Appendices
I. Table of Dates
(a) Pertaining to the Life of Comenius
1592. Born at Nivnitz, Moravia, March 28th.
1604. Death of his father and mother.
——. Entered the elementary school at Strasnitz.
1608. Entered the gymnasium at Prerau.
1611. Matriculated in the college at Herborn.
1613. Matriculated in the university at Heidelberg.
1614. Appointed teacher in the Moravian school at Prerau.
1616. Ordained as a minister, April 29th.
1618. Called to the pastorate of the church at Fulneck; also superintendent of schools.
1624. Marriage to Elizabeth Cyrrill.
——. Driven into the Bohemian mountains by religious persecutions.
1627. Banished from his native country.
1628. Fled to Poland; given charge of the gymnasium at Lissa.
1632. Consecrated as a bishop, October 6th.
1641. Called to England, arriving there September 22d.
1642. Left London, June 10th, for Sweden.
——. Settled at Elbing, Prussia, in October.
1648. Returned to Lissa; death of his wife; chosen president of the council (senior bishop), of the Moravian Church.
1649. Re-married, to Elizabeth Gaiusowa.
1650. Took charge of the schools at Saros-Patak, Hungary, in May.
1654. Returned to Lissa.
1656. Lissa burned; flight to Silesia.
——. Settled in Amsterdam.
1670. Died at Amsterdam, November 15th; buried at Naärden (Holland), November 22d.
(b) Principal Writings of Comenius
1616. Grammaticæ facilioris præcepta (Simple grammatical rules). Prague.
1617. Listowé do nebe (Cries of the oppressed poor). Olmütz.
1622. De Christina perfectione (On Christian perfection). Prague.
1623. Labyrint svéta a ráj srdce, to jest (Labyrinth of the world and paradise of the heart). Lissa.
1631. Janua linguarum reserata (Gate of languages unlocked). Lissa.
1633. Informatorium der Mutter-Schul (School of infancy). Lissa.
——. Atrium linguæ Latinæ (On the study of Latin style). Lissa.
1634. Physicæ ad lumen divinum reformatæ synopsis (Physics remodelled in accordance with divine light). Leipzig.
1638. Prodromus pansophiæ (Fragment of the Great didactic. Published in London, 1639, by Hartlib). Lissa.
1641. Via lucis (The way of light). Amsterdam.
1643. Pansophiæ diatyphosis, inconographica, et orthographica (Published in England in 1650 with the title: A pattern of universal knowledge). Danzig.
1647. Vestibulum Latinæ linguæ rerum (Vestibule of the Latin language). Lissa.
1648. Linguarum methodus novissima (New method of language study). Lissa.
1650. Lux in tenebris (Light in darkness—on prophetic visions). Amsterdam.
——. Scholæ pansophicæ delinætio (Plan of a pansophic school). Saros-Patak.
1656. Schola ludus (School dramas). Saros-Patak.
1657. Orbis sensualium pictus (The world illustrated). Nuremberg.
——. Opera didactica omnia (Complete didactic works in four volumes). Amsterdam.
1660. Historia fratrum Bohemorum (History of the Bohemian brethren). Amsterdam.
——. Cartesius cum sua naturali philosophia a mechanicis eversus (Descartes and his natural philosophy overthrown by arguments derived from mechanical principles). Amsterdam.
——. De natura caloris et frigoris (On the nature of heat and cold). Amsterdam.
1608. Unum necessarium (The one thing needful). Amsterdam.
II. Select Bibliography
(a) Writings of Comenius
1. The great didactic. Translated with introductions, biographical and historical, by M. W. Keatinge. London: Adam and Charles Black. 1896. pp. 468.
This first complete translation of Comenius’ most philosophic work is admirably done. The biographical introduction is given ninety-eight pages, and the historical introduction fifty pages. These are both interesting and critical. The book unfortunately is not indexed.
2. The school of infancy: an essay on the education of youth during the first six years. Edited with an introduction and notes by Will S. Monroe. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 1896. London: Isbister & Co. 1897. pp. xvi + 99.
There are numerous foot-notes, intended to show the origin of Comenius’ educational ideals and the influence of his writings on later educators. Collateral reading references are given at the end of each chapter, and in the appendix there is a reasonably complete bibliography of Comenius literature.
3. The orbis pictus. Translated into English by Charles Hoole. London: John and Benj. Sprint, 1728. Syracuse, N.Y.: C. W. Bardeen. 1887. pp. 100.
This is a very satisfactory reproduction of the famous Hoole translation by the photographic process. Some of the cuts are indistinct, but Mr. Bardeen wisely refrained from retouching them, preferring occasional indistinctness to modern tampering with the originals.
4. John Amos Comenius: his life and educational work. By S. S. Laurie. Boston: Willard Small. 1885. pp. 229.
The introduction (pp. 1–16) gives the effect of the Renaissance on education; a brief but appreciative sketch of the life of Comenius follows (pp. 17–64); and the remainder of the book is given to an exposition of his writings.
5. Grosse Unterrichtslehre. Aus dem Lateinischen übersetzt mit Einleitungen und Anmerkungen versehen von Julius Beeger und Franz Zoubek. Leipzig: Siegismund und Volkening. No date. pp. clxxvii + 280.
The sketch of the life of Comenius (176 pp.) is by Zoubek, and the translation of the Great didactic from the Latin into German by Beeger.
6. Ausgewählte Schriften. Aus dem Lateinischen übersetzt und mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen versehen von Julius Beeger und J. Leutbecher. Leipzig: Siegismund und Volkening. No date. pp. xvi + 359.
A collection of the miscellaneous educational writings of Comenius, including the School of infancy, Panegersia, and fragments of the Pansophy.
7. Grosse Unterrichtslehre. Mit einer Einleitung: J. Comenius, sein Leben und Wirken. Einleitung, Übersetzung und Commentar von Gustav Adolph Lindner. Wien und Leipzig: A. Pichler’s Witwe und Sohn. 1892. pp. lxxxix + 311.
Perhaps the best German edition of the Great didactic. The biographical sketch is less valuable than the one in the edition by Beeger and Zoubek; but the annotations on the Great didactic, covering about forty pages, give it special pedagogic value.
8. Ueber “Eins ist noth” (“Unum necessarium”). Von Joh. Amos Comenius. Znaim: Fournier und Haberler. 1892. pp. 22.
A convenient edition of Comenius’ pathetic swan song, “The one thing needful.”
(b) Biographical and Critical
1. Educational Review. Nicholas Murray Butler, editor. New York: Educational Review Publishing Co. March, 1892. Vol. III. pp. 209–236.
The issue for March, 1892, is a Comenius number. It contains a brief on Comenius by Professor Butler (pp. 209–211); “The place of Comenius in the history of education,” by Professor Laurie (pp. 211–223); “The text-books of Comenius,” by Mr. C. W. Bardeen (pp. 223–336); and “The permanent influence of Comenius,” by Professor Hanus (pp. 226–236).
2. Proceedings of the National Educational Association for 1892. pp. 703–728.
The department of superintendence of the National Educational Association, in connection with the meeting at Brooklyn, February 16–18, 1892, held exercises in commemoration of the three-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Comenius, with the following addresses: “Private life and personal characteristics,” Dr. John Max Hark (pp. 703–711); “Text-books of Comenius,” Superintendent William H. Maxwell (pp. 712–723); “Place of Comenius in the history of education,” Professor Nicholas Murray Butler (pp. 723–728).
3. Essays on educational reformers. By Robert Hebert Quick. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1893. pp. 119–171.
One of the best brief critical surveys of the writings of Comenius and written in the fascinating style of the genial Quick.
4. History of pedagogy. By Gabriel Compayré. Translated by W. H. Payne. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 1886. pp. 122–136.
A brief summary of Comenius’ most important contributions to primary instruction.
5. The educational ideal: an outline of its growth in modern times. By James Phinney Munroe. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 1895. pp. 68–94.
A concise and critical survey of the reforms of Comenius and the other realists. After Quick, the best brief survey of the modern movement; and at many points it supplements Quick.
6. Barnard’s American Journal of Education. Published at Hartford by the editor, Henry Barnard. June, 1858. Vol. V. pp. 257–298.
Dr. Barnard was one of the earliest to call attention to the pedagogic value of Comenius’ writings. This translation from Karl von Raumer’s Geschichte der Pädagogik was, up to the time Professor Laurie’s book appeared, the only comprehensive study of Comenius in English. Raumer, however, is not an impartial critic of the realists.
7. The history of the unitas fratrum. By Edmund de Schweinitz. Bethlehem, Penn.: Moravian Publication Office. 1885. pp. 693.
An authoritative account of the Moravian Brethren and of Comenius’ relation to the same.
8. Monatshefte der Comenius-Gesellschaft. Ludwig Kellar, editor. Berlin: Hermann Heyfelder. 1892–1900. 10 volumes.
A high grade bi-monthly review published by the Comenius Society in the interest of education generally, and in particular of the views held by the Moravian reformer. The review is a mine of rich material on Comenius and his contempories.
9. Leben und Schicksale des Johann Amos Comenius. Von Anton Vrbka. Znaim: Fournier und Haberler. 1892. pp. 160.
The best brief German life of Comenius. It is accurate and sympathetic, and contains 17 wood-cuts.
10. Über des Johann Amos Comenius Leben und Wirksamkeit. Von Anton Gindely. Znaim: Fournier und Haberler. 1893. pp. 109.
Another brief German work. Professor Gindely is a Roman Catholic, and while he writes of Comenius with less enthusiasm, he presents his life with critical fairness.
11. Johann Amos Comenius: sein Leben und seine Schriften. Von Johann Kvacsala. Berlin: Julius Klinkhardt. 1892. pp. 480 + 89.
This, so far as I know, is the most comprehensive life of Comenius to be found in any language; but at many points it is unnecessarily tedious and diffuse.
12. Rein’s Encyclopädisches Handbuch der Pädagogik. Langensalza: Hermann Beyer und Söhne. Vol. I. pp. 558–569.
An excellent brief article by A. Nebe. An article on the Comenius-Stiftung follows (pp. 569–573).
13. Der Anschauungsunterricht in der deutschen Schule von Amos Comenius bis zur Gegenwart. Von Gottlieb Gustav Deussing. Frankenberg: C. C. Rossberg. 1884. pp. 66.
A historical and critical dissertation on the growth of object teaching and nature study.
14. Die pädagogischen Grundgedanken des Amos Comenius. Von Hermann Gottsched. Magdeburg: A. und R. Faber. 1879. pp. 64.
A dissertation on Comenius’ philosophy of education.
15. Comenius: ein Systematiker in der Pädagogik. Von Walter Müller. Dresden: Bleyl und Kaemmer. 1887. pp. 50.
A dissertation on the contributions of Comenius to systematic pedagogy and school systems.
16. Die Pädagogik des Spaniers Johann Ludwig Vives und sein Einfluss auf Joh. Amos Comenius. Erlangen: Junge und Sohn. 1890. pp. 69.
Indicates traces of the educational theories of Comenius in the writings of Vives.
17. Die Didaktik Basedows im Vergleiche zur Didaktik des Comenius. Von Petru Garbovicianu. Bucharest: Carol Göbl. 1887. pp. 82.
The influence of the Great didactic of Comenius on Basedow and his institution is pointed out.
18. Schmidt’s Encyclopädie des gesammten Erziehungs und Unterrichtswesen. Gotha: Besser. 1876. Vol. I. pp. 941–951.
The article is by G. Baur. It is less comprehensive, although more sympathetic, than the article in Raumer’s Geschichte der Pädagogik.
19. Buisson’s Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d’instruction primaire. Paris: Hanchette et Cie. 1887. Vol I. Part I. pp. 421–427.
Three brief but discriminating articles. The first, on the life of Comenius, by C. Progler (pp. 421–423); the second, on the pedagogical writings of Comenius, by Ferdinand Buisson (pp. 423–426); the third, on the permanent influences of Comenius, by A. Daguet (pp. 426–427).
Footnotes
1 Aspects of education. By Oscar Browning. New York: Industrial Educational Association, 1888.
2 The German universities: their character and historical development. By Friedrich Paulsen. Authorized translation by Edward Delavan Perry, with an introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler. New York and London: Macmillan & Co., 1895. pp. xxxi + 254.
3 De corrupti sermonis emendatione. By Maturin Cordier. Paris, 1530. Quoted by Mr. Keatinge.
4 For an account of the schools of the Jesuits see Loyola and the educational system of the Jesuits. By Thomas Hughes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892. pp. 302.
5 Geschichte der Pädagogik. Von Karl von Raumer. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann, 1882.
6 See the admirable sketch of the earlier humanists: Vittorino da Feltre and other humanists. By William H. Woodward. Cambridge: University Press, 1897. pp. 256.
7 John Amos Comenius: his life and educational work. By S. S. Laurie. Boston: Willard Small, 1885. pp. 229.
8 Essays on educational reformers. By Robert Hebert Quick. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1893. pp. 560.
9 The educational ideal: an outline of its growth in modern times. By James Phinny Munroe. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1895. pp. 262.
10 Montaigne’s Education of children. Translated by L. E. Rector. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1899. pp. xxiii + 191.
11 The scholemaster. By Roger Ascham. Edited by Edward Arber. Boston: Willard Small, 1888. pp. 317.
12 Positions. By Richard Mulcaster. Edited by Robert Hebert Quick. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1888. pp. 309.
13 The place of Comenius in the history of education. By Nicholas Murray Butler. Proceedings of the National Educational Association for 1892.
14 I am aware that Comenius says that his father died in 1602; but the evidence which Vrbka has adduced seems to me conclusive that the senior Komensky died two years later.
15 Rukovét Skolstvi Obecného. By Karel Toubenek and Karel Vorovka. Prague, 1892. Translated by Miss Clara Vostrovsky.
16 The life of John Milton. By David Masson. Vol. III. London, 1873.
17 Professor Masson.
18 The Great didactic of John Amos Comenius. With introductions, biographical and historical. By M. W. Keatinge. London, 1896. pp. 468.
19 Mittheilungen über Wolfgang Ratichius. Von Agathon Niemeyer. Halle, 1840.
20 In a letter to Governor Winthrop of Connecticut, Hartlib laments that Comenius should continually allow himself to be diverted from his pansophic works.
21 The correspondence between Comenius and Oxenstiern over the treaty of Westphalia is given by Gindely, Über des Comenius Leben und Wirksamkeit in der Fremde. Vienna, 1855.
22 For a full account of these labors see Gindely’s Geschichte der Böhmischen Brüder. Prague, 1857–8.
23 Magnalia Christi Americana, or the ecclesiastical history of New England. By the Reverend and Learned Cotton Mather and Pastor of the North Church in Boston, New England. London, 1702. Book IV, p. 128.
24 The history of Harvard university. By Josiah Quincy. Boston, 1840. 2 vols.
25 Correspondence of Hartlib, Haak, Oldenburg, and others of the founders of the Royal Society with Governor Winthrop of Connecticut, 1661–1672. With an introduction and notes by Robert C. Winthrop. Boston, 1878.
26 For further discussion of the question see my article, “Was Comenius called to the presidency of Harvard?” in the Educational Review, November, 1896, Vol. XII, pp. 378–382, and the article by Mr. James H. Blodgett in the same Review for November, 1898, Vol. XVI, pp. 390–393; also the closing chapter in Professor Hanus’ Educational aims and educational values (New York, 1899), pp. 206–211.
27 For an excellent discussion of the meaning of infancy see Professor John Fiske’s Excursions of an evolutionist (Boston, 1896), pp. 306–319, and Professor Nicholas Murray Butler’s Meaning of education (New York, 1898), pp. 3–34.
28 Permanent influence of Comenius, Educational Review, March, 1892. Vol. III, pp. 226–236.
29 The Orbis pictus, the first child’s picture-book, was subsequently prepared to meet this need.
30 See in this connection Tarde’s Laws of imitation. New York, 1900.
31 For a more detailed account of Comenius’ views on the religious education of children see the following chapter on the School of infancy.
32 Zur Bückerkunde des Comenius. Monatshefte der Comenius-Gesellschaft. 1892. Vol. I., pp. 19–53.
33 School of infancy: an essay on the education of youth during the first six years, by John Amos Comenius. To which is prefixed a sketch of the life of the author. London, 1858. pp. 168 + 75.
34 To except Locke no reformer before Comenius’ time has set forth the need of physical training with anything like the clearness and fulness of the School of infancy. See Some thoughts concerning education by John Locke. Edited with introduction and notes by R. H. Quick. London, 1884. pp. 240.
35 Note the harmony of this conception of play with the modern theories of Professor Karl Groos in his Play of animals (New York, 1898, pp. 341) and in his Spiele der Menschen (Jena, 1899, pp. 538).
36 I am indebted to Dr. William T. Harris for the use of the copy of the Janua belonging to the library of the Bureau of Education at Washington. It is a handsome Elzevir, bound in vellum, and published at Amsterdam in 1661. It contains 863 pages, 511 of which are given to the thousand parallel sentences in the five languages (Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and German), in which the book appears. The remaining 352 pages are given to the lexicon-vocabularies in the different languages.
37 The Janua has lately been brought out in France in inexpensive form by Professor A. C. Vernier of the College of Autun. (Autun, 1899. pp. 350.)
38 The text-books of Comenius. Proceedings of the National Educational Association for 1892. pp. 712–723.
39 For a full account of Francke’s life and work see A. H. Francke’s Pädagogische Schriften. Nebst einer Darstellung seines Lebens und seiner Stiftungen. Herausgeg. von G. Kramer. Langensalza, 1876.
40 An abbreviated translation of the Émile has been made by Miss Eleanor Worthington (Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1891, pp. 157), and a fuller (though not complete) translation by Professor William H. Payne (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1893. pp. 355).
41 Rousseau and education according to nature. By Thomas Davidson. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898. pp. 253. Also the excellent life by John Morley, in two volumes (London and New York, 1888).
42 To except the brief sketch by Quick (Educational reformers, pp. 273–289) and von Raumer’s sketch in translation in Barnard’s American Journal of Education (Vol. 5, pp. 487–520), there is dearth of material on Basedow in English. For an excellent account in the German see Pädagogische Schriften. Mit Einleitungen, Anmerkungen, und Basedow’s Biographie. Herausgegeben von Hugo Göring. Langensalza, 1879–80.
43 There is a wealth of material in the English language on Pestalozzi. See: Pestalozzi and the modern elementary school, by Professor A. Pinloche (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900); Pestalozzi: his life and work, by Roger de Guimps (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1897, pp. 438); Life, work, and influence of Pestalozzi, by Hermann Krusi (New York: American Book Co., pp. 240); and the rich volume of sources by Henry Barnard, Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism (Hartford, 1859, pp. 238 + 230).
44 Letters on early education. Addressed to J. P. Greaves, Esq., Syracuse, 1898, pp. 180.
45 Translated by Lucy E. Holland and Frances E. Turner, and edited with introduction and notes by Ebenezer Cook. Syracuse: C. W. Bardeen, 1894. pp. xliv + 256.
46 Translated and abridged by Eva Channing. With an introduction by G. Stanley Hall. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1897. pp. 181.
47 Comenius und Pestalozzi als Begründer der Volksschule. Von Hermann Hoffmeister. Berlin, 1877.
48 The kindergarten system: its origin and development as seen in the life of Friedrich Fröbel. By Alexander Bruno Hauschmann. Translated and adapted by Fanny Franks. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1897. pp. xvi + 253.
49 Fröbel and education through self-activity. By H. Courthope Brown. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1897. pp. 209.
50 Translated and annotated by W. N. Hailmann. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1887. pp. 332.
51 Fröbel’s educational laws for all teachers. By James L. Hughes. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1897. pp. 296.
52 Herbart and the Herbartians. By Charles De Garmo. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895. pp. 268.
53 See Herbart’s Science of education. Translated from the German, with a biographical introduction by Henry M. and Emmie Felkin. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1895. pp. 268.
54 The place of Comenius in the history of education. Proceedings of the National Education Association for 1892. pp. 723–728.
55 An excellent account of the national Comenius pedagogical library will be found in: Die pädagogischen Bibliotheken, Schulmuseen und ständigen Lehrmittelausstellungen der Welt. Von Julius Beeger. Leipzig: Zangenberg & Himly, 1892. pp. 84.