Properties of Water
Pure water is a chemical compound of one volume of oxygen and two volumes of hydrogen, its chemical symbol being H 2 O.
The weight of water depends upon its temperature. Its weight at four temperatures, much used in physical calculations, is given in Table 10.
TABLE 10
WEIGHT OF WATER AT TEMPERATURES
USED IN PHYSICAL CALCULATIONS
| Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit | Weight per Cubic Foot Pounds | Weight per Cubic Inch Pounds |
|---|---|---|
| At 32 degrees or freezing point at sea level | 62.418 | 0.03612 |
| At 39.2 degrees or point of maximum density | 62.427 | 0.03613 |
| At 62 degrees or standard temperature | 62.355 | 0.03608 |
| At 212 degrees or boiling point at sea level | 59.846 | 0.03469 |
While authorities differ as to the weight of water, the range of values given for 62 degrees Fahrenheit (the standard temperature ordinarily taken) being from 62.291 pounds to 62.360 pounds per cubic foot, the value 62.355 is generally accepted as the most accurate.
A United States standard gallon holds 231 cubic inches and weighs, at 62 degrees Fahrenheit, approximately 8 1 ⁄ 3 pounds.
A British Imperial gallon holds 277.42 cubic inches and weighs, at 62 degrees Fahrenheit, 10 pounds.
The above are the true weights corrected for the effect of the buoyancy of the air, or the weight in vacuo. If water is weighed in air in the ordinary way, there is a correction of about one-eighth of one per cent which is usually negligible.
TABLE 11
VOLUME AND WEIGHT OF DISTILLED WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES 12
| Temper- ature Degrees Fahren- heit | Relative Volume Water at 39.2° = 1.000 | Weight per Cubic Foot Pounds | Temper- ature Degrees Fahren- heit | Relative Volume Water at 39.2° = 1.000 | Weight per Cubic Foot Pounds | Temper- ature Degrees Fahren- heit | Relative Volume Water at 39.2° = 1.000 | Weight per Cubic Foot Pounds | Temper- ature Degrees Fahren- heit | Relative Volume Water at 39.2° = 1.000 | Weight per Cubic Foot Pounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | 1.000176 | 62.42 | 160 | 1.02337 | 61.00 | 290 | 1.0830 | 57.65 | 430 | 1.197 | 52.2 |
| 39.2 | 1.000000 | 62.43 | 170 | 1.02682 | 60.80 | 300 | 1.0890 | 57.33 | 440 | 1.208 | 51.7 |
| 40 | 1.000004 | 62.43 | 180 | 1.03047 | 60.58 | 310 | 1.0953 | 57.00 | 450 | 1.220 | 51.2 |
| 50 | 1.00027 | 62.42 | 190 | 1.03431 | 60.36 | 320 | 1.1019 | 56.66 | 460 | 1.232 | 50.7 |
| 60 | 1.00096 | 62.37 | 200 | 1.03835 | 60.12 | 330 | 1.1088 | 56.30 | 470 | 1.244 | 50.2 |
| 70 | 1.00201 | 62.30 | 210 | 1.04256 | 59.88 | 340 | 1.1160 | 55.94 | 480 | 1.256 | 49.7 |
| 80 | 1.00338 | 62.22 | 212 | 1.04343 | 59.83 | 350 | 1.1235 | 55.57 | 490 | 1.269 | 49.2 |
| 90 | 1.00504 | 62.11 | 220 | 1.0469 | 59.63 | 360 | 1.1313 | 55.18 | 500 | 1.283 | 48.7 |
| 100 | 1.00698 | 62.00 | 230 | 1.0515 | 59.37 | 370 | 1.1396 | 54.78 | 510 | 1.297 | 48.1 |
| 110 | 1.00915 | 61.86 | 240 | 1.0562 | 59.11 | 380 | 1.1483 | 54.36 | 520 | 1.312 | 47.6 |
| 120 | 1.01157 | 61.71 | 250 | 1.0611 | 58.83 | 390 | 1.1573 | 53.94 | 530 | 1.329 | 47.0 |
| 130 | 1.01420 | 61.55 | 260 | 1.0662 | 58.55 | 400 | 1.167 | 53.5 | 540 | 1.35 | 46.3 |
| 140 | 1.01705 | 61.38 | 270 | 1.0715 | 58.26 | 410 | 1.177 | 53.0 | 550 | 1.37 | 45.6 |
| 150 | 1.02011 | 61.20 | 280 | 1.0771 | 57.96 | 420 | 1.187 | 52.6 | 560 | 1.39 | 44.9 |
Water is but slightly compressible and for all practical purposes may be considered non-compressible. The coefficient of compressibility ranges from 0.000040 to 0.000051 per atmosphere at ordinary temperatures, this coefficient decreasing as the temperature increases.
Table 11 gives the weight in vacuo and the relative volume of a cubic foot of distilled water at various temperatures.
The weight of water at the standard temperature being taken as 62.355 pounds per cubic foot, the pressure exerted by the column of water of any stated height, and conversely the height of any column required to produce a stated pressure, may be computed as follows:
The pressure in pounds per square foot = 62.355 × height of column in feet.
The pressure in pounds per square inch = 0.433 × height of column in feet.
Height of column in feet = pressure in pounds per square foot ÷ 62.355.
Height of column in feet = pressure in pounds per square inch ÷ 0.433.
Height of column in inches = pressure in pounds per square inch × 27.71.
Height of column in inches = pressure in ounces per square inch × 1.73.
By a change in the weights given above, the pressure exerted and height of column may be computed for temperatures other than 62 degrees.
A pressure of one pound per square inch is exerted by a column of water 2.3093 feet or 27.71 inches high at 62 degrees Fahrenheit.
Water in its natural state is never found absolutely pure. In solvent power water has a greater range than any other liquid. For common salt, this is approximately a constant at all temperatures, while with such impurities as magnesium and sodium sulphates, this solvent power increases with an increase in temperature.
TABLE 12
BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES
| Boiling Point Degrees Fahrenheit | Altitude Above Sea Level Feet | Atmospheric Pressure Pounds per Square Inch | Barometer Reduced to 32 Degrees Inches | Boiling Point Degrees Fahrenheit | Altitude Above Sea Level Feet | Atmospheric Pressure Pounds per Square Inch | Barometer Reduced to 32 Degrees Inches |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 184 | 15221 | 8.20 | 16.70 | 199 | 6843 | 11.29 | 22.99 |
| 185 | 14649 | 8.38 | 17.06 | 200 | 6304 | 11.52 | 23.47 |
| 186 | 14075 | 8.57 | 17.45 | 201 | 5764 | 11.76 | 23.95 |
| 187 | 13498 | 8.76 | 17.83 | 202 | 5225 | 12.01 | 24.45 |
| 188 | 12934 | 8.95 | 18.22 | 203 | 4697 | 12.26 | 24.96 |
| 189 | 12367 | 9.14 | 18.61 | 204 | 4169 | 12.51 | 25.48 |
| 190 | 11799 | 9.34 | 19.02 | 205 | 3642 | 12.77 | 26.00 |
| 191 | 11243 | 9.54 | 19.43 | 206 | 3115 | 13.03 | 26.53 |
| 192 | 10685 | 9.74 | 19.85 | 207 | 2589 | 13.30 | 27.08 |
| 193 | 10127 | 9.95 | 20.27 | 208 | 2063 | 13.57 | 27.63 |
| 194 | 9579 | 10.17 | 20.71 | 209 | 1539 | 13.85 | 28.19 |
| 195 | 9031 | 10.39 | 21.15 | 210 | 1025 | 14.13 | 28.76 |
| 196 | 8481 | 10.61 | 21.60 | 211 | 512 | 14.41 | 29.33 |
| 197 | 7932 | 10.83 | 22.05 | 212 | Sea Level | 14.70 | 29.92 |
| 198 | 7381 | 11.06 | 22.52 | ||||
Sea water contains on an average approximately 3.125 per cent of its weight of solid matter or a thirty-second part of the weight of the water and salt held in solution.
The approximate composition of this solid matter will be: sodium chloride 76 per cent, magnesium chloride 10 per cent, magnesium sulphate 6 per cent, calcium sulphate 5 per cent, calcium carbonate 0.5 per cent, other substances 2.5 per cent.
The boiling point of water decreases as the altitude above sea level increases. Table 12 gives the variation in the boiling point with the altitude.
Water has a greater specific heat or heat-absorbing capacity than any other known substance (bromine and hydrogen excepted) and its specific heat is the basis for measurement of the capacity of heat absorption of all other substances. From the definition, the specific heat of water is the number of British thermal units required to raise one pound of water one degree. This specific heat varies with the temperature of the water. The generally accepted values are given in Table 13, which indicates the values as determined by Messrs. Marks and Davis and Mr. Peabody.
TABLE 13
SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
| MARKS AND DAVIS From Values of Barnes and Dieterici | PEABODY From Values of Barnes and Regnault | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Specific Heat | Temperature | Specific Heat | Temperature | Specific Heat | Temperature | Specific Heat | ||
| Degrees Fahrenheit | Degrees Fahrenheit | Degrees Centigrade | Degrees Fahrenheit | Degrees Centigrade | Degrees Fahrenheit | ||||
| 30 | 1.0098 | 130 | 0.9979 | 0 | 32 | 1.0094 | 50 | 122 | 0.9980 |
| 40 | 1.0045 | 140 | 0.9986 | 5 | 41 | 1.0053 | 55 | 131 | 0.9985 |
| 50 | 1.0012 | 150 | 0.9994 | 10 | 50 | 1.0023 | 60 | 140 | 0.9994 |
| 55 | 1.0000 | 160 | 1.0002 | 15 | 59 | 1.0003 | 65 | 149 | 1.0004 |
| 60 | 0.9990 | 170 | 1.0010 | 16.11 | 61 | 1.0000 | 70 | 158 | 1.0015 |
| 70 | 0.9977 | 180 | 1.0019 | 20 | 68 | 0.9990 | 75 | 167 | 1.0028 |
| 80 | 0.9970 | 190 | 1.0029 | 25 | 77 | 0.9981 | 80 | 176 | 1.0042 |
| 90 | 0.9967 | 200 | 1.0039 | 30 | 86 | 0.9976 | 85 | 185 | 1.0056 |
| 100 | 0.9967 | 210 | 1.0052 | 35 | 95 | 0.9974 | 90 | 194 | 1.0071 |
| 110 | 0.9970 | 220 | 1.007 | 40 | 104 | 0.9974 | 95 | 203 | 1.0086 |
| 120 | 0.9974 | 230 | 1.009 | 45 | 113 | 0.9976 | 100 | 212 | 1.0101 |
In consequence of this variation in specific heat, the variation in the heat of the liquid of the water at different temperatures is not a constant. Table 22 13 gives the heat of the liquid in a pound of water at temperatures ranging from 32 to 340 degrees Fahrenheit.
The specific heat of ice at 32 degrees is 0.463. The specific heat of saturated steam (ice and saturated steam representing the other forms in which water may exist), is something that is difficult to define in any way which will not be misleading. When no liquid is present the specific heat of saturated steam is negative. 14 The use of the value of the specific heat of steam is practically limited to instances where superheat is present, and the specific heat of superheated steam is covered later in the book.
Footnotes
12 Marks and Davis
13 See page 120.
14 See Trans., A. S. M. E., Vol. XIV., Page 79.