References
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
Notes
5 George B. Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952), pp. 291-293.
6 Ibid., pp. 54, 59, 73, 89, and 91. See also Tindall, “The Campaign for the Disfranchisement of Negroes in South Carolina,” Journal of Southern History, XV (May 1949), 212-34.
7 Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, p. 303. See also Tindall, “The Question of Race in the South Carolina Constitutional Convention in 1895,” Journal of Negro History, XXXVII (July 1952), 277-303.
8 In 1905 the Charleston News and Courier was sued by a white man whom the News and Courier had referred to in a news story as a Negro. In awarding damages to the plaintiff the court held that “when we think of the radical distinction subsisting between the white man and the black man, it must be apparent that to impute the condition of the Negro to a white man would affect his (the white man’s) social status, and, in case anyone publish a white man to be a Negro, it would not only be galling to his pride, but would tend to interfere seriously with the social relation of the white man with his fellow white men.” Gilbert T. Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law, (New York: Association Press, 1911), p. 28.
9 Quoted in Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, p. 238.
10 Full inaugural address quoted in Lewis K. McMillan, Negro Higher Education in the State of South Carolina, (Privately published, 1952), pp. 249-251.
11 Gustavus M. Pinckney (ed.), Carlyle McKinley, An Appeal to Pharaoh: The Negro Problem and its Radical Solution, (Columbia: The State Co., 1907), p. 107.
12 Anthony Harrigan (ed.), The Editor and the Republic: Papers and Addresses of William Watts Ball (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), pp. 30, 72.
13 New York Times, Mar. 1, 1944, p. 13. The Negro Citizens Committee of South Carolina condemned this resolution as “astonishing to the Negroes of South Carolina.”
14 Ibid., Mar. 1, 1944, p. 13. Senator “Cotton Ed” Smith congratulated the House for its passage of this resolution, saying, “We are damned tired of these butterfly preachers who do not know conditions in the South.” Ibid., Mar. 2, 1944, p. 34.
15 In 1932 the Chairman of the Columbia Board of Election Commissioners ruled that Negroes were excluded from voting in primary elections unless they had voted for Wade Hampton for governor in 1876 and presented ten witnesses to substantiate it. Ibid., Apr. 21, 1932, p. 24.
16 “Why South Carolina Keeps the Poll Tax,” Christian Century, LXIII (Feb. 6, 1946), 166. The author of this article considered the above quote evidence that “the real issue is not race,” but that race was only a “smoke screen” which “a little oligarchy” used to maintain control of the state through the one-party system. However, it is the opinion of informed observers that although the “little oligarchy” does exercise more effective control through a one-party system, the real issue is race. The one party system is simply the most effective method of political control by whites.
17 New York Times, Dec. 5, 1952, p. 14.
18 Independent, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 2.
19 See George S. Parthemos, The Supreme Court and the Rights of Negroes Under the Reconstruction Amendments, (Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Political Science, University of South Carolina, 1949), Chapter VII.
20 New York Times, Apr. 14, 1944, p. 1.
21 Quoted in To Secure These Rights, Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), p. 36.
22 Parthemos, op. cit., p. 191.
23 Judge Waring is one of the most interesting personalities encountered in the study of the race issue in South Carolina. Senator “Cotton Ed” Smith’s campaign manager in 1938, he was representative of the most “respectable” elements of Charleston society, was “a descendant of Confederates,” and had the support of the most orthodox of white supremacists when he was made a federal judge by President Roosevelt. After his decisions outlawing the white primary (and also after his divorce and remarriage to an “outsider” with “radical” views on the race question) he was completely ostracized by white Charleston and South Carolina society. He and his wife became complete integrationists. “The Southern advocates of white supremacy,” he said, “are mentally sick.” “We don’t have a Negro problem in the South, we have a white problem.” New York Times, Feb. 27, 1950, p. 17. See also “Judge Waring on the Civil Rights Issue,” Nation, CLXXIV (June 7, 1952), 540-541. For Mrs. Waring’s views see “Mrs. Waring Meets the Press,” American Mercury, LXX (May 1950), 562-569.
24 To Secure These Rights, p. 36.
25 Parthemos, op. cit., pp. 192-195.
26 Ibid., pp. 194-195.
27 New York Times, Apr. 20, 1948, p. 1.
28 Ibid., July 28, 1948, p. 5.
29 Ibid., Aug. 23, 1938, p. 5.
30 Cassandra M. Birnie, “Race and Politics in Georgia and South Carolina,” Phylon, XIII (Sept., 1952), 241.
31 David D. Wallace, South Carolina: A Short History, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), p. 679.
32 New York Times, July 8, 1950, p. 14.
33 Ibid., Feb. 29, 1948, p. 9; July 17, 1948, p. 3; Oct. 3, 1948, p. 40; Feb. 24, 1949, p. 15.
34 Ibid., Feb. 7, 1952, p. 21.
35 Other considerations, of course, entered into the revolt. Economic factors were important, for example, in the opposition of Southern financial and industrial interests to Truman’s proposal for repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, which contained provisions for state right-to-work laws. Other economic interests, e.g. oil interests, also supported the movement. Nevertheless the revolt was sold to the rank and file white South Carolinians on the grounds of race and they undoubtedly thought, this was the main consideration.
36 New York Times, July 20, 1948, p. 1; Oct. 3, 1948, p. 40.
37 Ibid., Aug. 1, 1948, p. 44; Aug. 12, 1948, p. 44.
38 Ibid., Dec. 5, 1952, p. 14.
39 Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, p. 222.
40 Simkins, “Race Legislation in South Carolina since 1865,” South Atlantic Quarterly, XX (June 1921), 170.
41 Quoted in McMillan, op. cit., pp. 257-58. Gov. Blease also wanted to secure as texts for the public schools “books, especially histories [written] by Southern authors for Southern children.”
42 Grace Graham, “Negro Education Progresses in South Carolina,” Social Forces, XXX (May 1952), 431-432.
43 Figures quoted below were taken from Harry S. Ashmore, The Negro and the Schools, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), pp. 152-53, 156-59.
44 Ibid., pp. 115, 147, 160, 166.
45 McMillan, op. cit., p. 219.
46 Ibid., pp. 268, 199, 207, 211.
47 Ibid., pp. 211-212.
48 Parthemos, op. cit., pp. 94-96.
49 New York Times, June 3, 1951, Section IV, p. 7.
50 Julian Scheer, “The White Folks Fight Back,” Nation, CLXXXI (Oct. 31, 1955), 10.
51 New York Times, June 3, 1951, Section IV, p. 7.
52 Scheer, loc. cit., p. 10. For a competent account of the Clarendon situation see John Bartlow Martin, The Deep South Says Never (New York: Ballantine Books, 1957), pp. 43-77.
53 News and Courier, May 18, 1954, p. 11.
54 New York Times, May 29, 1951, p. 27; May 30, 1951, p. 12.
55 Walter White, How Far the Promised Land, (New York: Viking Press, 1952), p. 47.
56 New York Times, May 29, 1951, p. 27.
57 Ibid., May 30, 1951, p. 12; News and Courier, May 18, 1954, p. 11.
58 “Human Rights are Now,” Nation, CLXXIII (July 14, 1951), 24; New York Times, June 24, 1951, p. 72.
59 New York Times, June 26, 1951, p. 40.
60 Ibid., Mar. 19, 1951, p. 18; June 25, 1951, p. 19; July 10, 1951, p. 21; also Ashmore, op. cit., p. 96.
61 New York Times, Dec. 11, 1952, p. 44.
62 Ibid., May 27, 1951, p. 40.
63 Howard G. McClain and Henry G. Ruark, “Education or Segregation?” Christian Century, LXX (Apr. 1, 1953), 378.
64 First interim report of the Gressette Committee, July 28, 1954, quoted in S. C. Senate Journal (1955), p. 14; also News and Courier, June 16, 1954, p. 1.
65 McClain and Ruark, loc. cit., p. 377; also New York Times, Mar. 14, 1952, p. 16.
66 New York Times, Dec. 11, 1952, p. 44.
67 Supreme Court of the United States, “Brief of Appellees on Reargument,” Case of Harry Briggs, Jr., et al., Appellants, against R. W. Elliott, el al., Appellees, October Term 1953, pp. 1-2.
68 For full reply of the state to the question see ibid., pp. 8-83; see also p. 84.
69 Full text of the Court’s opinion is quoted in Appendix I.
70 News and Courier, Sept. 16, 1954, p. 1.
71 Record, Nov. 15, 1954, p. 1.
72 Full text of the implementing decision is quoted in New York Times, June 1, 1955, p. 26.
73 Morning News, July 16, 1955, p. 1.
74 Morning News, May 18, 1954, p. 1; May 20, 1954, p. 5-A; Mar. 2, 1956, p. 10-A.
75 Ibid., Dec. 16, 1955, p. 1.
76 Record, Jan. 24, 1957, p. 7-A.
77 Independent, May 18, 1954, p. 1.
78 News and Courier, May 18, 1954, p. 1; May 19, 1954, p. 4; May 21, 1954, p. 4-A; May 26, 1954, p. 4-A; Nov. 23, 1954, p. 14-A.
79 Record, May 18, 1954, p. 4-A; May 19, 1954, p. 4-A; May 22, 1954, p. 4-A; May 26, 1954, p. 4-A; Nov. 23, 1954, p. 4-A.
80 Independent, May 18, 1954, p. 4; May 25, 1954, p. 4; Dec. 1, 1954, p. 4.
81 Morning News, May 18, 1954, p. 4; May 19, 1954, p. 4; Apr. 16, 1955, p. 4.
82 News and Courier, May 28, 1954, p. 8-A.
83 Independent, June 9, 1954, p. 8A [Italics mine].
84 News and Courier, May 21, 1954, p. 10-A; May 24, 1954, p. 2.
85 Record, June 20, 1955, p. 1; Independent, June 28, 1955, p. 1.
86 Record, June 1, 1955, p. 4-A; Morning News, June 1, 1955, p. 4; Independent, June 2, 1955, p. 4; News and Courier, June 4, 1955, p. 6-A.
87 Morning News, June 1, 1955, p. 1.
88 Record, Jan. 27, 1956, p. 1; Mar. 23, 1956, p. 8-A; Independent, Aug. 13, 1956, p. 3; Mar. 8, 1956, p. 20.
89 News and Courier, May 24, 1956, p. 12-A; May 25, 1955, p. 10-A; Nov. 25, 1954, p. 8-A; Nov. 13, 1954, p. 4-A; Dec. 5, 1954, p. 14-A.
90 Record, Oct. 28, 1955, p. 4-A; Apr. 27, 1955, p. 4-A.
91 Independent, Dec. 1, 1955, p. 4.
92 State, June 27, 1957, p. 4; July 5, 1957, p. 4.
93 Record, June 26, 1957; State, July 16, 1957, p. 4.
94 James F. Byrnes, “The Supreme Court Must be Curbed,” U.S. News and World Report, XL (May 18, 1956), 50-58.
95 News and Courier, Aug. 19, 1955, p. 10-A.
96 State, Aug. 21, 1955.
97 News and Courier, July 17, 1955, p. 9-A; Oct. 30, 1955, p. 1-E; Record, May 29, 1956, p. 4-A.
98 News and Courier, Oct. 7, 1954, p. 4-A.
99 Ibid., Aug. 1, 1955, p. 7-A.
100 To Secure these Rights, Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights pp. 81-82.
101 Thomas R. Waring, “The Southern Case against Desegregation,” Harper’s, CCXII (Jan. 1956), 39-45.
102 Herbert R. Sass, “Mixed Schools and Mixed Blood,” Atlantic Monthly, CXCVIII, (Nov. 1956), 45-49.
103 Oscar Handlin, “Where Equality Leads,” ibid., pp. 50-54.
104 News and Courier, Sept. 14, 1956, p. 12-A; Apr. 28, 1955, p. 16-A; Nov. 17, 1954, p. 10-A.
105 Record, Sept. 23, 1954, p. 4-A; Oct. 2, 1956, p. 4-A.
106 Morning News, May 13, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 11, 1954, p. 4; Aug. 5, 1956, p. 4-A; Aug. 30, 1956, p. 4-A; Sept. 1, 1956, p. 4.
107 Ibid., Jan. 19, 1955, p. 1; Apr. 7, 1956, p. 5; Record, Oct. 5, 1956, p. 1.
108 Morning News, Sept. 2, 1955, p. 4-A.
109 News and Courier, Sept. 5, 1954, p. 8-A.
110 Record, Nov. 22, 1955, p. 4-A; News and Courier, July 20, 1955, p. 1-B.
111 News and Courier, Mar. 15, 1956, p. 2-B; May 15, 1956, p. 1-B; Dec. 16, 1956, p. 8-C.
112 Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Aug. 14, 1955, p. 12-A.
113 Morning News, Sept. 23, 1956, p. 4-A; also James F. Byrnes, “The Supreme Court Must be Curbed,” U.S. News and World Report, XL (May 18, 1956), 58; News and Courier, June 6, 1954, p. 4-A.
114 News and Courier, Aug. 28, 1955, p. 10-A.
115 Ibid., April 28, 1956, p. 1; June 27, 1955, p. 6-A; July 2, 1955, p. 6-A.
116 Ibid., Dec. 3, 1954, p. 10-A.
117 Record, Nov. 26, 1954, p. 1.
118 Ibid., May 31, 1954, p. 4-A; June 17, 1955, p. 4-A; July 11, 1955, p. 4-A; Oct. 12, 1956, p. 4-A.
119 Independent, Dec. 1, 1954, p. 4.
120 Morning News, Aug. 5, 1955, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 24, 1955, p. 10-A; Aug. 31, 1956, p. 18-A.
121 News and Courier, July 19, 1955, p. 1-B.
122 Record, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 3-B.
123 Ibid., Oct. 17, 1957, p. 10-A; State, Oct. 18, 1957, p. 2-B.
124 News and Courier, Jan. 15, 1957, p. 1.
125 State, June 25, 1957, p. 1.
126 News and Courier, Sept. 21, 1956, p. 1-B.
127 According to a News and Courier reporter, Eldridge Thompson, Klan membership rocketed during 1956 and 1957. In addition to Bickley’s organization the other principal Klan groups are the Association of South Carolina Klans with headquarters in West Columbia and the National Ku Klux Klan of South Carolina which operates out of Greenville. Ibid., Oct. 27, 1957, p. 12-A.
128 Morning News, Aug. 21, 1955, p. 1
129 Ibid., June 12, 1955, p. 1.
130 Ibid., Mar. 25, 1956, p. 1; July 29, 1956, p. 1.
131 News and Courier, Aug. 20, 1956, p. 2.
132 Morning News, July 29, 1956, p. 1.
133 State, July 26, 1957, p. 2-D; Aug. 5, 1957, p. 5-A; Aug. 10, 1957, p. 1-B; Jan. 15, 1958, p. 1-B; Jan. 21, 1958, p. 1-B; Jan. 22, 1958, p. 1; Record, Aug. 3, 1957, p. 1; Aug. 9, 1957, p. 1; Jan. 15, 1958, p. 8-A; Jan. 22, 1958, p. 1; Jan. 23, 1958, p. 1.
134 Morning News, July 1, 1956, p. 4-A; Independent, Jan. 27, 1956, p. 4; News and Courier, June 11, 1954, p. 4-A; June 17, 1954, p. 12-A.
135 Independent, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 4.
136 Morning News, Aug. 23, 1955, p. 1.
137 News and Courier, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 8-A.
138 Ibid., Aug. 1, 1957, p. 8-A.
139 Morning News, July 16, 1954, p. 1.
140 Ibid., July 21, 1954, p. 1; July 17, 1954, p. 4.
141 Ibid., Aug. 6, 1954, p. 4; News and Courier, Oct. 8, 1954, p. 4-A.
142 Morning News, Mar. 11, 1955, p. 1.
143 News and Courier, Feb. 4, 1955, p. 11-A.
144 Morning News, Mar. 22, 1955, p. 4; June 11, 1955, p. 1; Aug. 19, 1955, p. 4-A.
145 Ibid., Aug. 12, 1955, p. 9-A; June 17, 1955, p. 1.
146 News and Courier, July 8, 1955, p. 10-A.
147 Ibid., Aug. 13, 1955, p. 8-A.
147 Ibid., July 1, 1955, p. 14-A; Feb. 10, 1957, p. 13-A.
149 Ibid., Sept. 9, 1955, p. 14-A.
150 Record, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 1; News and Courier, Dec. 31, 1955, p. 6-A.
151 News and Courier, May 26, 1955, p. 14-A; Mar. 18, 1956, p. 2-C; Oct. 4, 1955, p. 8-A.
152 Ibid., Sept. 15, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 16, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 17, 1955, p. 1.
153 S. C. Senate Journal (1956), pp. 248-249.
154 Morning News, Feb. 11, 1956, p. 7.
155 News and Courier, Sept. 23, 1955, p. 10-A.
156 Record, Sept. 6, 1955, p. 1.
157 News and Courier, July 1, 1956, p. 14-C. By this date there were councils in the counties of Aiken, Allendale, Bamberg, Beaufort, Calhoun (2), Charleston (6), Clarendon (3), Darlington (4), Dorchester (2), Fairfield, Florence (7), Georgetown, Jasper, Kershaw, Lee (2), Lexington, Orangeburg (9), Richland (2), Spartanburg, Sumter and Williamsburg (7).
158 By February 1957 there were 58 local councils in South Carolina. By this time leadership in the state organization had changed. Thomas D. Keels of Sumter was state chairman, Dr. W. M. Croswell of Timmonsville, vice-chairman and H. L. Bowling of Elloree, treasurer. News and Courier, Jan. 18, 1957, p. 1-B; Feb. 15, 1957, p. 10-A.
159 Ibid., July 1, 1956, p. 14-C.
160 Ibid., Feb. 24, 1957, p. 2-A.
161 Ibid., Mar. 4, 1957, p. 12.
162 Morning News, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1.
163 News and Courier, July 1, 1956, p. 14-C; Jan. 9, 1956, p. 12.
164 Ibid., May 6, 1956, p. 1.
165 Ibid., May 27, 1956, p. 14-A.
166 Record, Jan. 27, 1956, p. 1. Another indication of the support given the Council was the resolution unanimously adopted by the state legislature commending the formation of the Councils and offering the legislators’ “approval and encouragement” to the movement.
167 News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1955, p. 10-A; Oct. 6, 1955, p. 6-A.
168 Morning News, Aug. 16, 1955, p. 12.
169 Ibid., Aug. 28, 1955, p. 1.
170 Record, Feb. 11, 1956, p. 1.
171 News and Courier, Oct. 10, 1955, p. 1.
172 Morning News, Aug. 17, 1955, p. 12; Aug. 21, 1955, p. 3-A.
173 This summary of the Orangeburg boycott was taken largely from Edward Gamarekian, “The Ugly Battle of Orangeburg,” Reporter, XVI (Jan. 24, 1957), 32-34, and an article written by W. D. Workman, Jr., in the News and Courier, Dec. 3, 1955, p. 1-E; see also Record, Apr. 13, 1956, p. 2-A.
174 Gamarekian, loc. cit., pp. 32-34.
175 Morning News, Jan. 25, 1956, p. 7; S. C. House Journal (1956), p. 101.
176 Record, Mar. 26, 1956, p. 1.
177 Ibid., Apr. 7, 1956, p. 1.
178 Morning News, July 18, 1956, p. 6.
179 Gamarekian, loc. cit., pp. 32-34.
180 Record, Aug. 25, 1955, p. 4-A.
181 News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1955, p. 10-A.
182 Ibid., Aug. 24, 1955, p. 10-A.
183 News and Courier, May 6, 1956, p. 16-A; July 1, 1956, p. 14-A.
184 Morning News, Mar. 6, 1955, p. 4-A; May 19, 1955, p. 4-A.
185 Independent, Oct. 22, 1954, p. 1.
186 News and Courier, Oct. 24, 1954, p. 4-A.
187 Ibid., Aug. 31, 1955, p. 10-A.
188 Record, Sept. 6, 1955, p. 7-A.
189 Morning News, Oct. 3, 1955, p. 1.
190 Ibid., Sept. 15, 1955, p. 1.
191 News and Courier, Sept. 6, 1955, p. 1-B.
192 Morning News, Aug. 29, 1955, p. 4.
193 Ibid., Dec. 28, 1955, p. 5.
194 Morning News, Dec. 23, 1955, p. 5.
195 News and Courier, Aug. 27, 1954, p. 1.
196 Record, Aug. 15, 1957, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 16, 1957, p. 1.
197 Morning News, Nov. 10, 1954, p. 5.
197 Independent, Feb. 5, 1956, p. 1.
199 Record, Feb. 21, 1956, p. 7-A.
200 Ibid., Feb. 22, 1956, p. 10-A.
201 State, June 27, 1957, p. 1; Sept 10, 1957, p. 7-A; Sept. 27, 1957, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Oct. 17, 1957, p. 1-B.
202 News and Courier, May 8, 1956, p. 7-A.
203 Independent, Apr. 19, 1956, p. 1.
204 News and Courier, May 8, 1956, p. 7-A.
205 Ibid., Oct. 7, 1955, p. 1-B.
206 Morning News, Nov. 7, 1955, p. 1.
207 News and Courier, July 15, 1955, p. 12-A.
208 Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 1.
209 News and Courier, Oct. 14, 1956, p. 14-A.
210 Ibid., Sept. 19, 1954, p. 14-D; Sept. 8, 1954, p. 1.
211 Ibid., Aug. 16, 1955, p. 8-A; Independent, Oct. 26, 1954, p. 14.
212 Morning News, May 27, 1954, p. 4; May 29, 1954, p. 2.
213 Record, Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1.
214 News and Courier, July 18, 1956, p. 1-B; Aug. 28, 1955, p. 10-A.
215 Morning News, Mar. 5, 1956, p. 5.
216 News and Courier, May 30, 1954, p. 3-B.
217 State, July 20, 1956, p. 10-B; News and Courier, Dec. 18, 1956, p. 10-B.
218 News and Courier, Feb. 16, 1957, p. 9-A.
219 Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 3-A.
220 Independent, May 25, 1954, p. 6; June 1, 1954, p. 14.
221 News and Courier, July 19, 1954, p. 4.
222 Ibid., Feb. 5, 1956, p. 4-A.
223 Ibid., Sept. 12, 1954, p. 4.
224 Ibid., Sept. 11, 1955, p. 2-C.
225 Ibid., Oct. 24, 1954, p. 12-A.
226 Ibid., Sept. 4, 1955, p. 8-A; Feb. 13, 1956, p. 8-A; Aug. 31, 1954, p. 4-A.
227 Morning News, May 13, 1954, p. 4.
228 News and Courier, Feb. 28, 1956, p. 8-A.
229 In this summary the following News and Courier editorials were considered: June 3, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 8, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 26, 1954, p. 4-A; Feb. 8, 1955, p. 8-A; June 12, 1955, p. 14-A; June 5, 1955, p. 14-A; Aug. 14, 1955, p. 12-A; Feb. 19, 1956, p. 12-A; May 6, 1956, p. 16-A; July 1, 1956, p. 14-A.
230 Ibid., Aug. 31, 1954, p. 4-A.
231 Morning News, Sept. 4, 1955, p. 4-A.
232 Ibid., Feb. 28, 1955, p. 1; News and Courier, June 29, 1954, p. 4-A.
233 News and Courier, Dec. 7, 1955, p. 12-A; Aug. 26, 1955, p. 12-A; also Thomas R. Waring, “The Southern Case Against Desegregation,” Harper’s, CCXII (Jan., 1956), 43.
234 News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1955, p. 3.
235 Record, Aug. 5, 1954, p. 4-A.
236 Independent, Feb. 27, 1956, p. 13-A. For comparison, 71 percent of the people outside the South (35 states) approved the decision, 24 percent disapproved it and five percent were undecided.
237 News and Courier, Mar. 1, 1956, p. 13-A; Mar. 15, 1956, p. 2-B.
238 Independent, June 13, 1956, p. 37.
239 News and Courier, Mar. 16, 1956, p. 1-B; Nov. 24, 1955, p. 1-B.
240 Record, Nov. 10, 1955, p. 1-B; Morning News, June 15, 1954, p. 10-B; Record, Jan. 14, 1955, p. 1.
241 News and Courier, June 1, 1954, p. 6; May 26, 1954, p. 1; May 21, 1954, p. 10-A.
242 Morning News, Mar. 7, 1956, p. 2; June 24, 1955, p. 6-B; Sept. 19, 1955, p. 8-A.
243 News and Courier, Sept. 20, 1955, p. 8-A; Sept. 22, 1955, p. 14-A; Independent, Sept. 29, 1955, p. 4.
244 News and Courier, Mar. 16, 1956, p. 1-B; Oct. 22, 1955, p. 1-B; Oct. 19, 1955, p. 12-A.
245 Independent, May 6, 1954, p. 16.
246 News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1955, p. 3; Record, Apr. 26, 1956, p. 2-B.
247 News and Courier, Sept. 19, 1954, p. 14-D; May 4, 1956, p. 16-A.
248 Independent, May 18, 1954, p. 1; News and Courier, May 20, 1954, p. 15-B.
249 News and Courier, Oct. 7, 1955, p. 1-B.
250 Record, June 22, 1955, p. 1.
251 Independent, June 13, 1956, p. 37.
252 Morning News, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1955, p. 3; Record, Aug. 5, 1954, p. 4-A.
253 News and Courier, Jan. 20, 1955, p. 11-A; Sept. 6, 1955, p. 1-B; Independent, July 5, 1954, p. 4.
254 News and Courier, Sept. 4, 1955, p. 8-A; Independent, Nov. 14, 1956, p. 4; Morning News, Aug. 5, 1956, p. 4-A.
255 Morning News, Aug. 5, 1956, p. 4-A; Aug. 30, 1956, p. 4-A.
256 Ibid., Sept. 23, 1956, p. 4-A.
257 News and Courier, May 28, 1956, p. 6-A; Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1-B; Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1-B; July 15, 1955, p. 12-A.
258 Ibid., Nov. 21, 1955, p. 10.
259 Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 3-A.
260 News and Courier, Feb. 19, 1955, p. 8-A; Jan. 12, 1955, p. 8-A.
261 For example there were only two Negro delegates to the state Democratic convention in 1956. Morning News, Mar. 22, 1956, p. 1.
262 Independent, Aug. 2, 1956, p. 11.
263 Morning News, Aug. 11, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, May 4, 1956, p. 1-B.
264 News and Courier, Dec. 30, 1954, p. 12-A.
265 Independent, Mar. 18, 1956, p. 1.
266 NAACP Civil Rights Handbook (New York, Apr., 1953), p. 5.
267 Record, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 4-A.
268 Ibid., Mar. 26, 1956, p. 1.
269 News and Courier, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 1-B; Nov. 7, 1954, p. 8-A.
270 Independent, May 25, 1954, p. 5.
271 News and Courier, Oct. 16, 1954, p. 7-A.
272 Record, Sept. 12, 1955, p. 1.
273 Morning News, June 30, 1955, p. 1.
274 Ibid., July 1, 1955, p. 4-A; News and Courier, Aug. 11, 1955, p. 14-A.
275 Morning News, Aug. 21, 1955, p. 3-A.
276 Record, Sept. 1, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 14, 1955, p. 5-A.
277 Evans to A. J. Clement, Jr., printed in program of 13th annual session of the state NAACP (1953).
278 Morning News, Aug. 20, 1955, p. 4-A.
279 Ibid., Aug. 20, 1954, p. 4-A; May 25, 1954, p. 4; Independent, Nov. 18, 1955, p. 4; Record, May 26, 1954, p. 8-A.
280 Record, Oct. 11, 1955, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Apr. 2, 1956, p. 6-A; Feb. 15, 1956, p. 10-A.
281 Record, June 30, 1956, p. 4-A; State, July 20, 1956, p. 5-A.
282 Record, Dec. 12, 1955, p. 1. In a paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Society in Washington, D. C. on August 29, 1957, Professor Wilson Record of Sacramento State College showed the wide divergences between the NAACP and the Communist Party in structure, methods, and basic ideology.
283 Morning News, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1; Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 19, 1955, p. 4-A.
284 News and Courier, Oct. 14, 1954, p. 15-A; May 30, 1954, p. 4-A; July 17, 1955, p. 6-A.
285 Ibid., Aug. 25, 1955, p. 1-B.
286 Record, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 4-A.
287 In connection with the use of this system against labor organizers, Rep. Gary Brown of Abbeville County said, “As for unions we don’t have any trouble in the county.... We are expecting to get some new industry and I would pass 50 bills to protect it.” News and Courier, Apr. 22, 1957, p. 8.
288 Independent, Aug. 24, 1955, p. 6.
289 Morning News, Aug. 19, 1955, p. 4-A; Mar. 12, 1956, p. 4.
290 News and Courier, July 20, 1955, p. 1-B; Record, Nov. 22, 1955, p. 4-A.
291 News and Courier, Nov. 22, 1955, p. 1-B; Morning News, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1; S. C. House Journal (1956), p. 450.
292 Record, Aug. 11, 1955, p. 4-A; Nov. 4, 1955, p. 7-A.
293 Morning News, Sept. 22, 1955, p. 4-A.
294 Myrdal, An American Dilemma, pp. 831, 820, 830.
295 Record, Feb. 13, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, Feb. 25, 1956, p. 10-A; Dec. 19, 1954, p. 14-A.
296 Record, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 12, 1955, p. 1.
297 Morning News, Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.
298 News and Courier, May 19, 1954, p. 4; May 20, 1954, p. 4.
299 Morning News, May 22, 1954, p. 4.
300 News and Courier, May 30, 1954, p. 8-A.
301 Morning News, May 21, 1954, p. 1; July 16, 1954, p. 3-A; Sept. 1, 1954, p. 1.
302 Record, Jan. 4, 1956, p. 1; Morning News, Jan. 15, 1956, p. 3-B.
303 News and Courier, July 30, 1956, p. 1.
304 Independent, July 29, 1955, p. 1; Nov. 4, 1955, p. 28.
305 News and Courier, Oct. 20, 1954, p. 8-A.
306 S. C. Senate Journal (1956), p. 55.
307 News and Courier, Jan. 20, 1955, p. 11-A.
308 Record, Nov. 4, 1955, p. 7-A.
309 South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), p. 15.
310 Independent, June 26, 1956, p. 7.
311 Morning News, Apr. 27, 1956, p. 10-A.
312 News and Courier, Jan. 13, 1955, p. 14-A.
313 Morning News, July 9, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 4, 1954, p. 4.
314 South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), p. 15.
315 News and Courier, May 21, 1955, p. 6-A.
316 Ibid., Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1-B; also South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), pp. 14-27; South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), pp. 38-44.
317 Independent, May 26, 1954, p. 3.
318 News and Courier, Aug. 9, 1954, p. 4.
319 Independent, July 25, 1954, p. 4.
320 News and Courier, Aug. 7, 1954, p. 16.
321 Ibid., May 30, 1954, p. 8-A; Oct. 29, 1955, p. 8-A; May 25, 1956, p. 4.
322 Morning News, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.
323 News and Courier, Aug. 1, 1955, p. 7-A.
324 Morning News, May 28, 1954, p. 4.
325 News and Courier, May 25, 1954, p. 6.
326 Ibid., Oct. 10, 1954, p. 2-A.
327 Morning News, Aug. 12, 1955, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1955, p. 1.
328 News and Courier, June 30, 1955, p. 10-A; S. C. Senate Journal (1956), pp. 52-53.
329 Independent, Jan. 9, 1956, p. 1.
330 News and Courier, Mar. 29, 1957, p. 1.
331 Independent, Oct. 26, 1955, p. 14.
332 Ibid., Jan. 7, 1956, p. 5. According to the annual report of the state Superintendent of Education for 1953-54 South Carolina received $8,216,840 from the federal government for education in 1952-53 and $5,946,597 for 1953-54. These figures represented 8.88 percent and 4.38 percent respectively of the total school budget.
333 News and Courier, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 8-A; Record, May 24, 1954, p. 4-A; Morning News, Aug. 26, 1955, p. 4-A.
334 Independent, Dec. 17, 1955, p. 4; Morning News, July 15, 1956, p. 4-A.
335 Record, Aug. 15, 1957, p. 1; State, Aug. 19, 1957, p. 4-A; News and Courier, Aug. 17, 1957, p. 6-A.
336 News and Courier, Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), pp. 19-27.
337 Morning News, Feb. 9, 1955, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1955, p. 1; Independent, Feb. 23, 1955, p. 1.
338 Independent, Feb. 11, 1955, p. 4.
339 News and Courier, Mar. 12, 1955, p. 6-A.
340 Ibid., May 28, 1955, p. 1.
341 South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), pp. 134, 652.
342 Morning News, May 26, 1956, p. 10. A further example of the frame of mind of the legislature was the passage of a resolution which declared that the Confederate Battle Flag symbolized “the divine cause of human freedom for which our forefathers fought and for which the men, women and children of the South displayed a courage and devotion to duty unparalleled in the history of the world.” South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), p. 1185.
343 News and Courier, Dec. 18, 1955, p. 1.
344 Morning News, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 1; Feb. 15, 1956, p. 6.
345 News and Courier, Feb. 7, 1956, p. 1-B.
346 Record, May 1, 1956, p. 4-A.
347 Ibid., Jan. 10, 1956, p. 4-A.
348 Morning News, Dec. 30, 1955, p. 4.
349 Independent, Feb. 1, 1956, p. 4; Feb. 5, 1956, p. 4.
350 News and Courier, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 16-A; Dec. 17, 1955, p. 6-A; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 16-A.
351 South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), p. 164.
352 Ibid., pp. 150-155.
353 Morning News, Jan. 11, 1956, p. 1.
354 South Carolina House Journal (1956), p. 322.
355 News and Courier, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.
356 Independent, Feb. 9, 1956, p. 4.
357 Record, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.
358 Morning News, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.
359 News and Courier, Sept. 4, 1957, p. 10-A; State, Sept. 5, 1957, p. 4-A; Sept. 7, 1957, p. 4-A.
360 South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), pp. 387-388.
361 News and Courier, Jan. 24, 1957, p. 12-A. Most, though not all of South Carolina’s Negro teachers apparently answered these questions satisfactorily. Those who did not lost their jobs. However, when considering this fact one should also bear in mind that the Palmetto Education Association, which represents the state’s approximately 7,000 Negro teachers, adopted a resolution in 1955 stating its approval of the Supreme Court’s desegregation decision and offering its assistance to white school authorities in “discussing, outlining, and implementing plans for universal public education” in South Carolina “within the framework of the recent ruling of the United States Supreme Court.”
362 Morning News, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1.
363 Ibid., Feb. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; Jan. 20, 1956, p. 4-A.
364 Independent, Feb. 21, 1956, p. 1. The quotation from the Walterboro Press and Standard appears in this article.
365 Record, Feb. 16, 1956, p. 4-A.
366 News and Courier, July 15, 1955, p. 12-A; Jan. 21, 1956, p. 6-A.
367 Morning News, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1; Feb. 18, 1956, p. 7.
368 Ibid., Mar. 1, 1956, p. 2.
369 Jerrold Beim, The Swimming Hole, (New York: Morrow and Co., 1950).
370 This summary of the Swimming Hole affair was taken from Morning News, Mar. 2, 1956, p. 1; Mar. 7, 1956, p. 1; and Mar. 9, 1956, p. 1; South Carolina House Journal (1956), pp. 936-937; Record, Mar. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; and News and Courier, Mar. 8, 1956, p. 16-A.
371 News and Courier, Apr. 24, 1957, p. 1-B; Apr. 27, 1957, p. 8-A; State, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.
372 State, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.
373 News and Courier, Mar. 1, 1957, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1957, p. 8-A.
374 Ibid., Feb. 10, 1957, p. 3-A; Apr. 25, 1957, p. 1; Apr. 8, 1957, p. 12; Jan. 17, 1957, p. 14-A; Mar. 8, 1957, p. 1-B.
375 Record, May 2, 1957.
376 State, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1; Sept. 10, 1957, p. 1; Record, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1.
377 Record, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 10-A.
378 Radio WIS broadcast, Sept. 14, 1957.
379 State, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 3-B.
380 Morning News, Sept. 24, 1957, p. 4.
381 Record, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; State, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1; Baltimore Afro-American, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 2.
382 State, Jan. 1, 1958, p. 1; Jan. 3, 1958, p. 1; Record, Jan. 2, 1958, p. 1; New York Times, Jan. 3, 1958, p. 14.
383 Record, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; State, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1; News and Courier, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1-B.
384 Record, Jan. 15, 1958, p. 8-B. On April 9 the South Carolina general assembly provided for a 6 man committee, 3 members from the Senate and 3 from the House, to probe Communism and Communist activities in the state. Ibid., April 9, 1958.
385 U.P. Wire, Jan. 16, 1958.
386 State, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; ibid., Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B; ibid., Jan. 23, 1958, p. 8-A; Record, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 3-A.
387 State, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; Record, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 3-A.
388 State, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B.
389 Record, Jan. 29, 1958, pp. 1, 6-A.
390 State, Feb. 5, 1958, p. 8-B; Feb. 8, 1958, p. 1-B; Feb. 4, 1958, p. 9-B; Record, Feb. 1, 1958, p. 10-A.
391 Record, Feb. 14, 1958, p. 6-A; Feb. 20, 1958, p. 1; State, Feb. 25, 1958, p. 9-A.
392 News and Courier, Dec. 1, 1955, p. 1-B; Dec. 2, 1955, p. 8-A.
393 S. C. Senate Journal (1956), pp. 226-227.
394 News and Courier, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1.
395 Record, Apr. 23, 1956, p. 1; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 4-A; Morning News, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 1.
396 Morning News, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 3; News and Courier, Dec. 8, 1955, p. 8-A; S. C. House Journal (1956), p. 15.
397 Independent, July 24, 1955, p. 1; July 25, 1955, p. 3; Aug. 18, 1955, p. 1.
398 State, June 26, 1957, p. 4-A.
399 News and Courier, Feb. 14, 1956, p. 8-A; Sept. 15, 1956, p. 9-A.
400 Independent, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 2.
401 Ibid., May 26, 1954, p. 3; May 27, 1954, p. 22.
402 Morning News, May 2, 1954, p. 1.
403 Independent, May 9, 1954, p. 28; May 16, 1955, p. 22; May 19, 1954, p. 2; Morning News, May 2, 1954, p. 1.
404 Quoted in Independent, June 3, 1954, p. 18.
405 Record, May 22, 1954, p. 4-A.
406 News and Courier, Jan. 9, 1956, p. 12; July 31, 1956, p. 8-A.
407 Record, Apr. 23, 1955, p. 4-A.
408 News and Courier, Mar. 10, 1956, p. 1-B.
409 Morning News, Oct. 11, 1956, p. 4-A.
410 Ibid., Mar. 6, 1956, p. 1.
411 Ibid., Mar. 27, 1956, p. 1.
412 S. C. House Journal (1956), pp. 1303-1304.
413 Record, Mar. 22, 1956, p. 11-C.
414 Ibid., June 20, 1956, p. 1; July 16, 1956, p. 10-A.
415 Ibid., Aug. 2, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.
416 Morning News, July 13, 1956, p. 4-A.
417 News and Courier, June 26, 1956, p. 8-A.
418 Record, Aug. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.
419 Independent, Aug. 11, 1956, pp. 1, 3.
420 Morning News, Aug. 16, 1956, p. 2-A.
421 News and Courier, Aug. 16, 1956, p. 16-A; Aug. 21, 1956, p. 8-A.
422 Record, Aug. 17, 1956, p. 4-A.
423 News and Courier, Aug. 19, 1956, p. 14-A; Record, Oct. 31, 1956, p. 4.
424 Independent, Aug. 17, 1956, p. 4; Aug. 18, 1956, p. 4.
425 Morning News, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 1.
426 News and Courier, Aug. 28, 1956, pp. 1, 8-A.
427 Independent, Feb. 10, 1956, p. 4; Mar. 7, 1956, p. 4.
428 Morning News, Mar. 21, 1956, p. 4; June 26, 1956, p. 4; Aug. 22, 1956, p. 4.
429 News and Courier, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 14-A; May 23, 1956, p. 12-A; June 25, 1956, p. 6-A; Aug. 2, 1956, p. 14-A; Aug. 9, 1956, p. 14-A; Aug. 24, 1956, p. 12-A.
430 Ibid., Aug. 23, 1956, p. 8-A.
431 Quotations in order are from News and Courier, Aug. 26, 1956, p. 15-A; Aug. 30, 1956, p. 17-A; Sept. 1, 1956, p. 6-A; Sept. 9, 1956, p. 12-A; Sept. 14, 1956, p. 12-A; Aug. 27, 1956 p. 7-A; Aug. 28, 1956, p. 10-A; Sept. 2, 1956, p. 11-A.
432 Independent, June 6, 1956, p. 8.
433 Morning News, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 1.
434 News and Courier, Oct. 2, 1956, p. 8-A.
435 Ibid., Oct. 4, 1956, p. 1; Sept. 21, 1956, p. 1.
436 Record, Oct. 25, 1956, p. 2-B.
437 Morning News, Sept. 28, 1956, p. 6-B.
438 News and Courier, Oct. 17, 1956, p. 10-A; Oct. 22, 1956, p. 6-A.
439 Independent, Nov. 4, 1956, p. 28; Oct. 31, 1956, p. 11; News and Courier, Oct. 28, 1956, p. 4-C; Nov. 4, 1956, p. 12-A.
440 Morning News, Oct. 27, 1956, p. 2-A; News and Courier, Oct. 28, 1956, p. 14-A; Independent, Oct. 27, 1956, p. 1.
441 Record, Aug. 31, 1956, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1956, p. 6-A; Oct. 24, 1956, p. 10-A.
442 Independent, June 7, 1956, p. 4; Oct. 19, 1956, p. 4; Oct. 24, 1956, p. 4.
443 Ibid., Oct. 19, 1956, p. 4.
444 Ibid., Oct. 21, 1956, p. 28; Morning News, Oct. 9, 1956, p. 8; Nov. 2, 1956, p. 9-B.
445 Independent, Oct. 31, 1956, p. 10; Nov. 2, 1956, p. 5.
446 Open letter from South Carolina Republican Party, signed by Oscar W. Pitts, chairman, undated.
447 Morning News, Nov. 1, 1956, p. 1.
448 Ibid., Oct. 31, 1956, p. 2.
449 News and Courier, Oct. 22, 1956, p. 8-A.
450 Ibid., Nov. 14, 1956, p. 12-A.
451 Morning News, Nov. 8, 1956, p. 9-A.
452 News and Courier, Jan. 16, 1957, p. 1-B. At the state Democratic Party Convention on March 25, 1958, the “Independent” faction made a bid to capture the party chairmanship but was decisively defeated.
453 State, Nov. 27, 1956, p. 6-B.
454 News and Courier, July 18, 1955, p. 6-A; Sept. 21, 1956, p. 15-A; Mar. 27, 1957, p. 10-A.
455 Morning News, July 1, 1956, p. 4-A.
456 News and Courier, June 30, 1956, p. 10-A.
457 Ibid., June 17, 1955, p. 12-A.
458 Ibid., Jan. 26, 1957, p. 1-B.
459 Ibid., Jan. 30, 1956, p. 12.
460 Ibid., Apr. 15, 1955, p. 12-A.
461 Ibid., May 12, 1956, p. 1; July 3, 1954.
462 Ibid., Nov. 20, 1954, p. 14.
463 State, July 15, 1957, p. 4.
464 News and Courier, Aug. 1, 1957, p. 8-A.
465 Ibid., Aug. 27, 1957, p. 8-A.
466 State, Aug. 20, 1957, p. 4-A.
467 News and Courier, Dec. 13, 1954, p. 8-A; July 3, 1955, p. 14-A; May 8, 1955, p. 14-A.
468 Ibid., Mar. 3, 1955, p. 14-A; Dec. 18, 1956, p. 10-A.
469 Ibid., Jan. 30, 1956, p. 12.
470 Ibid., Aug. 2, 1956, p. 12.
471 Ibid., Sept. 24, 1957, p. 8-A.
472 State, Oct. 2, 1957, p. 1.
473 News and Courier, May 8, 1955, p. 14-A; Oct. 29, 1954, p. 4-A.
474 Ibid., July 13, 1955, p. 10-A; Feb. 19, 1956, p. 4-A; Independent, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 4.
475 News and Courier, July 6, 1955, p. 1.
476 Ibid., July 23, 1955, p. 4-A.
477 Ibid., Sept. 24, 1957, p. 10-A. Much to the disgust of many members of the faculty, the University of South Carolina awarded David Lawrence an honorary degree in June, 1957.
478 Ibid., Feb. 1, 1957, p. 1-B.
479 Record, Apr. 9, 1956, p. 1.
480 Independent, Apr. 10, 1956, p. 1; Apr. 13, 1956, p. 4; News and Courier, Apr. 11, 1956, p. 10-A.
481 News and Courier, Feb. 6, 1957, pp. 1, 15-A; Feb. 27, 1957, p. 1.
482 Ibid., Feb. 27, 1957, p. 1; Feb. 15, 1957, p. 1.
483 Ibid., Feb. 28, 1957, p. 6-A.
484 See Walter F. Murphy, “Some Strange New Converts to the Cause of Civil Rights,” Reporter, (June 27, 1957), 13.
485 Douglass Cater, “How the Senate Passed the Civil-Rights Bill,” ibid. (Sept. 5, 1957), 9.
486 State, Aug. 12, 1957, p. 1-B; Aug. 24, 1957, p. I; Independent, Aug. 29, 1957, p. 1.
487 State, Aug. 28, 1957, p. 1-B.
488 Ibid., p. 1; Record, Aug. 28, 1957, p. 1.
489 Record, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 1.
490 New York Times, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1; State, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 1; Record, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 1. Thurmond maintained that only purpose of the filibuster “was to arouse the American people.” He denied that he had broken any agreement with his fellow Southern senators. He contended that the caucus had agreed against an organized filibuster but permitted each individual Senator to “oppose the bill in his own way.” According to Thurmond, “Senator Russell said it would be up to each Senator as to how long he would talk, so a Senator was free to make a long speech if he chose to do so. I chose to make a long one and told Senator Russell in his office the following Wednesday that I was going to make a long speech face.... I spoke 24 hours and 20 minutes and do not think it was too long to talk against such a dangerous bill.” State, Sept. 5, 1957, p. 1-D. Senator Johnston, nettled by the filibuster of his colleague, sent out a circular letter to constituents which by indirection slapped hard at Thurmond. Without comment of his own, Johnston referred to the various criticisms of Thurmond’s action made by his Senatorial colleagues from the South.
491 Record, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1.
492 News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 8-A; Morning News, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 4; State, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 4-A.
493 Independent, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 4.
494 Record, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 3; News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1.
495 State, Sept. 26, 1957, p. 4-A. The Record entitled its editorial comment on President Eisenhower’s sending of troops to Little Rock: “General Eisenhower Succumbs to Hysteria,” Sept. 25, 1957, p. 4-A. “Governor Faubus chose to follow the course of ultimate legal resistance. He made it clear that he would exhaust all avenues of appeal to overturn the injunction,” commented the Morning News, Sept. 22, 1957, p. 4. The Independent praised Governor Faubus for standing up to the pressure of Winthrop Rockefeller and other Arkansas businessmen who allegedly tried to get him to submit to integration without resistance and thus not discourage industrialists from investing in Arkansas. The Independent termed them the “Don’t Rock-the-Boat-Crowd.” Sept. 17, 1957, p. 4; ibid., Sept. 25, 1957, p. 4. Of South Carolina newspapers only the weekly Cheraw Chronicle, which has been an editorial voice of moderation in the state, censured Faubus. “Whatever his motives, Governor Faubus must be curbed,” it asserted. Quoted in News and Courier, Sept. 23, 1957, p. 12.
496 Record, Sept. 28, 1957, p. 1. State Senator James Hugh McFaddin of Clarendon County also resigned his commission in the U. S. Army Reserve. In a letter to President Eisenhower he wrote: “In good conscience I could not obey the orders now being issued by you to bayonet innocent people and to force school children to eat lunch with undesirables, when the lunch is paid for by their parents.” Ibid., Sept. 30, 1957, p. 1.
497 State, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 1.
498 Ibid., Sept. 25, 1957, p. 1-B. The Washington Post and Times Herald editorially blasted Johnston for his remarks which it considered as seditious in character. Cited in Record, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 3-A.
499 State, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 1.
500 Ibid., Sept. 26, 1957, p. 1-B.
501 Ibid., p. 1.
502 Ibid., p. 1-B.
503 Ibid., Oct. 7, 1957, p. 1-B.
504 News and Courier, May 17, 1956, p. 1-B.
505 Independent, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 4.
506 Ibid., May 14, 1956, p. 4.
507 News and Courier, Feb. 25, 1956, p. 8-A; Independent, Dec. 13, 1955, p. 8.
508 News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1957, p. 10-A.
509 News and Courier, Apr. 4, 1955, p. 12; July 1, 1956, p. 14-B; Mar. 8, 1955, p. 8-A.
510 Morning News, Mar. 3, 1955, p. 8-A.
511 News and Courier, Oct. 4, 1956, p. 1-B; Jan. 15, 1957, p. 1-B.
512 Ibid., Jan. 16, 1957, p. 1-B.
513 Ibid., Apr. 13, 1958, p. 10-B.
514 Morning News, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 4.
515 Record, Oct. 5, 1956, p. 1.
516 News and Courier, May 30, 1954, p. 4-A; July 18, 1955, p. 6-A; Aug. 24, 1955, p. 10-A; Oct. 6, 1955, p. 6-A; Feb. 2, 1956, p. 14-A.
517 Ibid., Aug. 29, 1955, p. 6-A.
518 Ibid., Mar. 16, 1956, p. 16-A; June 20, 1956, p. 12-A.
519 Ibid., Aug. 10, 1955, p. 1-B.
520 Independent, July 10, 1954, p. 2.
521 Record, May 24, 1954, p. 12-A.
522 News and Courier, Feb. 5, 1956, p. 5-D.
523 Record, July 2, 1957, p. 1.
524 Morning News, July 16, 1957, p. 1.
525 South Carolinians Speak: A Moderate Approach to Race Relations (Dillon, S. C., 1958).
526 Record, Nov. 20, 1957, p. 1-A.
527 News and Courier, Oct. 23, 1957, p. 10-A.
528 South Carolinians Speak, p. 72.
529 Ibid., p. 69.
530 Record, Nov. 20, 1957, p. 1.
531 Ibid., Dec. 7, 1957, p. 1.
532 State, Nov. 28, 1957, p. 9-A.
533 Ibid., Jan. 4, 1958, p. 1-B; Record, Jan. 13, 1958, p. 2.
534 Ibid., May 19, 1954, p. 4; Feb. 5, 1956, p. 5-D; Mar. 26, 1957, p. 5.
535 Ibid., Feb. 5, 1956, p. 5-D.
536 Morning News, Dec. 5, 1956, p. 6; News and Courier, Aug. 8, 1955, p. 7-A; Oct. 12, 1954, p. 4-A; Sept. 3, 1955, p. 6-A.
537 This summary of the Travelstead affair was taken largely from Chester C. Travelstead, “Turmoil in the Deep South,” School and Society, LXXXIII (Apr. 28, 1956), 143-147; and Harry L. Golden, “No Dissent in Dixie,” Nation, CLXXXI (Dec. 17, 1955), inside cover page.
[538] This summary of student reaction was taken from the Gamecock (University of South Carolina), Dec. 2, 1955, p. 2; Dec. 9, 1955, pp. 2, 6.
539 News and Courier, Nov. 25, 1955, p. 12-A.
540 Morning News, Nov. 26, 1955, p. 4.
541 Ibid., May 13, 1954, p. 4; June 2, 1955, p. 4-A; June 3, 1955, p. 4-A; June 17, 1955, p. 4-A; Jan. 29, 1956, p. 4-A; May 2, 1956, p. 10.
542 Ibid., Feb. 26, 1956, p. 4.
543 “Retreat from Reason,” Time, LXVII (Apr. 2, 1956), 85.
544 Morning News, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 4-A.
545 Ibid., Apr. 1, 1956, p. 4-A.
546 News and Courier, Mar. 30, 1956, p. 12-A; Nov. 26, 1956, p. 6-A.
547 Francis B. Simkins, “Tolerating the South’s Past,” Journal of Southern History, XXI (Feb. 1955), 5.
548 Herbert R. Sass, “Mixed Schools and Mixed Blood,” Atlantic Monthly, CXCVIII (Nov. 1956), 45-49.
549 News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1955, p. 6-A.
550 Ibid., Apr. 24, 1955, p. 10-A.
551 Franz Boaz, Race, Language, Culture (New York, Macmillan Co., 1940), pp. 19-21.
552 News and Courier, Apr. 14, 1955, p. 16-A; Sept. 6, 1955, p. 9-A.
553 Morning News, Feb. 28, 1956, p. 10.
554 News and Courier, May 8, 1955, p. 14-A; Feb. 19, 1955, p. 12-A; Feb. 25, 1956, p. 8-A.
555 Ibid., July 3, 1955, p. 14-A; July 14, 1954, p. 4.
556 Record, Aug. 20, 1954, p. 4-A; May 20, 1954, p. 4-A.
557 News and Courier, Feb. 27, 1956, p. 12; Record, July 7, 1956, p. 4-A.
558 Morning News, Dec. 16, 1956, p. 11-A; News and Courier, Dec. 10, 1954, p. 12-A.
559 News and Courier, Dec. 13, 1954, p. 8-A.
560 Ibid., July 7, 1955, p. 15-A; Sept. 5, 1954, p. 8-A.
561 Morning News, Dec. 16, 1956, p. 11-A.
562 News and Courier, June 26, 1954, p. 4.