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The Life of Charles Dickens

by John Forster

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER I. 1812-1822.
Pages 21-46.
Childhood. Æt. 1-10.
page
Birth at Landport in Portsea 21
Family of John Dickens 22
Powers of observation in children 23
Two years old 23
In London, æt. 2-3 23
In Chatham, æt. 4-9 23
Vision of boyhood 24
The queer small child 25
Mother’s teaching 26
Day-school in Rome Lane 27
Retrospects of childhood 27
David Copperfield and Charles Dickens 28
Access to small but good library 29
Tragedy-writing 30
Comic-song singing 31
Cousin James Lamert 31
First taken to theatre 32
At Mr. Giles’s school 32
Encored in the recitations 33
Boyish recollections 33
Birthplace of his fancy 35
Last night in Chatham 35
In London 36
First impressions 36
Bayham Street, Camden-town 36
Faculty of early observation 37
His description of his father 38
Small theatre made for him 38
Sister Fanny at Royal Academy of Music 39
Walks about London 39
Biography and autobiography 40
At his godfather’s and his uncle’s 41
First efforts at description 42
“Res Angusta Domi”42
Mother exerting herself 43
Father in the Marshalsea 43
Visit to the prison 44
Captain Porter 44
Old friends disposed of 45
At the pawnbroker’s 46
CHAPTER II. 1822-1824.
Pages 47-70.
Hard Experiences in Boyhood. Æt. 10-12.
Mr. Dilke’s half-crown 48
Story of boyhood told 48
D. C. and C. D.48
Enterprise of the cousins Lamert 49
First employment in life 51
Blacking-warehouse 51
A poor little drudge 52
Bob Fagin and Poll Green 52
“Facilis Descensus”52
Crushed hopes 53
The home in Gower Street 53
Regaling alamode 54
Home broken up 54
At Mrs. Roylance’s in Camden-town 55
Sundays in prison 55
Pudding-shops and coffee-shops 56
What was and might have been 57
Thomas and Harry 58
A lodging in Lant Street 59
Meals in the Marshalsea 59
C. D. and the Marchioness 60
Originals of Garland family 60
Adventure with Bob Fagin 61
Saturday-night shows 61
Appraised officially 62
Publican and wife at Cannon Row 63
Marshalsea incident in Copperfield 64
Incident as it occurred 65
Materials for Pickwick 66
Sister Fanny’s musical prize 66
From Hungerford Stairs to Chandos Street 67
Father’s quarrel with James Lamert 68
Quits the warehouse 68
Bitter associations of servitude 69
What became of the blacking business 70
CHAPTER III. 1824-1830.
Pages 71-95.
School-Days and Start In Life. Æt. 12-18.
Outcome of boyish trials 71
Disadvantage in later years 72
Advantages 73
Next move in life 74
Wellington House Academy 74
Revisited and described 75
Letter from a schoolfellow 76
C. D.’s recollections of school 77
Schoolfellow’s recollections of C. D.77
Fac-simile of schoolboy letter 79
Daniel Tobin 81
Another schoolfellow’s recollections 82
Writing tales and getting up plays 83
Master Beverley scene-painter 84
Street-acting 84
The schoolfellows after forty years 85
Smallness of the world 86
In attorneys’ offices 87
At minor theatres 88
The father on the son’s education 89
Studying short-hand 90
In British Museum reading-room 90
Preparing for the gallery 91
D. C. for C. D.91
A real Dora in 1829 92
The same Dora in 1855 93
Dora changed into Flora 94
Ashes of youth and hope 95
CHAPTER IV. 1831-1835.
Pages 96-106.
Reporters’ Gallery and Newspaper Literature.
Æt. 19-23.
Reporting for True Sun 96
First seen by me 97
Reporting for Mirror and Chronicle 97
First published piece 97
Discipline and experiences of reporting 98
Life as a reporter 99
John Black 100
Mr. Thomas Beard 101
A letter to his editor 102
Incident of reporting days 102
The same more correctly told 103
Origin of “Boz”104
Captain Holland 104
Mr. George Hogarth 105
Sketches in Evening Chronicle 105
C. D.’s first hearty appreciator 106
CHAPTER V. 1836.
Pages 107-115.
First Book, and Origin of Pickwick. Æt. 24.
Sketches by Boz 107
Fancy-piece by N. P. Willis: a poor English author 107
Start of Pickwick 108
Marriage to Miss Hogarth 108
First connection with Chapman & Hall 109
Mr. Seymour’s part in Pickwick 109
Letters relating thereto 110
C. D.’s own account 110
False claims refuted 111
Pickwick’s original, his figure and his name 112
First sprightly runnings of genius 113
The Sketches characterized 114
Mr. Seymour’s death 115
New illustrator chosen 115
Mr. Hablot K. Browne 115
C. D. leaves the gallery 116
Strange Gentleman and Village Coquettes 116
CHAPTER VI. 1837.
Pages 117-140.
Writing the Pickwick Papers. Æt. 25.
First letter from him 117
As he was thirty-five years ago 118
Mrs. Carlyle and Leigh Hunt 119
Birth of eldest son 119
From Furnival’s Inn to Doughty Street 119
A long-remembered sorrow 120
I visit him 120
Hasty compacts with publishers 121
Self-sold into quasi-bondage 121
Agreements for editorship and writing 121
Mr. Macrone’s scheme to reissue Sketches 122
Attempts to prevent it 123
Exorbitant demand 123
Impatience of suspense 123
Purchase advised 124
Oliver Twist 125
Characters real to himself 125
Sense of responsibility for his writings 126
Criticism that satisfied him 126
Help given with his proofs 126
Writing Pickwick, Nos. 14 and 15 127
Scenes in a debtors’ prison 128
A recollection of Smollett 128
Reception of Pickwick 129
A popular rage 129
Mr. Carlyle’s “dreadful” story 130
Secrets of success 130
Pickwick inferior to later books 131
Exception for Sam Weller and Mr. Pickwick 131
Personal habits of C. D.132
Reliefs after writing 133
Natural discontents 134
The early agreements 134
Tale to follow Oliver Twist 135
Compromise with Mr. Bentley 135
Trip to Flanders 135
First visit to Broadstairs 136
Piracies of Pickwick 137
A sufferer from agreements 138
First visit to Brighton 138
What he is doing with Oliver Twist 139
Reading De Foe 139
“No Thoroughfare”139
Proposed help to Macready 140
CHAPTER VII. 1837-1838.
Pages 141-151.
Between Pickwick and Nickleby. Æt. 25-26.
Edits Life of Grimaldi 141
His own opinion of it 142
An objection answered 142
His recollections of 1823 142
Completion of Pickwick 143
A purpose long entertained 144
Relations with Chapman & Hall 144
Payments made for Pickwick 145
Agreement for Nicholas Nickleby 145
Oliver Twist characterized 146
Reasons for acceptance with every class 146
Nightmare of an agreement 147
Letter to Mr. Bentley 147
Proposal as to Barnaby Rudge 148
Result of it 148
Birth of eldest daughter 149
Young Gentlemen and Young Couples 149
First number of Nicholas Nickleby 150
2d of April, 1838 150
CHAPTER VIII. 1838.
Pages 152-164.
Oliver Twist. Æt. 26.
Interest in characters at close of Oliver 152
Writing of the last chapter 153
Cruikshank illustrations 154
Etchings for last volume 154
How executed 154
Slander respecting them exposed 155
Falsehood ascribed to the artist 155
Reputation of the new tale 156
Its workmanship 157
Social evils passed away 157
Living only in what destroyed them 157
Chief design of the story 158
Its principal figures 158
Comedy and tragedy of crime 159
Reply to attacks 160
Le Sage, Gay, and Fielding 160
Likeness to them 161
Again the shadow of Barnaby 161
Appeal to Mr. Bentley for delay 161
A very old story 162
“Sic vos non vobis”162
Barnaby given up by Mr. Bentley 163
Resignation of Miscellany 163
Parent parting from child 164
CHAPTER IX. 1838-1839.
Pages 165-179.
Nicholas Nickleby.
Æt. 26-27.
Doubts of success dispelled 165
Realities of English life 166
Characters self-revealed 167
Miss Bates and Mrs. Nickleby 167
Smike and Dotheboys 167
A favorite type of humanity 168
Sydney Smith and Newman Noggs 168
Kindliness and breadth of humor 169
Goldsmith and Smollett 169
Early and later books 170
Biographical not critical 171
Characteristics 171
Materials for the book 171
Birthday letter 172
A difficulty at starting 172
Never in advance with Nickleby 173
Always with later books 173
Enjoying a play 174
At the Adelphi 174
Writing Mrs. Nickleby’s love-scene 175
Sydney Smith vanquished 175
Winding up the story 176
Parting from creatures of his fancy 177
The Nickleby dinner 178
Persons present 178
The Maclise portrait 178
CHAPTER X. 1838-1839.
Pages 180-190.
During and After Nickleby. Æt. 26-27.
The Cottage at Twickenham 180
Daniel Maclise 180
Ainsworth and other friends 181
Mr. Stanley of Alderley 182
Petersham cottage 182
Childish enjoyments 182
Writes a farce for Covent Garden 183
Entered at the Middle Temple 183
We see Wainewright in Newgate 184
Oliver Twist and the Quarterly 184
Hood’s Up the Rhine 185
Shakspeare Society 185
Birth of second daughter 186
House-hunting 186
Barnaby at his tenth page 186
Letter from Exeter 187
A landlady and her friends 187
A home for his father and mother 188
Autobiographical 189
Visit to an upholsterer 189
Visit from the same 190
CHAPTER XI. 1839.
Pages 191-199.
New Literary Project. Æt. 27-28.
Thoughts for the future 191
Doubts of old serial form 192
Suggestion for his publishers 192
My mediation with them 193
Proposed weekly publication 193
Design of it 193
Old favorites to be revived 194
Subjects to be dealt with 194
Chapters on Chambers 194
Gog and Magog Relaxations 194
Savage Chronicles 195
Others as well as himself to write 195
Travels to Ireland and America in view 195
Stipulation as to property and payments 196
Great hopes of success 197
Assent of his publishers 197
No planned story 197
Terms of agreement 197
Notion for his hero 198
A name hit upon 199
Sanguine of the issue 199
CHAPTER XII. 1840-1841.
Pages 200-216.
The Old Curiosity Shop. Æt. 28-29.
Visit to Walter Landor 200
First thought of Little Nell 200
Hopeful of Master Humphrey 201
A title for the child-story 202
First sale of Master Humphrey’s Clock 202
Its original plan abandoned 203
Reasons for this 203
To be limited to one story 203
Disadvantages of weekly publication 204
A favorite description 204
In Bevis Marks for Sampson Brass 205
At Lawn House, Broadstairs 205
Dedication of his first volume to Rogers 205
Chapters 43-45 206
Dick Swiveller and the Marchioness 207
Masterpiece of kindly fun 207
Closing of the tale 208
Effect upon the writer 208
Making-believe very much 209
The end approaching 209
The realities of fiction 209
Death of Little Nell 210
My share in the close 211
A suggestion adopted by him 211
Success of the story 211
Useful lessons 212
Its mode of construction 213
Character and characteristics 213
The art of it 213
A recent tribute 214
Harte’s “Dickens in Camp”215
CHAPTER XIII. 1840.
Pages 217-231.
Devonshire Terrace and Broadstairs. Æt. 28.
A good saying 217
Landor mystified 218
The mirthful side of Dickens 218
Extravagant flights 218
Humorous despair 219
Riding exercise 220
First of the ravens 220
The groom Topping 220
The smoky chimneys 221
Juryman at an inquest 222
Practical humanity 222
Publication of Clock’s first number 222
Transfer of Barnaby settled 223
A true prediction 224
Revisiting old scenes 224
C. D. to Chapman & Hall 224
Terms of sale of Barnaby 225
A gift to a friend 226
Final escape from bondage 226
Published libels about him 227
Said to be demented 227
To be insane and turned Catholic 228
Begging letter-writers 228
A donkey asked for 228
Mr. Kindheart 229
Friendly meetings 229
Social talk 229
Reconciling friends 230
Hint for judging men 230
CHAPTER XIV. 1841.
Pages 232-248.
Barnaby Rudge. Æt. 29.
Advantage in beginning Barnaby 232
Birth of fourth child and second son 233
The Raven 233
A loss in the family 234
Grip’s death 235
C. D. describes his illness 235
Family mourners 236
Apotheosis by Maclise 237
Grip the second 239
The inn at Chigwell 239
A Clock Dinner 240
Lord Jeffrey in London 240
The Lamplighter 240
The Pic Nic Papers 241
Character of Lord George Gordon 241
A doubtful fancy 242
Interest in new labor 243
Constraints of weekly publication 243
The prison-riots 244
A serious illness 244
Close of Barnaby 244
Character of the tale 245
Defects in the plot 245
The No-Popery riots 245
Descriptive power displayed 246
Leading persons in story 247
Mr. Dennis the hangman 248
CHAPTER XV. 1841.
Pages 249-262.
Public Dinner in Edinburgh. Æt. 29.
His son Walter Landor 249
Dies in Calcutta (1863)250
C. D. and the new poor-law 250
Moore and Rogers 251
Jeffrey’s praise of Little Nell 251
Resolve to visit Scotland 251
Edinburgh dinner proposed 252
Sir David Wilkie’s death 252
Peter Robertson 253
Professor Wilson 253
A fancy of Scott 254
Lionization made tolerable 254
Thoughts of home 255
The dinner and speeches 255
His reception 256
Wilson’s eulogy 256
Home yearnings 257
Freedom of city voted to him 257
Speakers at the dinner 257
Politics and party influences 258
Whig jealousies 259
At the theatre 260
Hospitalities 260
Moral of it all 260
Proposed visit to the Highlands 261
Maclise and Macready 261
Guide to the Highlands 262
Mr. Angus Fletcher (Kindheart)262
CHAPTER XVI. 1841.
Pages 263-276.
Adventures in the Highlands. Æt. 29.
A fright 264
Fletcher’s eccentricities 264
The Trossachs 264
The traveler’s guide 265
A comical picture 265
Highland accommodation 265
Grand scenery 266
Changes in route 267
A waterfall 267
Entrance to Glencoe 267
The pass of Glencoe 268
Loch Leven 269
A July evening 269
Postal service at Loch Earn Head 269
The maid of the inn 270
Impressions of Glencoe 270
An adventure 271
Torrents swollen with rain 271
Dangerous traveling 272
Incidents and accidents 272
Broken-down bridge 273
A fortunate resolve 273
Post-boy in danger 274
The rescue 274
Narrow escape 274
A Highland inn and inmates 275
English comfort at Dalmally 275
Dinner at Glasgow proposed 276
Eagerness for home 276
CHAPTER XVII. 1841.
Pages 277-283.
Again at Broadstairs. Æt. 29.
Peel and his party 277
Getting very radical 278
Thoughts of colonizing 278
Political squib by C. D.278
Fine old English Tory times 279
Mesmerism 280
Metropolitan prisons 280
Book by a workman 280
An August day by the sea 281
Another story in prospect 281
Clock discontents 281
New adventure 282
Agreement for it signed 282
The book that proved to be Chuzzlewit 283
Peel and Lord Ashley 283
Visions of America 283
CHAPTER XVIII. 1841.
Pages 284-291.
Eve of the Visit To America. Æt. 29.
Greetings from America 284
Reply to Washington Irving 284
Difficulties in the way 285
Resolve to go 286
Wish to revisit scenes of boyhood 286
Proposed book of travel 286
Arrangements for the journey 287
Impatience of suspense 287
Resolve to leave the children 288
Mrs. Dickens reconciled 288
A grave illness 288
Domestic griefs 289
The old sorrow 289
At Windsor 290
Son Walter’s christening 290
At Liverpool with the travelers 291
CHAPTER XIX. 1842.
Pages 292-309.
First Impressions of America. Æt. 30.
Rough passage 293
A steamer in a storm 293
Resigned to the worst 293
Of himself and fellow-travelers 294
The Atlantic from deck 294
The ladies’ cabin 294
Its occupants 295
Card-playing on the Atlantic 295
Ship-news 296
A wager 297
Halifax harbor 297
Ship aground 297
Captain Hewitt 298
Speaker of House of Assembly 299
Ovation to C. D.299
Arrival at Boston 300
Incursion of editors 300
At Tremont House 300
The welcome 301
Deputations 301
Dr. Channing to C. D.302
Public appearances 302
A secretary engaged 303
Bostonians 303
General characteristics 304
Personal notices 304
Perils of steamers 305
A home-thought 305
American institutions 306
How first impressed 306
Reasons for the greeting 306
What was welcomed in C. D.307
Old World and New World 308
Daniel Webster as to C. D.308
Channing as to C. D.308
Subsequent disappointments 309
New York invitation to dinnerFacing page 309.
Fac-similes of signatures
Additional fac-similes
New York invitation to ball
Fac-similes of signatures
Additional fac-similes
CHAPTER XX. 1842.
Pages 310-334.
Second Impressions of America. Æt. 30.
Second letter 310
International copyright 311
Third letter 311
The dinner at Boston 312
Worcester, Springfield, and Hartford 313
Queer traveling 313
Levees at Hartford and New Haven 313
At Wallingford 314
Serenades 314
Cornelius C. Felton 315
Payment of personal expenses declined 315
At New York 315
Irving and Colden 315
Description of the ball 316
Newspaper accounts 317
A phase of character 317
Opinion in America 318
International copyright 318
American authors in regard to it 319
Outcry against the nation’s guest 319
Declines to be silent on copyright 319
Speech at dinner 320
Irving in the chair 320
Chairman’s break-down 321
An incident afterwards in London 321
Results of copyright speeches 322
A bookseller’s demand for help 322
Suggestion for copyright memorial 323
Henry Clay’s opinion 323
Life in New York 324
Distresses of popularity 324
Intentions for future 325
Refusal of invitations 325
Going south and west 325
As to return 326
Dangers incident to steamers 326
Slavery 327
Ladies of America 327
Party conflicts 328
Non-arrival of Cunard steamer 328
Copyright petition for Congress 328
No hope of the Caledonia 329
A substitute for her 330
Anxiety as to letters 330
Of distinguished Americans 330
Hotel bills 331
Thoughts of the children 331
Acadia takes Caledonia’s place 332
Letter to C. D. from Carlyle 332
Carlyle on copyright 332
Argument against stealing 333
Rob Roy’s plan worth bettering 334
C. D. as to Carlyle 334
CHAPTER XXI. 1842.
Pages 335-357.
Philadelphia, Washington, and the South. Æt. 30.
At Philadelphia 335
Rule in printing letters 335
Promise as to railroads 336
Experience of them 337
Railway-cars 337
Charcoal stoves 337
Ladies’ cars 338
Spittoons 338
Massachusetts and New York 339
Police-cells and prisons 339
House of detention and inmates 340
Women and boy prisoners 341
Capital punishment 342
A house of correction 342
Four hundred single cells 343
Comparison with English prisons 344
Inns and landlords 344
At Washington 344
Hotel extortion 345
Philadelphia penitentiary 345
The solitary system 345
Solitary prisoners 346
Talk with inspectors 346
Bookseller Carey 347
Changes of temperature 347
Henry Clay 348
Proposed journeyings 348
Letters from England 349
Congress and Senate 349
Leading American statesmen 349
The people of America 350
Englishmen “located” there 350
“Surgit amari aliquid”351
The copyright petition 351
At Richmond 351
Irving appointed to Spain 352
Experience of a slave city 353
Incidents of slave-life 353
Discussion with a slaveholder 353
Feeling of South to England 354
Levees at Richmond 354
One more banquet accepted 355
My gift of Shakspeare 355
Home letters and fancies 356
Self-reproach of a noble nature 356
Washington Irving’s leave-taking 357
CHAPTER XXII. 1842.
Pages 358-380.
Canal-Boat Journeys: bound Far West. Æt. 30.
Character in the letters 358
The Notes less satisfactory 359
Personal narrative in letters 359
The copyright differences 360
Social dissatisfactions 360
A fact to be remembered 361
Literary merits of the letters 361
Personal character portrayed 362
On board for Pittsburgh 362
Choicest passages of Notes 362
Queer stage-coach 363
Something revealed on the top 364
At Harrisburg 364
Treaties with Indians 365
Local legislatures 365
A levee 365
Morning and night in canal-boat 366
At and after breakfast 366
Making the best of it 367
Hardy habits 368
By rail across mountain 368
Mountain scenery 369
New settlements 369
Original of Eden in Chuzzlewit 369
A useful word 370
Party in America 371
Home news 371
Meets an early acquaintance 372
“Smallness of the world”372
Queer customers at levees 372
Our anniversary 373
The Cincinnati steamer 374
Frugality in water and linen 374
Magnetic experiments 375
Life-preservers 376
Bores 376
Habits of neatness 377
Wearying for home 377
Another solitary prison 378
New terror to loneliness 378
Arrival at Cincinnati 378
Two judges in attendance 379
The city described 379
On the pavement 380
CHAPTER XXIII. 1842.
Pages 381-406.
The Far West: to Niagara Falls. Æt. 30.
Descriptions in letters and in Notes 381
Outline of westward travel 382
An Arabian-Night city 383
A temperance festival 383
A party at Judge Walker’s 383
The party from another view 384
Young lady’s description of C. D.384
Mournful results of boredom 385
Down the Mississippi 386
Listening and watching 386
A levee at St. Louis 386
Compliments 387
Lord Ashburton’s arrival 387
Talk with a judge on slavery 388
A negro burnt alive 388
Feeling of slaves themselves 389
American testimony 389
Pretty little scene 390
A mother and her husband 390
The baby 391
St. Louis in sight 392
Meeting of wife and husband 392
Trip to a prairie 393
On the prairie at sunset 393
General character of scenery 394
The prairie described 394
Disappointment and enjoyment 394
Soirée at Planter’s House Inn 395
Good fare 395
No gray heads in St. Louis 396
Dueling 396
Mrs. Dickens as a traveler 397
From Cincinnati to Columbus 397
What a levee is like 398
From Columbus to Sandusky 398
The travelers alone 399
A log house inn 400
Making tidy 400
A monetary crisis 400
Americans not a humorous people 401
The only recreations 401
From Sandusky to Buffalo 402
On Lake Erie 402
Reception and consolation of a mayor 403
From Buffalo to Niagara 403
Nearing the Falls 404
The Horse-shoe 404
Effect upon him of Niagara 405
The old recollection 405
Looking forward 406
CHAPTER XXIV. 1842.
Pages 407-418.
Niagara and Montreal. Æt. 30.
Last two letters 407
Dickens vanquished 407
Obstacles to copyright 408
Two described 408
Value of literary popularity 409
Substitute for literature 410
The secretary described 410
His paintings 411
The lion and ——411
Toryism of Toronto 412
Canadian attentions 412
Proposed theatricals 413
Last letter 413
The private play 414
Stage manager’s report 414
Bill of the performance 415
The lady performers 417
A touch of Crummles 417
Home 418
page
Autograph of C. D. (1837)Fly-leaf
C. D. æt. 27. From Maclise’s Painting, by Graves, A.R.A.Title-page
Fac-simile of Letter written in Boyhood 79
Outline of the Maclise Painting of 1839. Engraved by Jeens 178
Apotheosis of Grip the Raven, by Maclise, R.A.237
Fac-simile of C. D.’s autograph signature Boz (1841)276
Fac-simile of Invitation to the Public Dinner in New York, with the signatures 309
Fac-simile of Invitation to the Public Ball in New York, with the signatures 309
Fac-simile of the Bill of the Private Play in Canada 415

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