Description of Plates VI-XI
[Revised and abridged from the ‘Description’ appended to the original text. The roman numeral refers to the Plate on which the figure is printed.]
1. a. Adze of iron, constructed by Captain Cook’s armourer for the use of the natives of Tahiti, b. Adze of stone, Tahitian, used as model in making the above. Meyrick (Skelton), Engraved Illustrations of Ancient Arms and Armour (1830), vol. ii. pl. cxlix.
2. a. Pipe-handled Tomahawk, of European manufacture, constructed for the use of North American Indians. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.) Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxlix. b. Pipe and Tomahawk of pipe-stone, used by the Dacotas of N. America. Schoolcraft, Information concerning the History, &c., of the Indian Tribes of the United States, vol. ii. pl. lxix.
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3. Maeotian, or Scythian Bow, from a vase-painting. Hamilton, Etruscan Antiquities, vol. iv. pl. cxvi; Meyrick, Critical Enquiry into Ancient Armour (1824) vol. i. pl. ii. 14; Rawlinson, Herodotus (1862), vol. iii. pp. 3, 35.
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4. Bow of the Tartar tribes on the borders of Persia. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.) Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxliv.
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5. Iron Sword (minus the wooden handle) and War-Axe of native manufacture, constructed by the Fans of the Gaboon country, West Africa. (Author’s Collection; similar spec. in Mus. R. U. S. Inst.) The patterns of ornamentation are taken partly from the Fan War-Axe, and partly from iron knives brought from Central Africa by Mr. Petherick. (Author’s Coll.)
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6. Leaf-shaped Bronze Sword (minus the handle), from Ireland (Author’s Coll.); and a Bronze Celt (Mainz Mus.), Lindenschmit, Die Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit (1864 ff.). The patterns of ornamentation are taken partly from Lindenschmit, l. c., pl. iii.; partly from Irish bronze-work in Sir W. Wilde, Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy (1863), Bronze, pp. 389-90.
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7. ‘Manilla,’ or ring-money of copper and iron, used in the Eboe country, W. Africa. (Author’s Coll.) In 1836, a ship laden with a quantity of these ‘manillas’, made in Birmingham, after the pattern in use in Africa (the spec. here figured forming part of the cargo), was wrecked on the coast of co. Cork. By this means their exact resemblance to the gold and bronze ‘penannular rings’ found in Ireland (Fig. 8) attracted the attention of Mr. Sainthill, of Cork, by whom the subject was communicated to the Ulster Journal of Archaeology, No. 19 (July, 1857).
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8. ‘Penannular Ring,’ found in Ireland. Wilde, l. c., Bronze, p. 570, Gold, p. 53. Similar forms are found in England and on the Continent. Lindenschmit, pl. iv; Keller, Lake Dwellings of Switzerland (tr. Lee, 1866), pl. lii a, fig. 9.
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9. Kaffir Assegai-head of iron, of native manufacture, with section of blade. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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10. Saxon Spear-head of iron, having the same section as fig. 9; from a Saxon grave. Neville, Saxon Obsequies (London, 1852), pl. xxxv; Akerman, Saxon Pagandom (London, 1855), Introd., p. x.
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11. War-dress of a Patagonian Chief, composed of seven thicknesses of hide on the body part, and three on the sleeves. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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12. Section of the above, upon the breast, showing how the seven thicknesses are united at the top.
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13. Kayan Cuirass of untanned hide, with the hair outside; and Helmet of cane wickerwork. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; pres. by Capt. D. Bethune, R.N.)
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14. Egyptian Breast-plate, made of a crocodile’s back. Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxlviii.
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15. Suit of Armour, supposed to have formerly belonged to the Rajah of Guzerat. The four breast- and back-pieces are of rhinoceros hide, having an inscription upon them, beginning with an invocation to Ali. The remaining portions are of black velvet, ornamented with brass studs, and padded. Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxli.
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16. Four Plates of steel (Sikh), of similar form to those of rhinoceros hide in fig. 15, ornamented with patterns of inlaid gold. They are fastened with straps over a coat of chain-armour, and are called in Persian ‘char aineh,’ i.e. ‘the four mirrors.’ (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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17. Helmet of basket-work, from the Sandwich Islands, resembling the Grecian in form. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by H. Shelley, Esq.)
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18. Suit of Armour of coco-nut fibre, from Pleasant Island, in the Pacific. It is probable that the under tippet, which is now attached to the back- and breast-piece at the top, may originally have been intended to be worn round the loins, like a kilt. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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19. a. Quilted Pectoral of the Egyptians. Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. pl. i. b. shows the manner in which it was worn. Rawlinson, Herodotus (1862), vol. iv. p. 47, No. iii. 3 (but this figure is Kheta, not Egyptian.—Ed.).
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20. Quilted Head-dress of the Egyptian soldiers. Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. pl. i.
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21. Quilted Helmet of nearly the same form as fig. 20, from India. (Author’s Coll.)
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22. Head-dress of nearly the same form as figs. 20, 21, from the Nouaer tribe of Negroes, inhabiting both banks of the Nile from 8° to 10° N. latitude; brought to England by Mr. Petherick. It resembles the Egyptian very closely, and is composed of cylindrical white beads of European manufacture, fastened together with a kind of string. (Author’s Coll.)
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23. Helmet of the same form as fig. 21, composed of united mail and plate, formerly belonging to the Body-guard of the Moguls. (Author’s Coll.)
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24. Suit of Quilted Armour, taken in action from Koer Singh, the famous Rajpoot Chief, of Jugdespore in Behar, on August 12, 1857, by Major Vincent Eyre, commanding the field force that relieved Arrah. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by the captor.)
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25. a. Suit of Quilted Armour, found upon the body of Tippoo Sahib at his death, in the breach of Seringapatam. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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b. Portion of one of the nine thicknesses of quilting, of the above, showing construction (see p. 62): reduced to 1/6.
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c. Helmet of the above suit. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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26. Quilted Armour of the Bornouese Cavalry. Denham and Clapperton, Travels in Northern and Central Africa (1826), p. 328 (Denham).
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27. Suit of Armour from the Navigator Islands, composed of coco-nut fibre, coarsely netted. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Sir W. Burnett, M.D.) Similar armour is used in the Kingsmill Group.
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28. Part of a Chinese ‘Brigandine Jacket’ of cotton, quilted, with enclosed plates of metal. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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29. Head-dress of Hercules wearing the Lion’s Skin, from a Bronze in the Blacas Collection. (British Museum.)
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30. Head-dress of a North American Chief. Schoolcraft, l. c., vol. iii. p. 68. pl. x. 2.
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31. Thracian Helmet of brass [?], with horns of the same. Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. pl. iii.
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32. Ancient British Helmet of bronze, with straight horns of the same, found in the Thames. (British Museum.)
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33. Greek Helmet, having horns of brass [?]. Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. pl. iv.
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34. Back-plate and Breast-plate of the Bugo Dyaks, armed with the scales of the Pangolin. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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35. Piece of Bark from Tahiti, studded with pieces of coco-nut shell. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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36. Fragment of Scale-Armour of horn found at Pompeii. [Pictorial Gallery of Arts, vol. i. figs. 10, 61.]
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37. Piece of Scale-Armour, made of the hoofs of some animal, from some part of Asia; said to be from Japan. Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. pl. iii.
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38. An ancient Stone Figure in Scale Armour. Cuming, Journ. Archaeol. Assoc., vol. iii. p. 31.
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39. Back-piece and Breast-piece of Armour from the Sandwich Islands, composed of seals’ teeth. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; pres. by H. Shelley, Esq.)
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40. Egyptian Suit of Scale-Armour. Rawlinson, Herodotus (1862), vol. ii. p. 65, fig. iii; Wilkinson (Birch), Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (1878), fig. 53 a.
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41. Two Scales of Egyptian Armour, enlarged. Rawlinson, l. c., fig. iv.
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42. Japanese Armour, composed of chain, plate, and enclosed quilted plates. (a) Left arm; (b) Greaves. (Author’s Coll.)
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43. a. Chinese Suit of Armour, of cotton, having iron scales attached to the inside, b. Iron Helmet of the same suit (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. R.N.)
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44. A portion of the iron scales attached to the inner side of the above suit.
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45. Breast-piece of ‘Jazerine’ Armour of iron scales, xv-xvi cent.; inner side. (Author’s Coll.) Cf. Grose, Treatise on Ancient Armour (London, 1786), p. 15, ‘Jazerant’: cf. pl. xxxiii. 3; Meyrick. vol. ii. pl. lvi.
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46. ‘Brigandine’ composed of large iron scales on the outside, probably of the same date as the above; left by the Venetians in the armoury of Candia on the surrender of the island to the Turks in 1715. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Lt.-Col. Patrick Campbell, R.A.)
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47. Horn of the Rhinoceros. (Author’s Coll.)
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48. Skull and Tusks of the Walrus. (Author’s Coll.)
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49. Weapon of the Sword-Fish; scale ½ inch to a foot. (Author’s Coll.)
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50. Spear of the Narwhal; scale ½ inch to a foot. (Author’s Coll.)
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51. Section, showing part of the timber of the ship Fame, where it was pierced by the narwhal in the South Seas, through 2½-inch oak. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Lt. A. T. Tulloch, R.A.)
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52. Esquimaux Spear, from Greenland, armed with the spear of the narwhal. 1/50. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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53. Esquimaux Spear in the form of a fish, having fore-shaft composed of a narwhal-tusk, inserted so as to represent the tusk of the animal; scale ½ inch to a foot. (Author’s Coll.)
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54. Esquimaux Lance, pointed with a walrus-tooth. 1/20. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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55. Esquimaux Tomahawk or Pickaxe, headed with a walrus-tooth. 1/20. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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56. Arrow-head, probably from South America, headed with the point of a deer’s horn. (British Museum, Christy Collection.)
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57. War-club of the Iroquois, called Ga-ne-ú-ga-o-dus-ha or ‘Deer-horn War-Club.’ Lewis Morgan, League of the Iroquois (Rochester, N.Y., 1851), p. 363.
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58. Club of the North American Indians, with a point of iron. 1/20. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by T. Hoblyn, Esq.)
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59. Arrow, from S. America, armed with the weapon of the ray, probably Trygon hystrix. ½. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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60. a. Spine of Balistes capriscus, Cuv., erect. Yarrell, British Fishes (2nd ed., London, 1841), vol. ii, p. 472. b. Horn of Cottus diceraus, Pall. Cuvier, Animal Kingdom (1827), s. v. c. Horn of Naseus fronticornis, Lac. Cuvier, l. c.
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61. Spear of the Limulus or ‘King Crab.’
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62. Arrow, armed with the spine of the Diodon. ¼. (Author’s Coll.)
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63. ‘Khandjar’ or Indian Dagger, composed of the horn of the buffalo, having the natural form and point. 1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
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64. ‘Khandjar’ of the same form, with metal blade and ivory handle. 1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
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65. ‘Khandjar’ of the same form, having both blade and handle of iron. The handle is ornamented with the figures of a bird and some small quadruped. 1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
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66. Dagger formed of the horn of the ‘sasin,’ or common antelope. 1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
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67. Dagger like fig. 66, but with the points armed with metal. 1/10 (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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68. Dagger like figs. 66, 67, but composed entirely of metal, with a shield for the hand. Similar shields are sometimes attached to daggers like those in figs. 66, 67. 1/12. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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69. Weapon composed of the horn of the antelope; steel-pointed; supposed to be that used by the Fakirs in India. (Author’s Coll.)
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70. Sword formed of the serrated blade of the saw-fish from New Guinea. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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71-74. Weapons from the Pacific, edged with sharks’ teeth. The teeth near the point are placed points forward; the remainder with the points towards the handle. Two methods of fastening the teeth are shown: a. in grooves; b. lashed between two strips of wood. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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75. Implement from New Zealand, armed with sharks’ teeth. (British Museum.)
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76. Esquimaux Knife, from Davis Strait, armed with pieces of meteoric iron, (British Museum.)
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77. Knife, from Greenland, armed with pieces of iron along the edge. (British Museum, Christy Collection.)
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78-80. Mexican ‘Maquahuitl.’ Lord Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico (1830-48), vol. i (numerous examples on pl. x-xv: fig. 79 = No. 1478).
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81-82. Spear and Knife, from Australia, armed with pieces of obsidian, or rock-crystal. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
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83. Arrow-point of bone, armed with a row of sharp flint flakes on each side. (Museum of Prof. Nilsson, at Lund, in Sweden.) Reduced to ½ from the figure in Wilde, l. c., ‘Animal Materials,’ p. 254.
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84. Arrow-point like fig. 83. (Copenhagen Museum.) Illustr. Cat. of the Copenhagen Museum.
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85. Arrow-point of hollow bone, from S. America, the hollow of the bone being filled with poison. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; Author’s Coll.)
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86. Dagger of an Italian Bravo, with grooves and holes to contain poison; the handle represents a monk in the act of supplication. (Author’s Coll.)
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87 a. Scottish Dirk, pierced with holes along the back and sides. Along the back of the blade runs a groove eight inches long, in which holes are pierced that communicate with lateral holes on the side of the blade. (Author’s Coll.)
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87 b. ‘Couteau-de-Chasse,’ with two grooves on each side near the back of the blade, which is pierced through with holes. (Author’s Coll.)
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88. Arrow-head, of iron, with a hole near the point for poison; from S. America. (Author’s Coll.)
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89. Sting of the Bee, serrated or multi-barbed: after F. Huber in Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, Entomology vi. Bees (Edinb., 1840), p. 40.
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90. Point of Bushman’s Arrow, barbed with an iron head, which is constructed to come off in the wound. (Author’s Coll.)
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91. Malay Blowpipe-arrow, iron-headed; similarly constructed. ¼. (Author’s Coll.)
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92. Arrow of the wild tribes of Assam, copper-headed, and similarly constructed. ¼. (Author’s Coll.)
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93. Arrow-head of the Shoshones of North America, of flint; constructed to come off in the wound. Schoolcraft, l. c., vol. i. pp. 212-3, pl. lxxvi. 5.
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94. Arrow-point of the Macoushie Indians of S. America; similarly constructed. ¼. (Author’s Coll.; pres. by Rev. J. G. Wood.)
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95. Arrow-heads of flint, from the north of Ireland. ¼. (Author’s Coll.)
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96. Part of the Blade of an Italian Dagger, serrated and pierced. Full size. Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxiii. 14.
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PRIMITIVE WARFARE
II
ON THE RESEMBLANCE OF THE WEAPONS OF EARLY MAN, THEIR VARIATION, CONTINUITY, AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORM.126