The Natural History of Pliny, Vol. 1

Contents. Of the First Volume

BOOK I.
DEDICATION.
Page
C. Plinius Secundus to his friend Titus Vespasian		1
BOOK II.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS.
Chap.
1.	Whether the world be finite, and whether there be more than one world	13
2.	Of the form of the world	16
3.	Of its nature; whence the name is derived	ib.
4.	Of the elements and the planets	18
5.	Of God	20
6.	Of the nature of the stars; of the motion of the planets	25
7.	Of the eclipses of the moon and the sun	34
8.	Of the magnitude of the stars	35
9.	An account of the observations that have been made on the heavens by different individuals	36
10.	On the recurrence of the eclipses of the sun and the moon	38
11.	Of the motion of the moon	40
12.	Of the motions of the planets and the general laws of their aspects	ib.
13.	Why the same stars appear at some times more lofty and at other times more near	42
14.	Why the same stars have different motions	47
15.	General laws of the planets	48
16.	The reason why the stars are of different colours	49
17.	Of the motion of the sun and the cause of the irregularity of the days	50
18.	Why thunder is ascribed to Jupiter	51
19.	Of the distances of the stars	52
20.	Of the harmony of the stars	ib.
21.	Of the dimensions of the world	53
22.	Of the stars which appear suddenly, or of comets	55
23.	Their nature, situation, and species	56
24.	The doctrine of Hipparchus about the stars	59
25.	Examples from history of celestial prodigies; Faces, Lampades, and Bolides	ib.
26.	Trabes Cælestes; Chasma Cæli	60
27.	Of the colours of the sky and of celestial flame	ib.
28.	Of celestial coronæ	61
29.	Of sudden circles	62
30.	Of unusually long eclipses of the sun	ib.
31.	Many suns	ib.
32.	Many moons	63
33.	Daylight in the night	ib.
34.	Burning shields	ib.
35.	An ominous appearance in the heavens, that was seen once only	ib.
36.	Of stars which move about in various directions	64
37.	Of the stars which are named Castor and Pollux	ib.
38.	Of the air, and on the cause of the showers of stones	65
39.	Of the stated seasons	66
40.	Of the rising of the dog-star	67
41.	Of the regular influence of the different seasons	ib.
42.	Of uncertain states of the weather	69
43.	Of thunder and lightning	ib.
44.	The origin of winds	70
45.	Various observations respecting winds	71
46.	The different kinds of winds	73
47.	The periods of the winds	75
48.	Nature of the winds	77
49.	Ecnephias and Typhon	79
50.	Tornadoes; blasting winds; whirlwinds, and other wonderful kinds of tempests	80
51.	Of thunder; in what countries it does not fall, and for what reason	ib.
52.	Of the different kinds of lightning and their wonderful effects	81
53.	The Etrurian and the Roman observations on these points	82
54.	Of conjuring up thunder	83
55.	General laws of lightning	84
56.	Objects which are never struck	86
57.	Showers of milk, blood, flesh, iron, wool, and baked tiles	87
58.	Rattling of arms and the sound of trumpets heard in the sky	88
59.	Of stones that have fallen from the clouds. The opinion of Anaxagoras respecting them	ib.
60.	The rainbow	89
61.	The nature of hail, snow, hoar, mist, dew; the forms of clouds	90
62.	The peculiarities of the weather in different places	91
63.	Nature of the earth	ib.
64.	Of the form of the earth	94
65.	Whether there be antipodes?	ib.
66.	How the water is connected with the earth. Of the navigation of the sea and the rivers	97
67.	Whether the ocean surrounds the earth	98
68.	What part of the earth is inhabited	100
69.	That the earth is in the middle of the world	102
70.	Of the obliquity of the zones	ib.
71.	Of the inequality of climates	ib.
72.	In what places eclipses are invisible, and why this is the case	104
73.	What regulates the daylight on the earth	105
74.	Remarks on dials, as connected with this subject	106
75.	When and where there are no shadows	107
76.	Where this takes place twice in the year and where the shadows fall in opposite directions	108
77.	Where the days are the longest and where the shortest	ib.
78.	Of the first dial	109
79.	Of the mode in which the days are computed	110
80.	Of the difference of nations as depending on the nature of the world	ib.
81.	Of earthquakes	111
82.	Of clefts of the earth	112
83.	Signs of an approaching earthquake	114
84.	Preservatives against future earthquakes	ib.
85.	Prodigies of the earth which have occurred once only	115
86.	Wonderful circumstances attending earthquakes	116
87.	In what places the sea has receded	ib.
88.	The mode in which islands rise up	117
89.	What islands have been formed, and at what periods	118
90.	Lands which have been separated by the sea	119
91.	Islands which have been united to the main land	ib.
92.	Lands which have been totally changed into seas	ib.
93.	Lands which have been swallowed up	120
94.	Cities which have been absorbed by the sea	ib.
95.	Of vents in the earth	121
96.	Of certain lands which are always shaking, and of floating islands	122
97.	Places in which it never rains	123
98.	The wonders of various countries collected together	ib.
99.	Concerning the cause of the flowing and ebbing of the sea	124
100.	Where the tides rise and fall in an unusual manner	127
101.	Wonders of the sea	128
102.	The power of the moon over the land and the sea	ib.
103.	The power of the sun	129
104.	Why the sea is salt	ib.
105.	Where the sea is the deepest	130
106.	The wonders of fountains and rivers	131
107.	The wonders of fire and water united	138
108.	Of Maltha	138
109.	Of naphtha	139
110.	Places which are always burning	ib.
111.	Wonders of fire alone	141
112.	The dimensions of the earth	143
113.	The harmonical proportion of the universe	147
BOOK III.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
	Introduction	151
1.	The boundaries and gulfs of Europe first set forth in a general way	153
2.	Of Spain generally	ib.
3.	Of Bætica	154
4.	Of Nearer Spain	164
5.	Of the province of Gallia Narbonensis	174
6.	Of Italy	180
7.	Of the ninth region of Italy	184
8.	The seventh region of Italy	186
9.	The first region of Italy; the Tiber; Rome	191
10.	The third region of Italy	207
11.	Sixty-four islands, among which are the Baleares	210
12.	Corsica	213
13.	Sardinia	215
14.	Sicily	216
15.	Magna Græcia, beginning at Locri	222
16.	The second region of Italy	225
17.	The fourth region of Italy	231
18.	The fifth region of Italy	235
19.	The sixth region of Italy	237
20.	The eighth region of Italy; the Padus	241
21.	The eleventh region of Italy; Italia Transpadana	246
22.	The tenth region of Italy	248
23.	Istria, its people and locality	251
24.	The Alps, and the Alpine nations	254
25.	Liburnia and Illyricum	257
26.	Dalmatia	259
27.	The Norici	262
28.	Pannonia	263
29.	Mœsia	264
30.	Islands of the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic	265
BOOK IV.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
1.	Epirus	271
2.	Acarnania	273
3.	Ætolia	275
4.	Locris and Phocis	276
5.	The Peloponnesus	278
6.	Achaia	280
7.	Messenia	282
8.	Laconia	283
9.	Argolis	284
10.	Arcadia	285
11.	Attica	288
12.	Bœotia	290
13.	Doris	293
14.	Phthiotis	293
15.	Thessaly Proper	294
16.	Magnesia	296
17.	Macedonia	297
18.	Thrace; the Ægean Sea	302
19.	The islands which lie before the lands already mentioned	310
20.	Crete	313
21.	Eubœa	316
22.	The Cyclades	317
23.	The Sporades	320
24.	The Hellespont.—The lake Mæotis	326
25.	Dacia, Sarmatia	329
26.	Scythia	330
27.	The islands of the Euxine. The islands of the northern ocean	338
28.	Germany	345
29.	Ninety-six islands of the Gallic ocean	349
30.	Britannia	350
31.	Gallia Belgica	353
32.	Gallia Lugdunensis	355
33.	Gallia Aquitanica	357
34.	Nearer Spain, its coast along the Gallic ocean	360
35.	Lusitania	363
36.	The islands in the Atlantic ocean	367
37.	The general measurement of Europe	369
BOOK V.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
1.	The two Mauritanias	374
2.	Numidia	387
3.	Africa	388
4.	The Syrtes	391
5.	Cyrenaica	395
6.	Libya Mareotis	401
7.	The islands in the vicinity of Africa	402
8.	Countries on the other side of Africa	403
9.	Egypt and Thebais	406
10.	The River Nile	410
11.	The cities of Egypt	416
12.	The coasts of Arabia, situate on the Egyptian Sea	422
13.	Syria	423
14.	Idumæa, Palæstina, and Samaria	424
15.	Judæa	427
16.	Decapolis	431
17.	Phœnice	433
18.	Syria Antiochia	436
19.	The remaining parts of Syria	438
20.	The Euphrates	441
21.	Syria upon the Euphrates	443
22.	Cilicia and the adjoining nations	446
23.	Isauria and the Homonades	450
24.	Pisidia	451
25.	Lycaonia	ib.
26.	Pamphylia	452
27.	Mount Taurus	453
28.	Lycia	455
29.	Caria	458
30.	Lydia	465
31.	Ionia	466
32.	Æolis	472
33.	Troas and the adjoining nations	476
34.	The islands which lie in front of Asia	479
35.	Cyprus	480
36.	Rhodes	483
37.	Samos	485
38.	Chios	486
39.	Lesbos	487
40.	The Hellespont and Mysia	488
41.	Phrygia	490
42.	Galatia and the adjoining nations	491
43.	Bithynia	493
44.	The islands of the Propontis	496

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NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY