Contents of the First Volume.
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| Page | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ~Preface to the Third Edition. | 7~ | |||
| ~Index of Proper Names. | 23~ | |||
| ~Index of Technical Terms. | 33~ | |||
| Introduction. | 41 | |||
| BOOK I. | ||||
| HISTORY OF THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY, WITH REFERENCE TO PHYSICAL SCIENCE. | ||||
| Chapter I.—Prelude to the Greek School Philosophy. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | First Attempts of the Speculative Faculty in Physical Inquiries. | 55 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Primitive Mistake in Greek Physical Philosophy. | 60 | |
| Chapter II.—The Greek School Philosophy. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | The General Foundation of the Greek School Philosophy. | 63 | |
| Sect. | 2. | The Aristotelian Physical Philosophy. | 67 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Technical Forms of the Greek Schools. | 73 | |
| 1. Technical Forms of the Aristotelian Philosophy. | 73 | |||
| 2. Technical Forms of the Platonists. | 75 | |||
| 3. Technical Forms of the Pythagoreans. | 77 | |||
| 4. Technical Forms of the Atomists and Others. | 78 | |||
| Chapter III.—Failure of the Physical Philosophy of the Greek Schools. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Result of the Greek School Philosophy. | 80 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Cause of the Failure of the Greek Physical Philosophy. | 83 | |
| BOOK II. | ||||
| HISTORY OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN ANCIENT GREECE. | ||||
| Introduction. | 95 | |||
| Chapter I.—Earliest Stages of Mechanics and Hydrostatics. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Mechanics. | 96 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Hydrostatics. | 98 | |
| Chapter II.—Earliest Stages of Optics. | 100 | |||
| Chapter III.—Earliest Stages of Harmonics. | 105 | |||
| BOOK III. | ||||
| HISTORY OF GREEK ASTRONOMY. | ||||
| Introduction. | 111 | |||
| Chapter I.—Earliest Stages of Astronomy. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Formation of the Notion of a Year. | 112 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Fixation of the Civil Year. | 113 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Correction of the Civil Year (Julian Calendar). | 117 | |
| Sect. | 4. | Attempts at the Fixation of the Month. | 118 | |
| Sect. | 5. | Invention of Lunisolar Years. | 120 | |
| Sect. | 6. | The Constellations. | 124 | |
| Sect. | 7. | The Planets. | 126 | |
| Sect. | 8. | The Circles of the Sphere. | 128 | |
| Sect. | 9. | The Globular Form of the Earth. | 132 | |
| Sect. | 10. | The Phases of the Moon. | 134 | |
| Sect. | 11. | Eclipses. | 135 | |
| Sect. | 12. | Sequel to the Early Stages of Astronomy. | 136 | |
| Chapter II.—Prelude to the Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus. | 138 | |||
| Chapter III.—Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Establishment of the Theory of Epicycles and Eccentrics. | 145 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Estimate of the Value of the Theory of Eccentrics and Epicycles. | 151 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Discovery of the Precession of the Equinoxes. | 155 | |
| Chapter IV.—Sequel to the Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Researches which verified the Theory. | 157 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Researches which did not verify the Theory. | 159 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Methods of Observation of the Greek Astronomers. | 161 | |
| Sect. | 4. | Period from Hipparchus to Ptolemy. | 166 | |
| Sect. | 5. | Measures of the Earth. | 169 | |
| Sect. | 6. | Ptolemy’s Discovery of Evection. | 170 | |
| Sect. | 7. | Conclusion of the History of Greek Astronomy. | 175 | |
| Sect. | 8. | Arabian Astronomy. | 176 | |
| BOOK IV. | ||||
| HISTORY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. | ||||
| Introduction. | 185 | |||
| Chapter I.—On the Indistinctness of Ideas of the Middle Ages. | ||||
| 1. | Collections of Opinions. | 187 | ||
| 2. | Indistinctness of Ideas in Mechanics. | 188 | ||
| 3. | Indistinctness of Ideas shown in Architecture. | 191 | ||
| 4. | Indistinctness of Ideas in Astronomy. | 192 | ||
| 5. | Indistinctness of Ideas shown by Skeptics. | 192 | ||
| 6. | Neglect of Physical Reasoning in Christendom. | 195 | ||
| 7. | Question of Antipodes. | 195 | ||
| 8. | Intellectual Condition of the Religious Orders. | 197 | ||
| 9. | Popular Opinions. | 199 | ||
| Chapter II.—The Commentatorial Spirit of the Middle Ages. | 201 | |||
| 1. | Natural Bias to Authority. | 202 | ||
| 2. | Character of Commentators. | 204 | ||
| 3. | Greek Commentators of Aristotle. | 205 | ||
| 4. | Greek Commentators of Plato and Others. | 207 | ||
| 5. | Arabian Commentators of Aristotle. | 208 | ||
| Chapter III.—Of the Mysticism of the Middle Ages. | 211 | |||
| 1. | Neoplatonic Theosophy. | 212 | ||
| 2. | Mystical Arithmetic. | 216 | ||
| 3. | Astrology. | 218 | ||
| 4. | Alchemy. | 224 | ||
| 5. | Magic. | 225 | ||
| Chapter IV.—Of the Dogmatism of the Stationary Period. | ||||
| 1. | Origin of the Scholastic Philosophy. | 228 | ||
| 2. | Scholastic Dogmas. | 230 | ||
| 3. | Scholastic Physics. | 235 | ||
| 4. | Authority of Aristotle among the Schoolmen. | 236 | ||
| 5. | Subjects omitted. Civil Law. Medicine. | 238 | ||
| Chapter V.—Progress of the Arts in the Middle Ages. | ||||
| 1. | Art and Science. | 239 | ||
| 2. | Arabian Science. | 242 | ||
| 3. | Experimental Philosophy of the Arabians. | 243 | ||
| 4. | Roger Bacon. | 245 | ||
| 5. | Architecture of the Middle Ages. | 246 | ||
| 6. | Treatises on Architecture. | 248 | ||
| BOOK V. | ||||
| HISTORY OF FORMAL ASTRONOMY AFTER THE STATIONARY PERIOD. | ||||
| Introduction. | 255 | |||
| Chapter I.—Prelude to the Inductive Epoch of Copernicus. | 257 | |||
| Chapter II.—Induction of Copernicus. The Heliocentric Theory asserted on Formal Grounds. | 262 | |||
| Chapter III—Sequel to Copernicus. The Reception and Development of the Copernican Theory. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | First Reception of the Copernican Theory. | 269 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Diffusion of the Copernican Theory. | 272 | |
| Sect. | 3. | The Heliocentric Theory confirmed by Facts. Galileo’s Astronomical Discoveries. | 276 | |
| Sect. | 4. | The Copernican System opposed on Theological Grounds. | 286 | |
| Sect. | 5. | The Heliocentric Theory confirmed on Physical Considerations. (Prelude to Kepler’s Astronomical Discoveries.) | 287 | |
| Chapter IV.—Inductive Epoch of Kepler. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Intellectual Character of Kepler. | 290 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Kepler’s Discovery of his Third Law. | 293 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Kepler’s Discovery of his First and Second Laws. Elliptical Theory of the Planets. | 296 | |
| Chapter V.—Sequel to the Epoch of Kepler. Reception, Verification, and Extension of the Elliptical Theory. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Application of the Elliptical Theory to the Planets. | 302 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Application of the Elliptical Theory to the Moon. | 303 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Causes of the further Progress of Astronomy. | 305 | |
| ———⎯◆−◆−◆———⎯ | ||||
| THE MECHANICAL SCIENCES. | ||||
| BOOK VI. | ||||
| HISTORY OF MECHANICS, INCLUDING FLUID MECHANICS. | ||||
| Introduction. | 311 | |||
| Chapter I.—Prelude to the Epoch of Galileo. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Prelude to the Science of Statics. | 312 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Revival of the Scientific Idea of Pressure.—Stevinus.—Equilibrium of Oblique Forces. | 316 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Prelude to the Science of Dynamics.—Attempts at the First Law of Motion | 319 | |
| Chapter II.—Inductive Epoch of Galileo.—Discovery of the Laws of Motion in Simple Cases. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Establishment of the First Law of Motion. | 322 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Formation and Application of the Motion of Accelerating Force. Laws of Falling Bodies. | 324 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Establishment of the Second Law of Motion.—Curvilinear Motions. | 330 | |
| Sect. | 4. | Generalization of the Laws of Equilibrium.—Principle of Virtual Velocities. | 331 | |
| Sect. | 5. | Attempts at the Third Law of Motion.—Notion of Momentum. | 334 | |
| Chapter III.—Sequel to the Epoch of Galileo.—Period of Verification and Deduction. | 340 | |||
| Chapter IV.—Discovery of the Mechanical Principles of Fluids. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Rediscovery of the Laws of Equilibrium of Fluids. | 345 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Discovery of the Laws of Motion of Fluids. | 348 | |
| Chapter V.—Generalization of the Principles of Mechanics. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Generalization of the Second Law of Motion.—Central Forces. | 352 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Generalization of the Third Law of Motion.—Centre of Oscillation.—Huyghens. | 356 | |
| Chapter VI.—Sequel to the Generalization of the Principles of Mechanics.—Period of Mathematical Deduction.—Analytical Mechanics. | 362 | |||
| 1. | Geometrical Mechanics.—Newton, &c. | 363 | ||
| 2. | Analytical Mechanics.—Euler. | 363 | ||
| 3. | Mechanical Problems. | 364 | ||
| 4. | D’Alembert’s Principle. | 365 | ||
| 5. | Motion in Resisting Media.—Ballistics. | 365 | ||
| 6. | Constellation of Mathematicians. | 366 | ||
| 7. | The Problem of Three Bodies. | 367 | ||
| 8. | Mécanique Céleste, &c. | 371 | ||
| 9. | Precession.—Motion of Rigid Bodies. | 374 | ||
| 10. | Vibrating Strings. | 375 | ||
| 11. | Equilibrium of Fluids.—Figure of the Earth.—Tides. | 376 | ||
| 12. | Capillary Action. | 377 | ||
| 13. | Motion of Fluids. | 378 | ||
| 14. | Various General Mechanical Principles. | 380 | ||
| 15. | Analytical Generality.—Connection of Statics and Dynamics. | 381 | ||
| BOOK VII. | ||||
| HISTORY OF PHYSICAL ASTRONOMY. | ||||
| Chapter I.—Prelude to the Inductive Epoch of Newton. | 385 | |||
| Chapter II.—The Inductive Epoch of Newton.—Discovery of the Universal Gravitation of Matter, According to the Law of the Inverse Square of the Distance. | 399 | |||
| 1. | Sun’s Force on Different Planets. | 399 | ||
| 2. | Force in Different Points of an Orbit. | 400 | ||
| 3. | Moon’s Gravity to the Earth. | 402 | ||
| 4. | Mutual Attraction of all the Celestial Bodies. | 406 | ||
| 5. | Mutual Attraction of all the Particles of Matter. | 411 | ||
| Reflections on the Discovery. | 414 | |||
| Character of Newton. | 416 | |||
| Chapter III.—Sequel to the Epoch of Newton.—Reception of the Newtonian Theory. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | General Remarks. | 420 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Reception of the Newtonian Theory in England. | 421 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Reception of the Newtonian Theory Abroad. | 429 | |
| Chapter IV.—Sequel to the Epoch of Newton, continued. Verification and Completion of the Newtonian Theory. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Division of the Subject. | 433 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to the Moon. | 434 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to the Planets, Satellites, and Earth. | 438 | |
| Sect. | 4. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to Secular Inequalities. | 444 | |
| Sect. | 5. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to the new Planets. | 446 | |
| Sect. | 6. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to Comets. | 449 | |
| Sect. | 7. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to the Figure of the Earth. | 452 | |
| Sect. | 8. | Confirmation of the Newtonian Theory by Experiments on Attraction. | 456 | |
| Sect. | 9. | Application of the Newtonian Theory to the Tides. | 457 | |
| Chapter V.—Discoveries Added to the Newtonian Theory. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Tables of Astronomical Refraction. | 462 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Discovery of the Velocity of Light.—Römer | 463 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Discovery of Aberration.—Bradley. | 464 | |
| Sect. | 4. | Discovery of Nutation. | 465 | |
| Sect. | 5. | Discovery of the Laws of Double Stars.—The Two Herschels. | 467 | |
| Chapter VI.—The Instruments and Aids of Astronomy during the Newtonian Period. | ||||
| Sect. | 1. | Instruments. | 470 | |
| Sect. | 2. | Observatories. | 476 | |
| Sect. | 3. | Scientific Societies. | 478 | |
| Sect. | 4. | Patrons of Astronomy. | 479 | |
| Sect. | 5. | Astronomical Expeditions. | 480 | |
| Sect. | 6. | Present State of Astronomy. | 481 | |
| ———⎯◆−◆−◆———⎯ | ||||
| ADDITIONS TO THE THIRD EDITION. | ||||
| Introduction | 489 | |||
| Book I.—The Greek School Philosophy. | ||||
| The Greek Schools. | ||||
| The Platonic Doctrine of Ideas. | 491 | |||
| Failure of the Greek Physical Philosophy. | ||||
| Bacon’s Remarks on the Greeks. | 494 | |||
| Aristotle’s Account of the Rainbow. | 495 | |||
| Book II.—The Physical Sciences in Ancient Greece. | ||||
| Plato’s Timæus and Republic. | 497 | |||
| Hero of Alexandria. | 501 | |||
| Book III.—The Greek Astronomy. | ||||
| Introduction. | 503 | |||
| Earliest Stages of Astronomy. | ||||
| The Globular Form of the Earth. | 505 | |||
| The Heliocentric System among the Ancients. | 506 | |||
| The Eclipse of Thales. | 508 | |||
| Book IV.—Physical Science in the Middle Ages. | ||||
| General Remarks. | 511 | |||
| Progress in the Middle Ages. | ||||
| Thomas Aquinas. | 512 | |||
| Roger Bacon. | 512 | |||
| Book V.—Formal Astronomy. | ||||
| Prelude to Copernicus. | ||||
| Nicolas of Cus. | 523 | |||
| The Copernican Theory. | ||||
| The Moon’s Rotation. | 524 | |||
| M. Foucault’s Experiments. | 525 | |||
| Sequel to Copernicus. | ||||
| English Copernicans. | 526 | |||
| Giordano Bruno. | 530 | |||
| Did Francis Bacon reject the Copernican Doctrine? | 530 | |||
| Kepler persecuted. | 532 | |||
| The Papal Edicts against the Copernican System repealed. | 534 | |||
| Book VI.—Mechanics. | ||||
| Principles and Problems. | ||||
| Significance of Analytical Mechanics. | 536 | |||
| Strength of Materials. | 538 | |||
| Roofs—Arches—Vaults. | 541 | |||
| Book VII.—Physical Astronomy. | ||||
| Prelude to Newton. | ||||
| The Ancients. | 544 | |||
| Jeremiah Horrox. | 545 | |||
| Newton’s Discovery of Gravitation. | 546 | |||
| The Principia. | ||||
| Reception of the Principia. | 548 | |||
| Is Gravitation proportional to Quantity of Matter? | 549 | |||
| Verification and Completion of the Newtonian Theory. | ||||
| Tables of the Moon and Planets. | 550 | |||
| The Discovery of Neptune. | 554 | |||
| The Minor Planets. | 557 | |||
| Anomalies in the Action of Gravitation. | 560 | |||
| The Earth’s Density. | 561 | |||
| Tides. | 562 | |||
| Double Stars. | 563 | |||
| Instruments. | ||||
| Clocks. | 565 | |||