipher Literature.”

No. 19, 1918. “Formulae for the Solution of Geometrical Transposition Ciphers,” by Captain Lenox R. Lohr, with an introduction by W. F. Friedman.

No. 20, 1918. “Several Machine Ciphers and Methods for Their Solution.”

No. 21, 1918. “Methods for the Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets.”

No. 22, 1922. “The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptographic Analysis.”

Sacco, Luigi (General). Manuale di crittografia. Rome, 2nd edition, revised and enlarged, 1936. (The first edition was privately printed under the title Nozioni di crittografia. Rome, 1930.)

Zanotti, Mario. Crittografia. Milan, 1928.

Miscellaneous (Primarily Descriptive of Systems, Historical, Special Essays, etc., Usually With Little on Cryptanalysis.)

Anon. “Cryptography” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 6, 14th edition, New York and London, 1929. (Contains a bibliography.)

Ball, W. W. Rouse. “Cryptographs and Ciphers” in his Mathematical Recreations and Essays. 7th edition, 1917 and later. (Latest edition is the 11th, 1939.)

Blair, William. “Cipher in Diplomatic Affairs” in Rees’s Cyclopaedia. 1803-1819.

Candela, Rosario. The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries, An Essay in Decrypting. New York, 1938.

Friedman, William F. (Lt.-Colonel). “Codes and Ciphers” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 5, 14th edition, New York and London, 1929. (Contains bibliography.)

—. “Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer” in American Literature, A Journal of Literary History, Criticism and Bibliography, Vol. 8, No. 3, Nov. 1936, pp. 266-280. Duke University, Durham, N. C.

Hulme, Frederick Edward. Cryptography, or, The History, Principles and Practice of Cipher-Writing. London, 1898.

Lange, André and E. A. Soudart. Traité de Cryptographie. Paris, 1st edition, 1925, new edition, 1935. (Contains an extensive bibliography.)

Lange, André. Cryptography. Translated from the French by J. C. H. Macbeth, London and New York, 1922.

Pratt, Fletcher. Secret and Urgent, The Story of Codes and Ciphers. Indianapolis, 1939.

Yardley, Herbert Osborne (Major). The American Black Chamber. Indianapolis and London, 1931. Reprinted, New York, 1933, London, 1934.

The Commonest English Words

Below are listed the hundred most frequently used words in English. The figures give occurrences in 242,432 words of English text taken from fifteen English authors and many newspapers. Compiled by Frank R. Fraprie, after the rest of the book had been completed.

THE	15568	OR	1101	WHEN	603	ONLY	309
OF	9767	HER	1093	WHAT	570	ANY	302
AND	7638	HAD	1062	YOUR	533	THEN	298
TO	5739	AT	1053	MORE	523	ABOUT	294
A	5074	FROM	1039	WOULD	516	THOSE	288
IN	4312	THIS	1021	THEM	498	CAN	285
THAT	3017	MY	963	SOME	478	MADE	284
IS	2509	THEY	959	THAN	445	WELL	283
I	2292	ALL	881	MAY	441	OLD	282
IT	2255	THEIR	824	UPON	430	MUST	280
FOR	1869	AN	789	ITS	425	US	279
AS	1853	SHE	775	OUT	387	SAID	276
WITH	1849	HAS	753	INTO	387	TIME	273
WAS	1761	WERE	752	OUR	386	EVEN	272
HIS	1732	ME	745	THESE	385	NEW	265
HE	1727	BEEN	720	MAN	383	COULD	264
BE	1535	HIM	708	UP	369	VERY	259
NOT	1496	ONE	700	DO	360	MUCH	252
BY	1392	SO	696	LIKE	354	OWN	251
BUT	1379	IF	684	SHALL	351	MOST	251
HAVE	1344	WILL	680	GREAT	340	MIGHT	250
YOU	1336	THERE	668	NOW	331	FIRST	249
WHICH	1291	WHO	664	SUCH	328	AFTER	247
ARE	1222	NO	658	SHOULD	327	YET	247
ON	1155	WE	638	OTHER	320	TWO	244

English Trigrams

The ninety-eight most frequent English trigrams, combining a count of 20,000 trigrams by Fletcher Pratt, in “Secret and Urgent,” supposed not to include overlaps between words, and 5,000 by Frank R. Fraprie, including overlaps. This table and the following one are not referred to in the text, having been compiled since the completion of the book.

THE	1182	HER	170	HIS	130	ITH	111
ING	356	ATE	165	RES	125	TED	110
AND	284	VER	159	ILL	118	AIN	108
ION	252	TER	157	ARE	117	EST	106
ENT	246	THA	155	CON	114	MAN	101
FOR	191	ATI	148	NCE	113	RED	101
TIO	188	HAT	138	ALL	111	THI	100
ERE	173	ERS	135	EVE	111	IVE	96

REA	95	INE	73	ORE	65	ART	58
WIT	93	WHI	71	BUT	64	NTE	58
ONS	92	OVE	71	OUT	63	RAT	58
ESS	90	TIN	71	URE	63	TUR	58
AVE	84	AST	70	STR	62	ICA	57
PER	84	DER	70	TIC	62	ICH	57
ECT	83	OUS	70	AME	61	NDE	57
ONE	83	ROM	70	COM	61	PRE	57
UND	83	VEN	70	OUR	61	ENC	56
INT	80	ARD	69	WER	61	HAS	56
ANT	79	EAR	69	OME	60	WHE	55
HOU	77	DIN	68	EEN	59	WIL	55
MEN	76	STI	68	LAR	59	ERA	54
WAS	76	NOT	67	LES	59	LIN	54
OUN	75	ORT	67	SAN	59	TRA	54
PRO	75	THO	66	STE	59
STA	75	DAY	65	ANY	58

English Digrams

The one hundred and nine most frequent English digrams, compiled from a count of 20,000 trigrams by Fletcher Pratt, in “Secret and Urgent,” supposed not to include overlaps between words, and 5,000 by Frank R. Fraprie, including overlaps.

TH	1582	RO	275	WI	188	SA	146	CT	111
IN	784	LI	273	HO	184	NI	142	TU	108
ER	667	RI	271	TR	183	RT	142	DA	107
RE	625	IO	270	BE	181	NA	141	AM	104
AN	542	LE	263	CE	177	OL	141	CI	104
HE	542	ND	263	WH	177	EV	131	SU	102
AR	511	MA	260	LL	176	IE	129	BL	101
EN	511	SE	259	FI	175	MI	128	OF	101
TI	510	AL	246	NO	175	NG	128	BU	100
TE	492	IC	244	TO	175	PL	128
AT	440	FO	239	PE	174	IV	127
ON	420	IL	232	AS	172	PO	125
HA	420	NE	232	WA	171	CH	122
OU	361	LA	229	UR	169	EI	122
IT	356	TA	225	LO	166	AD	120
ES	343	EL	216	PA	165	SS	120
ST	340	ME	216	US	165	IL	118
OR	339	EC	214	MO	164	OS	117
NT	337	IS	211	OM	163	UL	115
HI	330	DI	210	AI	162	EM	114
EA	321	SI	210	PR	161	NS	113
VE	321	CA	202	WE	158	OT	113
CO	296	UN	201	AC	152	GE	112
DE	275	UT	189	EE	148	IR	112
RA	275	NC	188	ET	146	AV	111

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