Notes to ‘Early Modes of Navigation’
P. 189. Steinitz, The Ship: its Origin and Progress (London, 1849), Pl. ii (frontispiece): cf. pp. ix, 4.
Gregory, ‘Expedition to the NW. coast of Australia,’ Roy. Geogr. Soc. Journal, xxxii. (1862) p. 376.
P. 190. Cook, Voyages (ed. London, 1842), vol. i. p. 204.
Kitto, Pictorial Bible, note on 2 Sam. xix. 18.
Pliny, ix. 10 (cf. vi. 24); Diodorus, iii. 21, 5; Strabo, p. 773; turtle-shell boats were in actual use among the ‘Turtle-eaters’ (Chelonophagi) of Carmania and the islands of the Red Sea.
P. 191. Kalm, Travels into North America (London, 1771), vol. ii. pp. 38-9.
Raleigh’s Expedition; Amadas and Barlawe, The First Voyage to the Coasts of America (= Pinkerton (1811), vol. xii. p. 567).
Columbus, The Journal of Christopher Columbus, &c.; transl. Markham (Hakluyt Society, 1893), p. 39, mentions dug-out canoes (cf. pp. 58, 94), but not the use of fire.
Mouat, Adventures and Researches among the Andaman Islanders (London, 1863), pp. 315-6; only hand-hollowing in use in his time: no mention of Blair here: perhaps a verbal communication to the author.
Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava in 1795 (London, 1800), p. 320 (= Pinkerton (1811), vol. ix. p. 500).
Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia (London, 1861), pp. 425-6.
P. 192. Wood, Natural History of Man (London, 1868-70), vol. ii. p. 732.
P. 193. Wilkes, United States Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. ii. p. 150 (Samoa); vol. v. p. 322 (Manilla); vol. v. p. 353 (Sooloo).
De Guignes, Voyages à Peking, Manille, et l’Ile de France (Paris, 1808), vol. iii. p. 402.
De Morga, The Philippine Islands (1609); transl. by Hon. H. E. Stanley (Hakluyt Society, 1868), p. 272; two types, (a) ‘made of one very large tree’; (b) ‘also vireys and barangays... joined together with wooden bolts.’
Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava in 1795 (London, 1800), p. 320 (= Pinkerton (1811), vol. ix. p. 500).
P. 194. Turpin, Histoire de Siam (Paris, 1771), vol. i. pp. 34-6.
Pietro della Valle, Viaggi (Brighton, 1843), vol. i. pp. 602-3.
Duarte Barbosa (Magellan), A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (1514); transl. by Hon. H. E. Stanley (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 9.
Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 64.
Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (London, 1857), vol. ii. p. 469; the tributary is the Faro; Yola is the adjacent town.
Grant, Walk across Africa (London, 1864), p. 304.
Condamine, M. de la, Relation abrégée d’un voyage fait dans l’intérieur de l’Amérique méridionale (Paris, 1745), p. 63 (at Laguna).
P. 195. Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 169.
Bartram, Travels through N. and S. Carolina, Georgia, &c. (London, 1792), p. 225.
Kalm, Travels into N. America (London, 1771), vol. ii. pp. 240-2.
Pliny, xvi. 40 Germaniae praedones singulis arboribus cavatis navigant, quarum quaedam et triginta homines ferunt.
Keller, Lake Dwellings of Switzerland (transl. by J. E. Lee, 2nd ed., 1878), p. 45, Pl. x. 8.
Sir W. Wilde, Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin, 1863), vol. i. pp. 202-4.
Ware, The Antiquities and History of Ireland (London, 1705), p. 47.
Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. pp. 153, 160.
P. 197. Cook, Voyages (London, 1842), vol. i. p. 193.
P. 197. Barth, Travels (London, 1857), vol. ii. p. 469.
Byron, An Account of the Voyages undertaken... for making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere... by Commodore Byron, &c., by John Hawksworth (London, 1773), vol. i. p. 79.
P. 198. Duarte Barbosa, A Description, &c. (Hakluyt Society, 1866), pp. 14-15.
Denham and Clapperton, Travels in Northern and Central Africa (London, 1826), p. 60 (Denham).
Barth, Travels (London, 1857), vol. iii. p. 293.
Grant, Walk across Africa (London, 1864), p. 196.
P. 199. Cook, Voyages (1842), vol. i. p. 425 (Friendly Islands); pp. 95-7 (Otaheite).
La Perouse, Voyage autour du monde (Paris, 1897), Atlas, No. 61.
Wilkes, United States Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. i. pp. 331-2 (Wytoohee); vol. ii. p. 157 (Samoa).
P. 200. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1858), vol. i. pp. 71-6.
Wilkes, l. c., vol. v. p. 52.
Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (London, 1869), vol. ii. p. 159 (the long journey); p. 92 (nail-less boats); pp. 183-6 (the Ke islanders). [The author’s text has been amended to conform with the statements of Wallace.—Ed.]
P. 201. Dampier, A New Voyage round the World (London, 1729), vol. i. p. 429.
Turpin, Histoire de Siam (Paris, 1771), vol. i. p. 36.
P. 202. Duarte Barbosa (Magellan), A Description, &c. (Hakluyt, 1866), pp. 147-8.
Marco Polo, Travels, transl. by Sir H. Yule (London, 1903), vol. i. p. 108.
P. 203. Lobo, A Voyage to Abyssinia (London, 1735), p. 24.
Isaiah xviii. 2; see Kitto’s Pictorial Bible, note on 2 Sam. xix. 18.
P. 204. Wilson, Prehistoric Man (1862), vol. i. p. 169.
Sir Gardner Wilkinson, The Manners and Customs of Ancient Egypt, 3rd ed., 1878, vol. ii. p. 208, No. 403 (No. 399, 1st ed.).
Lucan, Pharsalia, iv. 136 Conseritur bibula Memphitica cymba papyro.
Plutarch, de Iride et Osiride, 18.
Pliny, vii. 56 Nave primus in Graeciam ex Aegypto Danaus advenit: ante ratibus navigabatur, inventis in Mari Rubro inter insulas a rege Erythra (cf. ix. 10, and note on p. 190 above). Reperiuntur, qui Mysos et Troianos priores excogitasse, cum transirent adversus Thracas. Etiam nunc in Britannico Oceano vitiles corio circumsutae fiunt: in Nilo ex papyro, et scirpo, et arundine. [The quotation, as given in J.A.I., iv. 414, is inaccurate.—Ed.]
Huxley, Trans. Int. Congr. Preh. Arch., Norwich, 1868 (London, 1869), p. 92; see also p. 147 above.
P. 205. Owen, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. iv. p. 240.
Rosellini, Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia (Pisa, 1834), Mon. Civ., Pl. cxix. 1, cxvii. 3 (= Plate XV. 109-11 herewith).
P. 206. Prideaux; Markham, A History of the Abyssinian Expedition, with a chapter... by Lieut. W. F. Prideaux (London, 1869), p. 101.
Denon, Voyages dans la Basse et la Haute Égypte (London, 1807), vol. ii. p. 72.
Belzoni, Narrative of Operations and Recent Discoveries... in Egypt and Nubia (London, 1820), p. 62; (holds nine persons).
Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (London, 1790), vol. v. p. 6.
P. 207. Pliny, xiii. 2 refers to wooden boats; v. 2 to wickerwork: ibi Aethiopicae conveniunt naves: namque eas plicatiles humeris transferunt, quoties ad cataractas ventum est.
Belzoni, Narrative of Operations (London, 1820), pp. 380-1.
Pliny, v. 2 (above). Lucan, Phars. iv. 136 (above).
Herodotus, ii. 96. Wilkinson (Birch), 3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 307.
P. 208. Homer, Odyssey, v. 241-261. Smith, Dict. Gr. and Rom. Antiq., s. v. ‘Navis.’
Nydam boat. Engelhardt, Denmark in the Early Iron Age (London, 1866), pp. 29-39, Pl. i-iv.
Tacitus, Germania, 44.
P. 210. Regnard, Œuvres (Paris, 1854), vol. i, Voyage de Laponie, pp. 51, 100.
Outhier, Journal d’un Voyage au Nord, en 1736 et 1737 (Paris, 1744), pp. 60-1.
Bell, Travels from St. Petersburg in Russia to diverse parts of Asia (Glasgow, 1763), vol. i. p. 168 ff.
Atkinson, Oriental and Western Siberia (London, 1858), pp. 14-15.
P. 211. Belzoni, Narrative of Operations, &c.... in Egypt and Nubia (1820), p. 62.
P. 212. Wilkes, U. S. Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. i. p. 127. [Pritchard.]
Kalm, Travels into North America (London, 1771), vol. ii. p. 298.
Lahontan, New Voyages to North America (London, 1735), vol. i. pp. 26-9.
P. 213. Lane-Fox (Pitt-Rivers), Report of the British Association, Brighton, 1872 (London, 1873), p. 163.
Steinitz, The Ship: its Origin and Progress (London, 1849), Pl. xvi. 6.
P. 214. Layard, Nineveh and its Remains (7th ed., London, 1848), vol. ii. pp. 381-2. Cf. Herodotus, i. 194.
Lempriere, A Tour from Gibraltar to Tangier (London, 1793), p. 421.
P. 215. Herodotus, i. 194.
Kitto, Pictorial Bible, note on 2 Sam. xix. 18. Layard, l. c.
Hamilton (Alexander), A New Account of the East Indies, 1688-1723 (Edinb. 1727), vol. i. p. 88. They are described, even later, by Sir R. K. Porter, Travels in Georgia, &c., 1817-20 (London, 1821-2), vol. ii. p. 260; and figured in Rawlinson, Herodotus (1862), vol. i. p. 268, after Chesney, Expedition for the Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris (London, 1850), vol. ii.
Buchanan, A Journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar (London, 1807), vol. ii. pp. 121, 141, 151, 163.
P. 216. Cook, Voyages (London, 1842), vol. ii. pp. 303-4.
Frobisher, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson (Hakluyt Society, 1867), p. 384.
Kerguelen, Relation d’un voyage dans la mer du Nord (Paris, 1771), pp. 178-9.
Kalm, Travels into North America (London, 1771), vol. ii. p. 241; iii. p. 16.
Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 148.
P. 217. Caesar, de Bello Civili, i. 54.
Lucan, Pharsalia, iii. 131-5.
Bellenden, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, &c. 1536 (Edinburgh, 1821), vol. i. p. lix.
Sir W. Wilde, Catalogue... of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin, 1863), vol. i. p. 204.
Ulloa, A Voyage to South America, 1735 (London, 1807), vol. i. pp. 182-5.
P. 218. Bartolomew Ruiz. See Benzoni, Historia del Mondo Nuovo (Venice, 1572), p. 165 (figure): reproduced in Benzoni (ed. Smyth: Hakluyt Soc., 1857), p. 243: cf. Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (London, 1886), vol. ii. p. 508 (figure).
Condamine, M. de la, Relation abrégée d’un voyage fait dans l’intérieur de l’Amérique méridionale (Paris, 1745), p. 30 (on the Maranon, not the Chinchipe R.). ‘Un exprès que j’avois dépêché de Tupenda... avoit franchi tous ces obstacles sur un petit radeau fait avec deux ou trois pièces de bois, ce qui suffit à un Indien nud et excellent nageur, comme ils le sont tous.’
Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 177.
P. 219. Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians (London, 1870), p. 51.
Williams, Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1858), vol. i. p. 76.
P. 220. La Perouse, Voyage autour du monde (Paris, 1797), vol. ii. p. 94.
Wilkes, U. S. Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. i. p. 331.
Cook, Voyages (London, 1842), vol. i. p. 425.
Wilkes, l. c, vol. ii. p. 151 (Samoa); iii. pp. 365-6 (Fiji); v. pp. 11-12 (Bowditch Island).
P. 221. Dampier, A New Voyage round the World (London, 1729), vol. i. p. 215 (at Guam in the Ladrones; elsewhere he notes them ‘only at Mindanao’ in the Philippines, pp. 298-300).
P. 221. Pigafetta, Voyage round the World (= Pinkerton (1811), vol. xi. p. 325).
Wilkes, U.S. Explor. Exped. (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. v. p. 52 (Kingsmill Is.).
Dampier, A New Voyage, &c. (1729), vol. i. p. 298 (Kingsmill Is., and Ladrones).
Baines, quoted in Wood, Nat. Hist. of Man (London, 1868), vol. ii. p. 8.
Cook, Voyages (London, 1842), vol. i. p. 425.
Wilkes, l. c., vol. iii. p. 365 (Fiji); ii. p. 151 (Samoa).
P. 222. Wilkes, l. c., vol. iii. p. 365 (Fiji); v. p. 52 (Kingsmill).
P. 223. De Guignes, Voyages à Peking, Manille, et l’Ile de France (Paris, 1808), vol. iii. p. 402.
Dampier, A New Voyage round the World (London, 1729), pp. 298-300.
Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava in 1795 (London, 1800), p. 223 (= Pinkerton (1811), vol. ix. p. 455).
P. 226. Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 175.
Lahontan, New Voyage to North America (London, 1735), vol. i. p. 28.
Lloyd, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. iv. p. 28.
P. 227. Wilkinson (Birch), Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (3rd ed., London, 1878), vol. ii. p. 219.
Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press by Horace Hart, M.A.
Footnotes
1 Extracted from Mr. Henry Balfour’s address to the Anthropological Section of the British Association at Cambridge in 1904.
2 The Natural History of the Musical Bow, by H. Balfour: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1899.
3 A Paper read at a Special Meeting of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland on July 1, 1874, on the occasion of the opening of the Anthropological Collection to the public: and published in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iv (1875), pp. 293-308.
4 The Principles of Psychology (London, 1881), i.3 pp. 424-6.
5 Address to the Department of Anthropology—Report of the British Association, 1872 (London, 1873), p. 168.
6 The Coins of the Ancient Britons, by John Evans, F.R.S. (1864), pp. 24-32.
7 A Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain on Friday, May 28, 1875, and published in Proc. Roy. Inst., vol. vii. pp. 496-520, Pl. i-iv.
8 Lectures on the Science of Language (London, 1861), i, Lecture 1.
9 John Evans, The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain (London, 18721), 18972, p. 641.
10 Sir W. Wilde, Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin, 1863).
11 John Evans, ‘On the Coinage of the Ancient Britons and Natural Selection,’ Journal of the Royal Institution, vii. p. 476 ff.; with a Plate, which is reproduced, by permission, in Plate XXI.
12 For illustrations, see Troy and its Remains, by Dr. Henry Schliemann (Murray, 1875). The figures may be taken in the following order: No. 185, No. 74, No. 132, No. 13, No. 173, No. 207, No. 12, No. 11, No. 133, No. 141, No. 165. [Plate V has been compiled from the references here given.]
13 A Lecture delivered at the Royal United Service Institution, Friday, June 28, 1867; illustrated by specimens from the Museum of the Institution: and published in the Journal of the R. U. S. Inst. xi (1867).
14 Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 298; Oldfield, ‘Aborigines of Australia,’ Trans. Ethno. Soc., N. S. (London, 1865), vol. iii. p. 227.
15 Oldfield, ‘On the Aborigines of Australia,’ Trans. Ethno. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. pp. 261-7.
16 Meyrick (Skelton), Engraved Illustrations of Ancient Arms, &c. (1830), vol. ii. pl. cxlix. 11.
17 Klemm, Werkzeuge und Waffen (Sondershausen, 1858), p. 159.
18 Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia (London, 1861), p. 262.
19 Williams, Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1858), vol. i. pp. 78-9.
20 Crawfurd, History (Edinburgh, 1820), vol. i. p. 224.
21 Tylor, Anahuac (London, 1861), p. 70.
22 Hdt. vii. 69: Rawlinson, Herodotus, vol. iv (2nd ed., 1862, p. 55).
23 Petherick, Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa (Edinb. and London, 1861), p. 360.
24 Le Sieur de Folard, Nouvelles Découvertes sur la Guerre (Paris, 1724), p. 48.
25 In adopting the nomenclature of phrenology, I am not to be understood as advocating strictly the localization of the faculties which phrenology prescribes. The mind doubtless consists of a congeries of faculties, and phrenology affords the best classification of them that has yet been devised.
26 Pope, Essay on Man, Epistle iii. 172-80.
27 Ellis, Polynesian Researches (London, 1829), vol. i. pp. 302-3.
28 Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago (1820), vol. i. pp. 113-4.
29 Beckman, History of Inventions (London, 1814), pp. 503-4.—Cock-fighting.
30 Stanley, History of Birds (London, 1848), p. 389.
31 Darwin, Origin of Species (London, 1859), p. 88.
32 Williamson, Oriental Field Sports (London, 1807), p. 94.
33 Swainson, Habits and Instincts of Animals (London, 1840), p. 142.
34 Thuc. i. 5 (but what Thucydides says is, that they were the last to discard it.—Ed.).
35 Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 248.
36 Dobrizhoffer, An Account of the Abipones (from the Latin; London, 1822), vol. i. p. 262; ii. 361.
37 Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (London, 1857), vol. iii. p. 198.
38 Low, Sarawak (London, 1848), p. 328.
39 Pigafetta’s Voyage Round the World, Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 349.
40 William de Rubruquis, Travels into Tartary and China in 1253; Pinkerton (London, 1811), vol. viii. p. 89.
41 An Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Chile, by Alonso de Ovalle, of the Company of Jesus, 1649 (London, 1752), p. 71.
42 Herodotus, vii. 70; Meyrick’s Ancient Armour, vol. i. Introd. p. iv.
43 Herodotus, iv. 189; Meyrick’s Ancient Armour, vol. i. Introd. p. iii.
44 Herodotus, vii. 65 εἵματα... ἀπὸ ξύλων πεποιημένα.
45 Duarte Barbosa, The Coasts of East Africa and Malabar, translated from the Spanish, by the Hon. H. E. Stanley (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 55. Since publication, the translator has ascertained that the authorship of this work should be ascribed to Magellan.
46 The Saturnia mylitta is the caterpillar from which the Tusseh-silk is obtained; the cocoon is of an oval shape when suspended upon the tree, and of exceedingly firm texture; it is figured in Sir Wm. Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library (Edinb. 1841), Entomology, vol. vii. pl. xiv. 2, pp. 146-53. The Eriodendron anfractuosum, D.C., is an Indian Bombax. The woolly cotton which envelops the seed is remarkable for its softness, and is much and deservedly esteemed for making cushions and bedding, owing to its freedom from any tendency to become lumpy and uneven by getting impacted into hard knots. Various attempts have been made to fabricate it into cloth, but hitherto without success, except as a very loose material, fit only for quilting muffs, for which it is superior to cotton or woollen stuffs, the looseness of its texture rendering it an excellent non-conductor, whilst at the same time it is extremely light.—Wight, Illustrations of Indian Botany (Madras, 1840), vol. i. p. 68; Roxburgh, Flora Indica (Serampore, 1832), vol. iii. p. 165 (= Bombax pentandrum). Both the caterpillar and the plant are found in the jungle in the neighbourhood of Seringapatam. For the identification of the vegetable substance, I am indebted to W. Carruthers, Esq., F.L.S., British Museum.
47 Schoolcraft, Information concerning the History, &c., of the Indian Tribes of the U. S. A. (Philadelphia, 1851-9), part iii. p. 69.
48 Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. Introduction.
49 Denham and Clapperton, Travels in Northern and Central Africa (London, 1826), p. 328 (Denham).
50 See Critical Enquiry into Ancient Armour, by Sir Samuel R. Meyrick, vol. iii. p. 21, and pl. lxviii.
51 Bollaert, ‘Observations on the Indian Tribes of Texas,’ Journ. Ethno. Soc., vol. ii. pp. 262-83.
52 Du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861), p. 80.
53 Homer, Iliad, vii. 244-8.
54 Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), pp. 135-6.
55 Barth, l. c., vol. i. p. 355.
56 Meyrick (Skelton), l. c, pl. cxli (text).
57 Bosman, Guinea, Pinkerton (1811), vol. xvi. p. 414.
58 Barth, l. c., vol. ii. pp. 410, 526; ii. 116 (plate); Denham and Clapperton, l. c., p. 166 (Denham).
59 Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. Introd. pp. i-ii.
60 Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. Introd. p. xxiv.
61 At Fernando Po.—Cuming, ‘Weapons and Armour of Horn,’ Journal of Archaeological Association (London, 1848), vol. iii. p. 30.
62 Fig. 32 is from a rough sketch taken about two years ago, and has no pretension to accuracy of detail.
63 Meyrick, l. c, vol. i. pl. iv. 10.
64 Schoolcraft, Information concerning the History, &c., of the Indian Tribes of the U. S. A. (Philadelphia, 1851-9), vol. iii. p. 67.
65 Grant, Walk across Africa (London, 1864), p. 47.
66 Smith, Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiq., s. v.; Meyrick, l. c., vol. i. Introd. p. xiv; Amm. Marc. xvii. 12. 2; Pausanias, i. 21. 6; Tac. Hist. i. 79 (praeduro corio).
67 Kitto, Pictorial Bible (London, 1838-9), note to 1 Sam. xvii.
68 Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 31.
69 Kitto, Pictorial Bible, note to 1 Sam. xvii.
70 Skene, ‘On the Albanians,’ Journ. Ethno. Soc., vol. ii. pp. 159-81.
71 Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), p. 172.
72 Maunder, Treasury of Natural History (London, 1862), p. 573.
73 Williamson, Oriental Field Sports (London, 1807), p. 46.
74 Atkinson, Oriental and Western Siberia (London, 1858), p. 495.
75 Williamson, Oriental Field Sports (London, 1807), p. 94.
76 Thompson, Passions of Animals (1851), p. 225. The American hunter avails himself of this peculiarity to entrap the crane by presenting the barrel of his firelock to the animal; supposing it to be an eye, the crane immediately strikes at the hole, and fixes its beak firmly in the muzzle.
77 Beechey, Voyage to the North Pole (London, 1843), pp. 93-4.
78 Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons (3rd ed. London, 1873), p. 230.
79 Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China, Siam, Cambodia, and Laos in 1858-9, by the late M. Henri Mouhot (London, 1864), vol. ii. p. 147.
80 It is to be observed that this is not the rhinoceros’s usual mode of attack.
81 Cranz, Historie von Grönland (2nd ed. Barby and Leipzig, 1770), p. 196, pl. v. 8.
82 Beechey, Voyage to the North Pole (London, 1843), p. 252.
83 Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 25.
84 Ibid., p. 26.
85 Swainson, Habits and Instincts of Animals (London, 1840), p. 141.
86 Gregory, ‘Expedition to the North-west Coast of Australia,’ Royal Geographical Society’s Journal, vol. xxxii (1862), p. 417.
87 Denham and Clapperton, Travels (1826), p. 20 (Denham).
88 Hind, Narrative of the Canadian Exploring Expedition (London, 1860), vol. i. p. 316.
89 Captain John Smith, Sixth Voyage to Virginia (1606); Pinkerton (1811), vol. xii. p. 35.
90 Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 27.
91 Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia (London, 1861), p. 276.
92 Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 143.
93 Williams, Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1858), vol. i. p. 57.
94 Wilson, Pellew Islands (ed. Keate, London, 1788), pl. v, fig. 1, p. 310.
95 Klemm, Werkzeuge und Waffen (1858), p. 50.
96 Owen, Comp. Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates (1846), vol. ii. 1. p.
[97] Klemm, l. c., p. 31 (‘die Schwanzstachel eines Roches,’ i.e. ‘the caudal spine of a ray.’—Ed.).
98 Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 146.
99 Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 26.
100 The probability of the aboriginal man having derived his first lessons from this source may be judged of by the accounts given by travellers of the effects produced by the large thorns of trees in South Africa, of which there is a good account in Routledge’s Natural History of Man, by Rev. J. G. Wood (1868-70), vol. i. p. 235. Large animals are said to be frequently destroyed, and even to have impaled themselves, upon the large, strong spines of the thorny Acacia. Throughout Central Africa a pair of tweezers for extracting thorns is an indispensable requisite in the equipment of every native.
101 Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. pp. 47-8.
102 Strabo, p. 155.
103 Ellis, Polynesian Researches (London, 1829), vol. i. chap. viii.
104 Clapperton, Travels, p. 58.
105 I exclude from this category all nippers, cross-bills, and prehensile implements.
106 Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library (Edinb. 1843): Ichthyology (Hamilton), vol. vi, part 2, p. 335.
107 Choris, Voyage Pictoresque autour du Monde (Paris, 1822), ‘Isles Radak,’ pl. ii. 1 and 4.
108 Cook, Third Voyage (London, 1842), vol. ii. p. 251.
109 Klemm, l. c., pp. 63-4; Wilkes, United States Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. v. ch. ii. pp. 49, 79.
110 King, ‘The Industrial Arts of the Esquimaux,’ Journ. Ethno. Soc. (1848), vol. i. p. 290.
111 Ellis, Polynesian Researches, vol. ii. p. 497.
112 Nieuhoff, ‘Travels in Brazil’; Pinkerton (1813), vol. xiv. p. 874.
113 Tylor, Anahuac, p. 332, Appendix.
114 Wilson, Prehistoric Man (1862), vol. i. pp. 226, 227.
115 Lloyd Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America, p. 59.
116 Wilson, Prehistoric Man (1862), vol. i. pp. 226, 227.
117 Lewis Morgan, The League of the Ho-De-No-Sou-Nee or Iroquois (Rochester, N.Y., 1851), p. 359.
118 Thunberg, Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 1770-9 (3rd ed., London, 1795), vol. i. p. 156; ii. p. 162; Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 171.
119 Meyrick (Skelton), Ancient Arms and Armour, vol. ii. pl. cxiii, fig. 14, cf. fig. 13.
120 Times newspaper, Dec. 24, 1866.
121 Humboldt, Aspects of Nature (London, 1849), vol. i. pp. 25, 203-4.
122 Klemm, l. c., p. 53.
123 ‘On the Wild Tribes in the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ by Père Bourien. Trans. Ethno. Soc., N.S., vol. iii (1865), p. 78.
124 Darwin, Journal of Researches into Nat. Hist. and Geology (London, 1845), p. 8.
125 Hall, C. F., Life with the Esquimaux (London, 1864), vol. ii. pp. 329-30.
126 A Lecture delivered at the Royal United Service Institution on June 5, 1868, and printed in the Journal of the R. U. S. Inst., vol. xii (1868), pp. 399-439, pl. xvii-xxi (= Plates XII-XVI herewith).
127 Klemm, l. c., p. 147.
128 Pinkerton (1811), vol. ix. p. 501.
129 Walk across Africa, p. 78.
130 Klemm, l. c., p. 62.
131 l. c., p. 78.
132 l. c., pp. 123-6.
133 Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (London, 1863), p. 460.
134 Barth, Travels, vol. iii. p. 162.
135 Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, edited by Sir John Lubbock (3rd ed., London, 1868), p. 44.
136 Lloyd Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America (London, 1854), p. 94.
137 Lyell, Antiquity of Man (London, 1873), p. 161.
138 I am informed by an eye-witness, that the Australian savages, in climbing trees, use implements nearly similar to these, to cut notches for their feet. The implement is held in the hand, without any handle. Others are used in handles, either fastened with gum, or consisting of a withe passed round the stone and tied underneath.
139 Mr. Frere’s first discovery was in 1797 (Archaeologia, xiii. p. 204). (M. Boucher de Perthes began work in 1837 (De la Création, Paris, 1838), and published his Antiquités Celtiques et Antédiluviennes (vol. i) in 1847. His discoveries were, however, not verified and accepted by the British observers till 1858-9.—Ed.)
140 See figures 23 and 32, as well as figure 17 a from Central India.
141 March 5, 1868. Proc. Soc. Ant. Lond. 2nd Ser. iv. p. 85: Archaeologia, xlii.
142 Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, edited by Sir John Lubbock (London, 1868), Editor’s Introduction, p. xxiv.
143 The handle, since its discovery, has been fractured in four places, and has shrunk a good deal from its original size.
144 Cf. Kemble, Horae Ferales (London, 1863), p. 134.
145 Keller, The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, transl. by J. E. Lee (2nd ed. London, 1878), vol. i. pp. 111-3.
146 Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in S. Africa (1857), p. 40.
147 Lartet and Christy, Reliquiae Aquitanicae (London, 1865-75, passim).
148 Wilde, Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin, 1863), vol. i. pp. 19-23.
149 After having witnessed the process of fabricating flint arrow-heads, as re-discovered by Mr. Evans, I am able to understand why it is that the leaf-shaped form is of more frequent occurrence, and why this and the long-tanged forms are so often rougher and less finished than the other forms, the deep barbs and hollow base requiring much greater skill than the former.
150 Burton, The City of the Saints (London, 1861), p. 146.
151 Schoolcraft, Information concerning... the Indian Tribes of the U.S.A. (Philadelphia, 1851-9), vol. i. p. 212.
152 In the museum belonging to the Cork College, there is a Peruvian mummy, with which, amongst other articles, two of these arrow-pointed knives were found.
153 Siebold, Nippon (Leiden, 1832-52), vol. i. pt. ii (Alte Waffen), Tab. xi.
154 Evidence of this transition may be seen by examining any number of pattoo-pattoos. Some are sharp at the end; others are blunt at the end, but sharp at the side near the broadest part.
155 Since this paper was read to the Royal United Service Institution, Sir John Lubbock has delivered a remarkably interesting series of lectures on savages, in the course of which he took exception to my classification of the Indian, African, and Australian boomerangs, under the same head; giving as his reason that the Australian boomerang has a return flight, whilst those of other nations have not that peculiarity. If it could be shown that the Australian weapon had been contrived for the purpose of obtaining a return flight, I should then agree with him in regarding the difference as generic. But the course of my investigations tends to show that this was probably an application of the weapon accidentally hit upon by the Australians, and that it arose from a modification of weight and form, so trivial as to prevent our regarding it as generically distinct from the others. I therefore consider the Australian weapon to be a mere variety of the implement which is common to the three continents. The difference between us on this point, though one of terms, is nevertheless important as a question of continuity. I am much gratified, however, to find my opinions on many other points supported by Sir John’s high authority.
156 Henry Blount, Voyage into the Levant, 1634 (London, 1671), p. 91.
157 Bosman, Guinea, Pinkerton (1811), vol. xvi. pp. 505-6.
158 Kemble, Horae Ferales (1863), p. 65.
159 This weapon is called ‘leowel’ by the Australians now in this country (1868).
160 Duarte Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (by Magellan), translated by the Hon. H. E. Stanley: Hakluyt Society, xxxv (1866), pp. 100-1.
161 Rosellini, Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia (Pisa, 1834), Monuments Civiles, pl. cxvii. 3; cxix. 1.
162 Baker, Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (London, 1867), p. 511.
163 Barth, l. c., vol. iii. pp. 231, 451, &c., &c.
164 Petherick, Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa (1861), p. 456.
165 Du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861), p. 79.
166 Gregory’s account of his expedition in 1861, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xxxii (1862), p. 378.
167 Oldfield, ‘On the Aborigines of Australia,’ Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 261-2.
168 Expedition to the Interior of Eastern Australia, by Major T. L. Mitchell, Surveyor-General, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. ii. pp. 325-6.
169 [Darwin, Journal.] (But the quotation (from Darwin, $1/cite> (London, 1845) pp. 433-4) refers to Australia, not New Zealand.—Ed.)
170 Cook, Third Voyage (London, 1842), vol. i. p. 273.
171 Frobisher, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson (Hakluyt Society, 1867), p. 283.
172 Cranz, Historie von Grönland2 (1770), pp. 195-6, pl. v. 2 f.
173 Markham, Tribes of the Valley of the Amazon.—Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. p. 183.
174 Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (s. v. Hasta).
175 Desor, Les Palafittes ou Constructions Lacustres du Lac de Neuchâtel (Paris, 1865), p. 87.
176 Petherick, Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa (1861), p. 391.
177 Barth, l. c., vol. iii. p. 450.
178 Campbell, Thirteen Years amongst the Wild Tribes of Khondistan (London, 1864), p. 40.
179 Ellis, Polynesian Researches (1829), vol. ii. p. 489.
180 Kolb, Reise an das Capo du Bonne Esperance (Nürnberg, 1719), pp. 477-8.
181 Livy, Book xxxviii. ch. 17 and 21.
182 Grant, Walk across Africa, p. 69.
183 Kemble, Horae Ferales (1863), p. 190, pl. xiv.
184 A Lecture delivered at the Royal United Service Institution on June 18, 1869, and published in the Journal of the R. U. S. Inst., vol. xiii (1869), pp. 509-539, pl. xxxi-xxxiii (= Plates XVII-XX herewith).
185 Trans. Int. Congr. Preh. Arch. at Norwich, 1868 (London, 1869), p. 92 ff.
186 Lectures on Man, his Place in Creation, and in the History of the Earth, by Dr. Carl Vogt. Edited by James Hunt, Ph.D. (London, 1864), p. 466 ff.
187 The fact mentioned both by the Baron de Bonstetten and Dr. Keller, of celts of jade and nephrite having been found in Switzerland, materials which, according to the latest investigations [1869], are not found in the Alps, but must have been imported from the East, proves that intercommunication and barter must have been carried on between distant countries at the time when such weapons were used.—Baron de Bonstetten, Recueil d’Antiquités Suisses (Berne, 1855), p. 12; Keller, The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland (1866), pp. 56, 68 (cf. 1878, pp. 72, 195, 205, 215).
188 Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., London (1865), p. 147.
189 Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. (1865), pp. 142-3; Results of the Investigation of Animal Remains from the Lake Dwellings, by Prof. Rütimeyer; in The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, by Dr. Ferdinand Keller, translated by J. E. Lee, F.S.A., F.G.S., 1866, pp. 355-62 (1878, pp. 537-44).
190 Moosseedorf, Keller, l. c., p. 35; Robenhausen, Keller, l. c., p. 40.
191 (The first two sentences of this paragraph have been transposed, for clearness.—Ed.)
192 Max Müller, Science of Language, second series (London, 1864), p. 230.
193 Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World (1864), vol. i. p. 123.
194 Klemm, Werkzeuge und Waffen (Sondershausen, 1858), p. 96.
195 Keller, l. c., p. 116: (1878, p. 121).
196 Keller, l. c., p. 221, pl. lxvii: (1878, p. 362, pl. cxix).
197 Keller, l. c., pp. 218, 219, pl. lxviii: (1878, pp. 362-3, pl. cxx. 1-28).
198 Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 282.
199 Wilson, Prehistoric Man, vol. i. pp. 231-79; Squier and Davis in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. i. pp. 196-203, figs. 81, 82, 84, 87.4, 87.1, from which work the illustrations are taken.
200 Wilson, Prehistoric Man, vol. i. p. 253.
201 Since the above was written, Sir John Lubbock has published in an Appendix to his second edition of Prehistoric Times (1869), p. 595, letters from Dr. Percy, and from Messrs. Jenkin and Lefeaux, highly experienced assayers, expressing their opinions upon the theory of M. Wibel, that the ancient bronze was obtained, not by the fusion of copper and tin, but directly from ore containing the two metals. They are unanimously of opinion that this could not have been the case, none of the ores containing naturally a mixture of the metals in proper proportions. Although the opinions of these gentlemen appear decisively to negative the possibility of ancient bronze having been habitually produced for commercial purposes in this manner, they do not appear to me to discredit the supposition that the first imperfect knowledge of the mixture may have been brought about accidentally in the manner I have described.
202 Worsaae, The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark (London, 1849), pp. 24, 40-45.
203 The custom of making a mark upon the weapon for each victim slain, is one of very usual occurrence among savage people.
204 Thurnam, Ancient British Barrows (1869), pp. 168, 198; Archaeologia, vol. xlii; ‘On the Two Principal Forms of Ancient British and Gaulish Skulls,’ Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond., i. 120 ff., 459 ff. (1865); iii. 41 ff. (1870); Davis and Thurnam, Crania Britannica (London, 1865).
205 ‘On some Flint Implements found associated with Roman Remains in Oxfordshire and the Isle of Thanet,’ by Col. A. Lane Fox, Journal of the Ethnological Society (1869), N.S., vol. i. p. 1 ff.
206 Prehistoric Man, by Daniel Wilson, LL.D. (London, 1869), vol. i. p. 308.
207 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1865, p. 126.
208 Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies (1864), vol. i. p. 120.
209 Arma antiqua manus, ungues, dentesque fuerunt
Et lapides, et item sylvarum fragmina rami,
Et flamma atque ignis postquam sunt cognita primum
Posterius ferri vis est aerisque reperta,
Et prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus,
Quo facilis magis est natura, et copia maior.
—V. 1282.
210 Strabo, b. iii. c. iii. 6, p. 154.
211 Max Müller, Science of Language, 2nd Series (1864), pp. 229-37.
212 Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia (Lubbock, 3rd ed., 1868), p. 257.
213 Sir Richard Colt Hoare found four of these celts in the Wiltshire barrows, with rudimentary flanges along the side edges of the blade that had been formed by beating, and similarly formed flanges have also been noticed upon celts from Ireland, thereby leading to the supposition that Class B may have been converted into Class D in this way, before the casting process was applied to the formation of the flanges.—The Ancient History of South Wiltshire (London, 1812), p. 203, pl. xxi, xxvi, xxviii. 2, xxix.
214 (The greatly reduced scale of these figures makes exact verification of the references impracticable in all cases.—Ed.)
215 I have been enabled to take drawings of these celts in the British Museum, through the kind permission of Mr. A. W. Franks.
216 The forms included in Classes D, E, F, and G, are commonly known under the name of paalstab or palstave, a word of Scandinavian origin, said to have designated the weapons employed by some northern tribes for battering the shields of their enemies. Iron implements like the Irish loy, and called paalstabs, are still used in Iceland, either for digging in the ground or breaking the ice.—Catalogue of the Museum of the R. I. Academy, ‘Bronze,’ p. 361.
217 Lubbock, Prehistoric Times (1869), p. 9.
218 Read in 1869, published in Archaeologia, xliii. p. 443: for Plumpton Plain, see Sussex Arch. Coll. ii. p. 268: for Arras, Arch. Journ. xviii. p. 156.
219 A Paper read at the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland on December 22, 1874, and published in the Journal of the Institute, vol. iv (1875), pp. 399-435. (N.B.—This paper was not furnished by the author with either plates or references. The latter have been supplied, so far as possible, on pp. 229 ff.: for illustrations, reference should be made to the section on Navigation in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.—Ed.)
220 (The Catalogue of the Anthropological Collection lent by Col. Lane Fox to Bethnal Green Museum (London, 1874, parts i and ii) only contains ‘Weapons’; part iii was never issued.—Ed.)
221 Notes and Queries on Anthropology, for the Use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands, drawn up by a Committee appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1874); 3rd edition, 1899, published by the Anthropological Institute, 3 Hanover Square, W.
222 ‘Primitive Warfare,’ pp. 127-30, 148-51, above.
223 Address to the Anthropological Department at the Brighton meeting of the British Association, 1872. Report Brit. Assoc. (London, 1873), p. 161.
224 Since writing this I have seen the illustration in Sir H. Rawlinson’s note to this passage, in which he gives it as his opinion that this is the meaning and use to be ascribed to these pins; and he says that this system is still employed in Egypt, where they raise an extra bulwark above the gunwale. Rawlinson, Herodotus (1862), vol. ii. p. 132.
225 Denmark in the Early Iron Age, by Conrad Engelhardt (London, 1866), p. 31.
226 ‘On Vessels of Papyrus,’ by John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.; Magazine of Nat. Hist., vol. ii (1829), pp. 324-32: cf. p. 206, above.