IV Muḥammad and the Koran
43. Das Leben Mohammed’s, translated from the Arabic biography of Ibn Hishám by G. Weil, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1864).
44. Muhammed in Medina, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1882). An abridged translation of Wáqidí’s work on Muḥammad’s Campaigns.
45. Das Leben und die Lehre des Moḥammad, by A. Sprenger, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1861-65).
46. Life of Mahomet, by Sir W. Muir, ed. by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1923).
47. Das Leben Muhammed’s nach den Quellen populär dargestellt, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1863).
48. The Spirit of Islam, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1922).
49. Mohammed, by H. Grimme, 2 vols. (Münster, 1892-95).
50. Die weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens: Mohammed, by H. Grimme (Munich, 1904).
51. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, by D. S. Margoliouth in ‘Heroes of the Nations’ Series (London and New York, 1905).
52. Mohammed and Islam, by A. A. Bevan in The Cambridge Mediæval History, vol. ii, ch. 10 (Cambridge, 1913).
53. Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde, by Tor Andrae (Uppsala, 1918).
54. The origin of Islam in its Christian environment, by R. Bell (London, 1926).
55. Annali dell’ Islām, by Leone Caetani, Principe di Teano, vol. i (Milan, 1905). Besides a very full and readable historical introduction this magnificent work contains a detailed account of Muḥammad’s life during the first six years after the Hijra (622-628 a.d.).
56. The Koran, translated into English with notes and a preliminary discourse, by G. Sale (London, 1734). Sale’s translation, which has been frequently reprinted, is still serviceable. Mention may also be made of the English versions by J. M. Rodwell (London and Hertford, 1861) and by E. H. Palmer (the best from a literary point of view) in vols. vi and ix of ‘The Sacred Books of the East’ (Oxford, 1880); reprinted in The World’s Classics, vol. 328.
57. Geschichte des Qorâns, by Th. Nöldeke, 2nd ed., revised by F. Schwally (Leipzig, 1909-19). Cf. Nöldeke’s essay, ‘The Koran,’ in Sketches from Eastern History, pp. 21-59, or his article in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
58. The Teaching of the Qur’ān, by H. W. Stanton (London, 1920).