I Philology
1. Die Semitischen Sprachen, by Th. Nöldeke (2nd ed. Leipzig, 1899). An improved and enlarged reprint of the German original of his article, ‘Semitic Languages,’ in the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th edition).
2. A Grammar of the Arabic Language, by W. Wright, 3rd ed., revised by W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1896-98). The best Arabic grammar for advanced students. Beginners may prefer to use the abridgment by F. du Pre Thornton, Elementary Arabic: a Grammar (Cambridge University Press, 1905).
3. Arabic-English Lexicon, by E. W. Lane, 8 parts (London, 1863-93). This monumental work is unfortunately incomplete. Among other lexica those of Freytag (Arabic and Latin, 4 vols., Halle, 1830-37), A. de Biberstein Kazimirski (Arabic and French, 2 vols., Paris, 1846-60, and 4 vols., Cairo, 1875), and Dozy’s Supplément aux Dictionnaires arabes, 2 vols. (Leyden, 1881), deserve special notice. Smaller dictionaries, sufficient for ordinary purposes, have been compiled by Belot (Dictionnaire arabe-français, Beyrout, 1928), and Wortabet and Porter (Arabic-English Dictionary, 3rd ed., Beyrout, 1913).
4. Abhandlungen zur Arabischen Philologie, by Ignaz Goldziher, Part I (Leyden, 1896). Contains masterly studies on the origins of Arabic Poetry and other matters connected with literary history.
5. Die Rhetorik der Araber, by A. F. Mehren (Copenhagen, 1853).