Jefferson and Hamilton

Chapter XXI Democracy Triumphant

I

The final contest was staged in the new capital at Washington. It was as though destiny had arranged a new setting for the new drama on which the curtain was now rising. In the glamorous days of Federalist supremacy, Philadelphia, with its wealth, its fashion, and princely houses, harmonized with the spirit of government. The aristocratic party thrived in an atmosphere of luxury. Consistency called for a stage setting of more simplicity, in a wilderness suggesting the frontier, when the curtain rose on the triumph of democracy.

When that charming philosopher of cynicism, Gouverneur Morris, just elected to the Senate, reached the new capital in the clearing, after days of bumping and hardships on the woodsy road through Maryland, he looked about him with a smile and chuckled. Writing the Princesse de la Tour et Taxis, he poked gentle fun at the new seat of government. ‘We only need here houses, cellars, kitchens, scholarly men, amiable women, and a few other such trifles to possess a perfect city,’ he said, ‘for we can walk over it as we would in the fields and woods, and, on account of a strong frost, the air is quite pure. I enjoy it all the more because my room fills with smoke as soon as the door is closed.... I hasten to assure you that building stone is plentiful, that excellent bricks are baked here, that we are not wanting in sites for magnificent mansions...; in a word, that this is the best city in the world to live in—in the future.’1861

Ten days before Morris wrote, Mrs. Adams had reached the capital in the wilds looking older and graver, and without a ceremonious reception, due to jealousies among the socially ambitious over the choice of a master of ceremonies.1862 After the well-traveled roads to Philadelphia, the journey to Washington had been quite enough to add to both her age and gravity. On the way from Baltimore her party had been lost in the woods, wandering aimlessly about for two hours until rescued by a wandering negro. ‘Woods are all you see from Baltimore until you reach this city, which is only so in name,’ she wrote her daughter. ‘Here and there, a small cot, without a glass window, interspersed amongst the forest through which you travel miles without seeing a human being.’ Nor was the grandeur of the President’s house entirely to her liking. From her windows she could see on the Potomac the ‘vessels as they pass and repass.’ But a rapid survey of the large mansion with its numerous draughty rooms, convinced her that it would require thirty servants ‘to attend and keep the apartment in order, and perform the ordinary business of the house and stables.’ Not a single apartment finished. ‘The great unfinished audience [East] room I have made a drying room of to hang up the clothes in,’ she wrote glumly. But—added the tactful Abigail—‘when asked how I like it, say that I write you the situation is beautiful, which is true.’1863 A few days later she wrote of the impatience of the ladies for a drawing-room, but ‘I have no looking glasses but dwarfs for this house, nor a twentieth part lamps enough to light it.’1864 Had the disgusted Abigail fared forth for a peep into the living arrangements of others, she might have thought herself more fortunate. But surveying the city from her point of vantage she would have found little to tempt to a tour of inspection.

Even then, it was a ‘city of magnificent distances,’ the houses separated by miles of mud roads, not entirely free from stumps. Travel by night was precarious. Blackness impenetrable, except when the moon was at its full, settled down over the homes and the frog ponds. Morris, having made an evening call, was forced to remain all night, for the road was ‘not merely deep but dangerous to drive in the dark.’1865 James A. Bayard and a party of Federalist leaders, venturing forth on a return to their lodgings from the home of a friend two miles from town, were caught in a storm, and the coachman losing his way, they drove about the waste lands throughout the night, threatened every moment by the ruts and ravines.1866

Pennsylvania Avenue, stretching from the President’s house to the Capitol, bordered by miasmic swamps, did not at this time boast a single building; nor would it have been possible to have lived along this causeway ‘without devoting its wretched tenant to perpetual fevers.’1867 From the steps of the Capitol one could count seven or eight boarding-houses, one tailor’s shop, one shoemaker’s, one printing establishment, the home of a washwoman, a grocery shop, a stationery store, a dry-goods house, and an oyster market. And this was all. Three quarters of a mile away on the Eastern Branch stood five or six houses and an empty warehouse. At the wharf, not a single ship. From the President’s house to Georgetown living conditions were better because of immunity from swamps, but the wretched roads made it all but prohibitive as a place of residence for members of Congress. Six or seven of the more fastidious braved the distance and found comfortable quarters; two or three found lodgings near the President’s house; but the remainder crowded into the boarding-houses on Capitol Hill. In the best of these, by sharing a room one could have attendance, wood, candles, food, and an abundance of liquor for fifteen dollars a week. However, the fare was unsatisfactory, the beef not good, and vegetables hard to get.1868 Such was the hair-trigger delicacy of the political situation that this packing of the politicians might easily have led to altercations and bloodshed had they not seen fit to herd together according to their political views. There was some gambling, some drinking, but Gallatin observed that for the most part the members ‘drank politics’ instead of liquor.1869

How the dandies of the Federalist circle must have missed the royal hospitality at Mrs. Bingham’s! Pathetic efforts were put forth to create something that might pass for society, but so limited were the resources that the lone church at the bottom of Capitol Hill, which had previously served as a tobacco house, was found alluring, and women donned their finery for worship.1870 The Thomas Laws, who had one of the few pretentious houses, organized a ‘dancing assembly’ to which many subscribed.1871 Mrs. Law, related to both Lord Baltimore and Mrs. Washington, who aspired to the scepter of Mrs. Bingham, was a worldly woman, over-fond of admiration and company, and finally there was a divorce. But at this time she drew the gayer element to her by her merry hospitality. ‘Lay down your hat, we have a fine roast turkey and you must stay and eat it,’ she would say to a caller, and soon others would casually appear, and an informal party would result.1872 Callers in the old houses in Georgetown where Southern hospitality held sway, found ‘bread, butter, ham, and cakes set before them,’ and on leaving they would likely as not carry away cake and apples in their pockets, a bottle of milk in their hands.1873 Great was the amusement of the fashionable men and women, who had been so elegantly served at the Binghams’ by the French chef, on finding themselves jolting over the dirt roads to their lodgings with their pockets crammed with cake.

This was the Washington into which Jefferson was carried in a stage-coach for the decisive struggle of his career. Wishing to pay his respects to Adams, for whom he felt more respect than did the Hamiltonian wing of the President’s own party, he wondered if the inordinate vanity of his defeated rival would interpret the call as an attempt to humiliate him. He determined to take the chance. Entering the President’s house, he found Adams alone—the old man in those difficult days was all but isolated. One glance was enough to justify the caller’s fears. In great agitation, and neglecting first to offer his visitor a chair, Adams burst forth: ‘You have turned me out; you have turned me out.’

With the gentleness of an elder soothing a hurt child, Jefferson replied, drawing on his familiarity with the workings of the minds and hearts of men, ‘I have not turned you out, Mr. Adams; and I am glad to avail myself of this occasion to show that I have not and to explain my views. In consequence of a division of opinion existing among our fellow-citizens, as to the proper constitution of our political institutions, and of the wisdom and propriety of certain measures... that portion of our citizens that approved and advocated one class of these opinions and measures selected you as their candidate... and their opponents selected me. If you and myself had been inexistent, or for any cause had not been selected, other persons would have been selected in our places; and thus the contest would have been carried on, and with the same result, except that the party which supported you would have been defeated by a greater majority, as it was known that, but for you, your party would have carried their unpopular measures much further than they did.’ Suffering as he was under the treachery of the Hamiltonians, this softened the unhappy President’s mood. Jefferson was offered a chair. The two men, who had been intimate in Revolutionary days and in Paris, engaged in a friendly discussion of the topics of the day, and parted with mutual expressions of respect.

Jefferson returned to Conrad’s boarding-house, where he had taken a suite of rooms. It was a commodious house, standing on a hill, the precipitate sides of which were covered with grass and shrubs in a natural state. The windows of Jefferson’s rooms commanded a beautiful view of the surrounding country—the level plain between the hill and the Potomac through which the tree-lined Taber wound its course; and the man of Monticello could look down from his windows on the tulip-poplar trees, the magnolia, the azalea, the wild rose, the hawthorn. Characteristically enough, he had gone to Conrad’s because of the charms of the scenery. There the man of the hour lived like the other lodgers, with the exception of having a drawing-room for the reception of visitors; eating at the common table with the others, at the foot of the table nearest the door and most remote from the fire. When Mrs. John Brown, wife of the Kentucky Senator, insisted that he sit at the head of the table, as the oldest man if not as the Vice-President, he waved the suggestion aside with a smile of deprecation, and there, in the coldest part of the room, he continued until he moved into the President’s house. But for Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Theodorus Bailey, wife of a Jeffersonian Congressman from New York, the mess table would have resembled ‘a refectory of monks.’1874 Living under the same roof during the hectic weeks that followed were Gallatin who shared his room with Varnum, a Democrat from Massachusetts, Senator John Langdon, General Sam Smith of Maryland, Senator Abraham Baldwin of Georgia, Senator Wilson Carey Nicholas of Virginia, his brother, the Virginia Representative, and the Browns and Baileys. In the impending crisis Jefferson could scarcely have surrounded himself with a better board of strategy. There we will leave him for a while to take up the threads of the Federalist conspiracy to prevent his election and thwart the public will.

II

While Jefferson was calmly observing the development of the conspiracy, and Gouverneur Morris was reflecting on the absurdity of the human comedy, Alexander Hamilton sat in his office in New York writing feverishly to the leaders of his party. If he wrote in bitterness it was because he was fighting for the last vestige of his prestige as a leader. It had been ominous enough when he lost control of the party caucus and the leaders of the second class deserted him for Adams, but now, to his horror, he found the leaders of the first class scheming for the election of Burr, his pet aversion, to the Presidency. This was too much. Through the latter part of December, the indignant sparks flew from his fast-flying pen as he sought desperately to dissuade the conspirators who had been his faithful servitors. On the 16th he wrote Wolcott of his hope that ‘New England at least will not so far lose its head as to fall into this snare.’ Jefferson was infinitely preferable, because ‘not so dangerous a man’ and because he had ‘pretensions to character.’ But Burr was a ‘bankrupt beyond redemption except by the plunder of his country.’ He was ‘the Catiline of America.’ Would Wolcott communicate these views to Marshall and Sedgwick and reply speedily?1875 The next day Hamilton and his erstwhile idolater, Otis, were both busy with their pens. The former, in an evident fever of anxiety, was writing again to Wolcott. It was incredible that Federalists should be considering Burr. Within the last three weeks at his own table he had toasted the French Republic, the commissioners on both sides who had negotiated the peace, Bonaparte and Lafayette. Could anything have been more monstrous? ‘Alas, when will men consult their reasons rather than their passions?’ he asked. Elect Burr merely to mortify the Democrats by the defeat of Jefferson? ‘This disposition reminds me of the conduct of the Dutch moneyed man, who, from hatred of the old aristocracy, favored the admission of the French into Holland to overturn everything. Adieu to the Federal Troy if they once introduce this Grecian horse into their citadel.’1876

While Hamilton was writing thus to Wolcott, Otis, in Boston, was writing to Hamilton. ‘It is palpable,’ he wrote, ‘that to elect Burr is to cover the opposition with chagrin and to sow among them the seeds of morbid division.’ But how open communication with Burr? ‘We in Massachusetts do not know the man. You do. Please advise us.’1877 Hearing a few days later that Sedgwick was deep in the plot, Hamilton wrote him with almost hysterical earnestness. ‘For heaven’s sake, let not the Federalist party be responsible for the elevation of this man [Burr].’1878 Two days more, and Hamilton was writing in New York; Harper, who had been his idolater, was similarly engaged in Baltimore. The former was writing Morris, seeking an understanding with Jefferson; Harper was writing Aaron Burr, proffering an alliance. ‘Jefferson or Burr? The former without all doubt,’ wrote Hamilton. ‘Let our situation be improved to obtain from Jefferson assurances on certain points—the maintenance of the present system, especially on the cardinal articles of public credit—a navy, neutrality. Make any discreet use you think fit with this letter.’1879 Alas, the flimsiness of political friendship! At that very hour Harper was writing Burr that the contest would be settled in the House. ‘The language of the Democrats is that you will yield your pretensions to their favorite.... I advise you to take no step whatever by which the choice of the House... can be impeded or embarrassed. Keep the game perfectly in your own hands, but do not answer this letter, or any other that may be written to you by a Federal man, nor write to any of that party.’1880

No importunities from Hamilton were necessary in the case of Morris, who had taken the high ground ‘that since it was evidently the intention of our fellow citizens to make Mr. Jefferson their President, it seems proper to fulfill that intention.’1881 Such was his response to Hamilton, who responded gratefully to the loyalty of one follower. ‘If there is a man in the world I ought to hate,’ he wrote, ‘it is Jefferson. With Burr I have always been personally well. But the public good must be paramount to every private consideration.’1882 The next day Hamilton was bearing down hard on James A. Bayard, a Federalist Representative from Delaware, with an excoriation of Burr as liable to overturn the government to extend his power. Was it possible that Federalists were thinking of arrangements with a man of Burr’s character? ‘No engagement that may be made with him can be depended upon. While making it, he will laugh in his sleeve at the credulity of those with whom he makes it; and the first moment it suits his views to break it he will do so.’1883 At the same time he was appealing to John Rutledge of South Carolina to assist in crushing the Federalists’ conspiracy as ‘a service to your country.’1884 That month, too, Senator Ross of Pennsylvania heard from New York. ‘Mr. Burr is the last man in the United States to be supported by the Federalists,’ he read. Why not seek an understanding with Jefferson?1885

But as December faded from the calendar, the colossal genius of Federalism found himself in a position of pitiful impotency and isolation. Morris and Jay shared his views, but even the New York friends of his youth, like Troup, were unresponsive, and most of the leaders, who had once responded gladly to his nod, were ignoring his frantic efforts and proceeding with their plans. On the day he was writing Bayard, two men knocked at the lodgings of Morris, and Robert Goodhue Harper and Senator Henry Latimer of Delaware appeared to electioneer the delightful cynic whose cynicism held so much of wisdom. The voluble Harper was the spokesman. Burr, he said, was his ‘intimate friend.’ It was advisable, he thought, to elect Burr ‘without asking or expecting any assurances respecting his future administration.’ There was enough in Burr’s temper and disposition to give ample security ‘for a conduct hostile to the democratic spirit.’ Morris listened patiently, and dryly suggested the wisdom of the House suspending its determination ‘until they can have more light as to the merit and probable conduct of the candidates.’1886 Unable to see with the majority of his party, Morris, who had touched life at so many points and in so many places, did not share in Hamilton’s rage. ‘Indeed, my dear friend,’ he wrote Robert Livingston about this time, ‘this farce of life contains nothing which should put us out of humor.’1887 With Harper making a personal canvass for Burr, Judge Samuel Sewall, of the Essex Junto, was urging Otis to stand for ‘a steady and decided vote of the Federal party for Mr. Burr,’ because it might at any rate prevent an election—a consummation ‘most desirable.’1888

Meanwhile Burr, pretending preoccupation with the approaching nuptials of his brilliant Theodosia, was suavely simulating, if he did not feel, a distaste for the plan of his ‘intimate friend’ Harper. When the movement in his behalf was first launched, he wrote General Sam Smith that he would ‘disclaim all competition’ with Jefferson, that the Federalists ‘could entertain no wish for such an exchange,’ and that his friends would dishonor his views and insult his feelings ‘by a suspicion that I would submit to be instrumental in counteracting the wishes and expectations of the United States.’ But eight days later, Harper had written him an encouraging letter on the prospects and he appears to have followed the admonition not to reply. After that—silence.

At Conrad’s boarding-house the calmest man at the long table in the dining-room was Jefferson. He knew the plans of the opposition to prevent an election or to elect Burr, and noted the gloom among his friends and the exultation of his enemies. He was quite calm.

III

January found Hamilton still feverishly busy at his writing-desk. His worst fears had, by this time, been confirmed. His bosom friends had smiled incredulously upon his protests against Burr. The conspiracy was spreading ominously. His voice had lost its potency, his sword its shimmer. Grimly he fought against fate. McHenry had been impressed with the propaganda for Burr. A number of the Federalist leaders had escaped from the frog ponds of the capital to enjoy Christmas festivities in Baltimore, and from these he heard but one opinion—Burr should be supported. Burr’s letter to Smith? These worldly Federalists laughed derisively. He would not resent being elected by Federalist votes. Even McHenry thought that with Burr elected ‘we may flatter ourselves that he will not suffer the executive power to be frittered away.’ Still, he had misgivings. ‘Can we promise ourselves that he will not continue to seek and depend upon his own party for support?’1889 It was with these doubts in his mind that McHenry opened a letter from Hamilton, whom he worshiped. Here he found Burr denounced as ‘a profligate,’ as a ‘voluptuary,’ as ‘an extortionist’ in his profession, as insolvent and dangerous.1890 A word from Hamilton was enough, and McHenry joined his leader in combating the Federalist plans in Maryland—and not without effect. But with Senator William Hindman, who had been a supporter of Hamilton in the House, nothing could be done. He was aggressively for Burr.1891 In early January, Pickering, still pitying himself, was not shocked at the idea of Burr’s election. The suggestion that ‘the federalist interest will not be so systematically opposed under Mr. Burr as under Jefferson’ impressed him. Then ‘in case of war with any European power there can be no doubt which of the two would conduct it with most ability and energy.’1892

Meanwhile Bayard had sent a non-committal reply to Hamilton. He had found ‘a strong inclination of the majority’ of the Federalists to support Burr with the disposition growing. He ought, therefore, to have strong grounds for separating himself from the others. While their action could not bind him, it would be a painful wrench to leave them. Still, ‘the magnitude of the subject forbids the sacrifice of strong conviction.’ As the pen of Bayard traveled over the page, the conspirators were moving about him, for he wrote in the House of Representatives.1893 In truth, all Hamilton’s advices were disturbing. Former Senator Gunn of Georgia, in sympathy with him, was afraid ‘some of our friends have committed themselves by writing improperly to Burr.’1894 Even John Rutledge, while disgusted at the idea of either Jefferson or Burr in the Presidency, found his party associates convinced that ‘Burr will be the least mischief,’ and that his election would be prodigiously afflicting to the Virginia faction and must disjoint the party.1895’

It is easy to imagine Hamilton laying down the letter of Rutledge with a frown, to open one which had arrived from Sedgwick in the same mail, to get a greater shock. It was a vigorous plea for Burr. The author found it ‘very evident that the Jacobins dislike Mr. Burr as President’ and that ‘he hates them for the preference given to his rival.’ He had ‘expressed displeasure over the publication of his letter to General Smith.’ Would not ‘this jealousy and distrust and dislike... every day more and more increase and more and more widen the breach between them?’ Would not the election of Burr by the Federalists cause ‘incurable’ wounds? Then again, ‘to what evils should we expose ourselves by the choice of Burr, which we should escape by the election of Jefferson?’ True, given an opportunity, Burr would be more likely to become a ‘usurper’—but what of that?1896

About this time, in the middle of the month, the Federalists met to determine on their course. The caucus was not entirely harmonious, but the Burr sentiment was overwhelming. Shocked and inwardly enraged at the disaffection of his friends, Hamilton now redoubled his efforts, and in a ‘very, very confidential’ letter to Bayard dissected the character of Burr, demolished the arguments of his Federalist supporters, and pronounced Jefferson far superior in real ability. To this he gave a personal touch—something he had hitherto held back. ‘It is past all doubt,’ he said, ‘that he has blamed me for not having improved the situation I once was in to change the government; that when answered that this could not have been done without guilt, he replied, “Les grandes âmes se soucient peu des petits moraux”; and when told that the thing was never practical from the genius and situation of the country, he answered, “That depends on the estimate we form of the human passions, and of the means of influencing them.” Does this prove that Mr. Burr would consider a scheme of usurpation as visionary?’1897 Four days after sending this letter to Bayard, Hamilton was writing Morris of the inability of the conspirators to get assurances from Burr, who complained that it would injure him with his friends. ‘Depend upon it,’ he warned, ‘men never played a more foolish game than will do the Federalists if they support Burr.’1898 But Hamilton was striving against the basest, lowest instincts of his party. One of his Boston followers was writing King at this very time that he favored Burr because ‘his opposition heretofore’ had ‘arisen from ambitious motives,’ and because he was ‘not as honest in his politics as Jefferson.’1899 No one was a stouter contender against Hamilton’s decent patriotic impulses than Sedgwick, who was moved by the motives just indicated.1900 No one knew it better than Hamilton, but he persisted. ‘I never was so much mistaken,’ he wrote Sedgwick, ‘as I shall be if our friends in the event of their success do not rue the preference they will give to that Catiline.’1901 Fighting desperately, Hamilton looked clear-eyed upon the repudiation of his leadership of the party into which he had breathed the breath of life and given the dignity of power by the prestige of his genius. Among his friends he made no secret of his depression, admitting to them that his ‘influence with the federal party was wholly gone’ and that he ‘could no longer be useful.’1902 Had he created a Frankenstein to destroy not only himself but his policies and country? he wondered.

All through that month there was only serenity at Conrad’s boarding-house in Washington. Thoroughly informed of every move made by the enemy, Jefferson discussed the situation in the evenings with Gallatin, the Nicholases, and General Smith. Such was his imperturbable temperament that in the midst of the intense excitement he was able to write to one friend of a meteorological diary from Quebec, and to another on a similar one from Natchez.1903 His cause was in the keeping of Gallatin, who was quietly checking up on all members of the House, closing his own ranks, preparing for every possible contingency, and concluding that ‘the intention of the desperate leaders must be absolute usurpation and the overthrow of our Constitution.’1904 Thus January passed, and February came with its fateful possibilities.

IV

As the time for the contest approached, the village capital overflowed with visitors of stern visage. The boarding-houses packed with members of Congress, these onlookers found lodgment in Georgetown and in Alexandria. Notwithstanding the bitterness of the fight there was no trouble—due to stern repression. A little spark would have caused an explosion. The American people had determined on Jefferson, and it was no longer a secret that forces were at work to defeat the public will. Some of the Federalist papers deprecated the attempt to elect Burr with Federalist votes. The New York ‘Commercial Advertiser’ made vigorous protest in denunciation of the conspirators. ‘They are now taking the ground which the Democrats have occupied and descending to the baseness of supporting their cause by railing, abuse and scurrility. Nothing can be less politic or honorable. It is the duty of good citizens to acquiesce in the election and be tranquil. It is proper that Mr. Jefferson should be made Chief Magistrate.’1905 The same note was struck by the New York ‘Gazette.’ ‘Many advocate the support of Mr. Burr,’ it said. ‘In matters of such importance it is idle to suffer our passions to get the better of our reason; and in statesmanship it would be particularly culpable from such puerile motives to risk the welfare of the nation.... Bad as both these men [Jefferson and Burr] are, there is no comparison between them.’1906 But the organ of the Essex Junto was openly advocating Burr’s election. The ‘Centinel’ of Boston teemed with Burr propaganda. ‘The people of New England have yet faith to believe that a good tree cannot bring forth bad fruit, nor vice versa,’ it said. ‘They think the stock from which Mr. Jefferson has sprung to be bad because his works are known to be so; and... that whatever Mr. Burr may be reported to be he will eventually turn out good; as he is the grandson of the dignified Edwards, the great American luminary of Divinity, and a son of President Burr who was also a burning and shining light in the churches.’1907 At times it fell into verse:

‘Stop ere your civic feasts begin;
 Wait till the votes are all come in;
 Perchance amidst this mighty stir
 Your monarch may be Colonel Burr.’1908

A correspondent from Washington was quoted approvingly on the plan to support Burr—‘the expediency of which course is so palpable to common sense... that I am astonished any Federal man should hesitate upon the subject.’1909 And the ‘Centinel’ expressed the hope that it would be able ‘by Saturday next to announce either that the people will have another opportunity to elect a Federal President; or that the House, rejecting a theoretical and experimental philosopher, will prefer, as a very respectable member of Congress describes Mr. Burr, “a practical gentleman who will have judgment, taste and genius enough to appreciate the usefulness of our federal fabric, and nerve enough to preserve its integrity.”’1910

There was no longer any doubt that the Federalist hot-heads were ready for usurpation and revolutionary measures. It was known to every Democrat of any consequence in the country. Gallatin, counting noses, had no fear of desertions from the Jeffersonian ranks. The real danger, as the little conclave at Conrad’s saw it, was the prevention of an election, and Gallatin was certain that, to prevent this calamity, a Federalist from Maryland and Morris of Vermont would go over to Jefferson. A plan to meet this contingency was drawn up by Gallatin and accepted by the chief. More sinister still was the threat, commonly heard, that should the Federalists succeed in preventing an election, they would pass a law placing the Presidency in the hands of Marshall or some other official. This the Democrats were prepared to resist by physical force. To prevent this usurpation, the Jeffersonians notified Governor M’Kean of Pennsylvania and Governor Monroe of Virginia, who were prepared to march troops instantly upon the capital ‘for the purpose, not of promoting, but of preventing revolution and the shedding of a single drop of blood.’1911 A careful survey convinced Gallatin that this scheme of usurpation would not have mustered more than twenty votes among the Federalist members. Only Henry Lee, ‘a desperate character,’ and Roger Griswold of Connecticut, a bigot, appeared to Gallatin to be really favorable to such a monstrous measure. Even so the rumor spread, and it was said that fifteen hundred men in Virginia and Maryland had agreed in the event a usurper were placed in the Presidency to move on Washington to assassinate him.1912

Jefferson had other plans in view, which he conveyed only to Madison and Monroe—to call a convention to reorganize the Government and amend the Constitution, but he concealed this from Gallatin.1913 The Gallatin plan, with its military feature, leaked out, causing some uneasiness among the conspirators, who proceeded, however, with their plans. The ‘Centinel’ boasted that Federalists had no fear of Southern and Western fighters. ‘Our General [Burr] if called upon can assure them that he has seen southern regiments in former times and knows what they are composed of.1914

Meanwhile the Federalists proceeded with their plans. Burr, concealing himself in Albany, was maintaining a discreet silence, and on February 1st, Jefferson wrote him a letter. At no time had he any confidence in Burr’s political honesty or reliability. During the two Federalist Administrations he had observed that, whenever a great military or diplomatic appointment was to be made, Burr had hurried to Philadelphia and was ‘always at market if they wanted him.’ Jefferson had thought it wise to remain rather distant.1915 But he was too sagacious to reveal his distrust at this juncture. He had no thought of giving Burr any excuse for treachery, and enemies had been busy with a forged letter bearing Jefferson’s signature setting forth uncomplimentary opinions. He wrote to call attention to the forgery and denounce it. ‘It was to be expected,’ he wrote, ‘that the enemy would endeavor to sow tares between us that they might divide us and our friends.’ If the letter was ever answered, the reply has been lost.

On the day Jefferson sat in his room at Conrad’s writing Burr, Gouverneur Morris’s morning slumber was interrupted by two visitors who wished to discuss with him the organization of Burr’s Administration. ‘Laughable enough under the circumstances which now exist,’ chuckled the cynic.1916 Two days later, still serene, Jefferson was writing Dr. Caspar Wistar of some bones recently discovered which the Doctor wished for the museum. The candidate had taken the trouble to write Chancellor Livingston, and the reply was inspired by the latter’s letter in answer. With the village capital crowded, with talk of revolution, usurpation, assassination, he wrote at length. Perhaps it would be better to ask only for the bones missing from the museum’s collection, as the town where they were found would probably be loath to part with them at all. Even then the philosopher and scientist was not wholly lost in the politician.1917

In New York, Hamilton, having gone his limit, was no longer writing letters. The indifference of his erstwhile followers had left him depressed and bitter. Then, one day at the Tontine Coffee-House, he had an opportunity to renew his warning in the most dramatic manner. Wolcott had resigned from the Cabinet, his treachery still unsuspected by Adams, to be wined and dined by the Federalist members of Congress in Washington, and toasted by the merchants of Philadelphia and New York. After the regular toasts had been given at the Tontine and volunteers were in order, Hamilton rose, and in his most impressive manner proposed: ‘May our government never fall a prey to the dreams of a Condorcet nor the vices of a Catiline.’1918 ‘The vices of a Catiline’ was the one expression remembered by the diners as they poured out into the streets.

The next day the balloting was to begin. On the day of the dinner at the Tontine the ‘Commercial Advertiser’ predicted the election of Burr on the second ballot; and that same day Representative William Cooper was writing a friend of the determination of the Federalists ‘to run Burr perseveringly’ and to ‘leave the consequences to those who have hitherto been his friends.’1919 At Conrad’s boarding-house all was serene.

V

In a blinding snowstorm the lawmakers and spectators fought their way to the Capitol on Wednesday morning, the 11th. Nature spread a white mantle over the crudities of the village as though to dress it becomingly for the great day. The great plain between the foot of the hill and the river was covered with a spotless sheet, and even the shop of the shoemaker and the home of the washwoman took on the appearance of beauty. No one minded the storm, not even Joseph H. Nicholson of Maryland, who, though bedridden with fever, insisted on being carried through the storm to cast his ballot for Jefferson. The electoral votes being counted in a joint session of the two houses, the members of the House retired to their own chamber to elect a President. The crowded gallery was ordered cleared. The visitors, grumbling loudly, filed out into the corridors. When Samuel Harrison Smith, editor of the ‘National Intelligencer,’ who had established his paper in the capital on the advice of Jefferson, insisted on remaining, he was angrily ordered out by Theodore Sedgwick, the Speaker. Arrangements were thereupon made by the Jeffersonians to keep Smith informed hourly of the fortunes of the fight. In a committee room off the chamber lay Nicholson on a bed, burning with fever, an anxious wife at his side to give him water and medicine. Even the conspirators could not restrain their admiration. ‘It is a chance that this kills him,’ wrote Otis. ‘I would not thus expose myself for any President on earth.’1920 The stricken Democrat was not there, however, against the wishes of his wife, who had the fighting spirit of a Spartan woman.

The first ballot found Jefferson with eight States—Burr with six—nine necessary to a choice. Another ballot immediately—the same result. A third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh—no change. As each ballot was taken, a teller from Maryland entered the little committee room where Nicholson lay fighting the fever, his head supported by the arm of his wife. He was awakened from his fitful sleep, a pencil was put in his trembling fingers, and with his wife’s aid in guiding the pencil the name of Jefferson was written. The pencil fell from his hand—he slept again.1921 At the end of the eighth ballot a motion to vote again in an hour prevailed. There was little electioneering—men’s minds were made up. Only a buzz of conversation, some laughter.

The ninth ballot, the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth ballots—and no change. Darkness had long since fallen on snow-covered Washington. Bed-clothing, blankets, pillows, had been brought in. The Federalists had determined to hold on without adjournment. At nine o’clock the sixteenth ballot brought no change. At ten o’clock the seventeenth, at eleven the eighteenth—and no change. The motion was made to adjourn until Thursday, only to be voted down. At midnight the nineteenth ballot was taken, with the lines unbroken. By this time the members were slipping off to cloak and committee rooms between ballots to sleep, and some slept in their chairs. As a ballot was called, it was ‘ludicrous to see them running from committee rooms with night caps on.’1922 The crowd in the corridors dwindled, a few stubbornly held on. Every hour a messenger waded laboriously through the heavy snow to the home of the editor of ‘The Intelligencer’ with the results. No sleep in that house that night. When the knock at the door was heard, the editor’s wife, her heart beating audibly, as she thought, could scarcely open to receive the paper.1923

At one o’clock another ballot—then at two. Nature was beginning to claim its toll when it was agreed not to vote again until four o’clock. After that the ballots were taken hourly throughout the night. When the twenty-seventh ballot was taken at eight o’clock and the motion was made to vote no more until noon, there were no protests. The vote at noon found the opposing lines unbroken. The House adjourned until eleven o’clock on Friday—the next day.

Friday: larger crowds about the Capitol. Nicholson still on his bed. When the twenty-ninth ballot showed no change, an adjournment was taken until noon on Saturday.

Meanwhile the participants in the struggle were sending out meager reports on the results. While the first ballots were being taken on Wednesday, Jefferson had written Tench Coxe: ‘For some time since, a single individual has said he would by his vote make up the ninth State. On Saturday last he changed, and it stands at present eight one way, six the other, and two divided. Which of the two will be elected, and whether either, I deem perfectly problematical; and my mind has long since been equally made up for either of the three events.’1924 Otis, writing his wife, was more interested in the scene at the sick bed than in conjectures.1925 Gallatin wrote Mrs. Gallatin of the results without comment, other than that he had slept from eight o’clock until noon on Thursday morning.1926 Saturday found the lines still holding, but with the conspirators subjected to a heavy and disturbing fire from outside. An imposing petition from Federalists in Maryland had been sent John Chew Thomas declaring that two thirds of his constituents favored Jefferson. Gallatin did ‘not know what effect they would have.’1927 and the thing that worried the Federalists was that they knew no better. Some of these were finding the backfire distressing. Others were openly disgusted with Burr. ‘Had Burr done anything for himself, he would long ere this have been President,’ wrote Cooper of New York.1928 It was clearly time to push the contest. Thus, on Saturday three ballots were taken without results, and the House adjourned until noon Monday.

Meanwhile, Jefferson, presiding over the Senate, surrounded by hatred and excitement, presented an unruffled front, an untouched temper. From time to time he could hear the angry discussions of his enemies, but he made no sign. His impartiality was beyond question. ‘A spectator,’ wrote a contemporary, ‘who watched his countenance would never have surmised that he had any personal interest in the impending event.’1929 From the Capitol he walked like one unconcerned back to Conrad’s, enjoying the snow. Some of the politicians sought to wring concessions from him to gain support, but he was adamant. General Sam Smith, without his authority or knowledge, entered into a negotiation, which had no effect beyond furnishing the groundwork for the charge of his enemies in history that he had made arrangements. As far as we know he was openly approached by but one—and he was acting on the suggestion of Alexander Hamilton.

One day, as Jefferson was descending the steps of the Capitol, he met Gouverneur Morris and they paused to exchange compliments. Differing as widely as the poles, they had enjoyed their social contacts in Paris. The conversation turned naturally to the contest, and Morris observed, significantly, that the opposition to Jefferson’s election on the part of some was the fear that he would turn all Federalists out of office, put down the navy, and wipe out the debt. All that was necessary to his election was the assurance that none of these steps would be taken. ‘I must leave the world to judge the course I mean to pursue by that which I have pursued hitherto,’ Jefferson replied. ‘I believe it my duty to be passive and silent during the present contest. I shall certainly make no terms, and shall never go into the office of President by capitulation, nor with my hands tied by any conditions which will hinder me from pursuing the measures which I shall deem for the public good.’ The two parted in the best of feeling.

The crisis was now approaching. Public sentiment was asserting itself unmistakably, and statesmen could hear afar off the cracking of the whips. The Jeffersonians would clearly not budge. Even Nicholson was recovering instead of sinking under the exposure and excitement. The Federalists in their caucuses were breaking up after stormy meetings. It was agreed that nothing was left but desperate measures, and, while but few urged their adoption, few openly disapproved. Burr was an ever-increasing torment. Only his coöperation was needed, said Bayard afterward, to have won. ‘By deceiving one man (a great blockhead) and tempting two (not incorruptible), he might have secured a majority of the States.’1930 But Burr was in Albany, silent as the sphinx and inactive as a mummy.

Over Sunday the leaders caucused and cursed. When the House met on Monday, Gallatin understood that Bayard was going to vote for Jefferson and end the fight. But on the one ballot taken on Monday, he remained with Burr. ‘But it is supposed,’ wrote Gallatin to his father-in-law, ‘that the cause of delay is to make an attempt on his party and some others to prevail on the whole Federal party to come over.’1931

The conferences continued on Monday and by night a decision had been reached. Nothing could be gained by fighting for a man who would not fight. The public was in an ugly mood. Hamilton’s friends, like Bayard, were feeling a little ashamed of themselves. On Tuesday a crowd was packed in the corridors of the Capitol and in front of the building. Weary men in petulant mood pushed their way through these farmers, mechanics, and politicians to the House. A vote was immediately taken. Morris, Federalist from Vermont, withdrew, permitting Matthew Lyon to cast the vote of the State for Jefferson. The Maryland Federalists cast blank ballots—permitting the Democrats to put their State in the Jefferson column. Bayard, after much meandering, finally satisfied Hamilton by casting a blank, which, being the only vote to which his State was entitled, left Delaware out entirely. And Theodore Sedgwick, in a rage, was forced formally to announce the election of Thomas Jefferson. The throng in the corridors and in front of the Capitol gave way to noisy rejoicing, and the conspirators hurried to their lodgings to escape the scowls of the populace.

VI

While most of them hurried home, three members of the House, including two of the vanquished, with Thomas Pinckney as spokesman, made their way with many jests, we may be sure, up the slushy Avenue, between the frog ponds, to the President’s house to notify John Adams that his successor had been chosen. No record of their reception remains, but the imagination can supply the want. Nor is there any record that Adams sent a note of congratulation to the victor. Those were the days when ‘The Duke of Braintree’s’ morbid vanity was suffering keenly the flings of outrageous fortune.

Two days later, the same committee formally notified Jefferson of his election and was asked to convey a gracious response to the House.1932 Meanwhile, unflurried and unhurried, he went his way, appearing in the Senate, as usual to preside, and continuing to occupy the foot of the table at Conrad’s boarding-house. He had long since determined upon Madison for the head of the Cabinet and Gallatin for the Treasury, gigantic figures compared with those who had occupied these posts after Jefferson and Hamilton had left them in the days of Washington. The other positions were filled during the two weeks intervening between the election and the inauguration.

On Saturday before his inauguration on Wednesday, Jefferson appeared for the last time in the Senate to withdraw from his post there in a farewell address. There before him sat men who hated him venomously, but the suave, serene victor took leave as though departing with sorrow from a cherished circle of congenial souls. Mistakes he had probably made, but he had sought to ‘observe impartial justice,’ and his measurable success had been due to the generosity and uniform courtesy of the members. Could he but carry to his new station such support as he had received from the Senate, he would ‘consider it as commencing under the happiest auspices.’ In tendering his ‘cordial and respectful adieux,’ he wished for all both health and happiness. With a courtly bow he descended from the rostrum, and passed out of the chamber.

On Monday, Gouverneur Morris, chairman of the committee named to make response, reported an answer matching the courtliness of Jefferson’s farewell. It lamented ‘the loss of that intelligence, attention, and impartiality’ with which Jefferson had presided, and expressed appreciation of the kindly expressions on the Senate. Then, as Morris proceeded, there was a savage wagging of heads among the die-hards, as he read: ‘In the confidence that your official conduct will be directed to those great objects [the honor and interests of the country]—a confidence derived from past events, we repeat to you, sir, the assurance of our Constitutional support in your future administration.’ Instantly an irreconcilable was on his feet with a motion to strike out the words, ‘derived from past events.’ The roll was called. The motion was lost by a vote of 9 to 19. The intolerant Tracy and Ross voted with the nine, but Morris carried some of his party with him.1933 The next day Morris reported Jefferson’s reply—a gesture of appreciation.

As the day of the inauguration approached, great crowds began to pour into the drab little capital from the surrounding country. In the President’s house and in the Senate there was feverish activity. Early in the session, the Federalists, realizing that their power was over in the executive and legislative branches, sought to maintain themselves and provide for their favorites through the creation of many Federal judgeships. The purpose was transparent. The Democrats had fought the measure without avail. All that now remained was for Adams to pack the courts with partisans as narrow and intolerant as those who had for ten years been delivering common party harangues from the Bench. With the joyous visitors wading the muddy streets in holiday mood, with Jefferson closeted with his friends at Conrad’s, the Senate was busy confirming these partisan Judges, and in the Executive Department they were busy signing the commissions. Night came—and John Marshall remained in his office making them out.

To this drama of hate, Adams gave a touch of irony in selecting the beneficiaries of his generosity. Wolcott had left him but a little while before. Through four years he had played the game of Adams’s enemies, presenting all the while a smiling countenance to his chief. We have seen him lingering on in the citadel after Pickering and McHenry had been thrown from the battlements, to wig-wag secret messages to the enemy in New York. But Adams had suspected nothing. Moved by an impulse of gratitude, he offered Wolcott a life position on the Bench, and that consummate actor, smiling still, sent the assurance that ‘gratitude to benefactors is among the most amiable... of social obligations,’1934 and accepted. There is something of pathos to the Adams of the sunset. Something of pathos and inspiration, too—for, to the disgust of the inner circle of his party, he made John Marshall Chief Justice of the United States, and thus, unwittingly, saved the better part of Federalism from the wreckage of the temple, to fight on through many years to come.

VII

The morning of inauguration day found the entire nation marching in the streets, exultant Democrats following the fife and drum, singing and shouting hosannas. Merchants locked their doors, mechanics left their work-benches, clerks laid down their pens, farmers deserted their homes for the towns, and from Boston to Savannah men and women celebrated with an enthusiasm not approached since the celebration of the peace in 1783.

In Washington, the thunder of artillery ushered in the day. As it shook the heavens, an embittered old man with a sour countenance sat far back in his coach as it bumped and splashed its way through the mire and over the stumps of the Baltimore road, for at four o’clock in the morning John Adams had slipped out of the house of the Presidents and hurried away, rather than remain to extend the ordinary courtesies to his successor. ‘You have no idea,’ wrote Gallatin to his wife, ‘of the meanness, indecency, almost insanity of his conduct, especially of late. But he is fallen and not dangerous. Let him be forgotten.’1935 Somewhere in hiding, or in flight, was Theodore Sedgwick, Speaker of the House, who could not bear to witness the triumph of a foe.

That morning Jefferson remained quietly at Conrad’s, receiving friends. As he entered the dining-room for breakfast, the wife of Senator Brown rose impulsively and offered him her seat. With an appreciative smile he declined and sat down as usual at the end of the table near the door.1936

At ten o’clock there was a flurry among the men, women, and children standing reverently in front of Jefferson’s lodgings, when, with a swinging stride, companies of riflemen and artillery from Alexandria paraded before the boarding-house. At noon, dressed plainly, with nothing to indicate the dignity of his position, Jefferson stepped out of Conrad’s, accompanied by citizens and members of Congress, and walked to the Capitol. As he passed the threshold, there was a thunder of artillery. When he entered the little Senate Chamber, the Senators and Representatives rose, and Aaron Burr, now Vice-President, left his seat—all standing until Jefferson sat down in the chair he had occupied until a week before. On his right hand, Burr; on his left, Marshall. Only a little while, and Burr, arrested for treason at the instigation of Jefferson, would be tried by Marshall at Richmond.

After a moment, Jefferson rose and read a conciliatory address, in a tone scarcely audible in the tiny room.1937 ‘We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its Republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.’ As he concluded, he turned to Marshall, his Hamilton of the future. The Chief Justice administered the oath. It was over. The festivities of ’83 had celebrated the achievement of the right of the American people to form their own government and make their own laws. The roar of artillery as the new President emerged from the Capitol meant that the real American Revolution had triumphed, and definitely determined that this should be a democratic republic.

In the streets and public-houses that afternoon there was rejoicing, shouting, singing, laughing, drinking. Even the more tolerant of the vanquished fraternized with the victors, and the wife of the editor of the Jeffersonian organ1938 poured tea for Gouverneur Morris, Jonathan Dayton, and James A. Bayard. For the moment ‘all were Republicans, all were Federalists.’ That night Washington saw its first illumination.

---

Lumbering along the wretched mud roads in his coach rode Adams, the reverberations of the artillery peal of the morning still hammering on his nerves, meditating bitterly on the treachery of men.... Somewhere in hiding, Sedgwick—cursing the fates.... And somewhere in New York, Alexander Hamilton was tasting the bitter fruits of the victory he had fought to win for his greatest opponent. From his window he could see the marching men and he could hear the pæans of triumph. The brilliant party he had moulded was in ruins—his leadership scorned by the crawling creatures who had shone only in the reflected light of his brilliance. He was alone—isolated.... A little while and he would write Morris, ‘What can I do better than withdraw from the scene? Every day proves to me more and more that this American world was not made for me.’1939... A few months, and he would be describing himself as a ‘disappointed politician’ in a letter to Pinckney requesting melon seeds for his garden and parroquets for his daughter.1940... Four years—and before Burr’s pistol he would fall on the banks of the Hudson one tragic summer morning.... Some years more, and a visitor to the home of the retired sage of Monticello would see in the hall a marble bust of Hamilton—the tribute of one great man to another.

The eighteenth century witnessed their Plutarchian battles; the twentieth century uncovers at the graves at Monticello and in Trinity Churchyard—but the spirits of Jefferson and Hamilton still stalk the ways of men—still fighting.

The End

Notes

1 Pickering (Wingate to Pickering), II, 447.

2 Ames, I, 31.

3 Writings, I, 450.

4 Ames, I, 31, 32.

5 Pickering (Wingate to Pickering), II, 447.

6 Ames, I, 31; Pickering, II, 447.

7 Republican Court, 120-22; Story of a Street, 101.

8 Ames, I, 32-34.

9 Writings, I, 450.

10 Ames (to Minot), I, 41-42.

11 Republican Court, 122, note.

12 Adams’s explanation, Works, VIII, 511-13.

13 Maclay, 2-3.

14 Maclay, 7-10.

15 Ibid., 22-24.

16 Ibid., 25-27.

17 Maclay, 37.

18 Writings, I, 470-71.

19 Ames, I, 46.

20 June 3, 1789.

21 Maclay, 31.

22 Daily Advertiser, April 24, 1789.

23 Ibid.

24 Story of a Street, 221.

25 Maclay, 7-10.

26 Ibid.

27 Gazette of the United States, May 2, 1789.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid, May 8, 1789.

30 Daily Advertiser, May 8, 1789.

31 Daily Advertiser, May 8, 1729.

32 Gazette of the United States, May 9, 1789.

33 Governor Page complained bitterly of hogs and mud. Memorial History, III, 48.

34 The Daily Advertiser advertises the specifications April 13, 1789.

35 Maclay, 90.

36 Gazette of the United States, June 27, 1789.

37 Memorial History, III, 47.

38 Daily Advertiser, March 6, 1789.

39 Memorial History, III, 45.

40 Daily Advertiser, April 15, 1789.

41 New York in 1789, 117.

42 Memorial History, III, 65; New York in 1789, 117-20.

43 New York in 1789, 172-75.

44 Ibid., 176.

45 Ibid., 178.

46 May 9, 1789.

47 Gazette of the United States, May 13, 1789.

48 Maclay, 31.

49 Gazette of the United States, June 6, 1789.

50 Ibid., September 19, 1789.

51 Story of a Street, 112.

52 Gibbs, I, 22.

53 Ibid., I, 43.

54 New York in 1789, 19.

55 Ibid., 119.

56 Warville, 96-97.

57 Republican Court, 210, note.

58 Brooks, Knox, 217-18.

59 Mrs. Iredell; McRee, Iredell, II, 296-97.

60 Gazette of the United States, May 16, 1789.

61 Ibid., May 30, 1789.

62 Daily Advertiser, June 19, 1789.

63 Gazette of the United States, April 15, 1789.

64 Maclay, 257-58.

65 Wharton, Salons, Colonial and Republican, 53.

66 Maclay, 266.

67 Ibid., 73-74.

68 Story of a Street, 112, 114-17, 121.

69 Richmond Hill, at present site of Charlton and Varick Streets.

70 Letters of Mrs. Adams (to Mrs. Shaw), II, 201; (to Thomas Brand-Hollis), II, 205.

71 Ames (to Minot), I, 34; Maclay, 375; Familiar Letters, 86-89.

72 Adams, Works, VIII, 491-92.

73 Thayer’s Washington, 180-81.

74 Gazette of the United States, May 6, 1789.

75 Republican Court, 149, note.

76 Autobiography, Ford, I, 171.

77 Maclay, 138.

78 Iredell, II, 138.

79 Maclay, 138.

80 Ibid., 138, 206.

81 Ibid., 101.

82 Maclay, 38.

83 Ibid., 50.

84 Bassett, The Federalist System.

85 Gerry, Annals, May 20, 1789.

86 Writings (to Randolph), I, 471-73.

87 Jackson, Annals, I, 486-89.

88 Page, Annals, I, 548-52.

89 Maclay, 128-31.

90 Iredell (Lowther to Iredell), II, 258-59.

91 Writings, I, 471-73.

92 Warville, 102.

93 Familiar Letters, 236-37.

94 Oliver, 114.

95 Gibbs, I, 22.

96 Autobiography, 278.

97 Morris, Diary, II, 456.

98 Oliver, 15.

99 See Appendix, Lodge, Alexander Hamilton.

100 Works, IX, 405-06; letter to brother.

101 Ibid., X, 109.

102 Intimate Life, 3.

103 Life, by son, I, 4.

104 Fiske, I, 104-05.

105 Life, by son, I, 10.

106 Ibid., 22.

107 Ibid., 263-74.

108 Payne’s Journalism, 191-92.

109 Works, I, 202.

110 Ibid., I, 213-39.

111 Ibid., I, 243-87.

112 Life, by son, II, 277.

113 Ibid., I, 69.

114 Works, VI, 276.

115 Life, by son, I, 69.

116 Ibid., I, 318.

117 Ibid.

118 Lodge, 26.

119 Oliver, 27.

120 Intimate Life, 47.

121 Oliver, 161-62.

122 Lodge, 177-78; Oliver, 163-64.

123 Oliver, 86.

124 Ibid., 263.

125 Ibid., 376.

126 Works, VI, 457.

127 Oliver, 149.

128 Fiske, 120; Lodge, 58.

129 Beck, 75.

130 Oliver, 156.

131 Works, I, 347-69.

132 Beck, 76.

133 Life, by son, II, 487.

134 Ibid., 487.

135 Ibid., 488.

136 Ibid.

137 Ibid.

138 Ibid., 516.

139 Lodge, 60.

140 Works, I, 404.

141 Gordy, I, 70.

142 Works, I, 417.

143 Ibid.

144 Works, I, 420.

145 Lodge, 62-63.

146 Statement to Tench Coxe quoted by Jefferson, Works of Jefferson, Ford, I, 338.

147 Letter to G. Morris, Works, X, 425.

148 Morris, Diary, II, 456.

149 Works, X, 480.

150 Intimate Life, 75.

151 Life, by son, I, 398.

152 Parton’s Jefferson, 358.

153 Familiar Letters, 236-37.

154 Oliver, 177-78.

155 Works, X, 3; letter to King.

156 Jefferson’s Anas, I, 180.

157 Morris, Diary, II, 456.

158 Lodge, 156.

159 Works, X, 354.

160 Morris, Diary, II, 456.

161 Cabot, 298-300.

162 Intimate Life, 48.

163 Life, by son, I, 236.

164 Ibid., 233.

165 Lodge, 81.

166 Ibid., 144.

167 Oliver, 40.

168 Works, X, 90-91.

169 Ibid., X, 425-26.

170 Works, X, 123-26; letter to Lloyd.

171 Parton’s Jefferson, 355.

172 Intimate Life, 46.

173 Works, IX, 256-58.

174 Familiar Letters, 236-37.

175 Morison’s Otis (to Mrs. Otis), I, 141-43.

176 Cabot, 204-05.

177 Morison’s Otis, I, 141.

178 Lodge, 272.

179 Oliver, 76.

180 Ibid., 381.

181 Griswold, 173.

182 Intimate Life, 55.

183 Ibid., 56.

184 Ibid., 60.

185 Ibid., 259.

186 Ibid., 73.

187 Intimate Life, 17.

188 Works, V, 61 (to Washington); X, 256 (to William Smith); X, 275 (to King); X, 343 (to Pickering).

189 Life, by son, reminiscences of Troup, I, 10.

190 Ibid.

191 Works, VI, 276.

192 Ibid., X, 432-37.

193 Intimate Life, 334.

194 Ibid., 406.

195 Oliver and Sumner.

196 Intimate Life, 261.

197 Works, IX, 232-37.

198 Ibid., X, 356-57.

199 Daily Advertiser, October 9, 1789.

200 Gerry and Clymer, both supporters of the Report, objected. Annals, January 9, 1790.

201 Maclay, 177.

202 Writings, J. Q. Adams, I, 49.

203 Connecticut Gazette, February 19, 1790.

204 Lodge, 90-91.

205 Ibid.

206 Madison’s Writings (letter to Pendleton), I, 507-09.

207 Maclay, 179. The member of Congress who sent the vessels was Jeremiah Wadsworth of Connecticut.

208 Professor C. A. Beard makes a conclusive case against both in his Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy.

209 Works of Jefferson, I, 354.

210 Mr. Amory, H. G. Otis, and William Wetmore.

211 Writings of J. Q. Adams, I, 56-59.

212 Maclay, 177-78.

213 Beard’s Economic Interpretation, 104-12.

214 Gazette of the United States, ‘Common Sense,’ January 30, 1790.

215 Annals, January 28, 1790.

216 Ibid.

217 Maclay, February 1, 1790.

218 Maclay, 194.

219 Annals, February 10, 1790.

220 New York Daily Advertiser, February 13, 1790.

221 Familiar Letters, 108.

222 Gazette of the United States, April 15, 1790.

223 Fiske, 187.

224 Ames (letter to Minor), I, 35.

225 First Forty Years of American Society, Family Letters of Mrs. Margaret Bayard Smith, 61.

226 Works of Jefferson, Ford, I, 86.

227 Mrs. Smith, 63.

228 Annals, February 11, 1790.

229 Madison’s Writings, I, 507.

230 Annals, February 15, 1790.

231 Writings (to Randolph), I, 512.

232 White, Annals, February 16, 1790.

233 White, Annals, February 16, 1790.

234 Maclay, 199.

235 Ibid., February 22, 1790.

236 Writings, J. Q. Adams, I, 49.

237 Gazette of the United States, June 12, 1790.

238 Centinel, February 24, 1790.

239 Ibid., March 20, 1790.

240 Pennsylvania Gazette, copied in Maryland Gazette, February 26, 1790.

241 Boston, Independent Chronicle, March 4, 1790.

242 Boston, Independent Chronicle, March 25, 1790.

243 Ibid., April 15.

244 Maclay, 202.

245 Ibid., 205.

246 New York Advertiser, February 20, 1790.

247 Ibid., February 22, 1790.

248 Comptroller of the Treasury.

249 Gibbs, I, 43.

250 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), I, 511.

251 McRee, Iredell (from Senator Johnson), II, 286; (from William R. Davie), II, 281, note.

252 King, I, 385.

253 Henry, II, 459.

254 Stone of Maryland.

255 Maclay, 203.

256 Ibid., 209.

257 Ibid., 212.

258 Ibid., 214.

259 Maclay, 227, 230.

260 Ibid., 234.

261 Elias Boudinot of New Jersey.

262 Maclay, 237.

263 Maclay, 248.

264 Ibid., 250.

265 Writings, I, 517.

266 McRee, Iredell, II, 286.

267 Lodge, Cabot, 35-36.

268 Ibid. (to Goodhue), 37.

269 Gazette of the United States, April 21, 1790.

270 Ibid., April 24, 1790.

271 Centinel, June 19, 1790.

272 Daily Advertiser, March 24, 1790.

273 Ames (to Dwight), I, 79-80.

274 Maclay, 292.

275 Ibid., 299.

276 Maclay, 310.

277 Works, Ford, VIII, 42-45.

278 Ibid., VIII, 52.

279 Writings (to Monroe), I, 522.

280 Maclay, 332.

281 Gazette of the United States, August 25, 1790.

282 February 25, 1791.

283 Brooks, Knox, 213.

284 Maryland Journal, February 11, 1791.

285 Josiah Parker.

286 Annals, January 5, 1791.

287 Samuel Livermore.

288 Annals, January 6, 1791.

289 Annals, January 11, 1791.

290 Maclay, 385.

291 Ibid., 385.

292 Maclay, 387.

293 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 123.

294 Works, III, 319-41; 342-87.

295 Ibid., 388-443.

296 Maclay, 364.

297 Ibid., 369.

298 Annals, February 2, 1791.

299 Ames (to Dwight), I, 94.

300 Annals, February 3, 1791.

301 Jefferson’s Works, III, 145-53.

302 Madison’s Writings, III, 171.

303 Madison’s Writings, III, 171.

304 Ames (to Minot), February 17, 1791.

305 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), I, 534-35.

306 Hamilton’s Works (letter to Carrington), IX, 513-35.

307 Parton, II, 1.

308 Dustin’s Freneau, 160.

309 May 11, 1791.

310 Gazette of the United States, April 6, 1791.

311 Daily Advertiser, February 25, 1791.

312 Independent Chronicle, March 10, 1791.

313 New York Daily Advertiser, July 19, 1791.

314 British Agent.

315 Domestic Life, 197-98. Jefferson was living in the country.

316 Maryland Journal, March 22, 1791.

317 Domestic Life, 199.

318 Ibid., 201.

319 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 205.

320 Gay’s Madison.

321 Madison’s Writings, I, 534.

322 Graydon, 375.

323 McRee, Iredell, II, 335.

324 Adams, Adams, I, 454.

325 New York Daily Advertiser, July 8, 1791.

326 Ibid., July 9, 1791.

327 Ibid., July 14, 1791.

328 Independent Chronicle, June 23, 1791.

329 Ibid., July 7, 1791.

330 Ibid., August 26, 1791.

331 Ibid.

332 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 192.

333 Adams, Works, VIII, 503.

334 Ibid., 505.

335 Madison’s Writings, I, 535.

336 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 223.

337 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 232.

338 Madison’s Writings, I, 540.

339 Ibid., I, 534.

340 Madison’s Writings, I, 538.

341 Maryland Journal, February 15, 1791.

342 Pennsylvania Gazette, September 7, 1791.

343 August 17, 1791.

344 Hamilton’s Works (to King), I, 402.

345 August 8, 1791.

346 August 9, 1791.

347 August 13, 1791. ‘Scrips sold last night: Cash 212-202-210-206; 10 days, 216, 217-1/2, 214; 30 days, 223, 212, 215; 45 days, 216; 60 days, 219; Sept. 10, 224; Deliver and pay December 1, 235; Deliver October 1 and pay January 1, 242; Monday next, 207; Tuesday, 215-1/2, 217, 210.’ (New York Daily Advertiser.)

348 Daily Advertiser, August 15, 1791.

349 New York Daily Advertiser.

350 Daily Advertiser, August 17, 1791.

351 New York Daily Advertiser, September 21, 1791.

352 Independent Chronicle, September 1, 1791.

353 Independent Chronicle, August 18, 1791.

354 Maclay, 272.

355 Familiar Letters, 148.

356 Maclay, 272.

357 Mrs. Smith, 6.

358 Ibid., 6-7.

359 Liancourt, III, 157.

360 Parton on the Moore incident, III, 115-19.

361 Maclay, 272.

362 Mrs. Smith, 6-7.

363 Maclay, 272.

364 Familiar Letters, 149.

365 Familiar Letters, 148.

366 Maclay, 272.

367 Liancourt, III, 157.

368 Familiar Letters, 148.

369 Mrs. Smith, 6-7.

370 Randall, I, 14.

371 Dodd, Statesmen of the Old South, 3-4.

372 Ibid., 9.

373 Dodd, Statesmen of the Old South, 23.

374 Parton’s Jefferson, I, 27.

375 Randall, III, 448.

376 Autobiography, I, 77.

377 Fiske, 148.

378 Works (to Mrs. Trist), V, 151.

379 Ibid. (to Bellini), V, 151.

380 Ibid. (to Mrs. Trist), V, 81-82.

381 Ibid. (to Bellini), V, 151-54.

382 Morris, Diary, I, 101.

383 Domestic Life (letter to Madison), 155; Works, I, 131-38.

384 Domestic Life (letter to Adams), 156.

385 Ibid. (to Jay), 156.

386 Ibid. (to Jay), 159.

387 Works (letter to Lafayette), VII, 370; (to De St. Etienne), VII, 370-72; (the Charter), VII, 372-74.

388 Ibid., IV, 72.

389 Ibid. (to De Unger), IV, 138-39.

390 Autobiography, I, 72.

391 Mrs. Wharton, 391.

392 Parton’s Jefferson, I, 344.

393 Vol. I, 77.

394 Works, V, 3-4: letter to Chastellus.

395 Ibid., VI, 428: to Warville.

396 Randall, I, 17.

397 Ibid., III, 556-58; letter to Rush.

398 Ibid., 671-76.

399 Ibid.; also see The Thomas Jefferson Bible, edited by Henry Jackson.

400 Randall, III, 547.

401 Dodd, Statesmen of the Old South, 36.

402 Randall, III, 620-22.

403 Works, VI, 11-15; to Charles Thompson.

404 Ibid., 227-29 (to Edward Carrington); 269-71 (to J. Blair).

405 Ibid., 296-301 (to Benjamin Hawkins and George Wythe); 231-32 (to Count Del Vermi).

406 Ibid., 285-89; to John Adams.

407 Ibid., 368.

408 Ibid., 378-83; to William Carmichael.

409 Works, VI, 385-93.

410 Ibid., 425-27. I have the authority of Josephus Daniels for a tradition in North Carolina that such a letter in the hands of Willie Jones was responsible for the failure of the first Convention there to ratify. The letter is apparently lost.

411 Ibid., VII, 26-30; to Carmichael.

412 Ibid., 36-39; to Colonel Carrington.

413 Ibid., 79-88.

414 Ibid., 93-99.

415 Ibid., 183-87.

416 Ibid., 223-31.

417 Works, VII, 319-24.

418 Ibid., VIII, 10-13.

419 Autobiography, I, 118.

420 Works, V, 147; to F. Hopkinson.

421 Ibid., VI, 55-58; to Carrington.

422 Ibid., 335-36.

423 Randall, I, 404-05.

424 Mrs. Smith, 389.

425 Autobiography, I, 90.

426 Randall, II, 403-04.

427 Fiske, 154.

428 Adams, Works, X, 414.

429 Works, III, 358; to Duane.

430 A Summary View, and A Reply to Lord North.

431 Domestic Life, 58.

432 Ibid., 43.

433 Works, V, 33; 42; 59.

434 Ibid., 400-01.

435 Works, VI, 106; Domestic Life, 109.

436 Works, IX, 17-19.

437 Ibid., IV, 42.

438 Ibid., V, 180.

439 Ibid., 244-45; VI, 20-23.

440 Ibid., VII, 267-70.

441 Ibid., 73-79.

442 Ibid., V, 244-45.

443 Ibid., 22-24.

444 Ibid., 294-95.

445 Ibid., 294-95; VI, 11-15.

446 Ibid., VII, 113-16.

447 Works, VII, 241-44.

448 Watson, 114.

449 Randall, I, 481.

450 Domestic Life, 78.

451 Ibid., 87-89.

452 Works, VI, 81-84.

453 Ibid., 102-06.

454 Ibid., 145-46.

455 Mrs. Adams’s Letters, II, 207.

456 Republican Court, I, 56.

457 Ibid., I, 64.

458 Ibid., 253.

459 Weld, I, 5-6.

460 Republican Court, 256; Annals of Philadelphia, I, 225.

461 Twining, 44.

462 Wansey, 184; Liancourt, IV, 91; Weld, I, 8; Twining, 45.

463 Liancourt, IV, 91; Weld, I, 7-8.

464 Warville, 187.

465 Scharf, II, 875.

466 Warville, 187.

467 Scharf, II, 875.

468 Wansey, III.

469 Lippincott, 36-37.

470 New York letter to Maryland Journal, November 19, 1790.

471 Republican Court, 341.

472 Ibid., 366.

473 Davis, Travels, 40-41.

474 Wansey, III.

475 Twining, 31.

476 Ames, I, 88-89.

477 Scharf, II, 985.

478 Twining, 31-34.

479 Ames, I, 88-89.

480 Hiltzheimer’s Diary, 167.

481 Ibid., 201.

482 Ibid., 205.

483 Ibid., 205.

484 Weld, I, 29.

485 Ibid., I, 30.

486 Liancourt, IV, 108-09.

487 Ibid.

488 Gibbs, I, 561.

489 Warville, 187.

490 Liancourt, IV, 99.

491 Warville, 188.

492 Wharton, Salons, 71.

493 Liancourt, IV, 101.

494 Otis, I, 128.

495 Scharf, II, 907.

496 Weld, I, 21.

497 Liancourt, IV, 105.

498 Otis, I, 126.

499 Morison, Otis, I, 126.

500 Liancourt, IV, 104-05.

501 Warville, 190.

502 Mrs. Adams’s Letters (to Mrs. Smith), II, 211.

503 Ibid., II, 213-14.

504 Davis, Burr, I, 303.

505 Morison, Otis, I, 128-29.

506 Scharf, II, 910 (from Bulow).

507 Davis, Burr, I, 376.

508 Morison, Otis, I, 141-43.

509 Ibid., I, 135.

510 Ibid., I, 135.

511 Wansey, 136.

512 Ibid., 136.

513 Wansey; Twining; Lippincott; Republican Court; Scharf, II, 911.

514 Warville, 190.

515 Maclay, 366.

516 Mrs. Adams’s Letters, II, 211.

517 Republican Court, 291-302.

518 Morison, Otis, I, 135.

519 Domestic Life, 98-100.

520 Morison, Otis, I, 137.

521 Republican Court, 309.

522 Oberholtzer’s Life (Major Armstrong’s letter to General Armstrong), 70; Governor Reed to General Green, 70.

523 Republican Court, 314.

524 Mrs. Adams’s Letters, II, 211.

525 Ibid.

526 Early Philadelphia, 38.

527 Drake, Knox, III.

528 Brookes, Knox, 60.

529 Ibid., 264.

530 Steiner, McHenry (Williamson to McHenry), 196-97.

531 Wharton, Salons, 54.

532 Intimate Life, 95.

533 Gibbs, I, 161; Queens of American Society, 35.

534 Probably Madame Grand; Intimate Life.

535 Twining, 39.

536 Lippincott, 212.

537 Wansey, 132.

538 Agnes Repplier, 135.

539 Wansey, 131.

540 Wharton, Salons, 157.

541 Lippincott, 282.

542 Liancourt, IV, 109.

543 Weld, I. 24.

544 Hiltzheimer, 204.

545 Lippincott, 118.

546 Mrs. Adams’s Letters (to Mrs. Smith), II, 213.

547 Scharf, II, 967.

548 Lippincott, 119.

549 Wansey, 126-27.

550 Scharf, II, 952.

551 Domestic Life (to Martha), 221-22.

552 Parties and Party Leaders, 156-57.

553 Alexander, 15.

554 Biddle, Autobiography, 246.

555 Maclay, 397.

556 Thomas, I, 21.

557 Morison, Otis, I, 52.

558 Quoted from Independent Chronicle, by Robinson, 10.

559 J. Q. Adams, Works, I, 191.

560 Morison, Otis, I, 52.

561 Connecticut in Transition, 190-91.

562 Ibid., 193-97.

563 Ibid., 222.

564 Republican Court, 49.

565 Isaac Hill, quoted by Robinson, 29.

566 Hammond, I, 107.

567 Davis, Burr, I, 316-17.

568 Ibid., I, 331.

569 Maclay, 260.

570 McRee, Iredell, II, 232, 239; Dodd, Macon, 38.

571 Dodd, Maccon, 51.

572 McRee, Iredell, II, 233.

573 Senate Docs., vol. 56, 61st Congress, 2d Session, 755.

574 Ames (to Dwight), I, 136-37.

575 Robinson, 53.

576 Robinson, 55.

577 Quoted from David Daggett’s pamphlet, by Purcell in Connecticut in Transition, 225.

578 Centinel, August 22, 1792.

579 Gibbs, I, 73.

580 Robinson, quoting from American Mercury, 9.

581 King, Works, I, 357.

582 King, Works, I, 501-02.

583 Payne, History of Journalism, 155.

584 Writings, I, 569-70.

585 Writings, I, 569-70.

586 Rives, Madison, III, 194, note.

587 Writings, I, 543.

588 September 6, 1792.

589 September 12, 1792.

590 Robinson, 70, note.

591 ‘The Beauties of Santa Cruz,’ and ‘The House of Night.’

592 Life, 129.

593 Hamilton’s Works, IV, 91.

594 Ibid.

595 Ibid., 166.

596 National Gazette, June 18, 1792.

597 Writings, I, 545.

598 National Gazette, November 14, 1791.

599 Spooner’s Vermont Journal, July 31; National Gazette, July 14, 1792.

600 National Gazette, September 8, 1792.

601 Ibid., January 2, 1792.

602 Philadelphia Advertiser, July 6, 1792.

603 National Gazette, December 19, 1791.

604 Ibid., January 19, 1792.

605 Ibid., January 16, 1792.

606 Ibid., January 23, 1792.

607 Ibid., by H. H. Brackenridge, February 9, 1792.

608 National Gazette, March 15, 1792.

609 Ibid., March 29, 1792.

610 Ibid., April 2, 1792.

611 Ibid., February 9, 1792.

612 Ibid., July 18, 1792.

613 National Gazette, April 23, 1792.

614 Ibid., May 3, 1792.

615 Ibid., May 7, 1792.

616 Ibid., May 10, 1792.

617 Ibid., January 4, 1792.

618 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 341-49.

619 Gazette of the United States, June 6, 1792.

620 National Gazette, June 21, 1792.

621 National Gazette, June 21, 1792.

622 Ibid., June 25, 1792.

623 Gazette of the United States, July 25, 1792.

624 National Gazette, July 28, 1792.

625 Austin, Freneau, 170, note.

626 No one knew better than Washington that Jefferson would have resigned in the spring had he not been importuned to remain.

627 One of these was Washington, to whom he made the objections mentioned in a previous chapter.

[628] National Gazette, August 8, 1792.

629 Hamilton’s Works, X, 14-15.

630 National Gazette, August 15, 1792.

631 Gazette of the United States, August 25, 1792.

632 Hamilton’s Works, VII, 303-06.

633 The evidence is conclusive on this point.

634 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 394-408.

635 Gazette of the United States, September 8, 1792.

636 National Gazette, September 8, 1792.

637 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 411.

638 Domestic Life, 214-15; also letter to T. M. Randolph, Ibid., 215.

639 Quoted by Freneau, September 19, 1792.

640 October 18, 1792.

641 Randall, II, 102; to Randolph.

642 National Gazette, October 20, 1792.

643 January 11, 1792.

644 Independent Chronicle, May 2, 1792.

645 Centinel, June 9, 1792.

646 Jefferson’s Works, VIII, 315-18.

647 Independent Chronicle, May 17, 1792.

648 March 14, 1792.

649 Centinel, March 28, 1792.

650 March 14, 1792.

651 Pickering, letter to wife, III, 27.

652 April 13, 1792.

653 April 19, 1792.

654 May 28, 1792.

655 Gazette of the United States, October 10, 1792.

656 ‘Ironicus,’ April 21, 1792.

657 Centinel, March 17, 1792.

658 Alexander, 50.

659 Ibid., 53.

660 King’s Works, I, 408-15.

661 Bache’s General Advertiser, July 19, 1792.

662 Ibid., July 13, 1792.

663 Hammond, I, 72.

664 Life of Parsons, 468-69.

665 Ibid., 467-68.

666 Robinson, 9.

667 Spooner’s Vermont Journal, August 7, 1792.

668 McHenry (to Hamilton), 136-37.

669 McHenry (to Hamilton), 137, note.

670 New York Daily Advertiser, March 11, 1793, printed a letter from David Ross setting this forth in Hamilton’s defense.

671 McHenry, 138.

672 Only one Federalist, William Barry Grove, was elected; Dodd’s Life of Macon.

673 Madison’s Writings, I, 460-61.

674 Hamilton’s Works, IX, 513-35.

675 March 10, 1792.

676 Adams, Works, VIII, 514.

677 King’s Works, I, 413, 427; Hamilton’s Works, X, 19-20, 20-21.

678 Hamilton’s Works, X, 23-24.

679 Ibid., X, 27.

680 Judge Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Stoddert, destined to a place in Adams’s Cabinet among them.

681 Maryland Journal, October 16, 1792.

682 Maryland Journal, October 23, 1792.

683 Hamilton’s Works, X, 28-29.

684 Gazette of the United States, September 26, 1792.

685 National Gazette, November 24, 1792.

686 November 9, 1792.

687 Gazette of the United States, December 1, 1792.

688 Ibid., January 5, 1793.

689 Bache’s Daily Advertiser, December 4, 1792.

690 Ibid., December 5, 1792.

691 Ibid., December 15, 1792.

692 National Gazette, February 2, 1793.

693 Freneau’s description.

694 Annals, November 19, 1792.

695 February 15, 1790.

696 Anas I, 235-37.

697 Bassett, The Federalist System.

698 Hamilton’s Works, VII, 389.

699 Hamilton’s expression, Works, VII, 391.

700 Ibid.

701 Ibid., VII, 424.

702 Ibid., 427.

703 Hamilton’s Works, VII, 394.

704 Annals, December 24, 1792.

705 Annals, December 26, 1792.

706 Anderson, Giles, 6.

707 Benton’s Thirty Years’ View, I, 682-83.

708 Life and Letters, I, 158-59.

709 Oliver’s Hamilton, 292-94.

710 Familiar Letters, 46.

711 Justice Story, Life and Letters, I, 158.

712 Ibid.

713 Anderson, Giles, 65-66.

714 Maclay, 374.

715 Anderson, Giles, 3.

716 Anderson, Giles, 8.

717 Benton, I, 682.

718 Story, I, 158-59.

719 National Gazette, January 9, 1793, from Boston Argus.

720 Ibid., January 12, 1793.

721 National Gazette, January 12, 1793, from Boston Argus.

722 Ibid., January 16, 1793.

723 Annals, January 23, 1793.

724 Gibbs, I, 89.

725 Gazette of the United States, March 9, 1793.

726 Centinel, February 20, 1793.

727 Ibid., February 16, 1793.

728 Gazette of the United States, February 23, 1793.

729 Paul Leicester Ford, The Nation, September 5, 1895.

730 Hamilton.

731 February 20, 1793.

732 National Gazette, February 27, 1793.

733 Of South Carolina.

734 Annals, February 27, March 1, 1793.

735 Centinel, March 13, 1793.

736 Gazette of the United States, March 23, 1793.

737 Ibid., March 20, 1793.

738 Centinel, March 20, 1793.

739 Centinel, March 21, 1793.

740 Jefferson.

741 New York Daily Advertiser, April 6, 1793.

742 National Gazette, March 20, 1793; ‘Franklin.’

743 Ibid., March 27, 1793.

744 Kentucky Gazette, September 7, copied in Independent Chronicle, October 21, 1793.

745 An original copy is in New York Public Library.

746 Centinel, January 9, 1793.

747 National Gazette, December 26, 1792.

748 Centinel, January 26, 1793.

749 Ibid., January 30, 1793.

750 Hazen, 165-69.

751 Maclay, December 10, 1790.

752 Ibid., February 26, 1791; Brown, Ellsworth, 212.

753 Adams, Works, IX, 563-64.

754 Ibid., X, 12-13.

755 Works (to George Mason), III, 123-25; (to Edward Rutledge), VIII, 232-34.

756 Ibid., 290-94.

757 Ibid., IX, 6-8.

758 Gazette of the United States, April 13, May 18, 1793.

759 Ibid., April 17; National Gazette, April 20, 1793.

760 National Gazette, April 10, 1793.

761 Centinel, March 30, 1793.

762 Connecticut Gazette, April 11, 1793.

763 Connecticut Gazette, April 18, 1793.

764 National Gazette, April 20, 1793.

765 Connecticut Gazette, May 2, 1793.

766 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), IX, 33-35.

767 Ibid. (to unknown), IX, 44-46.

768 Madison’s Writings, I, 576-77.

769 King’s Works (King to Hamilton), I, 439.

770 Anas, I, 268.

771 Anas, I, 268.

772 Hamilton’s Works, IV, 371.

773 Ibid., 372-73.

774 Ibid., 373.

775 Ibid., 374.

776 Hamilton’s Works, IV, 385-86.

777 Ibid., 396-408.

778 Jefferson’s Writings, III, 226-43.

779 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 960-68.

780 Madison’s Writings, I, 580-83; 584.

781 Morris, Diary, II, 26.

782 McRee, Iredell (to his wife), II, 386.

783 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 75-78.

784 Madison’s Writings, I, 578.

785 National Gazette, April 27, 1793.

786 National Gazette, April 27, 1793.

787 Ibid., May 4, 1793.

788 Ibid., May 15, 1793.

789 Letter from Philadelphia ‘from a gentleman in the treasury department.’ Connecticut Gazette, June 27, 1793.

790 Letter from Philadelphia woman to a friend in Alexandria; Connecticut Gazette, June 20, 1793.

791 Biddle, Autobiography, 251.

792 Graydon, Memoirs, 381.

793 National Gazette, June I, 1793.

794 Centinel, April 20, 1793.

795 National Gazette, May 15, 1793.

796 Ibid., June 5, 1793.

797 Gazette of the United States, June 8, 1793.

798 Myers, Tammany Hall, 9.

799 Hazen, 249.

800 Centinel, March 16, 1793.

801 Gibbs, I, 87.

802 Ibid.

803 National Gazette, July 17, 1793.

804 Gazette of the United States, June 15, 1793.

805 Thomas, Reminiscences, I, 32.

806 National Gazette, April 13, 1793.

807 Gibbs (Governor Wolcott to son), I, 179.

808 Jefferson’s Works (to Monroe), IX, 144.

809 Ibid. (to Monroe), IX, 75-78.

810 Pinckney, Life of Pinckney, 109.

811 Gazette of the United States, June 8, 1793.

812 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 144-46.

813 Hamilton’s Works, IV, 467.

814 Madison’s Writings, I, 586; 588; 591; 593-94; letters to Jefferson.

815 Ibid., I, 611-45.

816 National Gazette, June 15, 1793.

817 Adams.

818 National Gazette, August 7, 1793.

819 New York Daily Advertiser, July 13, 1793.

820 Independent Chronicle, September 12, 1793.

821 Ibid., November 11, 1793.

822 Ibid.

823 Biddle, 253.

824 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 211-15.

825 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 211-15.

826 Madison’s Writings, I, 595-96; 596-97.

827 Ibid., I, 599; Independent Chronicle, October 10, 1793.

828 Independent Chronicle, October 17, 1793.

829 Madison’s Writings, I, 601.

830 Anas, i, 305-08.

831 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 180-209.

832 Randall, II, 181.

833 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 87-89; to Madison.

834 American Minerva, December 21, 1793.

835 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 117-21.

836 Anas, I, 279.

837 Domestic Life, 220.

838 Gibbs, I, 122.

839 Gazette of the United States, July 31, 1793.

840 Anas, I, 311.

841 Anas, I, 313.

842 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, August 4, 1793.

843 King’s Works, I, 492-93.

844 August 10, 1793.

845 Lodge, Cabot, 73.

846 ‘A Democrat,’ August 19, 1793.

847 ‘Brutus,’ August 26, 1793.

848 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), IX, 227.

849 Gibbs (Wolcott to Washington), I, 112.

850 Hiltzheimer’s Diary, 195.

851 McRee, Iredell (a servant to Iredell), II, 401; King’s Works (Wharton to King), I, 498.

852 Biddle, 256.

853 Pickering (to John Clark), III, 55-58; Gibbs (Wolcott to father), I, 110.

854 Biddle, 256.

855 Gibbs, I, 110.

856 McRee, Iredell (servant to Iredell), II, 401.

857 Ibid., II, 400.

858 Pickering (to Clark), III, 55-58.

859 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, August 27, 1793.

860 McRee, Iredell (Duffield to Iredell), II, 400.

861 Ames (to Minot), I, 130.

862 Gibbs, I, 112; Pickering, III, 59.

863 Hiltzheimer, 196.

864 Biddle, 255.

865 Ames (to Minot), I, 130.

866 Domestic Life, 219.

867 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), IX, 240; 253-54.

868 Domestic Life, 226.

869 Ibid., 226.

870 Jefferson’s Works, III, 261-83.

871 J. Q. Adams, Works (letter to John Adams), I, 183-86.

872 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 281.

873 Annals, January 14, 1794.

874 Ibid., January 15, 1794.

875 Annals, January 23, 1794.

876 Ibid.

877 Ibid., January 24, 1794.

878 Ibid.

879 Ibid.

880 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 1-5.

881 Centinel, February 19, 1794.

882 Ibid., March 1, 1794.

883 Ibid., February 23, 1794.

884 Morison, Otis, I, 53.

885 Independent Chronicle, March 3, 1794.

886 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 1-5.

887 Ibid., II, 5-6.

888 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, March 27, 28, 1794.

889 Ames, I, 137-38.

890 Printed in London by John Stockdale, Piccadilly.

891 Gibbs, I, 133.

892 Ames, I, 137-38.

893 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, February 1, 1794.

894 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, March 24, 1794.

895 Annals, February 28, 1794.

896 Ibid., March 27, 1794.

897 Ibid., April 21, 1794.

898 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 11, 1794.

899 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 7-8.

900 Bond’s Letters, American Historical Association, Report, 1897, pp. 543-45.

901 Bond’s Letters, American Historical Association, Report, 1897, p. 546.

902 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 13, 1794.

903 Ibid., April 14, 1794.

904 Ibid., May 21, 1794.

905 Ibid., April 5, 1794.

906 New York Journal, March 22, 1794.

907 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 9, 1794.

908 New York Journal, May 3, 1794.

909 Ibid., May 28, 1794.

910 Ames (to Gore), I, 139.

911 King’s Works (from Alsop), I, 159.

912 Ibid., I, 560.

913 Bemis, 45.

914 Ibid., 65.

915 Bemis, 104.

916 Bemis, 105, 106, 147, 154; Intimate Life, 289.

917 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 7, 1794.

918 King’s Works, I, 517.

919 Hamilton’s Works, V, 114.

920 Familiar Letters, 59.

921 Pellew, 218.

922 Bemis, 206-07.

923 Madison’s Writings, II, 12.

924 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 24, 1794.

925 Adams, Adams, I, 472.

926 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 19, 1794.

927 Ibid., May 10, 1794.

928 Ibid., June 26, 1794.

929 New York Journal, November 5, 1794.

930 Gazette of the United States, July 25, 1794.

931 Hamilton’s Works, V, 115-19; draft of instructions, ibid., 121-23; letter to Jay, ibid., 123-28; Bemis, 210.

932 Bemis, 212.

933 New York Journal, May 14, 1794.

934 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 14-15.

935 Madison’s Writings (to his father), II, 16.

936 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 293-97.

937 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, September 1, 1794.

938 Gazette of the United States, October 21, 1794.

939 Gibbs, I, 156.

940 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, October 13, 1794.

941 Philadelphia Democratic Society, Gazette of the United States, August 7, 1794; German Republican Club, Philadelphia, ibid., September 1, 1794; Democratic Society, Washington, North Carolina, South Carolina, Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, October 6, 1794; Democratic Society, Canaan, New York, New York Journal, September 4, 1794.

942 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, September 10, 1794.

943 September 13, 1794.

944 Gazette of the United States, September 5, 1794.

945 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, September 15, 1794.

946 Ibid., September 24, 1794.

947 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, August 20, 1794.

948 Hamilton’s Works, VI, 420-21.

949 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, November 10, 1794.

950 Ibid., September 8, 1794.

951 Ibid., November 6, 1794.

952 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 18-19.

953 Hamilton’s Works, VI, 457.

954 Ibid., X, 77.

955 Bond’s Letters, 558.

956 Stevens, Gallatin, 90.

957 Gazette of the United States (letter from a soldier), October 16, 1794.

958 Biddle’s Autobiography, 262.

959 Centinel, October 25 and 29, 1794.

960 Ibid., November 1, 1794.

961 November 3, 1794.

962 Independent Chronicle, November 6, 1794.

963 Madison’s Writings, II, 29.

964 New York Journal, December 10, 1794.

965 Ames (to Dwight) I, 158.

966 Dodd, Macon, 77.

967 Ibid., 78-79.

968 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 19-20.

969 Madison’s Writings, II, 27; Goodwin, Dolly Madison, 26.

970 Randall, II, 245; Domestic Life, 231.

971 Intimate Life, 69.

972 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, April 10, 1794.

973 Gazette of the United States, November 1, 1794.

974 Ibid.

975 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, May 7, 1794.

976 Ibid., October 24, 1794.

977 Professor Morse, in The Federalist Party in Massachusetts, makes this point.

978 Madison’s Writings, II, 21-23.

979 Ibid., 23-27.

980 Ibid. (to Jefferson), 28-30.

981 Washington’s phrase.

982 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), IX, 293-97.

983 Hamilton’s Works, X, 78-79.

984 Annals, November 25, 1794.

985 Annals, November 25-27, 1794.

986 January 24, 1794.

987 Gazette of the United States, December 11, 1794.

988 Ibid., October 14, 1794.

989 Gazette of the United States, December 29, 1794.

990 Annals, January 1, 1794.

991 Annals, January 1, 1794.

992 Intimate Life, 230.

993 Hamilton’s Works, X, 78.

994 Gazette of the United States, February 9, 1795.

995 Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, February 10, 1795.

996 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 35.

997 Gazette of the United States, February 18, 1795.

998 Ibid., February 20, 1795.

999 Ibid., February 22, 1795.

1000 A favorite actor.

1001 New York Journal, February 28 and March 4, 1795.

1002 McRee, Iredell, II, 442.

1003 Intimate Life, 205-06.

1004 King’s Works, II, 5-6.

1005 King’s Works, II, 7.

1006 Beard, Economic Origins, 295; Bemis, 271.

1007 Pinckney, Life of Pinckney, 123-24.

1008 Bemis, 224.

1009 Ibid., 225.

1010 Ibid., 226-27.

1011 Ibid., 246.

1012 Bemis, 232-51.

1013 Ibid., 261.

1014 Bemis, 267, quotes a French scholar, R. Guyot, as describing the Jay Treaty as ‘almost equivalent to a treaty of alliance.’

1015 Related by Talleyrand to Volney, who told it to Jefferson, Anas, 336-37. Senator Lodge, in his biography of Hamilton, accepts this characterization as not improbable.

1016 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 313-14.

1017 Hamilton’s Works, X, 98-99.

1018 Ibid., X, 101-02.

1019 See Beard’s illuminating chapter on the economics of the treaty. Economic Origins, 268-98.

1020 King’s Works, II, 14; Hamilton’s Works, X, 109.

1021 Wolcott’s phrase in letter to Mrs. Wolcott, Gibbs, I, 199.

1022 Hamilton’s Works, X, 107.

1023 Aurora, June 16, 1795.

1024 Ibid., June 18, 1795.

1025 Ibid., June 20, 1795.

1026 Ibid., June 26, 1795.

1027 Aurora, July 3, 1795.

1028 Argus, July 15, 1795.

1029 Gibbs (Wolcott to Mrs. Wolcott), I, 209; Philadelphia: the Place and People, 310; Hiltzheimer, 215; New York Argus, July 8, 1795; Charleston City Gazette, August 22, 1795.

1030 Aurora, July 7, 1795.

1031 Gibbs, I, 217. Rowan was a patriot, tried by a packed jury, and defended by John Philpot Curran in his classic defense of the freedom of the press. He was convicted, escaped, and came to this country.

1032 Gibbs, I, 217.

1033 Pickering, III, 183.

1034 Aurora, July 10, 1795.

1035 July 6, 1795.

1036 July 23, 1795.

1037 Beard, Economic Origins, 290; Alexander, 79; Argus, July 6, 20, 21, 23; Aurora, July 10, 22, 23, 1795.

1038 Gibbs (to Wolcott), I, 218.

1039 Ames (to Dwight), I, 173-75.

1040 Argus, August 13, 1795.

1041 Centinel, July 15, 1795.

1042 Pickering, III, 177.

1043 King’s Works, II, 18-20.

1044 Lodge, Cabot, 84.

1045 Pellew, 282.

1046 Federalist Party in Massachusetts, 154-55.

1047 Ibid.

1048 Gibbs, I, 229.

1049 August 15, 1795.

1050 Lodge, Cabot, 84.

1051 Aurora, July 29, 1795.

1052 Charleston City Gazette, August 1, 1795.

1053 Thomas, Reminiscences, I, 35.

1054 Independent Chronicle, August 17, 1795.

1055 August 26, 1795.

1056 Article IX.

1057 Giles, 42.

1058 McRee, Iredell, II, 450.

1059 Ibid., II, 459.

1060 Madison’s Writings, II, 43.

1061 Giles, 38.

1062 Henry, Henry, II, 568-71; letter to Mrs. Aylett.

1063 Argus, July 30, 1795; Gazette of the United States, August 14, 1795.

1064 Argus, July 24, 1795.

1065 New Hampshire Gazette, July 21, 1795.

1066 Spooner’s Vermont Journal, September 11, 1795.

1067 Gibbs, I, 215.

1068 Independent Chronicle, August 13 and 27, 1795.

1069 Ibid., September 3, 1795.

1070 Argus, July 15, 1795.

1071 Aurora, July 13, 1795.

1072 Argus, August 14, 1795.

1073 Ibid., August 8, 1795.

1074 Gibbs, I, 249.

1075 Steiner, 194-95.

1076 Weld, I, 102-03.

1077 Liancourt, II, 79.

1078 Argus, July 16, 1795.

1079 September 3, 1795.

1080 Gibbs, I, 219-20.

1081 Pickering, III, 185.

1082 King’s Works, II, 20-21.

1083 Brown, Ellsworth, 219-20.

1084 Hiltzheimer, 215.

1085 For Randolph incident, Pickering, III, 213-14 and 216-19; Lodge, Cabot, 91-94.

1086 Pickering, III, 196.

1087 Ibid., 197.

1088 King’s Works, II, 24.

1089 August 14.

1090 Brown, Ellsworth, 220-21.

1091 Pickering, III, 199.

1092 Aurora, August 21, 1795.

1093 Ibid., August 22, 1795.

1094 Gibbs, I, 222.

1095 King’s story.

1096 Aurora, November 17, 1795.

1097 Pickering, III, 231-39.

1098 Ibid., III, 239.

1099 Argus, August 15, 1795.

1100 Ibid., August 27, 1795.

1101 Hamilton’s Works, X, 113-14.

1102 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 309-11.

1103 McRee, Iredell, II, 459.

1104 Jefferson’s Works (to Giles), IX, 314-18.

1105 Adams, Gallatin, 152.

1106 Gibbs (to Goodrich), I, 303.

1107 The second phase of his remarkable career is treated in the author’s Party Battles of the Jackson Period.

1108 Adams, Gallatin, 17.

1109 Adams, Gallatin, 80.

1110 Ibid., 81.

1111 Ibid., 103-04.

1112 Ibid., 111.

1113 Ibid., 113.

1114 Adams, Gallatin, 88; Writings, I, 3-4.

1115 Annals, April 27, 1796.

1116 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 328-29; to Monroe.

1117 Judge Jonathan Elmer, Cumberland, New Jersey, Gazette of the United States, March 12, 1796.

1118 Gazette of the United States, March 26, 1796.

1119 Melville, Cobbett, I, 101-02.

1120 Annals, March 11, 1796.

1121 Familiar Letters, 108; Twining, Travels, 51-52.

1122 Aurora, March 28, 1796.

1123 Hamilton’s Works (to Wolcott), X, 145.

1124 Ibid., 145-46.

1125 Ibid., 151.

1126 Ibid., 152.

1127 Ibid., 152-54.

1128 Annals, March 30, 1796.

1129 Annals, April 6, 1796. The vote was 57 to 36.

1130 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 330-31.

1131 Madison’s Writings, II, 89-91.

1132 Hamilton’s Works, X, 157.

1133 Hamilton’s Works, X, 160.

1134 Ibid., 161.

1135 Ibid., 161-62.

1136 Madison’s Writings, II, 95.

1137 Ibid., 98.

1138 Morison, Otis, I, 56-57.

1139 April 21, 1796.

1140 Gibbs, I, 327.

1141 Ibid., 325-26.

1142 Ibid. (Wolcott to his father), I, 331.

1143 Thomas, Reminiscences, 53.

1144 Kirkland, Life of Ames; Thomas, Reminiscences; Familiar Letters, 24-25.

1145 Ames (to Dwight), I, 173-75.

1146 Ames (to Dwight), I, 175-76.

1147 Ibid., 177.

1148 Ibid., 180-81.

1149 Ibid., 183-84.

1150 Ibid. (to Jeremiah Smith), 184-85.

1151 Aurora, February 2, 1796.

1152 Ibid., February 8, 1796.

1153 Ames (to Dwight).

1154 Ibid. (to Minor), I, 190-91.

1155 Ames, I, 199-200, note.

1156 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 100-01.

1157 Ibid., 103-05.

1158 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 330-31.

1159 Randall, II, 273.

1160 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 335-37.

1161 Ibid., 339-43.

1162 Ibid. (letter to Williams), 346-48.

1163 Jefferson’s Works (Mazzei letter), IX, 335-37.

1164 Beveridge, Marshall, II, 156.

1165 King’s Works, II, 46.

1166 Henry, Henry, II, 515.

1167 Beveridge, II, 157.

1168 King’s Works, II, 48; Beveridge, II, 158.

1169 Hamilton’s Works, X, 163; King’s Works, II, 47.

1170 King’s Works (to Hamilton), II, 46.

1171 Gazette of the United States, November 3, 1796.

1172 Aurora, September 1, 1796.

1173 Gibbs, I, 332; (Wolcott to his father), I, 350-52.

1174 Ibid. (Wolcott to his wife), I, 209.

1175 Hamilton’s Works (to Washington), X, 198-200; 200-01.

1176 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 103-05.

1177 Steiner, McHenry, 203.

1178 Aurora, November 24, 1796.

1179 Ibid., December 27, 1796.

1180 Gibbs, II, 386-88.

1181 Ibid., I, 408-09.

1182 Ibid., I, 400-03.

1183 Gibbs, I, 411-13.

1184 Ames (to Dwight), I, 208.

1185 King’s Works, II, 148.

1186 Madison’s Writings, II, 108.

1187 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 352-55.

1188 Ibid., 355-57.

1189 Ibid., 355-57.

1190 Ibid., 367-69.

1191 Aurora, March 6, 1797.

1192 Gibbs, II, 213.

1193 Twining, 38.

1194 Maclay, 30.

1195 Twining, 37.

1196 Twining, 37.

1197 Familiar Letters, 116.

1198 Maclay, 44.

1199 Diary, II, 25.

1200 Twining, 37.

1201 Maclay, 14.

1202 Ibid., 30.

1203 Ibid., 206.

1204 Ibid., 145, 206.

1205 Diary, II, 57.

1206 Ibid., 25.

1207 Gibbs, I, 455-57; Wolcott, Sr.

1208 Hamilton’s Works, VII, 734.

1209 Morse, 242.

1210 Maclay, 86.

1211 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), VI, 63-67.

1212 Lodge, Cabot, 65.

1213 Liancourt, II, 124.

1214 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 111.

1215 Gibbs, I, 468.

1216 Ibid., II, 215.

1217 Ibid. (McHenry to Wolcott), 395.

1218 Steiner, 477.

1219 Diary, III, 392.

1220 Ibid., III, 393.

1221 Adams, Works (to James Lovell), VIII, 493-94.

1222 Autobiography, II, 438.

1223 Adams, Works, IV, 420.

1224 Ibid., VI, 462.

1225 Morse, 247.

1226 Maclay, May 28, 1789.

1227 Written by Samuel Adams.

1228 Autobiography, II, 310.

1229 Ibid., 508.

1230 Adams, Adams, I, 404.

1231 Adams, Works, VI, 484.

1232 Autobiography, II, 210.

1233 Ibid., 214.

1234 Ibid., 215.

1235 Ibid., 232, 311.

1236 Jefferson’s tribute.

1237 Morse, 59.

1238 Ibid., 60.

1239 Ibid., 61.

1240 Hamilton’s Works (to John Steele), V, 25.

1241 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), VI, 63-71.

1242 Hamilton’s Works, VII, 314.

1243 Gibbs, I, 475-77.

1244 Steiner, 569.

1245 Autobiography, II, 230-32.

1246 Adams, Adams, I, 446.

1247 Diary, II, 62.

1248 Vol. II, 145.

1249 Morse, 79.

1250 Diary, II, 179.

1251 Ibid., 381.

1252 Lodge, Studies in History, 201.

1253 Pickering, IV, 386, 391.

1254 Pickering, II, 156.

1255 Ibid., III, 170.

1256 Ibid., III, 171.

1257 Louis Philippe; Pickering, III, 284-85.

1258 Pickering, I, 215.

1259 Ibid., 351.

1260 Studies in History, 219.

1261 Pickering, I, 5.

1262 Ibid., I, 23-30.

1263 Pickering, II, 381-90.

1264 Ibid., I, 14.

1265 Ibid., II, 66.

1266 Lodge, Studies in History, 221.

1267 Pickering, II, 71.

1268 Ibid., II, 74.

1269 Ibid., 78.

1270 Ibid., 80.

1271 Ibid., 81-85.

1272 Pickering, I, 483-84.

1273 Ibid., 487.

1274 Ibid., II, 442 and 445.

1275 Ibid., 451.

1276 Ibid., 452.

1277 Ibid., 488.

1278 Gibbs, I, 18.

1279 Ibid., 21.

1280 Ibid., 20; Wadsworth to Wolcott.

1281 Noah Webster’s impression, Gibbs, II, 11.

1282 Gibbs, I, 65.

1283 Gibbs I, 449.

1284 Steiner, 2.

1285 Steiner, 97.

1286 Ibid., 100.

1287 Ibid., 99.

1288 Ibid., 107.

1289 Ibid., 124.

1290 Ibid., 129, 132.

1291 Ibid., 140-41.

1292 Ibid., 156.

1293 Ibid., 51.

1294 Steiner, 123.

1295 Ibid., 145.

1296 Hamilton’s Works, X, 129-31.

1297 Steiner, 30.

1298 Life of Hamilton, by his son, II, 241.

1299 Steiner, 159; letter to Hamilton.

1300 Roosevelt, Morris, 127.

1301 Morris, Diary, I, 14.

1302 Diary, I, 35.

1303 Ibid., 133.

1304 Ibid., 181.

1305 La Belle Pamela, 217, note.

1306 Diary, I, 75.

1307 Ibid., 572.

1308 Ibid., 556.

1309 Roosevelt, Morris, 221-23.

1310 Ames (to Gore), I, 134.

1311 Familiar Letters, 356-57.

1312 Madison’s Writings, II, 91-92.

1313 Gibbs, I, 359.

1314 Ibid.

1315 Ibid., 366-68.

1316 Hamilton’s Works, X, 234.

1317 Ibid., 241.

1318 Ibid., 243-46.

1319 Ibid., 246-47.

1320 Gibbs, I, 484-85.

1321 Ibid., 486-87.

1322 Ibid., 489-90; Hamilton’s Works, X, 251-52.

1323 Hamilton’s Works, X, 253.

1324 Gibbs, I, 537.

1325 Lodge, Cabot, 129.

1326 Ibid., 130-31.

1327 Ibid., 137.

1328 Hamilton’s Works, X, 261-65.

1329 Steiner, 208-09.

1330 Ibid., 213.

1331 Adams, Works, VIII, 532-34; 535-36.

1332 Gibbs, I, 463.

1333 Lodge, Cabot, from Adams’s letters in the Boston Patriot.

1334 Gibbs, I, 483.

1335 Thomas, Reminiscences. The Aurora, March 21, 1797, printed his application for membership.

1336 The Aurora, June 17, 1797, asked whether he was ‘spy or parasite’ while dining with the French Consul.

1337 Familiar Letters, 107.

1338 Annals, May 22, 1797.

1339 Ibid.

1340 Ibid., May 23, 1797.

1341 Annals, May 24, 1797.

1342 Ibid., May 25, 1797.

1343 Steiner, 301; Murray to McHenry boasting that Harper’s pamphlet had gone through several editions in England.

1344 June 1, 1797.

1345 Aurora, May 31, 1797.

1346 Gazette of the United States, May 30, 1797.

1347 Adams, Gallatin (to Nicholson), 183-84.

1348 Annals, May 30, 1797.

1349 Porcupine’s Gazette, June 3, 1797.

1350 Annals, June 3, 1797.

1351 Porcupine’s Gazette, June 6, 1797.

1352 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 335-37.

1353 Gazette of the United States, May 19, 1797.

1354 Ibid., May 30, 1797.

1355 Madison’s Writings, II, 118.

1356 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 17, 1797.

1357 Porcupine’s Gazette, December 14, 1797, January 13, 1798. It was this Luther Martin who assailed Jefferson so bitterly in connection with his defense of Aaron Burr in the trial for treason.

1358 Ibid., January 29, 1798.

1359 Gazette of the United States, March 6, 1798.

1360 Ibid., April 18, 1798.

1361 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 5, 1797.

1362 Ibid., October 23, 1797.

1363 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 408-11.

1364 Domestic Life, 245.

1365 Ibid., 249.

1366 Porcupine’s Gazette, December 4, 1797.

1367 Ibid., June 14, 1797.

1368 Ibid., July 11, 1797.

1369 Porcupine’s Gazette, November 8, 1797.

1370 Ibid., November 10, 1797.

1371 Ibid., August 8, 1797.

1372 Ibid., July 5, 1797.

1373 Ibid., August 8, 1797.

1374 Gazette of the United States, April 5, 1797.

1375 Aurora, July 19, 1797.

1376 Aurora, October 10, 1797.

1377 Pinckney, Life of Pinckney, 179.

1378 Porcupine’s Gazette, March 10, 1798, has a letter quoting some of the filthy lines.

1379 Adams, Gallatin, 185-86.

1380 Ibid., 184-85.

1381 Melville, I, 108.

1382 Porcupine’s Gazette, August 4, 1797.

1383 Aurora, April 14, July 11 and 13, 1797.

1384 Gazette of the United States, April 23, 1797.

1385 Ibid., May 1, 1797.

1386 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 1, 1797.

1387 Adams, Gallatin (to his wife), 186-87.

1388 Adams, Gallatin, 187; description of banquet, Aurora, July 17, 1797.

1389 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 3, 1797.

1390 Jefferson’s Works (to Mercer), IX, 421; (to Madison), IX, 405-07.

1391 Gibbs, II, 12.

1392 Porcupine’s Gazette, November 6, 1797.

1393 Aurora, November 15, 1797.

1394 Jefferson’s Works, X, 19-22.

1395 Adams, Gallatin (to Mrs. Gallatin), 191.

1396 Porcupine’s Gazette, February 16, 1798.

1397 Ibid., February 9, 1798.

1398 Ibid., February 15, 1798.

1399 Ibid., February 14, 1798.

1400 Henry Adams says: ‘Lyon, though a very rough specimen of democracy, was by no means a contemptible man, and, politics aside, showed energy and character in his subsequent career.’ (Adams, Gallatin, 192.)

1401 Steiner, 291, 295.

1402 Adams, Works, I, 515-17.

1403 Coit, Annals, February 28, 1798.

1404 Annals, March 2, 1798.

1405 Ibid., March 13, 1798.

1406 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 437-39.

1407 April 14, 1798.

1408 Jefferson’s Works, IX, 405-07.

1409 Annals, March 27, 1798.

1410 Hamilton’s Works, X, 279.

1411 Independent Chronicle, March 26, 1798.

1412 New York Time Piece, April 13, 1798.

1413 Jefferson’s Works, X, 22-24.

1414 Ibid., X, 24-26.

1415 Madison’s Writings, II, 133.

1416 Ibid. (to Jefferson), II, 138.

1417 Centinel, May 30, 1798.

1418 Independent Chronicle, November 22, 1798.

1419 Porcupine’s Gazette, May 7, 1798.

1420 Ibid., May 7, 1798.

1421 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 142.

1422 Bache in a statement ascribed the incident to the intoxicated condition of the youths. Time Piece, May 14, 1798.

1423 Hamilton’s Works, X, 275-79.

1424 Independent Chronicle, May 10, 1798.

1425 Gazette of the United States, May 10; Porcupine’s Gazette, May 10, 1798.

1426 Aurora, April 27, 1798.

1427 Independent Chronicle, May 21, 1798.

1428 New York Commercial Advertiser, October 19, 1798.

1429 Ames, I, 232-35.

1430 Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 49.

1431 Ibid., II, 117-20.

1432 Porcupine’s Gazette, June 20, 1798.

1433 Jefferson’s Works, X, 45-53.

1434 Beveridge, II, 346-47.

1435 Jefferson’s Works, X, 45-53.

1436 Beveridge, II, 348.

1437 New York Commercial Advertiser, October 31, November 5, 1798.

1438 ‘Titus Manlius,’ Hamilton’s Works, V, 259-301.

1439 Jefferson’s Works, X, 22-24.

1440 Porcupine’s Gazette, May 23, 1798.

1441 Ibid., May 24, 1798.

1442 Ibid., May 26, 1798.

1443 Porcupine’s Gazette, June 7, 1798.

1444 Ibid., June 8, 1798.

1445 Ibid., June 12, 1798.

1446 Lodge, Cabot (to Wolcott), 153-54.

1447 Independent Chronicle, April 9, 1798.

1448 Gibbs, II, 46.

1449 Independent Chronicle, August 9, 1798.

1450 Ibid., December 6, 1798.

1451 Centinel, September 29, 1798.

1452 Centinel, December 15, 1798.

1453 Porcupine’s Gazette, April 11, 1798.

1454 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 33-36.

1455 Ibid., X, 47-49.

1456 Ibid. (to Samuel Smith), X, 55.

1457 Porcupine’s Gazette, June 1, 1798.

1458 Gazette of the United States, August 9, 1798.

1459 Independent Chronicle, May 21, 1798.

1460 Time Piece, May 25, 1798.

1461 Ibid., May 28, 1798.

1462 Ibid., June 11, 1798.

1463 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 16-19.

1464 Time Piece, May 18, 1798.

1465 May 24, 1798.

1466 October 15, 1798.

1467 Jefferson’s Works (to Lewis), X, 36-37.

1468 Ibid.

1469 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 22-24; (to John Taylor), X, 63-67.

1470 Ibid. (to S. Smith), X, 53-59.

1471 King’s Works (Troup to King), II, 431-32.

1472 August 20, 1798.

1473 New York Commercial Advertiser, November 20, 1798.

1474 Centinel, July 18, 1798.

1475 Ibid., July 14, 1798.

1476 Jefferson’s Works, X, 13-14.

1477 Ibid., 15-16.

1478 Ibid., 53-54.

1479 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 21, 1798, makes a sneering comment.

1480 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 23, 1798.

1481 Time Piece, July 30, 1798.

1482 Time Piece, June 13, July 2, 11, 13, 1798; Aurora, November 7, 1798.

1483 Porcupine’s Gazette, December 22, 1798.

1484 Ibid., May 8, 1798.

1485 King’s Works, II, 376.

1486 Randall, Jefferson, 400, note.

1487 Volume II, 75, 77.

1488 Time Piece, June 1, 1798.

1489 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 33-36; 40-43.

1490 Porcupine’s Gazette, July 11, 1798.

1491 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 40.

1492 Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 142.

1493 Hamilton’s Works, X, 293.

1494 Porcupine’s Gazette, April 30, 1798.

1495 Ibid., May 1, 1798.

1496 Hamilton’s Works, X, 295.

1497 A reference to Hopkinson’s song.

1498 Annals, June 21, 1798.

1499 Annals, July 10, 1798.

1500 July 28, 1798.

1501 July 19, 1798.

1502 Jefferson’s Works, X, 59-61.

1503 King’s Works (Troup to King), II, 431-32.

1504 Davis, 46-48.

1505 King’s Works (Troup to King), II, 431-32.

1506 Gazette of the United States, September 1, 1798.

1507 Gibbs, II, 55.

1508 Gazette of the United States, September 6, 1798.

1509 Ames (to Dwight), I, 240.

1510 September 17, 1798.

1511 Henry, Henry, II, 612.

1512 Ames (to Gore), I, 246.

1513 Commercial Advertiser, October 17, 1798.

1514 Porcupine’s Gazette, November 30, 1798.

1515 Lodge, Cabot, 179-81.

1516 Lodge, Cabot, 147.

1517 Ibid. (to Pickering), 179.

1518 Ibid., 172.

1519 Aurora, February 12, 1800.

1520 Aurora, February 22, 1800.

1521 In Porcupine’s Gazette, February 2, 1799, Strubling attempts to explain his failure to fight when resistance was offered.

1522 Aurora, May 20, 1799.

1523 Gazette of the United States, April 15, 1799.

1524 April 29, 1800.

1525 Judge Alexander Addison, Gazette of the United States, February 15, 1799; Judge Iredell, April 9, 1799.

1526 Gazette of the United States, May 10, 1799.

1527 New York Commercial Advertiser, December 29, 1798.

1528 Gazette of the United States, January 2, 1799.

1529 Commercial Advertiser, December 28, 1799.

1530 McLaughlin, Lyon; Wharton, State Trials, 333-44.

1531 Centinel, February 27, 1799.

1532 Aurora, June 20, 1799.

1533 This connection was real.

1534 Ames, I, 247.

1535 Independent Chronicle, June 17, 1799; Gazette of the United States, June 17, 1799; ‘Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Anderson, American Historical Association Report, 1912.

1536 Independent Chronicle, February 18, 1799.

1537 Ibid., October 25, 1798.

1538 Ibid., October 29, 1798.

1539 Ibid., November 5, 1798.

1540 Independent Chronicle, February 25, 1799.

1541 Ibid., April 11, 1799.

1542 March 28, 1799, from ‘A Friend.’

1543 Ibid., March 7, 1799.

1544 Independent Chronicle, March 28, 1799.

1545 Ibid., April 25, 1799.

1546 Ibid.

1547 Hudson, Journalism, 211-13.

1548 Wharton, State Trials, 345-91; Hudson, Journalism, 213-14.

1549 Aurora, October 22, 1799.

1550 It was true, of course.

1551 Wharton, State Trials, 658-81.

1552 Aurora, April 25, 1800.

1553 Adams’s answer in the case of Lyon.

1554 Aurora, May 17, 1800.

1555 Scharf, I, 505.

1556 Robbins was turned over to the British, who claimed him as a national, and was executed for murder on the seas. Even Gallatin thought this an outrage until Marshall made his memorable speech in Congress in defense of the President’s action.

1557 Wharton, State Trials.

1558 Hammond, I, 123-24.

1559 Ibid., 131-32; Alexander, 89.

1560 Carey’s Diary; Aurora, January 17, 1800.

1561 Commercial Advertiser, April 23, 1800.

1562 Aurora, April 9, 1800.

1563 Independent Chronicle, August 9, 1798.

1564 Ibid., November 1, 1798.

1565 Ibid., November 26, 1798.

1566 ‘Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Anderson, American Historical Association Report, 1912.

1567 Steiner, 436.

1568 Thomas, Reminiscences.

1569 The Nation, July 18, 1912; Moreau’s Journal.

1570 Gazette of the United States, July 10, 1799.

1571 Aurora, November 4, 1799.

1572 Independent Chronicle, September 27, 1798.

1573 Ibid.

1574 Ibid.

1575 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 119-21.

1576 Ibid. (to Senator Mason), X, 61-62.

1577 Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions, 133-65.

1578 Ibid., 55.

1579 Ibid., 70.

1580 Frank M. Anderson, ‘Contemporary Opinion of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,’ American Historical Review, October, 1899; January, 1900.

1581 Professor Anderson calls attention to the fact that in Maryland the endorsement of the Alien and Sedition Laws was made more prominent than the condemnation of the proposed remedy.

1582 Independent Chronicle, February 14, 1799.

1583 Centinel, February 27, 1799.

1584 Professor Anderson comments on this unfairness.

1585 Anderson, op. cit.

1586 Professor Anderson says: ‘The imprisonment of Adams indicates that the Federalists were ready on the slightest provocation to treat opposition to the policy of the Administration, whether federal or state, as crime. That case certainly does much to explain why Jefferson and other Republican leaders could fear that Republican institutions were about to be overthrown.’ American Historical Review, January, 1900, p. 229.

1587 Anderson, op. cit.

1588 Intimate Life, 323-24.

1589 Hamilton’s Works, X, 287.

1590 Hamilton’s Works, X, 301.

1591 Ibid., 297-98.

1592 Ibid., 310.

1593 Ibid., 311.

1594 Hamilton’s Works (to McHenry), X, 307.

1595 Gibbs, II, 93-99.

1596 Ibid.

1597 Lodge, Cabot, 165-67.

1598 Lodge, Cabot, 170-71.

1599 Pickering, III, 432.

1600 Gibbs, II, 99.

1601 Ibid., 100.

1602 Beveridge, II, 420.

1603 Steiner, 354. Here, however, he qualifies.

1604 Hamilton’s Works, X, 286.

1605 Parton, Burr, I, 235-36.

1606 Gibbs (Pickering to Wolcott), II, 71.

1607 Ibid. (from Goodrich), 105.

1608 Steiner (McHenry to Tracy), 328.

1609 Ibid. (from James Ash), 333.

1610 Ibid., 368.

1611 Adams, Works, X, 120-23.

1612 July 12, 1798.

1613 September 17, 1798.

1614 July 30, 1798.

1615 King’s Works (from Troup), III, 35.

1616 Hamilton’s Works, X, 354.

1617 Jefferson’s Works (to Pendleton), X, 104-10.

1618 Gibbs (Higginson to Wolcott), II, 177.

1619 Adams, Works, X, 126-31.

1620 Ibid.

1621 January 28, 1799.

1622 McMaster (II, 435) makes the statement that ‘Republicans were fully determined that the direct tax should not be gathered.’ There is abundant evidence, including the letter from Jefferson, previously quoted, that the Republicans thought an insurrection against the collection the worse possible thing for the party.

1623 March 22, 1799. This refers to Hamilton’s efforts to involve Gallatin in the Whiskey Rebellion.

1624 Aurora, April 14 and April 27, 1799; McMaster, II, 438-39.

1625 Ibid., May 16, 1799; Hudson, 214; McMaster, II, 439.

1626 Gazette of the United States, May 16, 1799.

1627 Aurora, June 25, August 5, 1799.

1628 Ibid., September 24, 1799.

1629 Adams, Works, X, 116-19.

1630 Ibid.

1631 Aurora, January 10, 1800.

1632 Ibid., February 27, 1800.

1633 Gibbs, II, 241; Morse to Wolcott.

1634 May 14, 1799.

1635 June 1, 1799.

1636 May 16, 1799.

1637 July 18, 1799.

1638 Gibbs, II, 313-18.

1639 Steiner, 382.

1640 August 21, 1799.

1641 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 49-53; (to Gerry), X, 74-86. All of which is borne out by the signed statement of Logan, whose veracity was more reliable than that of Harper.

1642 New York Commercial Advertiser, November 15, 1798.

1643 Ibid., November 22, 1798.

1644 Adams, Works, VIII, 615.

1645 Gibbs, II, 195.

1646 Aurora, January 3, 1799.

1647 Ibid., January 16, 1799.

1648 Morison, Otis, I, 168-71.

1649 Adams, Works, VIII, 617.

1650 Jefferson’s Works, X, 86-89.

1651 Gibbs, II, 313-18.

1652 Adams, Adams, I, 523-24.

1653 Lodge, Hamilton, 212.

1654 Hamilton’s Works (to King), X, 314-15.

1655 Ibid., 315-16.

1656 Randall, Jefferson, II, 464.

1657 Hamilton’s Works, X, 389.

1658 See King’s Works, II, 649-66; III, 556, 565; Adams, Works, X, 145 and 147.

1659 At the rate of four for Connecticut with a population of 250,000.

1660 Adams, Adams, I, 536.

1661 Adams, Adams, I, 538-39.

1662 Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 110-13.

1663 Ibid. (to Madison), 119-21.

1664 Pickering, III, 439. According to another version, Adams received the committee politely until Sedgwick angered him with a slurring remark on Gerry.

1665 Porcupine’s Gazette, February 20, 1799.

1666 Ibid., February 21, 1799.

1667 Ibid., February 28, 1799.

1668 Adams, Adams, I, 544-45.

1669 King’s Works, III, 68.

1670 Steiner, 416.

1671 King’s Works, IX, 249.

1672 Lodge, Cabot, 224-26.

1673 King’s Works, III, 7-10.

1674 Lodge, Cabot, 221.

1675 Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 229-30.

1676 Morison, Otis (to Otis), I, 171.

1677 Ames (to Dwight), I, 252.

1678 Morison, Otis, I, 174-75.

1679 Anas, I, 351-52.

1680 King’s Works (Cabot to King), III, 111; (to Pickering), 228; (to Wolcott), 229.

1681 Aurora, April 27, 1799.

1682 Centinel, June 8, June 17, 1799.

1683 August 28, 1799.

1684 Lodge, Cabot, 237.

1685 Adams, Adams, I, 554.

1686 Stoddert was reported to have told General Sam Smith that this was in his mind; Anas, I, 349-50.

1687 Lodge, Cabot, 240-42.

1688 King’s Works (Cabot to King), III, 114.

1689 Centinel, October 9, 1799.

1690 Anas, I, 349.

1691 Brown, Life of Ellsworth, 279.

1692 Ibid.

1693 Aurora, October 23, 1799.

1694 Ibid., October 25, 1799.

1695 Aurora, July 26, August 5, 1799.

1696 Morison, Otis, I, 137; McRee, Iredell, II, 571.

1697 Jefferson’s Works, X, 154-59.

1698 Aurora, April 2, 1800.

1699 Ibid., April 4, 1800.

1700 Annals, March 28, 1800.

1701 April 2, 1800.

1702 Beveridge, II, 453.

1703 King’s Works, III, 237-38.

1704 The nature of the amendment is not disclosed in the Annals, April 16, 1800.

1705 Aurora, April 28, 1800.

1706 Ibid., April 30, 1800.

1707 Aurora, January 2, 1799.

1708 Jefferson’s Works, X, 70-74.

1709 Ibid., 74.

1710 Ibid., 89-92.

1711 Adams, Works, X, 116-19.

1712 Commercial Advertiser, February 13, 1800.

1713 Randall, II, 470.

1714 Jefferson’s Works, X, 95-97.

1715 Ibid., 86-89.

1716 Ibid., 95-97.

1717 Ibid., 97-99.

1718 Dodd, Macon, 157-59.

1719 Thomas, Reminiscences, II, 54-56.

1720 Jefferson’s Works, X, 134-36.

1721 Ibid., 154-59.

1722 Ibid.

1723 Randall, II, 538.

1724 Hamilton’s Works, X, 363.

1725 Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr; Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr; Familiar Letters, 237; Oliver, Hamilton; Bradford, Damaged Souls.

1726 Adams, Gallatin (Matthew L. Davis to Gallatin), 232-34.

1727 Parton, Burr, I, 247.

1728 Myers, Tammany Hall, 12.

1729 Commercial Advertiser, April 26, 1800.

1730 Commercial Advertiser, July 26, 1800.

1731 Ibid., April 29, 1800.

1732 Ibid.

1733 Commercial Advertiser, April 29, 1800.

1734 Adams, Gallatin, 237-38.

1735 Adams, Gallatin (to his wife), 240-41.

1736 Hamilton’s Works, X, 371.

1737 Adams, Gallatin, 238-40.

1738 Ibid., 241.

1739 Gibbs (McHenry to his brother), II, 246-48.

1740 Gibbs, II, 246-48; Steiner, 454.

1741 Pickering, III, 487.

1742 Ibid., III, 488.

1743 Hamilton’s Works, X, 376.

1744 Steiner, 457.

1745 Aurora, March 6, 1800.

1746 Aurora, May 9, 1800.

1747 Centinel, May 21, 1800.

1748 Centinel, May 24, 1800.

1749 King’s Works, III, 249.

1750 Ibid., 250.

1751 King’s Works (from Pickering), 262-63; (Ames to King), 275-76; (Goodhue to Pickering), 243-44.

1752 Ibid. (from Pickering), 248; (from Cabot), 249.

1753 Hamilton’s Works (to Sedgwick), X, 375-76.

1754 King’s Works, III, 250.

1755 Ibid., 275-76.

1756 Aurora, July 17, 1800.

1757 Aurora, June 7, 1800.

1758 Hamilton’s Works (to Bayard), X, 384-87.

1759 Hamilton’s Works (to Bayard), X, 384-87.

1760 Quoted by The Aurora, July 30, 1800.

1761 August 5, 1800.

1762 Familiar Letters, 373; Lodge, Cabot.

1763 Memoir of Theophilus Parsons, 328-29; 336-42, 345, 418, 436.

1764 Thomas, Reminiscences, I, 17; T. W. Higginson, Stephen Higginson, 137, 272, 280, 273-76.

1765 Familiar Letters, 370-71, 381.

1766 Centinel, June 21, 1800.

1767 Centinel, June 21, 1800.

1768 Ibid.

1769 Aurora, June 21, 1800.

1770 Aurora, June 30, 1800.

1771 Centinel, June 28, 1800.

1772 August 9, 1800.

1773 Chronicle, July 31, 1800.

1774 Ibid., August 18, 1800.

1775 King’s Works (J. Hale to King), III, 270.

1776 Hamilton’s Works, X, 379-80.

1777 Gibbs (McHenry to Wolcott), II, 414-15.

1778 Gibbs, II, 374-75.

1779 Lodge, Cabot, 278-80.

1780 Gibbs, II, 381.

1781 Gibbs, II, 382.

1782 Ibid., 379.

1783 Ibid., 384.

1784 Ibid., 400-05.

1785 Aurora, September 11, 1800.

1786 Lodge, Cabot (to Wolcott), 282.

1787 Lodge, Cabot, 286-88.

1788 Gibbs (Phelps to Wolcott), II, 380.

1789 American Mercury, September 11. 1800.

1790 Lodge, Cabot (Wolcott to Cabot), 278.

1791 Aurora, July 26, 28, 1800.

1792 Gibbs, II, 162.

1793 Aurora, November 15, 1800; Langdon to Samuel Ringgold.

1794 Gibbs, II, 418-19.

1795 August 7, 1800.

1796 This pamphlet is in New York Public Library.

1797 Welling’s Lectures, 274-75.

1798 Hartford Courant, June 23, 30, July 7, 14, 21, 26, August 4, 11, 18, September 1, 15, 22, 1800.

1799 American Mercury, July 10, 1800.

1800 Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England, 27.

1801 Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England, 27.

1802 Centinel, March 1, 22, 1800.

1803 Gibbs (Phelps to Wolcott), II, 418-19.

1804 August 4, 1800.

1805 New York Commercial Advertiser, May 13, 1800.

1806 American Mercury, September 19, 1800.

1807 Gibbs (from Phelps), II, 418.

1808 Courant, September 15, 1800.

1809 Ibid.

1810 Connecticut in Transition, 315-16.

1811 Courant, September 15, 1800.

1812 Original copies published in both Philadelphia and Newark are in New York Public Library.

1813 Courant, September 22, 1800.

1814 Courant, November 17, 1800.

1815 Jefferson’s Works (to Uriah McGregory), X, 170-73.

1816 Aurora, September 1, 1800.

1817 Aurora, September 4, 1800.

1818 Courant, August 25, 1800.

1819 A Voice of Warning.

1820 Serious Considerations.

1821 Serious Facts.

1822 Morse, Federalist Party in Massachusetts, 133-34.

1823 Morse, Federalist Party in Massachusetts, 95, note.

1824 The Claims of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency Examined at the Bar of Christianity, probably by Asbury Dickens in New York Public Library.

1825 Address to the People of the United States, etc., by John James Beckley, in New York public Library.

1826 Independent Chronicle, June 30, 1800.

1827 American Mercury, October 2, 1800.

1828 Aurora, March 31, 1800.

1829 Ibid., October 14, 1800.

1830 Lodge, Cabot, 283-84.

1831 Hamilton’s Works, X, 383-84.

1832 Ibid., 388-89.

1833 Lodge, Cabot (Cabot to Hamilton), 284-86.

1834 Hamilton’s Works, X, 389-90.

1835 Lodge, Cabot, 293.

1836 Davis, Burr, II, 65.

1837 Parton, I, 126-27; Davis, II, 65.

1838 Copied in the Commercial Advertiser, November 27, 1800.

1839 Hamilton’s Works, VII, 309-64.

1840 Lodge, Cabot, 298-300.

1841 Centinel, November 15, 1800.

1842 Ibid., November 26, 1800.

1843 October 27, 1800.

1844 November 4, 1800.

1845 October 30, 1800.

1846 December 1, 1800.

1847 October 29, 1800.

1848 Reprinted in The Aurora, November 13, 1800.

1849 Answer to Alexander Hamilton’s Letter Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams.

1850 Hamilton’s Works, X, 391.

1851 Ames, I, 283-85.

1852 Gibbs, II, 384-86.

1853 American Mercury, June 19, 1800.

1854 Steiner (Hamilton to McHenry), 466; (Dickinson to McHenry), 471.

1855 A Series of Letters on the Subject of ‘The Legislative Choice’ of Electors in Maryland, by ‘Bystander.’

1856 August 4, 1800.

1857 Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 388-90.

1858 Ibid., II, 399.

1859 Ibid., II, 387-88.

1860 Aurora, November 11, 1800.

1861 Morris, Diary, II. 394-95.

1862 Gibbs (Wolcott to wife), II, 456.

1863 Adams, Letters of Mrs. Adams, II, 239-41.

1864 Ibid., 243-44.

1865 Morris. Diary, II, 396.

1866 Mrs. Smith, 9-10.

1867 Adams, Gallatin (Gallatin to his wife), 252-55.

1868 Ibid., 255.

1869 Ibid., 255.

1870 Mrs. Smith, 13-15.

1871 Ibid., 4.

1872 Mrs. Smith, 3.

1873 Ibid., 5.

1874 Gallatin’s expression; Adams, Gallatin, 252-53.

1875 Hamilton’s Works, X, 392-93.

1876 Hamilton’s Works, X, 393-97.

1877 Parton, Burr, I, 267.

1878 Hamilton’s Works, X, 397.

1879 Ibid., 393-97.

1880 McLaughlin, Matthew Lyon, 386.

1881 Parton, Burr, I, 270.

1882 Hamilton’s Works, X, 401.

1883 Ibid., 402-04.

1884 Ibid., 404-05.

1885 Ibid., 405-07.

1886 Morris, Diary, II, 397.

1887 Morris, Diary, II, 404.

1888 Morison, Otis, I, 211-12.

1889 King’s Works, III, 363.

1890 Steiner, 485-88.

1891 Ibid., 489-90.

1892 King’s Works (Pickering to King), III, 366.

1893 Parton, Burr, I, 272-73.

1894 Ibid., 274.

1895 Parton, Burr, I, 274-75.

1896 Ibid., 277-78.

1897 Hamilton’s Works, X, 412-19.

1898 Hamilton’s Works, X, 419-20.

1899 King’s Works (J. Hale to King), III, 372.

1900 Ibid. (Sedgwick to King), 455.

1901 Hamilton’s Works, X, 420.

1902 King’s Works (Troup to King), III, 391.

1903 Jefferson’s Works (to Hugh Williamson), X, 188; (to William Dunbar), 191.

1904 Adams, Gallatin (Gallatin to his wife), 257.

1905 Commercial Advertiser, January 17, 1801.

1906 Reprinted in Connecticut Courant, January 26, 1801.

1907 Centinel, January 28, 1801.

1908 Centinel, January 7, 1801.

1909 Ibid., February 11, 1801.

1910 Ibid.

1911 Adams. Gallatin, 248-51.

1912 Adams, Gallatin, 248-51.

1913 Ibid.

1914 Centinel, February 18, 1801, before the result of the election was known.

1915 Anas, I, 381.

1916 Morris, Diary, II, 403.

1917 Jefferson’s Works, X, 196-97.

1918 Connecticut Courant, February 11, 1801.

1919 Parton, Burr, I, 288.

1920 Morison, Otis, I, 207-08.

1921 Mrs. Smith, 24.

1922 Commercial Advertiser, February 16, 1801.

1923 Mrs. Smith, 24.

1924 Jefferson’s Works, X, 198-99.

1925 Morison, Otis, I, 207-08.

1926 Adams, Gallatin, 260-61.

1927 Ibid., 261-62.

1928 Parton, Burr, I, 288.

1929 Mrs. Smith, 23.

1930 Parton, Burr; Letter to Hamilton.

1931 Adams, Gallatin, 262.

1932 Annals, February 21, 1801.

1933 Annals, March 2, 1801.

1934 Gibbs, II, 497.

1935 Adams, Gallatin, 265.

1936 Mrs. Smith, 12.

1937 Ibid., 26.

1938 Mrs. Smith.

1939 Hamilton’s Works, X, 425.

1940 Ibid., X, 444.