Literature on the Subject
Books
Annals of American Academy of Political And Social Science, January, 1921. Present Day Immigration with Special Reference to the Japanese.
Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, September, 1909. Chinese and Japanese in America.
Gulick, Sydney L. American Democracy and Asiatic Citizenship. Scribners, New York, 1918. The American-Japanese Problem. Scribners, New York, 1914.
Ichihashi, Y. Japanese Immigration. Marshall Press, San Francisco, 1915.
Kawakami, K. K. American-Japanese Relations. Revell, New York, 1912. Asia at the Door. Revell, New York, 1914. Japan in the World Politics. Revell, New York, 1917.
Masaoka, N. (Editor). Japan to America. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1915.
Millis, H. A. The Japanese Problem in the United States. McMillan, New York, 1915.
Pitkin, Walter B. Must We Fight Japan? The Century Co., New York, 1921.
Russell, Lindsay (Editor). America to Japan. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1915.
Scherer, J. A. A. The Japanese Crisis. Stokes, 1915.
The Japanese-American News. The Japanese-American Year Book, 1910 and 1918. San Francisco.
Official Publications
Annual Reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.
Bureau of Labor (California). Biennial Reports, and especially, “Report on the Japanese in California.”
California and the Oriental. Report of California State Board of Control, with Governor Wm. D. Stephens’s letter addressed to Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby. California State Printing Office, Sacramento, 1920.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. Chinese and Japanese in the United States, 1910. Bulletin 127, Washington Printing Office, 1914.
Immigration Commission. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrant. Senate Document, No. 208, 61st Congress, 2nd Session. Washington Government Printing Office, 1910.
Immigration Laws of the United States. (Revised Federal Statutes).
Kahn, Congressman. Japanese-California Problem. Congressional Record, 60, 4: 78-82, December 9, 1920.
Metcalf, Secretary. Report on the Japanese School Question.
Naturalization Laws of the United States. (Revised Federal Statutes.)
Reports of the Immigration Commission. Immigrants in the Industries, Vols. 23, 24, 25, Senate Document, No. 633, 61st Congress.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Presidential Message to Congress, 1907. House of Representatives; Message of the President of the United States, and Accompanying Documents. Part I; pp. 492-846. Ex. Doc. No. 1.
Pamphlets
California Farmers’ Co-operative Association. Japanese Immigration and the Japanese in California, 1919.
Clement, E. W. Expatriation of Japanese Abroad. Japanese Association of America, San Francisco, 1916.
Eliot, Chas. W. Friendship between the United States and Japan. Japanese Merchants’ Association, Portland, Oregon.
Gadsby, John. Foreign Land-Ownership and Leasing in Japan, 1920. Japanese Association of America, San Francisco, 1914.
Gulick, Sydney L. How Shall Immigration be Regulated? 1920. Japan and the Gentlemen’s Agreement. 1920. The New Anti-Japanese Agitation. 1920.
Ichihashi, Y. Japanese Immigration, Its Status in California. 1913.
Irish, John P. Campaign of Lies, Stolen Letters of Senator Phelan. 1920. Shall Japanese-Americans in Idaho be Treated with Fairness and Justice or Not? 1921.
Kawakami, K. K. Senator Phelan, Dr. Gulick and I. Bureau of Literary Service, San Francisco, 1920.
Lamont, Thomas, and Others. Japan. 1920.
People’s League of Justice. Petition by People’s League of Justice, Los Angeles, California, 1920.
Rea, George Bronson. Japan’s Right to Exist. Far Eastern Review, Shanghai, China, 1920.
Roosevelt, T. America and Japan. Reprint from the New York Times.
Shima, George. An Appeal To Justice. 1920.
Taft, Henry W. Our Relations with Japan. Japan Society, New York, 1920.
The American Committee of Justice. California and the Japanese. Oakland, California, December, 1920.
Tyndall, Philip. Proposed Initiative Measure to be Presented to the Legislature of 1921, Seattle, Washington.
Vanderlip, Frank. Mr. Vanderlip’s Message.
Wallace, J. B. Waving the Yellow Flag in California. Reprinted from the Dearborn Independent.
Williams, B. H. The Case against the Japanese. 1920.
Articles in Periodicals
“America and the Japanese Relations.” Wainwright, S. H. Outlook, 124: 392, March, 1920.
“America’s Responsibility on the Pacific.” Greenbie, S. North American Review, 212: 71-79, July, 1920.
“Another Japanese Problem.” McLeod, H. New Republic, 24: 184-6, October 20, 1920.
“Anti-Japanese Agitation.” Business Chronicle, 9, 18: 137-49, September, 1920.
“Asia’s American Problem.” Robinson, Geroid. Pacific Review, 367-388, December, 1920.
“California and the Japanese.” Kawakami, K. K. Nation, 112: 173-174, February 2, 1921.
“California and the Oriental.” The Letter of Wm. D. Stephens to the Secretary of State Colby. The Pacific Review, 349-361, December, 1920.
“California-Japanese Problem.” The Pacific Voice, 5, 10: 4-10.
“California-Japanese Question.” Woolsey, Theodore S. The American Journal of International Laws, Oxford Press, 15, 1: 24-26, January, 1921.
“Co-operation between Japan and America.” Kaneko, K. Japan Review, 24-26, December, 1920.
“Discrimination against the Japanese.” New Republic, 24: 135-6.
“Future of Japanese-American Relations.” Shidehara, K. Japan Review, 170-171, April, 1920.
“Hegemony of the Pacific.” Living Age, 316: 638-40.
“Japan, a Great Economic Power.” Longford, J. H. Nineteenth Century, 523: 526-39, September, 1920.
“Japan and America.” Far Eastern Review, 16: 335-36.
“Japan and the United States, a Suggestion.” Otto, M. C. Japan Review, 334-336, October, 1920.
“Japan and the Japanese-California Problem.” Iyenaga, T. Current History, 13, 1: 1-7, October, 1920.
“Japan as Colonizer.” Stead’s Review, 53, 7: 358-9.
“Japan Challenges Us to Control California.” Stoddard, L. World’s Work, 40: 48-85.
“Japan Our New Customer.” Starrett, W. A. Scribner’s, 66: 517-18.
“Japan’s Diplomacy of Necessity.” Living Age, 316: 638-640.
“Japan’s New Difficulties with China.” The New York Times Current History, 457-458, December, 1920.
“Japan’s Use of Her Hegemony.” Ferguson, J. C. North American Review, 210: 456-459.
“Japan’s Aggression.” Inman, J. M. Forum, 65, 1: 1-9, January, 1921.
“Japanese-American Relations.” Shidehara, K. Outlook, 125: 317-18, June 16, 1920.
“Japanese-American Relations.” Yoshino, Sakuzo. Pacific Review, 418-421, December, 1920.
“Japanese and the Pacific Coast.” Ryder, R. W. North American Review, 213, 1: 1-15, January, 1921.
“Japanese Farmers’ Contribution to California.” Chiba, Toyoji. Japan Review, 212-13, May, 1920.
“Japanese Imperialism in Siberia.” Chamberlain, W. H. Nation, 110: 798-9.
“Japanese in America.” Trent, P. J. Review of Reviews, 61: 76-8, June, 1920.
“Japanese in California.” Briggs, A. H.; Johnson, H. B.; Loofbourow, I. J. Japan Review, 166-170, April, 1920.
“Japanese in California.” Irish, John P. Japan Review, 7-72, January, 1920.
“Japanese in California.” Jordan, D. S. The Pacific Review, 316-65, December, 1920.
“Japanese Issue in California.” Stoddard, L. World’s Work, 40, 5: 585-600, September, 1920.
“Japanese Language Schools.” Kawakami, K. K. Japan Review, 14-15, January, 1921.
“Japanese Problem in California.” Locan, C. A. Current History, 13: 7-11, October, 1920.
“Japanese Pupils and American Schools.” Fulton, C. W. North American Review, December, 1906.
“Japanese Question.” Kawakami, K. K. Pacific Review, 365-78, December, 1920.
“Japanese Views of California.” Literary Digest, 67, 1: 20-1.
“Japanthropy.” Woolston, H. D. Pacific Review, 289-96, December, 1920.
“Legal Aspects of the Japanese Question.” McMurray, Orrin K. Pacific Review, 396-403, December, 1920.
“Liberalism in Japan.” Dewey, John. Dial, 63: 283-5; 335-7; 369-71.
“Light on the Japanese Question.” Kinney, H. W. Atlantic Monthly, 126: 832-42, December, 1920.
“Moral Factors in Japanese Policy.” Bland, J. O. P. Asia, 211-217, March, 1920.
“Oriental Immigration from the Canadian Standpoint.” Baggs, Theodore H. Pacific Review, 408-418, December, 1920.
“Oriental in California.” Irish, John P. Overland, 75: 332-3, April, 1920.
“Oriental Problem, as the Coast See It.” Hart, J. A. World’s Work, March, 1906.
“Oriental Question and Popular Diplomacy.” Pruett, Robert L. Japan Review, 291-92, August, 1920.
“Possum and the Dinosaur.” Mason, G. Outlook, 125: 319-20, June 16, 1920.
“Race Prejudice: Psychological Analysis.” Sato, K. Japan Review, 237-238, June, 1920.
“Shall East and West Never Meet?” Sato, K. Japan Review, 336-37, October, 1920.
“Some Aspects of the So-called Japanese Problem.” Vanderlip, F. A. Outlook, 125: 380-4.
“What are the Japanese Doing towards Americanization?” Sasamori, Junzo. Japan Review, 22-24, December, 1920.
“What Japan Wants.” Adachi, K. Nation, 181-82, February 2, 1921.
“When East is West,” Gulick, Sydney L. Outlook, 102: 12-14, April 3, 1920.
Footnotes
1 The System of Samurai Ethics and Obligations of Honor.
2 See “The New Chino-Japanese Treaties and Their Import,” by T. Iyenaga, in The American Review of Reviews, September, 1915.
3 According to the result of the census taken on October 1, 1920, the Japanese population of South Manchuria stands at 154,998 souls. Of this total, those living at Dairen number 63,745; Fushun, 12,659; Mukden, 12,268; Port Arthur, 9379; Antung, 7057, and Anshan, 6678, while those resident in the jurisdiction of Kwantung Province number 74,893.
4 One dollar U. S. currency is approximately two yen.
5 For a complete tabulation of Japanese immigration see Appendix F.
6 Tokyo Emigration Co., Toyo Emigration Co., were the most conspicuous.
7 Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the methods by which Oriental laborers were induced to come to Canada in 1909.
8 Report as cited, p. 54.
9 Those who voted in the negative for the initiative bill were 222,086 against 668,483 in the affirmative.
10 Stakes of Diplomacy, by Walter Lippman, p. 40.
11 Report published on October 5, 1920, by the Bureau of Commercial Affairs, Foreign Office, Tokyo, Japan.
12 California and the Oriental, State Board of Control of California, 1920, p. 30.
13 California and the Oriental, p. 27.
14 For detailed comparison of geographical distribution of Chinese and Japanese see Appendix I.
15 See Appendix G.
16 California and the Oriental, p. 31.
17 Total number of Japanese born in California so far is approximately 30,000, of which about 5000 have either died or live in Japan.
[18] Annual Report of Commissioner-General of Immigration.
19 Immigration Laws—Rules of November 15, 1911, published by U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Immigration, March 10, 1913.
20 Japan Year Book, 1920, p. 34.
21 Pacific Review, vol. i., No. 3, p. 363; “The Japanese in California,” by David S. Jordan.
22 Bulletin 127, 1914, p. 8.
23 The following data are reported by the Bureau of Census, Washington, in preliminary publication of 1920 census:
The Japanese population by sex in 1920 is male 44,364, female 25,832; for 1910, male 35,116, female 6,240; and for 1900, male 9,598, female 553. The per cent. distribution by sex of the Japanese in 1920 is male 63.2 per cent., female 36.8 per cent.; for 1910 male 84.9 per cent., female 15.1 per cent.; and for 1900, male 94.6 per cent., female 5.4 per cent.
24 Gulick, S. L., Japan and the Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1920, p. 7.
25 World Almanac 1921, p. 476-9.
26 World Almanac 1920, p. 487.
27 The birth rate of immigration population in Massachusetts was 49.1 in 1910.
28 Senate Document, vol. lxv., 61st Congress.
29 Senate Document, vol. lxv., 61st Congress.
30 Of the forty-one answers to the questionnaires sent to the County Farm Commissioners in California by the Board of Control asking them to give pertinent facts concerning the methods used by these races (Orientals) in securing land leases, twenty-five stated: “The Japanese pay more rent in cash or shares”; ten said: “Japanese pay ordinary rent” or “use ordinary means in obtaining lease.” California and the Oriental, pp. 56-61.
31 The Japanese Problem in the United States, pp. 148-49.
32 California and the Oriental, pp. 56-61.
33 Ibid., p. 221.
34 California and the Oriental, p. 58.
35 Immigration Commission Reports, vol. xxiii., chap. iv.
36 Japanese-American Year Book, 1918, p. 10.
37 The Japanese Problem in the United States, p. 123.
38 For detailed comparison of crops raised by white and Japanese farmers see Appendix E.
39 Figures taken from California and the Oriental, p. 47.
40 See Appendix B.
41 For full texts of land laws 1913 and 1920 see Appendixes C and D.
42 California and the Oriental, p. 104.
43 Mr. Newman in the hearings held at Sacramento, California, in 1913.
44 Millis’ The Japanese Problem in the United States, p. 275.
45 Gulick, S. L., The American Japanese Problem, p. 153.
46 Jones and East, Inbreeding and Outbreeding—Their Genetic and Sociological Significance, p. 255.
47 W. E. Castle, Genetics and Eugenics, pp. 233-38.
48 California and the Oriental, p. 15.
49 “Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants.” Senate Document No. 208, pp. 7-54.
50 The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.
51 See Appendix A.
52 The Forum, January, 1921, p. 3.
53 For this as well as other information the authors are indebted to Mr. S. Kusama, who furnished us with the materials which were carefully prepared by him from first-hand research in California.
54 Bureau of Census Bulletin 127, p. 12.
55 Race and Nationality, Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York, 1919.
56 See example of testimony in Appendix L.
See also Appendix M in which the subject of comparative standing of intelligence and behaviour of native-born Japanese children and American children is discussed by several principals of elementary schools in Southern California.
57 For text of this law see Appendix K.