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The Life of Charles Dickens

by John Forster

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER I. 1842.
Pages 21-39.
American Notes. Æt. 30.
PAGE
Return from America 21
Longfellow in England 22
At Broadstairs 23
Preparing Notes 23
Fancy for opening of Chuzzlewit 24
Attractions at Margate 25
Being, not always Believing 26
Burlesque of classic tragedy 26
A smart man and forged letter 26
A proposed dedication 27
Authorship and sea bathing 28
Easy-living rich and patient poor 28
Coming to the end 29
Rejected motto for Notes 30
Home of the Every Day Book 31
Scene at a funeral 32
An introductory chapter suppressed 33
Chapter first printed 33-37
Jeffrey’s opinion of the Notes 38
Later page anticipated 38
Experience of America in 1868 38
CHAPTER II. 1843.
Pages 40-62.
First Year of Martin Chuzzlewit. Æt. 31.
A sunset at Land’s-end 40
A holiday described by C. D.41
The same described by Maclise 42
A landscape and a portrait 43
Names first given to Chuzzlewit 44
Origin of the novel 45
Prologue to a play 45
On a tragedy by Browning 46
George Eliot’s first book 47
Accompaniments of work 47
Miss Georgina Hogarth 48
Three portraits 49
A public benefactor 50
Controversy on Notes 50
Original of Mrs. Gamp 51
What he will do with her 51
John Black 53
Macready and America 53
Apprehended disservice 54
Exertions for Elton family 55
Seaside life in ordinary 55
Public speeches 56
Ragged schools and results 57
Unitarianism 59
Return to Church of England 59
Language of his Will 59
Christmas Carol 60
Birth of third son 61
Amusing letter 61
CHAPTER III. 1843-1844.
Pages 63-92.
Chuzzlewit Disappointments and Christmas Carol. Æt. 31-32.
Falling-off in Chuzzlewit sale 63
Publishers and authors 64
Premature fears 65
Resolve to change his publishers 66
Proposal to his printers 66
Desire to travel again 67
Ways and means 68
Objections to the scheme 69
Confidence in himself 70
Want of confidence in others 70
Bent on his plan 71
Turning point of his career 72
Grounds for course taken 73
On Martin Chuzzlewit 74
American portions 75
The book’s special superiority 76
News from America 76
American consolations 77
Why no Pecksniffs in France 78
Why Tartuffes in England 78
A favourite scene of Thackeray’s 79
Process of creation in a novel 80
Intended motto for story 81
Leading characters 82
A superb masterpiece 83
Triumph of humorous art 84
Publication of Christmas Carol 84
Unrealized hopes 85
Results of Carol sale 86
Renewed negotiations with printers 87
Agreement with Bradbury and Evans 88
Letters about the Carol 89
Spirit of the book 90
Something better than literature 91
CHAPTER IV. 1844.
Pages 93-110.
Year of Departure for Italy. Æt. 32.
Gore-house friends 93
Sensitive for his calling 94
A troublesome cheque 95
Education speeches 95
Sufferings from stage-adaptations 96
Wrongs from piracy 96
Proceedings in Chancery 97
A pirate’s plea 97
Result of Chancery experience 99
Piracy preferred 99
Reliefs to work 100
The tempted and tempter 101
Favourite bit of humour 102
Criticized without humour 102
Taine on Dickens 102
Macready in New Orleans 103
Society in England 104
Writing in the Chronicle 104
Conference with its new editor 104
Preparations for departure 105
In temporary quarters 106
Begging-letter case 106
The farewell dinner-party 107
“Evenings of a Working-man”108
Greenwich dinner 109
J. M. W. Turner and Carlyle 110
CHAPTER V. 1844.
Pages 111-138.
Idleness at Albaro: Villa Bagnerello. Æt. 32.
The travel to Italy 111
A bit of character 112
French thrown away 112
The Albaro villa 113
First experiences 114
Cloudy weather 115
Sunsets and scenery 116
Address to Maclise 116
The Mediterranean 117
Colours of sky and sea 117
Warning to Maclise 118
Perishing frescoes 118
French Consul at Genoa 119
Rooms in villa described 120
Surrounding scenery 121
Church-ruin on the rocks 121
Angus Fletcher’s sketch 121
Work in abeyance 122
Learning Italian 122
Domestic news 123
His English servants 123
English residents 124
Genoa the superb 125
Church splendours and tinsel 126
Theatres 126
Italian plays 127
Dumas’ Kean 127
Religious houses 128
Sunday promenade 128
Winter residence chosen 129
A lucky arrival 129
Dinner at French Consul’s 130
Verses in C. D.’s honour 130
Others in Prince Joinville’s 131
Rumours of war with England 131
A Marquis’s reception 132
Flight and tumble 133
Quiet enjoyments 134
English visitors and news 135
Talk with Lord Robertson 135
A suggestion for Jerrold 136
Visit of Frederick Dickens 136
An inn on the Alps 136
Dangers of sea-bathing 137
A change beginning 138
CHAPTER VI. 1844.
Pages 139-162.
Work in Genoa: Palazzo Peschiere. Æt. 32.
Palace of the Fish-ponds 139
Rooms and frescoes 140
View over the city 141
Dancing and praying 142
Peschiere garden 142
Trying to write 143
A difficulty settled 143
Craving for streets 144
Design for his book 144
Governor’s levee 144
Absence of the poet 145
Subject he is working at 145
C. D.’s politics 146
Choice of a hero 147
Master-passion 147
Religious sentiment 147
A dream 148
Dialogue in a vision 149
“What is the True religion?”149
Fragments of reality in a vision 149
Trying regions of thought 150
Reverence for Doctor Arnold 150
First part of book finished 151
Anticipation of its close 151
Differences from published tale 152
First outline of the Chimes 152-156
Liking for the subject 156
What the writing cost him 156
Realities of fictitious sorrow 157
Wild mountain weather 157
Banquet at the Whistle 158
Startling news 158
Coming to London 159
Secret of the visit 160
Eager to try effect of story 160
Plans a reading at my rooms 160
The tale finished 161
Proposed travel 161
Party for the Reading 162
CHAPTER VII. 1844.
Pages 163-178.
Italian Travel. Æt. 32.
Cities and people 163
Venice 164
Rapture of enjoyment 165
Aboard the city 165
What he saw and felt 165
Solitary thoughts 166
At Lodi 166
About paintings and engravings 167
Titian and Tintoretto 168
Conventionalities 169
Monks and painters 169
The inns 170
Compensation for discomfort 170
Brave C of his Pictures 171
Louis Roche of Avignon 171
Dinner at the Peschiere 172
Custom-house officers 173
At Milan and Strasburg 173
Passing the Simplon 174
In London 174
A Reading in Lincoln’s-inn-fields 174
Persons present 175
Success of the visit 175
In Paris with Macready 176
Origin of our private play 176
A recognition at Marseilles 177
Friendly Americans 177
On board for Genoa 177
Information for travellers 178
CHAPTER VIII. 1845.
Pages 179-200.
Last Months in Italy. Æt. 33.
Birthday gift for eldest son 179
Suspicious “Characters”180
Jesuit interferences 180
Birth of 1845 180
Travel southward 181
Carrara and Pisa 181
A wild journey 182
Birds of prey 183
A beggar and his staff 183
“My lord” loses temper 184
And has the worst of it 184
At Rome 184
The Campagna 185
Bay of Naples 185
Filth of Naples and Fondi 186
The Lazzaroni 186
False picturesque 187
Sad English news 187
True friends in calamity 188
At Florence 188
Wayside memorials and Landor’s villa 189
Death of Bobus Smith 190
At Lord Holland’s 190
Lord Palmerston’s brother 190
Again at the Peschiere 190
To publish or not?191
Thoughts of home 192
American friends 192
Deaths among English residents 193
Scarlet breeches out of place 193
Angus Fletcher 193
Complaint of a meek footman 194
Recalling Lady Holland 194
A touch of Portsmouth 195
Plans for meeting 196
Last letter from Genoa 196
Closing excitements and troubles 196
Italians hard at work 197
Returning by Switzerland 197
Passage of the St. Gothard 198
Splendours of Swiss scenery 198
Dangers of it 199
What is left behind the Alps 199
A week in Flanders 200
CHAPTER IX. 1845-1846.
Pages 201-221.
Again in England. Æt. 33-34.
Old hopes revived 201
Notions for a periodical 201
Proposed prospectus 202
Chances for and against it 203
Swept away by larger venture 203
Christmas book of 1845 204
D’Orsay and the courier 204
Another passage of Autobiography 204
More of the story of early years 205
Wish to try the stage 205
Applies to manager of Covent Garden 205
Sister Fanny in the secret 206
Stage studies and rehearsings 206
Strange news for Macready 207
Requisites of author and actor 208
Play chosen for private performance 209
Fanny Kelly and her theatre 209
Every Man in his Humour 209
The company of actors 210
Enjoying a character 210
Troubles of management 210
First and second performances 211
Of the acting 211
C. D. as performer 212
C. D. as manager 212
Two human mysteries 213
The mysteries explained 213
Training for the stage 213
At Broadstairs 214
Ramsgate entertainments 214
Birth of fourth son 215
Second raven’s death 215
Intended daily paper 215
Disturbing engagements 216
Old ways interrupted 216
My appeal against the enterprise 217
Reply and issue 217
Interruption and renewal 218
The beginning and the end 218
Forming new resolve 219
Back to old scenes 219
Editorship ceased 219
Going to Switzerland 220
A happy saying 221
Leaves England 221
CHAPTER X. 1846.
Pages 222-243.
A Home in Switzerland. Æt. 34.
On the Rhine 222
German readers of Dickens 223
Travelling Englishmen 223
A hoaxing-match 224
House-hunting 224
Tempted by a mansion 225
Chooses a cottage 225
Earliest impressions 226
Lausanne described 227
Views from his farm 228
Under his windows 228
A sketch of Rosemont 229
Design as to work 230
The English colony 231
Unaccommodating carriage 232
A death in the lake 232
Boatman’s narrative 233
The Theatre 233
The Prison 234
The Blind Institution 235
Interesting cases 235-240
Beginning work 240
First slip of New Novel 241
Sortes Shandyanæ 242
The Christmas tale 242
CHAPTER XI. 1846.
Pages 244-260.
Swiss People and Scenery. Æt. 34.
The mountains and lake 244
The people and their manners 245
A country fête 246
Family sketch 246
Rifle-shooting 247
A marriage on the farm 248
Gunpowder festivities 248
Bride and mother 248
First number of Dombey 249
Christmas book 249
General idea for new story 250
Hints for illustration of it 250
Haldimands and Cerjats 251
Visit of Henry Hallam 251
Local news 252
Sight-seers from England 252
Trip to Chamounix 253
Mule-travelling 253
Mont Blanc range 254
Mer de Glace 255
Tête Noire pass 255
Help in an accident 256
English, French, and Prussian 256
Second number of Dombey 257
Castle of Chillon described 257
Honour to New Constitution 258
Political celebration 258
Malcontents 259
Good conduct of the people 259
Protestant and Catholic cantons 260
A timely word on Ireland 260
CHAPTER XII. 1846.
Pages 261-276.
Sketches Chiefly Personal. Æt. 34.
Home politics 261
The Whigs and Peel 261
Belief in emigration schemes 262
Mark Lemon 263
An incident of character 263
Hood’s Tylney Hall 264
Trait of the Duke of Wellington 264
Mr. Watson of Rockingham 264
A recollection of reporting days 265
Returns to Dombey 265
Two English travellers 266
Party among the hills 267
A Smollett and Fielding hero 268
Milksop youths 268
Ogre and Lambs 268
Sir Joseph and his family 269
Lord Vernon 270
Passion for rifle-shooting 270
A wonderful carriage 270
The Ladies Taylor 271
Proposed Reading of first Dombey 272
A sketch from life 272
Two sisters and their books 272
Trip to Great St. Bernard 273
Ascent of the mountain 274
The Convent 274
Scene at the mountain top 274
Bodies found in the snow 275
The holy fathers 275
A tavern all but sign 276
The monk and Pickwick 276
CHAPTER XIII. 1846.
Pages 277-294.
Literary Labour at Lausanne. Æt. 34.
A picture completed 277
Great present want 277
Daily life 278
Imaginative needs 278
Self-judgments 279
The Now and the Hereafter 279
Fancies for Christmas books 280
Second number of Dombey 280
A personal revelation 281
Craving for streets 281
Food for fancy 282
Second Dombey done 282
Curious wants of the mind 283
Success of the Reading 283
First thought of Public Readings 284
Two stories in hand 285
Unexpected difficulties 286
Work under sensitive conditions 286
Alarm for Dombey 287
Doubts and misgivings 287
Change of scene to be tried 287
At Genoa 288
Disquietudes of authorship 288
Wanting counsel 289
At the worst 289
Report of Genoa 290
A new social experience 290
Feminine eccentricities 291
A ladies’ dinner 291
Elephant-quellers 292
“Like a Manchester cotton mill”292
Again at Rosemont 293
Visit of the Talfourds 293
Lodging his friends 294
Intentions and hope 294
CHAPTER XIV. 1846.
Pages 295-315.
Revolution at Geneva. Christmas Book and Last Days in
Switzerland. Æt.
34.
An arrival of manuscript 295
A title 295
Large sale of Dombey 296
Again at Geneva 296
Rising against the Jesuits 297
Back to Lausanne 297
The fight in Geneva 298
Rifle against cannon 299
True objection to Roman-Catholicism 299
Genevese “aristocracy”299
A lesson 300
Traces left by revolution 300
Abettors of revolution 301
Where the shoe pinches 301
Daily News’ changes 302
My surrender of editorship 302
Thoughts for the future 303
Letters about Battle of Life 303
Jeffrey’s opinion 303
Sketch of story 304
A difficulty in plot 305
Old characteristics 305
His own comments 306
Reply to criticism 307
Stanfield illustrations 307
Doubts of third part 308
Strengthening the close 308
Objections invited 309
Tendency to blank verse 309
Grave mistake by Leech 310
How dealt with by C. D.310
First impulse 311
Kindly afterthought 311
Lord Gobden and free trade 312
Needs while at work 312
Pleasures of autumn 313
Striking tents 314
Sadness of leave-taking 314
Travelling to Paris 314
At Paris 315
CHAPTER XV. 1846-1847.
Pages 316-333.
Three Months in Paris. Æt. 34-35.
A greeting from Lord Brougham 316
French Sunday 317
A house taken 317
Absurdity of the abode 318
Its former tenant 319
Sister Fanny’s illness 319
Opinion of Elliotson 320
The king of the barricades 320
Unhealthy symptoms 321
Incident in the streets 321
The Parisian population 322
Americans and French 322
Unsettlement of plans 323
Eldest son’s education 323
A true friend 323
Christmas tale on the stage 323
An alarming neighbour 325
Startling blue-devils 326
Approach to cannibalism 326
In London 326
Cheap edition of works 326
Suppressed dedication 326
Return to Paris 326
Begging-letter writers 327
Friendly services 327
Imaginary dialogue 328
A Boulogne reception 328
Cautions to a traveller 329
Citizen Dickens 330
Sight-seeing 330
At theatres 330
Visits to famous Frenchmen 331
Evening with Victor Hugo 331
Adventure with a coachman 332
Bibliothèque Royale 333
Premonitory symptoms 333
In London 334
A party at Gore-house 334
Illness of eldest son 335
Snuff-shop readings 336
Old charwoman’s compliment 336
CHAPTER XVI. 1846-1848.
Pages 337-367.
Dombey and Son. Æt. 34-36.
Drift of the tale 337
Why undervalued 338
Mistakes of critics 338
Adherence to first design 338
Plan for Paul and his sister 339
For Dombey and his daughter 339
Proposed course of the story 340
“The stock of the soup”340
Walter Gay and his fate 341
Decided favourably 341
Six pages too much 342
Omissions objected to 342
New chapter written 343
Portions sacrificed 343
Anxiety for the face of his hero 344
A suggested type of city-gentleman 344
Artist-fancies for Mr. Dombey 345-6
Dickens and his illustrators 347
A silly story repeated 347
Why noticed again 348
Facsimile of letter to Cruikshank 349-50
Dickens’s words at the time 349
Cruikshank’s thirty-four years after 350
A masterpiece of Dickens’s writing 351
Picture of him at work 352
An experience of Ben Jonson’s 352
How objections are taken 352
Shall Paul’s life be prolonged?353
A Reading of the second number 353
A number to be added to Paul’s life 354
Failure of an illustration 354
What it should have been 355
The Mrs. Pipchin of his childhood 355
First thought of his Autobiography 356
Opening his fourth number 356
At Doctor Blimber’s 357
Paul’s school life 357
Paul and Florence 357
Jeffrey’s forecast of the tale 358
Beginning his fifth number 359
What he will do with it 359
A damper to the spirits 359
Close of Paul’s life 360
Jeffrey on Paul’s death 361
Thoughts for Edith 362
Florence and Little Nell 362
Judgments and comparisons 363
Edith’s first destiny 363
Doubts suggested 364
An important change 364
Diogenes remembered 365
Other characters 365
Blimber establishment 366
Supposed originals 366
Surmises entirely wrong 367
CHAPTER XVII. 1847-1852.
Pages 368-402.
Splendid Strolling. Æt. 35-40.
Birth of fifth son 368
Death of Lieut. Sydney Dickens 368
Proposed benefit for Leigh Hunt 369
The plays and actors 370
The manager 370
Troubles at rehearsals 371
Pains rewarded 371
Leigh Hunt’s account 372
Receipts and expenses 373
Lord Lytton’s prologue 373
Appearance of Mrs. Gamp 374
Fancy for a jeu d’esprit 374
Mrs. Gamp at the play 375
Failure of artists 375
An unfinished fancy 375
Mrs. Gamp with the strollers 376
Alarm of Mrs. Harris 376
Leigh Hunt and Poole 377
Ticklish society 378
Mrs. Gamp’s cabman 378
George Cruikshank 379
Mr. Wilson the barber 379
Wig experiences 380
Fatigues of a powder ball 380
Manager’s moustache and whiskers 381
Leech, Lemon, and Jerrold 381-2
Mrs. Gamp’s dislike of “Dougladge”382
Costello, Stone, and Egg 383
“Only the engine”384
Cruikshank’s Bottle 384
Profits of Dombey 385
Time come for savings 385
Proposed edition of old novels 385
Another dropped design 386
The Praslin tragedy 386
Penalty for seeing before others 387
Street-music 387
Margate theatre and manager 387
As to Christmas book 388
Delay found necessary 389
A literary Kitely 389
Meetings at Leeds and Glasgow 390
Book-friends 391
Sheriff Alison 391
Hospitable welcome 391
Scott-monument 392
Purchase of Shakespeare’s house 392
Scheme to benefit Knowles 393
Plays rehearsed 394
Merry Wives chosen 394
Performances and result 394
At Knebworth-park 395
Guild of Literature and Art 396
Unfortunate omission 396
The farce that was to be written 396
The farce that was substituted 397
Not so Bad as we Seem 397
Travelling theatre and scenes 398
Success of the comedy 398
An incident at Sunderland 399
Troubles of a manager 399
Acting under difficulties 400
Scenery overturned 401
Effects of fright 401
Mr. Wilkie Collins 402
CHAPTER XVIII. 1848-1851.
Pages 403-441.
Seaside Holidays. Æt. 36-39.
Louis Philippe dethroned 403
French missive from C. D.404
Aspirations of Citizen Dickens 404
At Broadstairs 405
By rail to China 405
The Junk 406
Mariners on deck and in cabin 406
Perplexing questions 406
A toy-shop on the seas 407
Type of finality 407
A contrast 408
Home questions 408
Temperance agitations 409
The temptations to gin-shop 409
Necessity of dealing with them 409
Stages anterior to drunkenness 410
Cruikshank’s satire 410
Realities of his pencil 411
Its one-sidedness 411
Dickens on Hogarth 412
Cause as well as effect 412
Exit of Gin-lane 412
Wisdom of the great painter 413
Late, but never too late 413
Dickens on designs by Leech 414
Originality of Leech 414
Superiority of his method 415
The requisites for it 415
Excuses for the rising generation 416
Intellectual juvenility 416
A dangerous youth 417
What Leech will be remembered for 417
Odd adventures 418
Pony-chaise accident 418
Parallel to Squeers 419
Strenuous idleness 419
French philosophy 420
Hint for Mr. Taine 420
The better for idleness 421
A favourite spot 421
At Brighton 421
With mad folks and doctors 422
A name for his new book 422
At Broadstairs 422
Troubles in his writing 423
A letter in character 423
At Bonchurch 425
The Rev. James White 425
Mirth and melancholy 425
Mrs. James White 426
First impressions of Undercliff 426
Talfourd made a judge 427
Dickens’s affection for him 427
Church-school examination 428
Dinners and pic-nics 428
The comedian Regnier 429
When acting is genuine 429
Doubts as to health 429
Arrivals and departures 430
A startling revelation 431
Effects of Bonchurch climate 431
Utter prostration 431
Difficulties of existing there 432
Distrust of doctors 433
Other side of picture 433
What I observed at the time 434
From the Copperfield MS.434
Mr. Browne’s sketch of Micawber 435
Accident to John Leech 435
Its consequences 435
Depressing influences 436
At Broadstairs 436
Railway travellers 437
The exhibition year 438
A Copperfield banquet 438
C. D. on money values 439
His leisure reading 439
A correction for Carlyle 440
Good criticism 441
Thoughts of a new book 441
The old restlessness 441
Beginning on a Friday 441
CHAPTER XIX. 1848-1850.
Pages 442-456.
Haunted Man and Household Words. Æt. 36-40.
Maturing book for Christmas 442
Friendly plea for Mr. Macrone 442
Completion of Christmas story 443
Dropped motto 443
The “ghost” and the “bargain”444
The Tetterby family 445
Teachings of the little tale 445
His own statement of its intention 446
Forgive that you may forget 446
Copperfield sales 447
A letter from Russia 448
Translation into Russian 448
Sympathy of Siberia 448
The Periodical taking form 449
A design for it described 449
Original and selected matter 449
A Shadow for everywhere 450
Hopes of success 450
Doubts respecting it 451
Incompatibility of design 451
New design chosen 452
Assistant editor appointed 453
Titles proposed 453
Appearance of first number 454
Earliest contributors 454
Opinion of Mr. Sala 454
Child’s dream of a star 455
A fancy derived from childhood 456
CHAPTER XX. 1848-1851.
Pages 457-494.
Last Years in Devonshire Terrace. Æt. 36-39.
Sentiment about places 457
Confidences 458
Personal revelations 458
Early memories 459
At his sister’s sick-bed 459
Last thoughts 460
Sister’s death 460
Book to be written in first person 461
Riding over Salisbury Plain 461
Visiting scene of a tragedy 462
First sees Yarmouth 462
Birth of sixth son 462
Notion for a character 463
Choosing a title 463
“Mag’s Diversions”464
“Copperfield” chosen 464
Varieties of it proposed 465
Title finally determined 466
Difficulties of opening 466
Rogers and Benedict 466
Wit of Fonblanque 467
Procter and Macready 467
The Sheridans 468
Lord Byron’s Ada 469
Dinner to Halévy and Scribe 469
Brougham and “the Punch people”469
The Duke at Vauxhall 470
Carlyle and Thackeray 470
Judicious change of a “tag”471
A fact for a biographer 471
Marryat’s delight with children 472
Bulwer Lytton and Monckton Milnes 472
Lords Nugent and Dudley Stuart 472-3
Kemble, Harness, and Dyce 473
Mrs. Siddons and John Kemble 473
Comparison and good distinction 474
Mazzini and Edinburgh friends 474
Artist-acquaintance 475
Visitors at his house 475
Friends from America 476
M. Van de Weyer 476
Ambition to see into heaven 477
Literature and art in the city 477
Doubtful compliment 478
A hint for London citizens 478
Letter against public executions 479
American observer in England 479
Marvels of English manners 480
A letter from Rockingham 481
Private theatricals 481
Major Bentley and General Boxall 481-2
A family scene 482
Doing too much 483
Death of Francis Jeffrey 483
Progress of work 484
The child-wife 484
A run to Paris 484
Banker or proctor 485
Doubts as to Dora settled 486
Of Rogers and Landor 486
A third daughter born 487
At Great Malvern 487
Macready’s farewell 488
Experience of a brother author 488
The Home at Shepherd’s-bush 488
Father’s illness 489
Death of John Dickens 489
Tribute by his son 490
Theatrical-fund dinner 490
Plea for small actors 491
Remembering the forgotten 491
Death of his little daughter 492
Difficult tasks in life 492
Dora’s grave 493
Advocating sanitary reform 493
Lord Shaftesbury 494
Realities of his books to Dickens 494

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