Old English Chronicles

Diaphragmata

Iter I. Rhutupia is prima in Britannia insula civitas versus Galliam apud Cantios sita a Gessoriago Bonnoniæ portu, unde commodissimus in supradictam insulam transitus obtingit, CCCCL. stadia, vel ut alii volunt XLVI. mille passuum remota: ab eadem civitate ducta est via Guethelinga dicta, usque in Segontium per m.p. CCCXXIIII. plus minus sic:—Cantiopoli, quæ et Duroverno, m.p. X. Durosevo XII. Duroprovis XXV. deinde m.p. XXVII. transis Thamesin intrasque provinciam Flaviam et civitatem Londinium (Augustam), Sulo Mago m.p. VIIII. Verolamio municipio XII. unde fuit Amphibalus et Albanus Martyres. Foro Dianæ XII. Magio Vinio XII. Lactorodo XII. Isanta Varia XII. Tripontio XII. Benonis VIIII. Hic bisecatur via, alterutrumque ejus brachium Lindum usque, alterum versus Viriconium protenditur, sic: Manduessuedo m.p. XII. Etoceto XIII. Pennocrucio XII. Uxaconia XII. Virioconio XI. Banchorio XXVI. Deva Colonia X. Fines Flaviæ et Secundæ, Varis m.p. XXX. Conovio XX. Seguntio XXIIII.

Iter II. A Seguntio Virioconium usque, m.p. LXXIII. sic:—Heriri monte m.p. XXV. Mediolano XXV. Rutunio XII. Virioconio XI.

Iter III. A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, sic: Durosito m.p. XII. Cæsaro Mago XVI. Canonio XV. Camaloduno colonia VIIII. ibi erat templum Claudii, arx triumphalis, et imago Victoriæ deæ. Ad Sturium amnem m.p. VI. et finibus Trinobantum Cenimannos advenis, Cambretonio m.p. XV. Sito Mago XXII. Venta Cenom. XXIII.... Camborico colonia XX. Durali ponte XX. Durno Mago XX. Isinnis XX. Lindo XX.

Iter IV. A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic:—Argolico m.p. XIIII. Dano XX. Ibi intras Maximam Cæsariensem, Legotio m.p. XVI. Eboraco municip. olim colonia sexta m.p. XXI. Isurio XVI. Cattaractoni XXIIII. ad Tisam X. Vinovio XII. Epiaco XVIIII. ad Murum VIIII. trans Murum intras Valentiam. Alauna amne m.p. XXV. Tueda flumine XXX. ad Vallum....

Iter V. A limite Præturiam usque, sic:—Curia m.p.... ad Fines m.p.... Bremenio m.p.... Corstoplio XX. Vindomora VIIII. Vindovio XVIIII. Cattaractoni XXII. Eboraco XL. Derventione VII. Delgovicia XIII. Præturio XXV.

Iter VI. Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:—Calcaria m.p. VIIII. Camboduno XXII. Mancunio XVIII. Finibus Maximæ et Flaviæ m.p. XVIII. Condate XVIII. Deva XVIII.

Iter VII. A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum usque, sic:—Rerigonio m.p. XXIII. ad Alpes Peninos VIII. Alicana X. Isurio XVIII. Eboraco XVI.

Iter VIII. Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:—Cattaractoni m.p. XL. Lataris XVI. Vataris XVI. Brocavonacis XVIII. Vorreda XVIII. Luguballia XVIII.

Iter VIIII. A Luguballio Ptorotonim usque, sic:—Trimontio m.p.... Gadanica m.p.... Corio m.p.... ad Vallum m.p.... Incipit Vespasiana. Alauna m.p. XII. Lindo VIIII. Victoria VIIII. ad Hiernam VIIII. Orrea XIIII. ad Tavum XVIIII. ad Æsicam XXIII. ad Tinam VIII. Devana XXIII. ad Itunam XXIIII. ad Montem Grampium m.p.... ad Selinam m.p.... Tuessis XVIIII. Ptorotone m.p....

Iter X. Ab ultima Ptorotone per medium insulæ Isca Damnonorum usque, sic:—Varis m.p. VIII. ad Tuessim XVIII. Tamea XXVIIII.... m.p. XXI. in Medio VIIII. Orrea VIIII. Victoria XVIII. ad Vallum XXXII. Luguballia LXXX. Brocavonacis XXII. ad Alaunam m.p.... Coccio m.p.... Mancunio XVIII. Condate XXIII. Mediolano XVIII. Etoceto m.p.... Salinis m.p.... Glebon colonia m.p.... Corino XIIII. Aquas Solis m.p.... ad Aquas XVIII. ad Uxellam amnem m.p.... Isca m.p....

Iter XI. Ab Aquis per Viam Juliam Menapiam usque, sic:—ad Abonam m.p. VI. ad Sabrinam VI. unde trajectu intras in Britanniam Secundam et stationem Trajectum m.p. III. Venta Silurum VIII. Isca colonia VIIII. unde fuit Aaron Martyr. Tibia amne m.p. VIII. Bovio XX. Nido XV. Leucaro XV. ad Vigesimum XX. ad Menapiam XVIIII. Ab hac urbe per XXX. m.p. navigas in Hyberniam.

Iter XII. Ab Aquis Londinium usque, sic:—Verlucione m.p. XV. Cunetione XX. Spinis XV. Calleba Attrebatum XV. Bibracte XX. Londinio XX.

Iter XIII. Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:—Bultro m.p. VIII. Gobannio XII. Magna XXIII. Branogenio XXIII. Urioconio XXVII.

Iter XIIII. Ab Isca per Glebon Lindum usque, sic:—Ballio m.p. VIII. Blestio XII. Sariconio XI. Glebon colonia XV. ad Antonam XV. Alauna XV.... Vennonis XII. Ratiscorion XII. Venromento XII. Margiduno XII. ad Pontem XII. Croco colana Lindum XII.

Iter XV. A Londinio per Clausentum in Londinium, sic:—Caleba m.p. XLIIII. Vindomi XV. Venta Belgarum XXI. ad Lapidem VI. Clausento IIII. Portu Magno X. Regno X. ad Decimum X. Anderida portu m.p.... ad Lemanum m.p. XXV. Lemaniano portu X. Dubris X. Rhutupis colonia X. Regulbio X. Contiopoli X. Durelevo XVIII. Mado XII. Vagnaca XVIII. Novio Mago XVIII. Londinio XV.

Iter XVI. A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:—Venta Belgarum m.p. XC. Brige XI. Sorbioduno VIII. Ventageladia XII. Durnovaria VIIII. Moriduno XXXIII. Isca Damnon. XV.... Durio amne m.p.... Tamara m.p.... Voluba m.p.... Cenia m.p....

Iter XVII. Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:—Sylva Anderida m.p.... Noviomago m.p.... Londinio m.p. XV. ad Fines m.p.... Durolisponte m.p.... Durnomago m.p. XXX. Corisennis XXX. Lindo XXX. in Medio XV. ad Abum XV. unde transis in Maximam, ad Petuariam m.p. VI. dein le Eboraco, ut supra, m.p. XLVI.

Iter XVIII. Ab Eboraco, per medium insulæ Clausentum usque, sic:—Legiolio m.p. XXI. ad Fines XVIII.... m.p. XVI.... m.p. XVI.... Derventione m.p. XVI. ad Trivonam XII. Etoceto XII. Manduessuedo XVI. Benonnis XII. Tripontio XI. Isannavaria XII. Brinavis XII. Ælia castra XVI. Dorocina XV. Tamesi VI. Vindomi XV. Clausento XLVI.

Plurima insuper habebant Romani in Britanniis castella, suis quæque muris, turribus, portis, et repagulis munita.

Finis Itinerariorum.

Quod hactenus auribus, in hoc capite percipitur pene oculis intuentibus: nam huic adjuncta est mappa Britanniæ artificialiter depicta, quæ omnia loca cet. evidenter exprimit, ut ex ea cunctarum regionum incolas dignoscere detur.

---

Ancient and Modern Names of the Stations in Richard of Cirencester’s Itinerary

[From the London Edition, 8vo. 1809.]

Iter I.			Sites of the Stations.
(1) A Rhutupi ducta est “Via Guethelinga” dicta, usque in Segontium, per m.p. CCCXXIIII. plus minus, sic:—			From Richborough to Caer Segont, by the Watling Street.
		Corrected numbers.
(2) Cantiopoli quæ et Duroverno	X	XI	Canterbury.
(3) Durosevo	XII	XII	Stone Chaple, in Ospringe.
(4) Daroprovis Deinde m.p. transis Thamesin intrasque provinciam Flaviam et civitatem	XXV XXVII	XVI XXVII	Rochester.
(5) Londinium Augustam			London.
(6) Sulo Mago	VIIII	XII	On the site of Mr. Napier’s house at Brockley Hill.
(7) Verolamio Municipio Unde fuit Amphibalus et Albanus, martyres.	XII	VIIII	Verulam.
(8) Foro Dianæ	XII	XII	Dunstable.
(9) Magio Vinio	XII	XII	Old Fields, South of Fenny Stratford.
(10) Lactorodo	XII	XVI	Berry Mount, in Towcester.
(11) Isanta Varia	XII	XII	Burnt Walls near Daventry.
(12) Tripontio	XII	XII	Near Lilbourn.
(13) Benonis Hic bisecatur Via; alterutrumque ejus brachium Lindum usque, alterum versus Viriconium protenditur, sic:—	VIII	VIIII	High Cross.
(14) Manduessuedo	XII	XII	Manceter.
(15) Etoceto	XIII	XVI	Wall.
(16) Pennocrucio	XII	XII	On the Penk.
(17) Uxaconia	XII	XII	Red Hill, near Okenyate.
(18) Virioconio	XI	XI	Wroxeter.
(19) Banchorio	XXVI	XXVI	Probably Banchor.
(20) Deva Colonia Fines Flaviæ et Secundæ	X	XV	Chester.
(21) Varis	XXX	XXVII	Banks of the Clwydd near Bodfari.
(22) Conovio	XX	XX	Caer Hûn.
(23) Segontio	XXIIII	XIIII	Caer Segont, near Caernarvon.

The first Iter having run uniformly on the traces of the British road called Watling Street (except the small distance from Southfleet to London), and the road remaining tolerably perfect, there can be little difficulty in fixing the several stations, or indeed in correcting the sometimes corrupted numbers of the Itinerary. It begins at Richborough, and, although at present obscure from the improved cultivation of the country, may be easily traced to Canterbury, from whence it went in the direction of the present turnpike to Rochester, leaving the intermediate station at Stone Chaple, in Ospringe, a little to the left hand. At Rochester it passed the Medway, considerably above the present bridge, and instead of running to the right with the modern turnpike, it went as straight as the nature of the ground would permit, by Cobham Park, and Shinglewell, to Barkfields, in Southfleet (the station Vagniacis in Antonine,) then to Swanscombe Parkwood, through which it passed, and rejoined the Dover road between the fifteenth and sixteenth milestone, near Dartford Brent. Hence it went by Shooter’s Hill over the Thames to London; and then as before mentioned, by the site of Mr. Napier’s house at Brockley Hill, Verulam, Dunstable, Fenny Stratford, Towcester, Burnt Walls,689 near Lilbourne, High Cross, Manceter, Wall, Okenyate, to Wroxeter. Here, quitting the south-west branch of the Watling Street, it bore to the right by Uffington, Broughton, Overley, Hammer, and Sarn Bridge to Banchor; and from thence ran clearly by Stockach and Aldford, over the Dee to Chester.

The Roman road here joining the North-east Watling Street, before mentioned, continued with it to Bodfari, and crossing Denbighshire, went over the Conway to Caer Hûn; and is supposed to have run as straight as the country would permit, to Caer Segont, about half a mile south of Caernarvon.

---

Iter II.			Sites of the Stations.
(23) A Segontio Virioconium usque, m.p. LXXIII. sic:—			From Caer Segont to Wroxeter.
		Corrected numbers.
(24) Heriri Monte	XXV	XXV	Tommen y Mur, in Maentrwg.
(25) Mediolano	XXV	XVII	On the bank of the Tanad.
(26) Rutunio	XII	XVI	Rowton.
(18) Virioconio	XI	XI	Wroxeter.

This Iter runs on a branch of the South-east Watling Street, from Caer Segont, nearly in the direction of the present road to Tommen y Mur, an undoubted station in the parish of Maentrwg, by the common name of Sarn Helen, or the “paved way of the Legion.” From hence it is continued to Bala; and on the banks of the Tanad, not far from the point where it is intersected by the Roman road from Caersws to Chester, was probably the lost town of Mediolanum. From Mediolanum the road runs under the north end of the Brythen, straight, although obscurely, to Rowton, and from thence over the Severn to Wroxeter.

---

Iter III.			Sites of the Stations.
(5) A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, sic:—			From London to Lincoln.
		Corrected numbers.
(27) Durosito	XII	XII	Near Rumford.
(28) Cæsaro Mago	XVI	XVI	Near Chelmsford.
(29) Canonio	XV	XV	On the east of Kelvedon.
(30) Camaloduno Colonia Ibi erat templum Claudii, arx triumphalis, et imago Victoriæ deæ.	VIIII	VIIII	Colchester.
(31) Ad Sturium amnem Et finibus Trinobantum Cenimannos advenis	VI	VI	Banks of the Stour.
(32) Cambretonio	XV
(33) Sito Mago	XXII
.......690......
(35) Camborico Colonia	XX		North side of the Cam, Cambridge.
(36) Duraliponte691	XX	XV	Godmanchester.
(37) Durno Mago692	XX	XX	Castor. Durobrivis was Chesterton on the Nen, near it.
(38) Isinis693	XX	XXV	Ancaster.
(39) Lindo694	XX	XXI	Lincoln.

As it is fifty-one measured miles from London to Colchester, and as it is probable that the stone from whence the Roman miles were measured was at least one mile west of Whitechapel church, we cannot allow any material deviation from the course of the present road, except in the neighbourhood of the capital, where the Roman road, instead of passing through Mile End, went much straighter over the Lee at Old Ford, and fell again into the course of the present turnpike at Stratford. The Itinerary allowing only fifty-two miles between London and Colchester, and the fifth Iter of Antonine agreeing with this of Richard, by stating twenty-eight as the distance between London and Cæsaromagus, we may implicitly adopt the distances here given, and fix the intermediate stations near Rumford, Chelmsford, and Kelvedon. From Colchester the road ran to the Stour, where probably stood the Mansio ad Ansam. From hence to Castor, near Norwich, (the Venta Icenorum,) the stations and course of the road are unknown. Some commentators have supposed it ran westerly, by Brettenham and Thetford; others by Ipswich, Stowmarket, and Scole Inn; and others have carried it more easterly, by Ipswich and Blythburgh, or Dunwich, to the capital of the Iceni. In favour of the first, there is merely the supposed resemblance of the name of Brettenham to Cambretonium; of the second, traces of a Roman way, called the Pye Road; and of the third, a British track-way, and another Roman road, called the Stone Street. But the distances suit none of these sites, and no Roman remains have any where been found, between the Stour and Castor, sufficient to justify an alteration of the numerals.

Icianis may have been Icklingham; and Camboricum was most probably at Cambridge, from whence there is a Roman road discoverable to Lincoln. To the first station, Godmanchester, this Iter goes on the great communication between Colchester and Chester, which for the sake of distinction may be called the Via Devana; and from Godmanchester to Lincoln, on the eastern branch of the Ermyn Street, which was adopted by the Romans. Twenty miles from Godmanchester, we find the great station of Chesterton, on one side of the Nen, and Castor on the other; which probably gave rise to the two names of Durobrivæ, and Durnomagus, the Roman and British towns severally noticed by Antonine and Richard. About twenty-five miles further, in the course of the road which cannot be mistaken, we find Ancaster, the Isinnis, Corisennis, or Causennis of the Itineraries, from whence twenty-one additional miles bring us to Lincoln.

Iter IV.			Sites of the Stations.
(39) A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic:			From Lincoln to the Wall.
		Corrected Numbers.
(40) Argolico	XIIII	XIIII	Littleborough.
(41) Dano Ibi intras Maximam Cæsariensem	XX	XXI	Doncaster.
(42) Legotio695 m.p.	XVI	XVI	Castleford.
(43) Eburaco Municip. olim Colonia Sexta696	XXI	XXI	York.
(44) Isurio	XVI	XVII	Aldborough.
(45) Cattaractoni697	XXIIII	XXIIII	Catterick.
(46) Ad Tisam	X	XII	Pierce Bridge.
(47) Vinovio	XII	X	Binchester.
(48) Epiaco	XVIII}	XIIII	Lanchester.
(49) Ad Muram trans Murum intras Valentiam	VIIII}	VIIII	Halton Chester on the Wall.
(50) Alauna amne	XXV	XXV	Banks of the Coquet.
(51) Tueda flumine	XXX	XXXV	Banks of the Tweed.
(52) Ad Vallum			The Wall.

The fourth Iter left Lincoln with the Eastern Ermyn Street, which ran to the Humber; and, after continuing on it about five miles, turned suddenly to the left, pursuing its course in a straight line to the Trent, which it passed immediately opposite to the station of Littleborough. The Roman road may be traced from hence to Austerfield and Doncaster, where it fell in with the Western Ermyn Street, and is visible all the way by Castleford, Aberford, and Tadcaster, to York. In this Iter, the station of Tadcaster is passed unnoticed, as in the former the station of Brig Casterton, near Stamford.

From York the Iter is continued along the left bank of the Ouse, till it crossed the river to Aldborough. From hence rejoining the Western Ermyn Street, it passed the Eure, and ran straight through Catterick to the Tees, which it crossed at Piercebridge. It continued by the Royal Oak, St. Andrew Aukland, and the Bishop’s Park, to Binchester, where, after fording the Were, it went with the North Watling Street to Lanchester; and, without noticing either Ebchester or Corbridge, over the Tyne to Halton Chester on the Wall. Here separating from the North Watling Street, it ran with the Ermyn Street, now known in Northumberland by the name of the Devil’s Causeway, to the bank of the Coquet and the Tweed, and entering Scotland on the East, was continued to the wall of Antonine.

Iter V.			Sites of the Stations.
(52) A limite Præturiam usque, sic:—			To Flamborough Head.
		Corrected Numbers.
(53) Curia698
(54) Ad fines			Chew Green.
(55) Bremenio		VII	Riechester.
(56) Corstoplio	XX	XXV	Corbridge.
(57) Vindomora	VIIII	VIIII	Corbridge.
(47) Vindovio699	XVIIII	XVIIII	Binchester.
(45) Cattaractoni	XXII	XXII	Catterick.
(43) Eboraco	XL	XL	York.
(58) Derventione	VII	VII	On the Derwent, near Stamford Bridge.
(59) Delgovicia 700	XIII		* * * * * * * * *
(60) Præturio701	XXV	XXXVIII	Near Flamborough Head.

In regard to the part of the country traversed by this Iter, there appears to have been so little connection between the work of our author and the map which accompanies it, that we can rely little on the latter either to assist or correct us. This Iter is made to begin from Curia, a town probably on the confines of some petty kingdom, and to pass to the first certain post of Bremenium, or Riechester. Now, on referring to the map, Curia, the principal town of the Gadeni, so far from lying on the road which leads to Bremenium, the capital of the Ottadini, is considerably to the westward of its course. From this disagreement, commentators have suspected a mistake of the transcriber, and imagine that Curia is intended for Corium. It is certain, at least, that this Iter, running on the east side of the island, on the track of the Northern Watling Street, enters Northumberland at Chew Green, goes from thence to Riechester (leaving unnoticed the station at Risingham), and runs with it to Corbridge, Ebchester, Binchester, Catterick, and York.

From York to Flamborough Head, a Roman road may still be traced; and as the distance agrees with the Itinerary, and there must have been a Roman post on or near that headland, we should think it more probable that this was the site of Præturium,[D] although we have not yet discovered the remains of any post on the Derwent, or the intermediate station of Delgovicia. So many Roman roads from different quarters point towards Stamford bridge, that there is no doubt the station of Derventio was near it.

Iter VI.			Sites of the Stations.
(43) Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:—			From York to Chester.
		Corrected Numbers.
(61) Calcaria m.p.	VIIII	VIIII	Tadcaster.
(62) Camboduno	XXII	XXXII	Slack.
(63) Mancunio702	XVIII	XXIII	Manchester.
(64) Finibus Maximæ et Flaviæ	XVIII	VI	Stretford on Mersey.
(65) Condate[702A]	XVIII	XXIII	Kinderton.
(20) Deva	XVIII	XVIII	Chester.

Such appears to be the incorrectness of the numerals attached to this Iter, as well as to the corresponding Iter of Antonine, that, although four of the six stations are well known, and a fifth can scarcely be mistaken, yet, we can in no other way obviate the difficulty than by supposing a station omitted, or by altering the numerals, none of which, except the first, agree with the distances between the vestiges of the different stations and their supposed sites; for example, in the first part between York and Manchester, where the Itinerary gives only 49 miles, the nearest road through Heathersfield amounts to 65.

As the only great and undoubted Roman station between Tadcaster and Manchester is at Slack (for the camps at Kirklees, and Castleshaw, are only temporary posts), it will perhaps be justifiable to fix this point as the site of Cambodunum; to suppose ten miles omitted in this stage; and in the next to conjecture that, by a common error in copying the Roman numerals, XVIII. has been substituted for XXIII. the exact distance from Slack to Manchester.

As the Mersey was undoubtedly the boundary on the West between the Roman provinces of Maxima and Flavia, and as the Roman road still existing crossed it at Stretford, we fix the next point there, and change the number XVII. to VI. The two next stations of Condate and Deva, the numerals (with a slight alteration) permit us to fix at Kinderton and Chester. It is worthy of remark, that with these alterations the sum total of the numerals remains nearly the same.

Iter VII.			Sites of the Stations.
(66) A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum usque, sic:—			From Freckleton to York.
		Corrected Numbers.
(67) Rerigonio	XXIII	XIII	Ribchester.
(68) Ad Alpes Peninos	VIII	XXIII	Burrens in Broughton.
(69) Alicana	X	X	Ilkley.
(44) Isurio703	XVIII	XVIII	Aldborough.
(43) Eboraco	XVI	XVII	York.

This Iter runs from Freckleton on the Ribble to Ribchester, and then over the mountains to Broughton, Ilkley, Aldborough and York. As the Roman road is tolerably perfect all the way to Aldborough, and the vestiges of the stations are undoubted, we are justified in the alteration of the first two numbers, as by this alteration they will correspond with the present distances and the situations of the posts.

---

Iter VIII.			Sites of the Stations.
(43) Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:—			From York to Carlisle.
		Corrected Numbers.
(45) Cattaractoni	XL	XL	Catterick.
(70) Lataris704	XVI	XVIII	Bowes.
(71) Vataris705	XVI	XIIII	Brough.
(72) Brocavonacis706       (Brovonacis)	XVIII	XIII	Kirby Thur.
(73) Vorreda	XVIII	XIIII	Plumpton Wall.
(74) Lugubalia707	XVIII	XIII	Carlisle.

The road from York to Catterick has been traced before, and the Roman way from thence to Carlisle ran nearly in the direction of the present turnpike. The only doubt which occurs, therefore, in this Iter, is whether, from a similarity of sound, the transcriber of Richard has not erroneously written Brocavonacis for Brovonacis, which are two neighbouring posts in this direction, the first Brougham, and the second Kirby Thur. As the conjecture is not improbable, the corrected distance is given from the latter.

It is worthy of observation that in this Iter four successive V’s have been added by mistake of the transcriber, as is the case in regard to the X’s omitted in the third Iter.

---

Iter IX.			Sites of the Stations.
(74) A Luguballio Ptorotonim usque, sic:—			From Carlisle to Burgh Head.
		Corrected Numbers.
(75) Trimontio m.p.			Birrenswork Hill.
(76) Gadanica
(77) Corio
(52) Ad Vallum Incipit Vespasiana			Camelon.
(78) Alauna	XII	XIII	Kier
(79) Lindo	VIIII	VIIII	Ardoch.
(80) Victoria	VIIII	VIIII	Dealgin Ross.
(81) Ad Hiernam	VIIII	VIIII	Strageth.
(82) Orrea	XIIII	XIIII	On the Tay above Perth.
(83) Ad Tavum	XVIIII	XVIIII	Near Invergowrie.
(84) Ad Æsicam	XXIII	XXIII	Brechin on South Esk.
(85) Ad Tinam	VIII	VIII	Fordun.
(86) Devana	XXIII	XXIII	Norman Dikes near Pete Culter.
(87) Ad Itunam	XXIIII	XXVI	Glenmailin on the Ithan.
(88) Ad Montem Grampium		XIII	Near Knock Hill.
(89) Ad Selinam		X	On the Cullen near Deskford.
(90) Tuessis	XVIIII	XVII	On the Spey near Bellie.
(91) Ptorotone		XVII	Burgh Head.

Innumerable difficulties occur on every side in endeavouring to explain this Iter. There is great reason to believe that the Trimontium of this Iter was Birrenswork Hill, and that the road ran from thence along the western side of the island as it is traced in the map of Richard. Camelon is allowed by all antiquaries to be the Ad Vallum: but it is impossible to draw the line between these two points; for although General Roy has mentioned a road from Carlisle on the eastern side of the Eildon Hills, and another on the western beyond Cleghorn to Castle Cary, there is little authority for the existence of either. Lynekirk has every appearance of a station, lay within the territories of the Gadeni, and would suit the situation assigned to Gadanica, but no road has hitherto been discovered leading to or from it. If the western trended at Biggar as much to the east, as that part which remains in the direction of Glasgow does to the west, it would have passed Borthwich Castle or the Gore, which Roy supposes was the Corium. Admitting the identity of this station would clear up the whole of this Iter to the Wall. There is no doubt that the sites of Lindum, Victoria, and Ad Hiernam were at Ardoch, Dealgin Ross, and Strageth.

Notwithstanding the difficulties which occur in tracing this Iter from Carlisle to the Wall, yet from thence to the Tay the direction of the road, and the situation of the stations as fixed by General Roy agree so perfectly with the Itinerary, as to leave no doubt that he has ascertained their real position. But although he discovered a road north of the Tay, yet, as he found no vestiges of stations, Mr. Chalmers seems to have been more successful in fixing the posts between that river and Ptoroton.

It does not appear that the road was ever completed: however, from Orrea on the Tay, a little above Perth, he observes, that the communication ran through the passage of the Sidlaw Hills, and along the Carse of Gowrie to the north end of the estuary of the Tay near Dundee; two miles west of which place, and half a mile north of Invergowrie, are the remains of a Roman camp about two hundred yards square, fortified with a high rampart and spacious ditch. Here he places Ad Tavum. Proceeding hence north-easterly through the natural opening of the country, and passing in the way the camp at Harefaulds, at the distance of twenty-three miles is Brechin on the South Esk, the station Ad Æsicam, exactly in the line laid down in Richard’s map, and at the distance given in the Itinerary. Continuing from the South Esk in a north-north-easterly direction, at the distance of five miles and a half, we reach the North Esk, the supposed Ad Tinam. We pass that river at King’s Ford, and proceeding up the valley of Lutherwater, at the distance of eight miles and a half find Fordun, where there are the remains of two Roman camps. From thence proceeding seventeen miles, to the well known camp at Raedikes, and continuing in a northerly direction six miles beyond, is the rectangular camp on the Dee at Peter Culter, called Norman Dikes, the Devana of the Iter. This point is exactly thirty-one miles from Brechin on the South Esk, agrees with the aggregate distances in the Itinerary Ad Tinam VIII, and Ad Devanam XXIII, and corresponds with the track delineated on Richard’s map.

The obvious openings through this rugged country point out the way by which the Romans must have penetrated northerly by the right of Achlea Fiddy and Kinmundy, to Kintore on the Don. They followed the Strath to the ford where the high road has always passed to Inverurie, and proceeded north-north-west through the moorlands, to the sources of the Ithan, and the camp at Glenmailin, the Ituna of Richard, a distance of twenty-six miles. From thence proceeding northward, across the Doverna at Achengoul, where are still considerable remains of military works; and at the distance of thirteen miles, we reach the high ground north of Foggy lone, at the east side of Knock Hill, the Mons Grampius of the Iter.

Hence the road runs to Ad Selinam, which is supposed to be on the Cullen, near the old Tower of Deskford, at the distance of ten miles. Following the course of the river, and the coast of the Murray Frith, seventeen miles, we arrive at the Roman post of Tuessis, on the high bank of the Spey, below the church of Bellie. Seventeen miles further is Burgh Head, the Ptorotone of Richard.

---

Iter X.			Sites of the Stations.
(91) Ab ultima Ptorotone per mediaminsulæ Isca Damnonorum usque, sic:—			From Burgh Head through the middle of the island to Exeter.
		Corrected Numbers.
(92) Varis708 m.p.	VIII	Name and Numerals from General Roy.	{Fores	VIIII
(93) Ad Tuessim	XVIII		{Cromdall on Spey	XX
(94) Tamea	XXVIIII		{Braemar Castle	XXX
(95) ————	XXI		{Barra Castle on Ila	XXX
(96) In Medio	VIIII		{Inchstuthill	XII
(82) Orrea	VIIII		{Bertha on Tay	VIIII
(80) Victoria	XVIII		{Dealgin Ross	XXIIII
(52) Ad Vallum709	XXXII		{Camelon	XXXII
(74) Luguballia	LXXX		{Carlisle	CXVIIII
(97) Brocavonacis	XXII	XXII	Brougham.
(98) Ad Alaunam	...	XXXXVII	Lancaster.
(99) Coccio	...	XXXVI	Blackrode.
(63) Mancunio	XVIII	XVIII	Manchester.
(65) Condate	XXIII	XXIII	Kinderton.
(100) Mediolano	XVIII	XVI	Chesterton.
(15) Etoceto	...	XXXV	Wall.
—————			—————
(101) Salinis m.p.	...	XXII	Droitwich.
—————			—————
(102) Glebon Colon. m.p.	...	XXXIIII	Gloucester.
(103) Corino	XIIII	XVIII	Cirencester.
(104) Aquas Solis m.p	...	XXX	Bath.
(105) Ad Aquas	XVIII	XX	Probably Wells.
(106) Ad Uxellam amnem m.p.	...	XXI	Probably Bridgewater.
(107) Isca m.p.	...	XXXXV	Exeter.

The first part of this Iter is taken from General Roy; and as we have none of the intermediate stations between Carlisle and the Wall, every commentator may choose what route he pleases, although none will coincide with the distances of the Itinerary. From Carlisle, if we place any reliance on the numbers, the next station, Brocavonavis, can only be fixed at Brougham. Thence the road to the banks of the Lune, as well as the station on it, is uncertain; for, whether we choose Overborough or Lancaster, we know of no road to direct us; and the only reason for preferring the latter is the supposed site of the next station, Coccium, at Blackrode, and the course of the road through Lancaster, tending more immediately to that point, than the road through Overborough. The two next stations, Mancunium and Condate, as well as the connecting line of road, are well known. From Kinderton, although there is a Roman way pointing to Chesterton in Staffordshire, the Mediolanum of this Iter, and the site of Etocetum is undoubtedly Wall, yet we speak with hesitation of the line of communication betwixt them; though we presume it ran through Newcastle, Stone, and Ridgeley. From Wall, which is on the Watling Street, the Iter continues along the Ryknield Street, through Sutton Colfield Park, to Birmingham. There falling in with the first Salt-Way, it proceeds to Droitwich, and is continued by the Western Road, through Worcester to Gloucester. Here, turning nearly at a right angle, it passes by the well known Roman road over Birdlip Hill to Cirencester; and trending to the right, proceeds by the Foss to Aquæ Solis or Bath. Quitting the Foss, and still bearing to the right, it continues along the lower road to Wells, and from thence to Uxella, which was probably at Bridgewater. From the banks of the Parret it ran in the track of the British Way, and the present turnpike by Taunton, Wellington, and Collumpton, to Exeter.

---

Iter XI.			Sites of the Stations.
(104) Ab Aquis, per Viam Juliam, Menapiam usque, sic:—			From Bath by the Julian Way to St. David’s.
		Corrected Numbers.
(108) Ad Abonam m.p.	VI	VI}	Bitton
(109) Ad Sabrinam	VI	VIIII}
Unde Trajectu710 intras in Britanniam Secundam			Sea Mills.
(110) Et Stationem Trajectum711	III	III	Severn Side.
(111) Venta Siluru712	VIII	VIIII	Caerwent.
(112) Isca Colonia Unde fuit Aaron Martyr.	VIIII	VIIII	Caerleon.
(113) Tibia Amne713	VIII	XV	Banks of the Tanf, possibly Caireu or Caerdiff.
(114) Bovio	XX	XX	In Evenny Park.
(115) Nido	XV	XX	Near Neath.
(116) Leucaro	XV	X	Perhaps Lwghor.
(Muridunum omit.	XX)	XX	Caermarthen.
(117) Ad Vigesimum	XX	XX	Castel Flemish.714
(118) Ad Menapiam	XVIIII	XVIII	Near St. David’s.
Ab hac urbe per m.p.	XXX
Navigas in Hyberniam.

As the course of the Roman road connecting the stations of this Iter is still discernible, we do not hesitate in correcting the imperfections of Richard by the corresponding Iter of Antonine. At Bitton, six miles from Bath, we find marks of a post attended with tumuli, which whether called Abone or Trajectus715 is of little importance, because, like the next, Sea Mills, it will suit either appellation, from its position on the Avon, and commanding a passage over that river. From Bitton the Roman way ran nearly in the direction of the present turnpike, north of the river as far as St. George’s church; thence it proceeded straight near St. Paul’s; ascended the Downs behind Mr. Daubeney’s house to the direction-post, from whence it crossed Durdham Down, and skirted Mrs. Jackson’s park wall to Sea Mills, a great maritime post at the confluence of the Trim and the Avon. It continued by Lord De Clifford’s house straight to the Severn, crossed that river, and passed by Caldecot Castle through Caerwent and Caerleon to the bank of the Taaf and Evenny Park, which last place Roman remains lead us to conjecture was the site of Bovium. At Neath we have also little hesitation in fixing the site of Nidus, because a road from the Gaer near Brecon evidently leads to the same spot.

The remainder of this Iter is obscure. Leucaro has been fixed at Lwghor, principally from the resemblance of the name. From thence the road may have run to Caermarthen (Maridunum), which appears to have been omitted; and was probably continued as straight as the country would permit to Castel Flemish and St. David’s, where we would place the stations Vigesimum and Menapia.716

---

Iter XII.			Sites of the Stations.
(104) Ab Aquis Londinium usque, sic:—
		Corrected Numbers.
(119) Verlucione m.p.	XV	XV	Highfield, near Sandy Lane.
(120) Cunetione	XX	XV	Folly farm, E. of Marlborough.
(121) Spinis	XV	XX	Spene.
(122) Calleva Atrebatum	XV		Silchester.
(123) Bibracte	XX}	XXXXIIII	London.
(5) Londinio	XX}

As the traces of a Roman road from Bath towards Marlborough are still visible, we have only to examine in what points of its course remains have been found sufficient to justify us in determining the sites of the different stations. Accordingly, at fifteen miles from Bath we have Highfield, in Sandy Lane, near Heddington; and at fifteen more Folly Farm, near Marlborough. From hence twenty miles bring us to Spene; and although at this place few remains have been discovered, yet the direction of another Roman road, from Cirencester to the same point, sufficiently proves the existence of a station. Of the site of Calleva at Silchester717 there can be little doubt; although the course of the road from Spene is uncertain. The road from Silchester, still known by the name of the Devil’s Causeway, as it runs over Bagshot Heath, as well as evident traces of it between Staines and London, still exist; but the intermediate station of Bibracte is doubtful. If the numbers in this Iter be correct, we cannot deviate from the straight line, and this post must be placed near the hill at Egham, or the head of the Virginia Water.

---

Iter XIII.			Sites of the Stations.
(112) Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:—			From Caerleon to Wroxeter.
		Corrected Numbers.
(124) Bultro m.p.	VIII	VIII	Usk.
(125) Gobannio	XII	XII	Abergavenny.
(126) Magna	XXIII	XXIII	Kentchester.
(127) Branogeni	XXIII	XXIII	Lentwardine.
(18) Urioconio	XXVII	XXVII	Wroxeter.

The beginning of this Iter cannot be traced, notwithstanding two out of the three stations are well known; and we have little doubt that Baltrum or Burrium was at Usk (though no Roman remains have been found there), because the distance given from Caerleon to Gobannium or Abergavenny will not admit of any deviation from the straight line. From Abergavenny, after passing the Munnow, the Roman road still exists, particularly near Madley, pointing to Kentchester, and from thence may be traced by the next post of Lentwardine on the Teme, to Wroxeter.

---

Iter XIV.			Sites of the Stations.
(112) Ab Isca, per Glebon, Lindum, usque, sic:—			From Caerleon, by Gloucester, to Lincoln.
		Corrected Numbers.
(124) Ballio718 m.p.	VIII		Usk.
(128) Blestio	XII	XIII	Monmouth.
(129) Sariconio	XI	XII	Rose or Berry Hill in Weston.
(102) Glebon Colonia	XV	XV	Gloucester.
(130) Ad Antonam	XV	XX	On the Avon.
(131) Alauna	XV	XV	Alcester on the Aln.
(121) ———	...	XVIIII	Camp at Chesterton on the Foss, near Harwood’s house.
(13) Vennonis	XII	XXI	High Cross.
(133) Ratiscorion	XII	XII	Leicester.
(134) Venromento	XII	XII	Willoughby.
(135) Margiduno	XII	XII	East Bridgeford.
(136) Ad Pontem	XII	VII	Near Thorpe turnpike.
(137) Crococolana		VII	Brough.
(39) Lindum	XII	XII	Lincoln.

This Iter ran, like the former, from Caerleon to Usk, where bending to the right it traversed the country to Monmouth. From hence, although we cannot trace the exact line of the road, yet we have no doubt that it crossed the Wye to the next station at Berry Hill, in Weston, under Penyard; and continued nearly in a direct line to Gloucester. As the author has only left the name of a river for the next station, it must be placed in such a situation on the Avon as to admit the distance of fifteen miles from the next station of Alcester, which was the site of Alauna. This would carry it to the westward of Evesham. From Alcester, likewise, till we reach the Foss, we have neither a road nor distance, nor even the name of a station. For this reason we deem ourselves justified in considering the undoubted Roman camp at Chesterton on the Foss, as the post omitted by our author, and from thence we proceed on that known military way to the certain stations of High Cross, Leicester, Willoughby, Bridgeford, Brough, and Lincoln.

---

Iter XV.			Sites of the Stations.
(5) A Londinio, per Clausentum, in Londinium usque, sic:—			From London through Bittern, again to London.
		Corrected Numbers.
(122) Caleba m.p.	XLIIII	XLIIII	Silchester.
(138) Vindomi	XV	XV	Near St. Mary Bourne.
(139) Venta Belgarum	XXI	XXI	Winchester.
(140) Ad Lapidem	VI	VI	Stoneham.
(141) Clausento	IIII	IIII	Bittern, near Southampton.
(142) Portu Magno	X	XV	Portchester.
(143) Regno	X	XV	Chichester.
(144) Ad Decimum	X	X	On the Arun.
(145) Anderida Portu	...	719XLV	Pevensey.
(146) Ad Lemanum	XXV	XXV	On the Rother.
(147) Lemaniano Portu	X	XX	Lymne.
(148) Dubris	X	X	Dover.
(1) Rhutupis Colonia	X	XV	Richborough.
(149) Regulbio	X	VIIII	Reculver.
(2) Contiopoli	X	X	Canterbury.
(3) Durelevo	XVIII	XII	Stone Chaple in Ospringe.
(150) Mado	XII	XVIII	On the bank of the Medway.
(151) Vagnaca	XVIII	VIIII	Barkfields in Southfleet.
(152) Novio Mago	XVIII	XV	Holwood Hill.
(5) Londinio	XV	XV	London.

This Iter leads from London to the south-west part of Hampshire, and from thence, skirting the Sussex and Kentish coasts, back to the capital.

At the first step the author gives forty-four miles as the distance between London and Silchester, instead of forty, as in the twelfth Iter; hence we may deviate a little in settling the site of Bibracte or Ad Pontes. Of the next station we can merely offer a conjecture. As the country of the Atrebates and their capital, Calleva or Silchester, is by our author described as lying near the Thames, in distinction from that of the Segontiaci,720 whose capital, Vindomis, was further distant from that river, and nearer the Kennet, one point only appears to suit the distances, which bears the proper relation to the neighbouring stations, and at the same time falls at the intersection of two known Roman roads. This is in the neighbourhood of St. Mary Bourne, and affords reason for considering Egbury Camp, or some spot near it, as the capital of the Segontiaci. For by following the Roman road called the Portway from Silchester, at the distance of fifteen miles is the rivulet near St. Mary Bourne, and not far from it, the point where the Portway is intersected by the Roman road from Winchester to Cirencester; and proceeding along this last we have another distance of twenty-one miles to Winchester. The road from Winchester by Otterbourne to Stoneham, and thence by the Green Lane to Bittern, is well known, and the distance sufficiently exact. But from thence, although traces of the road are occasionally discoverable on Ridgway, and to the north of Bursledon Hill, pointing towards Fareham and Portchester, yet the latter part is almost totally unknown or lost. From Portchester it ran in the track of the present turnpike to Chichester; and over the Arun not far from Arundel; and then along the coast to Pevensey, the banks of the Rother, Lymne, Dover, Richborough, Reculver, and Canterbury. There falling into the track of the first Iter, it went along the Watling Street to the bank of the Medway, and passing that river, proceeded by Barkfields in Southfleet, a station omitted before, across the country with the ancient Watling Street, (by a road now unknown721), to Holwood Hill, the capital of the Regni, and from thence to London.

---

Iter XVI.			Sites of the Stations.
(5) A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:—			From London to the Fal.
		Corrected Numbers.
(139) Venta Belgarum m.p.	XC	LXXX	Winchester.
(153) Brige	XI	XI	Near Broughton.
(154) Sorbioduno	VIII	VIIII	Old Sarum.
(155) Ventageladia	XII	XV	Gussage Cow Down.
—————
(156) Durnovaria	VIIII	XXX	Dorchester.
—————
(157) Moriduno	XXXIII	XXX	Seaton.
—————
(107) Isca Damnon	XV	XXVIII	Exeter.
—————
(158) Durio Amno	...	XXIII	On the Dart.
(159) Tamara	...	XXVI	On the Tamar.
—————
(160) Voluba	...	XXVIII	On the Fowey.
—————
(161) Ceni	...	XX	On the Fal.

The exact route from London to Winchester not being defined, we may suppose that it ran, as before, through Silchester, and from thence by St. Mary Bourne, as in the 15th Iter. From Winchester, as the road still exists leading to Old Sarum, the distance of eleven miles will probably give the site of Brige, although the station itself is not known; and the nine following will lead us to Old Sarum. Pursuing the course of the road, which may be still traced quite to Dorchester, remains found on Gussage Cow Down point out the site of Ventageladia; and the disagreement between the Itinerary and real distance from thence to Dorchester justifies us in supposing that some intermediate post has been omitted. The site of Moridunum is doubtful; some thinking it to be Eggerdon, or the Hill of the Morini, with which the distance of nine miles would not disagree; while others, with more reason, prefer Seaton, the great port of the West, because the Foss leads from Ilchester directly to it. Intermediate stations have evidently been lost between this place and Exeter, as has also been the case between that place and the Dart, the Tamar, the Fowey and the Fal. From Honiton the road is visible pointing to Exeter, as well as from Exeter to Totness, and according to the ingenious Borlase, even to Lostwithiel.

---

Iter XVII.			Sites of the Stations.
Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:—			From East bourne to York.
		Corrected Numbers.
(162) Sylva Anderida m.p.	...		East Bourne.
(152) Novio Mago		XXXX	Holwood Hill.
(5) Londinio	XV	XV	London.
(163) Ad Fines722		XXVIII	Brougham.
(36) Durolisponte723		XXX	Godmanchester.
(37) Durnomago	XXX	XX	Castor, on the left bank of the Nen.
(38) Corisennis	XXX	XXV	Ancaster.
(39) Lindo	XXX	XXI	Lincoln.
(164) In Medio	XV	XV
(165) Ad Abum	XV	XV	Winterton.
Unde transis in Maximam
(166) Ad Petuariam	VI	VI	Brough.
(43) Deinde Eboraco, ut supra (It. 5) m.p.	XLVI	XXX	York.

This Iter ran in the track of the British Ermyn Street, from Pevensey and East Bourne, which were perhaps the Anderida Portus and Anderida of the 15th Iter, along the ridge of hills to Holwood Hill (already mentioned as the capital of the Rhemi), and from thence to London, but its traces are now so obscure as to be almost forgotten. Some think that from London it proceeded along the British Street, by the Green Lanes, Cheshunt, and to the west of Broxbourne to Ware; while others suppose that this Roman road went much straighter, and nearly in the course of the present turnpike through Ware to Broughing, a post at the confluence of the Rib and the Quin, where was probably the station Ad Fines, the boundary between the countries of the Iceni, the Cassii, and the Trinobantes. From hence the Roman road is so perfect by Caxton quite to Lincoln, that we fix the station of Durnomagus at the great camp near Castor, and the three others at Godmanchester, Ancaster, and Lincoln. From Lincoln the Roman road proceeds directly to the banks of the Humber, having, at the distance assigned in the Iter, the Mansio in Medio, and the post at Winterton; from whence six miles carry us across the river to Brough, or Petuaria, a post often confounded with the Prætorium of the 6th Iter. As there is a Roman road still existing from Brough towards Weighton, and then over Barmby Moor to York, there can be little doubt in considering it as the course of this Iter. Should, however, the forty-six miles given in the Itinerary (which appears to have been an error arising from the mistake of the transcriber in confounding Petuaria and Prætorium) be considered as correct, the course of the Iter may be supposed to have run from Brough by Londesborough and Millington, to the great road from Flamborough, and then to have turned with it to York, making exactly the forty-six miles of the Itinerary.

---

Iter XVIII.			Sites of the Stations.
(43) Ab Eboraco per medium insulæ Clausentum usque, sic:—			From York through the middle of the island to Bittern.
		Corrected Numbers.
(42) Legiolio m.p.	XXI	XXI	Castleford.
(167) Ad Fines	XVIII	XXIII	Temple Brough, on the bank of the Don.
(168).....	XVI	XVI	Tapton Hill near Chesterfield.
(169).....	XVI	XII	Camp near Penkridge.
(170) Derventione724	XVI	XII	Little Chester.
(171) Ad Trivonam	XII	XII	Berry Farm, in Branston.
(15) Etoceto725	XII	XII	Wall.
(14) Manduessuedo	XVI	XVI	Manceter.
(13) Benonnis	XII	XII	High Cross.
(12) Tripontio	XI	XI	Near Dove Bridge.
(11) Isannavaria	XII	X	Burnt Walls.
(172) Brinavis	XII	XII	Black Ground, near Chipping Norton.
(173) Ælia Castra	XVI	XVI	Alcester, near Bicester.
(174) Dorocina	XV	XVI	Dorchester.
(175) Tamesi	VI	VI	On the Thames.
Vindomi}	XV	XX	Silchester.
(122) Calleva}
(141) Clausento	XXXXVI	XXXXV	Bittern, near Southampton.

This Iter proceeds from York in the same direction as the fourth to Castleford, where, bearing to the right to join the Ryknield Street, it continues with it through the several stations of Temple Brough on the Don, Chesterfield, Penkridge, Little Chester, and Branston, to Wall. Here diverging to the left with the Watling Street, it passed through Manceter, High Cross, and Dove Bridge, to Burnt Walls. It there quitted the known road, and bore across the country, by an unknown route, to Alcester, on the Akeman street; but the considerable remains found at Black Ground, near Chippington Norton, would lead us to place the station of Brinavis there, if the Roman road did not make any material deviation between Burnt Walls and Alcester.

From Alcester the road runs plainly over Ottmoor, and indeed almost all the way to Dorchester. But from thence as we can discover no traces of a road, and as our next post appears to have been only six miles distant and on the Thames, if any reliance can be placed on the number, it may be the point where the Roman road from Wantage apparently passes that river opposite Mongewell. The next distance of fifteen miles, being insufficient to lead us by any road to Vindomis, if it were placed either at Silchester or near St. Mary Bourne, it is more than probable that there is some error in the name of the station; and as the following number of forty-six miles agrees with the distance in the 15th Iter of the road from Silchester passing near Egbury to Bittern, we cannot help supposing that the name of Vindomis has been inserted by mistake for that of Calleva.

Notes

685 On this subject it may not be improper to observe, that the name of Castor, Cester, or Chester, generally points out a Roman station; and Sarn, Street, Stane and Stone, (Strat, and Stan, when compounded) as generally show the course of a British or Roman way.

686 For example these marks , being the mutilated parts of numerals, might have been easily transformed by the copyist into IIIII. XIII. VIII. XVI. XIX. or XXI. and single numerals might have been omitted, as XX. and XXIII. for XIX. and XXXIII.

687 Near Leicester.

688 Hist. de l’Académie, t. 88, p. 661.

689 Burnt Walls was the Roman post of Isannavaria; Borough Hill, on the hill above it, was the great British fortification, Bennavenna.

690 Icianis XXVIII. Stukeley.

691 Durolisponte, Iter 17.

692 Iter 17, XXX.

693 Corisennis XXX. Iter 17.

694 Iter 17, XXX.

695 Legiolio, Iter 18.

696 Iter 5 and 8, Eburaco.

697 Cataractone XI.

698 Probably Corium, Stukeley.

699 Vinovio, Iter 4.

700 XXXVIII.

701 This Præturium and the Prætonum of Antonine must be carefully distinguished from the Petuaria, mentioned by our author in the 17th Iter, for Petuaria was certainly at Brough on the Humber.

702 [702A] Iter 10, Mancunio—Condate XXIII.

703 Stukeley, XVIIII

704 Lataris, XVII. Stuk.

705 XVI. Stuk.

706 XX. Stuk.

707 Iter 10 inverted, Brocavonacis—Luguvallia, XXII.

708 VIIII. Stukeley.

709 XXX Iter 9.

710 Statio Trajectus. Comm.

711 Ad Sabrinam. Comm.

712 VIIII. Stukeley.

713 Tibia VII. Stukeley.

714 This station was discovered by Mr. Fenton during his researches for his History of Pembrokeshire. It lies in the parish of Ambleston.

715 We prefer the name of Abone for Sea Mills, because it bears that name in old deeds; on the other hand, there appears to be no instance in which the name of Trajectus is applied to a town unless at the passage of a river.

716 The bishops of St. David’s being called in Latin Menapienses by the earliest of our ecclesiatical writers, is an argument that the station is near the present town. The site of the station itself was probably at a short distance from the modern city, at a place called the Burrows, and just above a fine harbour called the Porth Mawr.

717 Few of the Roman stations have been fixed at so many different pieces as that of Calleva Atrebatum. It has been placed at Silchester, Henley, Wallingford, and Reading, by different antiquaries; yet in no doubtful case do more testimonies concur to ascertain the site. It was evidently a station of importance, because it appears as a central point, to which the roads traversed by three different Iters of Antonine (the 13th, 14th, and 15th,) converge. It was the capital of the Atrebates; situated at known distances from London, Winchester, Bath, Spene, and Caerleon; and at a doubtful one, though easily supplied, from Cirencester and Old Sarum. These circumstances cannot by any expedient be brought to coincide, either with Henley, Wallingford, or Reading; but all agree in regard to Silchester. Its distance nearly accords with the Itinerary distance of Calleva from London, Bath, Spene, Winchester, and Caerleon, and, if a station (which is evidently lost) in the Iter of Antonine be supplied, with that from Cirencester. The present remains are those of a great Roman town; it is situated in the district formerly inhabited by the Atrebates; and in every direction traces of Roman roads converging to this point still plainly exist, from London, Spene, Winchester, Old Sarum, Bath, and Cirencester.

718 Bultro, Iter 13

719 Stukeley, X.

720 Richard, b. 1, c. 6, sect. 28, describing the several nations whose territories were watered by the Thames in its course to the German Ocean, places the Atrebates between the Hedui and the Cassii, without even mentioning the Segontiaci, a proof that their territories did not approach the river.

721 In Hasted’s History of Kent is a passage which countenances the idea of an ancient road having traversed the country in this line.

722 Stuk. XXX.

723 It. 3. Duraliponte—Durnomago XX.—Issinis XX.—Lindo XX.

724 XVI.

725 It. 2, inv. Etoceto.—Manduessuedo XIII.—Benonais XII.—Tripontio Isantia Varia XII.