Lesson I

The Article.

The =Definite Article= in Spanish is

=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular
=La= " feminine[7] " "

[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no neuter nouns.]

as—

El hombre (the man)—La mujer (the woman)
El libro (the book)—La pluma (the pen)

El recibo (the receipt)—La cuenta (the account)

=Los= before a masculine noun plural
=Las= " feminine " "

as—

Los muchachos (the boys)—Las senoras (the ladies)
Los generos (the goods)—Las facturas (the invoices)
Los lapices (the pencils)—Las cartas (the letters).

The =Indefinite Article= is—

=Un= before a masculine noun singular
=Una= " feminine " "

as—

Un amigo (a friend)—Una amiga (a lady-friend)
Un padre (a father)—Una madre (a mother)

The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms "unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or "any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters), Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanish words "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.)

NOTE 1.—Before a feminine noun singular commencing with a or ha use =El= and =Un= instead of La and Una if such nouns are stressed on the first syllable, as El aguila (the eagle), El agua (the water), El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las aguilas (the eagles).)

NOTE 2.—The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. It cannot be used before a noun but before other parts of speech used to represent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful, viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., all that which is sublime).

Regular Verbs.

1st Conjugation. Hablar (to speak). Pres. Part. Hablando (speaking). Past Part. Hablado (spoken).

Present Tense, Indicative Mood.

Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (m.) hablamos (we speak)
Nosotras (f.) hablamos (we speak)

Tu hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (m.) hablais (you speak)
Vosotras (f.) hablais (you speak)

El or Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (m.) hablan (they speak)
Ellas (f.) hablan (they speak)
Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9]

[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style, practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John" or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."]

[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is the form in use. Note that the verb after it is in the 3rd person, because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) are contractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (your graces). V. ama = your grace loves.]

2nd Conjugation. Temer (to fear). Pres. Part. Temiendo. Past Part. Temido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Yo temo Nosotros (m.) temenos
Nosotras (f.) temenos

Tu temes Vosotros (m.) temeis
Vosotras (f.) temeis

El teme Ellos (m.) temen
Ella teme Ellas (f.) temen

V. teme Vs. temen

3rd Conjugation. Partir (to depart, to set out). Pres. Part. Partiendo. Past Part. Partido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Yo parto Nosotros (m.) partimos
Nosotras (f.) partimos

Tu partes Vosotros (m.) partis
Vosotras (f.) partis

El parte Ellos (m.) parten
Ella parte Ellas (f.) parten

V. parte Vs. parten

Vocabulary.

=a=, to, at =amar=[10], to love =el arbol=, the tree =las botas=, the boots =el capitan=, the captain =la camisa=, the shirt =la casaca=[11], the coat =comprar=, to buy =la flor=, the flower =el hombre=, the man =el hermano=, the brother =la hermana=, the sister =el joven=, the young man =la joven=, the young woman =el lapiz=, the pencil =el libro=, the book =la madre=, the mother =mas=, but =mas=, more =la mujer=, the woman =nosotros tenemos=, we have =el oro=, gold =el padre=, the father =los pantalones=, the trousers =el papel=, the paper =para=, for =la plata=, silver =la pluma=, the pen =el sombrero=, the hat =el tiene=, he has =V. tiene=, you (sing.) have =Vs. tienen=, you (pl.) have =la tinta=, the ink =el tintero=, the inkstand =*tener=,[10] to have, to possess =yo tengo=, I have =el viejo=, the old man =la vieja=, the old woman =la virtud=, virtue

[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs given) unless they are marked with an asterisk.]

[Footnote 11: Or americana, more used now.]

Exercise 1 (1).

Translate into English—

1. El hombre tiene una pluma.

2. La mujer tiene un libro.

3.?Tiene el padre un sombrero?

4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven.

5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lapiz de la madre.

6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel.

7. Las hermanas aman.

8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is) mas preciosa.

9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers).

10. V. vende sombreros.

11. Vs. tienen las cartas.

12.?Compra[12] V. los pantalones?

13. El Senor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John).

14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son mios (mine).

15.?Habla V.?

16.?Teme ella?

17. Ellos parten.

18. V. parte.

19. Nosotros compramos generos (goods) y vendemos flores.

[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English in interrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.]

Exercise 2 (2).

Translate into Spanish—

1. The father, the mother, and the brother.

2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand.

3. The old man and the old woman.

4. A hat and some boots.

5. The shirt and the trousers.

6. I buy the tree.

7. He sells some flowers (flores).

8. I fear.

9. He fears.

10. We sell.

11. We set out.

12. You (sing.) set out.

13. I buy.

14. He sells.

15. The brother and the sister sell.

16. They speak to the (al) man.

17. We set out for London (Londres).

18. The old woman has the hat.

19. The old man has the flower.

20. Who (quien) has the ink and a pen?

21. The father has the coat.

22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious (preciosa).

23. I sell paper to the woman.

24. You (sing.) fear.

25. You (plu.) buy some flowers.

26. She speaks to the sister.

27. The father and the mother of the captain.

LESSON II.
(Leccion segunda.)

THE ARTICLE (contd.).

The definite article El is contracted with the preposition de (of or from) into =Del= and with the preposition A, into al as—

Del extranjero: Of or from the foreigner.
Al caballero espanol: To the Spanish gentleman.

These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other prepositions the article simply follows, as—

By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father:
Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre.

The following are the principal cases in which the definite article is used in Spanish and not in English—

1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as—

El oro y la plata: Gold and silver.
Los hombres o las mujeres: Men or women.

2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as—

El Senor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So.
El Rey Jorge V.: King George V.
El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales.

The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as
Don Francisco (Mr. Francis).

3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they are material possessions, as—

La casa y el jardin de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden. Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my house.

But—

La diligencia, devocion, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion and virtue of my cousin.

4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as—

El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15]

The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is used in English and not in Spanish—

1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, as—

Es capitan[16]: He is a captain.
Soy frances: I am a Frenchman.
Se hizo actor: He became an actor.
Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this
society.
Fue elegido miembro: He was elected a member.

2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Que hermosa vista: What a fine view!

3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100—ciento, 1,000—mil.

[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]

[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's house" must always be translated as "the house of my son."]

[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]

[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as—Es un capitan que conoci en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.]

Imperfect Tense,[17] Indicative Mood.

Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood.

[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state in progress; the Past Definite narrates an event. Ex.: I met (past def.)] Charles, who wore (imp.) a black hat: Encontre a Carlos quien llevaba sombrero negro.]

[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.]

Vocabulary.

=aleman=[19], German =beber=, to drink =bien=, well =cafe=, coffee =cerveza=, beer =clavel=, carnation =cliente=, client, customer =comer=, to eat =escribir=[20], to write =estudiar=, to study =exportar=, to export =extranjero=, foreigner =ferreteria=, ironware =grande= (pl. =grandes=), large =hijo=, son =hija=, daughter =italiano=, Italian =jardinero=, gardener =leer=, to read =manana=, morning, to-morrow =manzana=, apple =maquina=, machine =mesa=, table =mi=, my =mucho= (m.), much =mucha= (f.), much =muy=, very =pera=, pear =pero=, but =pobre=, poor =?que?= what? =que=, that, who, which =rosa=, rose =su=, his, her, their =su … de V=., your =te=, tea =el … de V=., your =vino=, wine =violeta=, violet

[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.]

[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.]

Exercise 1 (3).

Translate into English—

1. Mi hermano habla espanol (or castellano).

2. V. no habla frances.

3.?Habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)?

4. No, Senor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla muy bien el ingles.

5.?Como esta (how is) su hermana de V.?

6. Esta muy bien, gracias (thank you).

7.?Compra V. papel y tinta?

8. Si, Senor, y compro lapices y plumas.

9.?Quien (who) compra zarazas (prints) y generos blancos (whites)?

10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana.

11.?Quien vende maquinas y ferreteria?

12. Nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad).

13. Estos generos son para los clientes de V. que parten manana.

14.?Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco?

15. Si, Senor, le hable en la ciudad (in town).

16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero.

17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija.

18. Juan es frances y yo soy ingles.

19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad.

20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa.

21. V. tiene mil libras (L1,000) y yo tengo ciento.

Exercise 2 (4).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Do you speak Spanish?

2. No, but I speak Italian well.

3. Do your customers buy (any) goods?

4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys prints in very large quantities (cantidades).

5. Who sells paper and ink?

6. The old man sells them (los vende).

7. Who writes a letter?

8. I write letters.

9. Who drinks wine?

10. I do not drink wine.

11. Do you drink beer?

12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea.

13. Poor John is my friend.

14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose!

15. Do your brothers study French?

16. Yes, and they study German.

17. Who studies Italian?

18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French.

19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society.

20. Mr. Brown is a captain.

21. John set out for America.

22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras).

LESSON III.
(Leccion tercera.)

The Noun.

The noun in Spanish has only two genders.

=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=.
" " =female= " " =Feminine=.

When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations.

GENERAL RULE.—All nouns that terminate in a, ion, d, also abstract nouns ending in ez, are feminine, as—

La villa: The town. La nacion[21]: The nation.
La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty.
The other terminations are masculine.

There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending in E.[22]

[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in cion in Spanish.
(Note the accent.)]

[Footnote 22: Appendix I—for reference only at this stage.]

=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=.

Nouns ending in a vowel which is not stressed and also nouns ending in E bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.

All others add =Es=.

Exceptions—

1. Nouns ending in Z in the sing. change it into =Ces=. 2. Nouns ending in S do not change unless the last syllable is stressed.

Examples—

El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters.
El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law.
La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law.
El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law.
La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law.
El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees.
El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations.
El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils.
El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses.
El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars.

3. Nouns ending in Y add =Es=, as—

El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings.
La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.

4. The following add only =S= to form the plural—

Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23]

[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in a, o, u is not very strict.]

=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as—

Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; Plu.,
Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something ").
Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; Plu., Ferrocarriles
(literally, "iron railroads").

Such nouns are rare.[24]

[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the standard-bearers).]

=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).

[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]

Pres. Part., Habiendo. Pres. Part., Teniendo. Past Part., Habido. Past Part., Tenido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood. Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc.
Has Tienes
Ha Tiene
Hemos Tenemos
Habeis Teneis
Han Tienen

Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood. Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Habia (I had), etc. Tenia (I had, I possessed, etc.)
Habias Tenias
Habia Tenia
Habiamos Teniamos
Habiais Teniais
Habian Tenian

Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood. Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc.
Hubiste Tuviste
Hubo Tuvo
Hubimos Tuvimos
Hubisteis Tuvisteis
Hubieron Tuvieron

Vocabulary.

=alli=, there =aqui=, here =buscar=[26], to look for =caballo=, horse =caja=, box, case =el capital=, the capital, money =la capital=, the capital, town =comprender=, to understand =copiador=, copybook =creer=, to believe, to think =dependiente=, clerk =factura=, invoice =fardo=, bale =Frances=, Frenchman =girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange) =el idioma=, the language =Ingles=, Englishman =inteligencia=, intelligence =mal=, badly =muselina=, muslin =nunca=, never =pais=, country =pequeno=, little (adj.) =poco=, little (adv. and subs.) =el porta-ramillete= or =florero=, the flower-stand =?quien?= who? whom? =seda=, silk =socio=, partner =solamente=, only =solo=, (adv.) only =el tema=, the exercise

[Footnote 26: Changes c into qu before e; otherwise regular.]

Exercise 1 (5).

Translate into English—

1.?Comprende V. el espanol?

2. No, Senor, estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol perfectamente (perfectly).

3.?Quien escribe cartas?

4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las facturas y algunas cosas mas.

5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.)

6. Paris, Berlin, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, Alemania, Italia y Rusia.

7.?Como se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de Espana y Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa.

8.?Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda?

9. No Senor, nunca he estado en aquel pais.

10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el vocabulario.

11.?Cuales (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcetera.

12. Estas se dejan (are left) a la inteligencia de Vs.

13.?No creen Vs. que son muy faciles de comprender? (to understand).

14. Si, Senor, V. tiene razon[27] (you are right).

15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la leccion.

16. Muy bien.

17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos.

[27] Lit. "you have reason."

Exercise 2 (6).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Do you study German?

2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English.

3. Does he understand English?

4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks Spanish badly.

5. Does your sister speak Italian?

6. No, she speaks only English.

7. What does the Englishman buy?

8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman.

9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro).

10. John looks for his book and his paper.

11. The copy book is (esta) on the table.

12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters.

13. Who copies the letters here?

14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29]

15. Has Henry much paper?

16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink.

17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand.

18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk handkerchiefs (panuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins.

[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar a."]

[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative mood.]

LESSON IV.
(Leccion cuarta.)

The Adjective.

The Adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies, in gender and number, as—

El periodico italiano: The Italian newspaper.
La prensa americana: The American press.

It generally follows the nouns as in the above examples, although exceptions will be found, e.g., when the adjective recalls to our mind a quality which is already known to belong to it, it generally precedes the noun, as—

He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30]
Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns.

[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, before we say it.]

=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=.

Adjectives ending in O change O into =A=, as—

El sombrero blanco: The white hat.
La casaca blanca: The white coat.

Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form the feminine, as—

El sastre frances: The French tailor.
La modista francesa: The French milliner.

Adjectives ending in N add =A= for the feminine, as—

Un hombre socarron: A sly or cunning man.
Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile.

EXCEPT Joven (young), Comun (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which do not change for the feminine.

Adjectives ending in or add =A= to form the feminine, as—

Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant.
Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm.

EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in or, as Mejor (better), Peor (worse), which do not change for the feminine.

There are a very few adjectives ending in ete and ote. These change into =eta= and =ota= for the feminine.

Other adjectives do not change.

[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used—

(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de el (I am loved by him).

(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel with the subject, as Este hombre es habil (this man is clever).]

[Footnote 32: Estar is used—

(1) To denote state in locality, viz., to be in a place, as Estoy aqui (I am here), Manchester esta en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England)

(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Este hombre esta cansado (this man is tired).]

Vocabulary.

=activo=, active =ahora=, now =un ano=, a year =aquel, ese= (m.), that =aquella, esa= (f.), that =bayeta=, baize =celebre=, celebrated =cima=, top =criados=, men-servants =criadas=, maid-servants =el dia=, the day =ejercito=, army =encuadernado=, bound, (of books) =escritorio=, writing-desk =los fosforos=, the matches =Gales=, Wales =juventud=, youth, young age. =el lacre=, the sealing-wax =lectura=, reading =limpiar=, to clean =limpio=, clean =mayormente=, especially =medico=, doctor =el monte=, the mountain =la nieve=, the snow =por tanto=, therefore =puerta=, door =siempre=, always =sincero=, sincere =soldado=, soldier =terciopelo=, velvet =vela=, candle =ventana=, window

Exercise 1 (7).

Translate into English—

1. Pedro es medico.[33] El es buen medico.

2. Era un celebre medico de la ciudad de Paris.

3. Juan esta[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo.

4. La lectura es util[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud.

5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V.

6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y esta muy bien encuadernado.[34]

7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35]

8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejercito ingles por cinco (five) anos.

9. El Monte Snowdon esta[36] en Gales.

10. La ciudad del Cairo esta[36] en Egipto.

11. Las cimas de algunos montes estan[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre de nieve.

12.?Siempre?

13. Si, siempre.

14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias (every day) por los dependientes o por las criadas.

15. Estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre.

16. Aquella ventana esta rota (broken).

17. Mi hermano esta escribiendo.

18. Es necesario.

[Footnote 33: Quality.]

[Footnote 34: A condition.]

[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).]

[Footnote 36: State in locality.]

[Footnote 37: A condition.]

Exercise 2 (8).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Who is a good clerk?

2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (de trabajar).[38]

3. The windows and doors are clean.

4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants.

5. He is speaking to his French friend.

6. He is writing a letter to his mother.

7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs.

8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize?

9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslin and prints.

10. Who bought them? (las compro).

11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation, and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration.

12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches?

13. Here they are on the writing-desk.

14. Does the clerk understand German?

15. Yes, very well.

16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real).

[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.]

LESSON V.
(Leccion quinta.)

THE ADJECTIVE (Contd.).

=comparison of Adjectives=.

The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea of comparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich).

Examples—

Mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother.
Su mujer es menos rica que el: His wife is less rich than he.
Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you.
No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin.

Superlative Absolute.

Examples—

Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short.

Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =isimo= instead of using muy. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elided before adding isimo.

[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.]

Examples—

Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe.
Estas frutas son madurisimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed.
Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich.
Aquellos son riquisimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed.

Before adding isimo, adjectives ending in

ble change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilisimo. co " " =qu=, as Rico, riquisimo. go " " =gu=, as Largo, larguisimo.

Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in ble, adjectives ending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy= and not add isimo for the Superlative Absolute.

Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees, there are the following irregular forms—

Mejor (better). Optimo (very good or best). Peor (worse). Pesimo (very bad or worst). Mayor (larger). Maximo (very large or largest). Menor (smaller). Minimo (very small or smallest). Superior (higher). Supremo (very high or highest). Inferior (lower). Infimo (very low or lowest).

[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the Conditional Mood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitive the terminations: e, as, a, emos, eis, an for the future; and ia, ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian for the conditional mood.]

Vocabulary.

=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (s.) =algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (pl.) =amarillo=, yellow =barba, barbas=, beard =barbilla, barba=, chin =blanco=, white =boca=, mouth =cabello=, hair =cabeza=, head =cafe, castano=, brown, (dyed) =cepillo=, brush =cualquiera= (s.),[43] any (affirmative) =cualesquiera= (pl.) any (affirmative) =dientes=, teeth =dinero=, money =encarnado=, red =escoba=, broom =estampar=, to print (calico) =la frente=, the forehead =lengua=, tongue =malo=,[44] bad, wicked =manteca=, butter =moreno=, brown, (natural colour) =(la) nariz=, nose =necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of. =ninguno,-a= (s.) any (after a negative) =ningunos,-as= (pl.) any (after a negative) =el ojo=, the eye. =padres=,[45] parents =percal=, calico =queremos=, we want *=querer=, to want, to wish to have =ellos quieren=, they want =yo quiero=, I want =V. quiere=, you want =regla=, ruler =si=, if =la tez=, complexion =un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any =verde=, green

[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the o, as Algun dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna" never changes.]

[Footnote 42: Also unos, unas.]

[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the a before a noun, as
Cualquier libro (any book).]

[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the o, as Un mal muchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."]

[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders, as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (the brothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)]

[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine),
Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).]

Exercise 1 (9).

Translate into English—

1. Los percales estampados y los blancos estan todos prontos para el vapor (steamer) que partira manana.

2. Necesitamos bayeta verde, amarilla y encarnada.

3. Aqui tenemos una buena partida (lot) de zarazas cafe.

4. Hemos hablado a una Senora de tez morena, cabeza hermosa y ojos inteligentes.

5. La frente, la boca, y la nariz forman parte de la cara (face).

6. La barba o barbilla es el remate (end) de la cara.

7. Tambien se llama barba o barbas el pelo (hair) que crece (grows) en ella (on it) a los hombres.

8. Tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros.

9. Tenemos algunas cajas de panuelos.

10. El mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana (inclination, desire) de estudiar.

11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos (children).

12. Si tiene V. algun azucar (sugar) yo lo comprare.

13.?Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros?

14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros.

15. Mi cunado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchisimos, algunos viejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres o cuatro (three or four) novisimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonisimo.[47]

16. Cualquier libro es util.

[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing ie or ue change them into e and o before adding isimo, as Nuevo, novisimo; cierto, certisimo.]

Exercise 2 (10).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I have some money.

2. What goods do you want (wish to have)?

3. I want some brown prints and some red calico.

4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debo comprar).[48]

5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme).

6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you want any? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?).

7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos).

8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)?

9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso).

10. Any book will be useful.

11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth.

12. The teeth want great attention.

13. Yes, they must always be clean.

14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary in commerce (en el comercio).

15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and write Spanish very well.

16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo esta estudiando) with much attention.

17. Do you understand this lesson?

18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult.

19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado).

[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to a singular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.]

[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when they are not used in a partitive sense, i.e., with an idea of a limited quantity.]

LESSON VI.
(Leccion sexta.)

Cardinal Numbers.

Uno,[50] una 1 Cuarenta 40
Dos 2 Cuarenta y uno or Cuarentiuno 41
Tres 3 etc. etc.
Cuatro 4 Cincuenta 50
Cinco 5 Sesenta 60
Seis 6 Setenta 70
Siete 7 Ochenta 80
Ocho 8 Noventa 90
Nueve 9 Ciento[52] 100
Diez 10 Ciento y uno or Cientiuno 101
Once 11 Ciento y dos or Cientidos, 102
Doce 12 etc. etc.
Trece 13 Ciento diez 110
Catorce 14 Doscientos,-as 200
Quince 15 Trescientos,-as 300
Diez y seis or Dieciseis 16 Cuatrocientos,-as 400
Diez y siete or Diecisiete 17 Quinientos,-as 500
Diez y ocho or Dieciocho 18 Seiscientos,-as 600
Diez y nueve or Diecinueve 19 Setecientos,-as 700
Veinte 20 Ochocientos,-as 800
Veinte y uno or Veintiuno[51] 21 Novecientos,-as 900
Veinte y dos or Veintidos, 22 Mil 1,000
etc. etc. Dos mil, etc. 2,000
Treinta 30 Cien[53] mil 100,000
Treinta y uno or Treintiuno, 31 Cien mil y uno 100,001
etc. etc. Cien mil y diez 100,010
Un millon 1,000,000

[Footnote 50: When immediately preceding a noun, "uno" becomes "un"]

[Footnote 51: "Ciento" becomes "cien." ("Cien" is found instead of "ciento," even standing alone.)]

[Footnote 52: The duplicate forms are common to all the tens.]

[Footnote 53: "Ciento" drops the to also before "mil"; and of course before "millon" (a noun).]

The conjunction "and" is always used between tens and units, as—

Veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas (21 apples).

But it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens, as—

Doscientas treinta peras (230 pears).

"Ciento" and "mil" are not preceded by "uno" except in 101,000, 201,000, etc., to avoid ambiguity, as—

Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers).
Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles).

"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millon de habitantes. (Note.—The de cannot be omitted.)

In the case of more than one million the word "millon" must be plural—millones, as—

Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men).

As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos," etc., change the os into =as= for the feminine.

[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and "Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the e after the root Hab being dropped, and after the root Ten being changed to d.]

[Footnote 55: For reference only—
Ser (and not Estar) must be used:

(1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession;
(2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico,
Pobre.]

Vocabulary.

=acabar de=,[56] to have just =almacen=, warehouse =aprender=, to learn =ayudar=, to help =banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water =bicicleta=, bicycle =certisimo=, most certain =discipulo=, pupil =disfrutar=, to enjoy =el es, ella es=,[57] it is =ello= (neuter),[57] it =este= (m.), =esta= (f.), this =esto= (neuter),[58] this =estos= (m.), =estas= (f.), these =la fecha=, the date =la gente=, the people =hermosamente=, beautifully =importancia=, importance =La India=, India =libre=, free =maestro=, master, teacher =la mayor parte=, most, the majority =el mes=, the month =mismo=, same =novisimo=, brand new =otro=, other, another =el Sena=,[59] River Seine =el Tajo=, River Tagus =el Tamesis=, River Thames =tambien=, also, too =tienda=, shop =ventaja=, advantage

[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de escribir (to have just written).]

[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It is useful" (El, ella, or ello) es util.]

[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto or ello es justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.]

[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "rio" (river) is understood.]

Exercise 1 (11).

Translate into English—

1. La India es una posesion inglesa de grande importancia.

2. El Sena es un rio de Francia[60] y el Tamesis es un rio de Inglaterra.

3. Toledo, ciudad interesantisima de Espana banada por el Tajo.

4. La mayor parte de estos Espanoles comen en esta fonda.

5. Este ano las tiendas estan hermosamente decoradas.

6. Es certisimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan de grandes ventajas.

7.?De quien es esta regla? Es mia.

8.?En que fecha escribio V. la carta?

9. La escribi (I wrote it) ayer.

10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novisima.

11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello.

12. La criada compro esta manana una escoba.

13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos gastar dinero.

14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it).

15.?Es bueno este vino?

16. Es muy bueno y tambien no es caro.

[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Peru, El Japon (Japan).]

Exercise 2 (12).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages.

2. Yes, because England is a free country.

3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries.

4. Does the teacher help his pupils?

5. He does (Si, Senor), but the pupils must study and learn their lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61]

6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy.

7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el ano pasado)?

8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer.

9. Little and good is better than much and bad.

10. John is a partner in that firm (casa).

11. It is necessary to work.

12. This is George's beautiful garden.

13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets and other plants (plantas).

14. Who is here?

15. Charles and Henry are here.

[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add mente as you add "ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add mente to the feminine form, as rico (m.), rica (f.)—ricamente (richly).]

[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.]

LESSON VII.
(Leccion septima.)

Ordinal Numbers and Fractions.

[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final o changes into a for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding s.]

"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine noun singular,[64] as—

El primer pedido: The first order.
El tercer lote: The third lot.
El postrer envio: The last shipment.

But—

La primera entrega (fem.): The first delivery.

[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno, alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last two not always).]

After "vigesimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal numbers, as—

La pagina veintidos: Page 22nd.

Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as—

Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911.

EXCEPTION: El primero, as—

El 1 deg. (primero) de Septiembre (1st September).

Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth; then generally cardinal, as—

Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II.
Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII.

Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers, except—

(Un) medio: one half.
Un tercio (not tercero): one-third.

From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding to them the termination =avo=, as—

Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16.

Un need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by an integer, as—

Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter.
Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third.
La mitad: The half.
La tercera parte: The 3rd part.
La cuarta parte: The 4th part.
La duodecima parte: The 12th part.

[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as veinte—un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in ce the c is changed into z as, doce—un dozavo (1/12th).]

Collective Numbers.

Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66]
Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66]
Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66]
Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66]
Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66]

[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de libros: (about 30 books).]

[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain the ruling vowels throughout the tense.

N.B.—The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely contingent.]

Vocabulary.

=actual=, present =al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail =arroz=, rice =articulo=, article =asociacion de obreros=, trade union =blanquear=, to bleach =ya caigo=, I understand, I see =colocar=, to place =*conseguir=, to get =consignacion=, consignment =contenido=, contents =decadencia=, decadence =delegado=, delegate =demasiado=, too, too much =dificil=, difficult =driles labrados=, figured drills =driles lisos=, plain drills =entrar a reinar=, to begin to reign =escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select =extrano=, strange, queer, funny =el germen=, the germ =grueso=, thick, stout =hallar=, to find =ilustrado=, enlightened =incluyendo=, enclosing =limitar=, to limit =mientrastanto=, meanwhile =*obtener=, to get =peso=, weight =poder=, power =podriamos=, we should be able to, might, could =proximo=, next =rebaja=, abatement =rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate =reduccion=, abatement, reduction =reunion=, meeting =*salir=, to come, to go, out =*salir en=, to come to =solo= (adj.), alone =solo, solamente= (adv.), only =sujeto a=, subject to =sumar=, to add =tocino=, bacon =tomar=, to take =varios=, several =verificarse=, to take place[68] =*verse obligado a=, to be compelled to[69]

[Footnote 68: Lit.: to verify itself.]

[Footnote 69: Lit.: to see oneself obliged.]

Exercise 1 (13).

Translate into English—

1.?Cual envio han recibido Vs.?

2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha llegado todavia.

3. El postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la asociacion de obreros.

4.?(A) cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino?

5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos, digamos (say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos.

6.?Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos?

7. Si, Senor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos.

8. iQue fraccion tan extrana!

9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] solo por ejemplo.

10. iAh, ya caigo!

11. Felipe II entro a reinar en 1556. Ningun soberano (sovereign) de Europa podia competir en poder y en Estados con el, pero ya desde ese tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los germenes de la decadencia que se verifico despues.

12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de Espana es un monarca ilustrado y constitucional.

13. La nueva Espana espera mucho de el.

14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compania efectua (effects) sus pagos.

15. Hoy estamos a (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911.

[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is reflexive or passive: se da, it gives itself or it is given; se observan, they observe themselves or are observed.]

Exercise 2 (14).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I shall be compelled (me vere obligado a) to abandon this undertaking. It is too difficult.

2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), 2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at 2-29/32d. but (solo) a few days ago (hace algunos dias).

3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures quoted it will be necessary to abate the price.

4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per cent.

5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] the matter in abeyance (en suspenso).

6. He has chosen several designs (disenos, dibujos) for his lot of prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (estan equivocados).

7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their declarations.

8. He ordered the wrong article (un … por otro).

9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) article.

10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al reves).

11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p deg., p deg..) and have taken note of its contents.

12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que Vs. necesitan).

[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the 2nd Person.]

LESSON VIII.
(Leccion octava.)

Personal Pronouns.

We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object
Pronouns.[72]

[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names—
Nominative case for the Subject pronouns
Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns
Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]

Instead of "Tu" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).

N.B.—These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or where no ambiguity is possible, as—

(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths.
(El) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs
the letters.
(Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview
with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.

But—

Yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no V.: I have bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not you.

=Object Pronouns=.

These are divided into two classes—1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a preposition—

Mi (me) Nosotros-as (us)
Ti (thee) Vosotros-as (you)
El (him, it, m.) Ellos-as (them)
Ella (her, it, f.) Ello (neuter) (it, referring
to a whole statement)
V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.)

Examples—

Ellos hablan de mi: They speak of me.
Nosotros trabajamos para el: We work for him.
Ella confia en ti, en V.: She trusts thee, you.
V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.

2. =Conjunctive=, viz., direct or indirect object of verb (without a preposition).

El me[73] ama (he loves me) El nos ama (he loves us)
El te ama (he loves thee) El os ama (he loves you)
El lo or le ama (he loves El los ama (he loves them,
him, it, m.) m.)
El la ama (he loves her, El las ama (he loves them,
or it, f.) f.)

[Footnote 73: N.B.—In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. differs.]

EXAMPLES of Indirect Object—

El me da he gives me (to me)
El te da he gives thee (to thee)
El le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it)
El nos da he gives us (to us)
El os da he gives you (to you)
El les da he gives them (to them, m. and f.)

The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =a=, as—

a mi me or to me direct and indirect object a ti thee or to thee " " " " a el him or to him, " " " " it (m.) or " " " " to it (m.) " " " " a ella her or to her, " " " " it (f.) or " " " " to it (f.) " " " " a nosotros-as us or to us " " " " a vosotros-as you or to you " " " " a ellos them or " " " " to them (m.) " " " " a ellas them or " " " " to them (f.) " " " "

We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect object of verb—one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.

The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use.

The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as—

El me ama a mi: He loves me.

El nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a V. generos de fantasia: He sells to us printed cloth and to you fancies.

Yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella: I wish to see him and not her.

Dele V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella.
Give him the money and her the books.

De V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella.
Give him the money and her the books.

[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagaran mas que a mi" (they will pay him more than me), "me pagaran" is understood after que.]

Vocabulary.

=acero=, steel =antes=, before—in point of time =asunto= (not =sujeto=), the subject-matter =Bolsa=, the Exchange =calcular=, to calculate =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place =compania anonima=, limited company =*concebir=, to conceive =conjuncion=, conjunction =desfavorable=, unfavourable =donde=, where =emision=, issue, of loans, etc. =emplearse=, to be employed, to be used =espalda=, shoulder (back) =explicar= to explain =explanar= to explain =falta de aceptacion=, non-acceptance =falta de pago=, non-payment =la frase=, the phrase, sentence =ganancias y perdidas=, profits and losses =el gerente=, the manager =*gobernar=, to govern =*haber=, there to be[75] =hay=, there is[75] =hay=, there are =el hecho=, the fact =la ley=, the law =llamar=, to call =mas adelante=, later on =la mente=, the mind =los negocios=, the business =Pascua=, Easter =posicion=, position =proyecto=, scheme, plan =pues, entonces=, then =regresar=, to come or go back =*saber=, to know =la semana pasada=, last week =sirvase V=., please =tenga la bondad de=, please =tratar=, to try =*valer=, to be worth =valor=, courage =*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back

[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" in the Pres. Indicative.]

Exercise 1 (15).

Translate into English—

1.?Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?

2. No, Senor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).

3.?Donde lo empleamos pues?

4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.

5.?Y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo (must be used) en subjuntivo?

6. Porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada[76] solo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.

7.?Nos explicara V. esta regla otra vez mas adelante?

8. Si. No hago mas que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.

9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios principian a sufrir.

10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.

11.?Cuando regresara el gerente del Banco?

12. Estara de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.

13. Debe asistir a (attend) la reunion de Directores que se celebrara en Londres a primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).

14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) animacion.

15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the grain).

16.?Como han salido Vs. de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre (copper mines)?

17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relacion semestral (half-yearly report) de la compania hace constar (shows) una situacion muy desfavorable y no habra dividendo este ano.

18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el ano proximo.

19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).

[Footnote 76: Or se representa.]

Exercise 2 (16).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.

2. They calculated their profits and losses.

3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.

4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producira) any bad impression.

5. He called him to his house.

6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir …).

7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.

8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).

9. I shall call at (pasare por) the exchange.

10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).

11. The "Shannon" will call at (hara escala en) Cadiz.

12. They will make a call (pediran una cuota) of L1 per share.

13. This steel is worth much less than that.

14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.

15. This limited company is worth (posee) L50,000.

16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).

17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment.

18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets of the world (mundo).

19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).

20. Kindly take due note (debida or buena nota) of our signature at foot (firma al pie).

21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en vano).

22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.

[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.

LESSON IX.
(Leccion novena.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (contd.).

Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in English.

Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as—

El los compro: He bought them.

Yo le mostrare a V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book.

Mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe you.

Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.

Me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock of securities and bills.

El corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at the steamship agent's.

Exceptions—

1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a long one, the Conjunctive pronoun may follow the verb, except when this is in the Subjunctive Mood, as—

Bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his customer.

N.B.—Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left understood.

2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun must follow, and is joined to the verb to form one word: as—

Lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta:
The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.

Abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto:
By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.

Refieralos V. a los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.

Hagannos Vs. esta bonificacion: Make us this allowance.

Carguenos en cuenta este renglon: Debit this line to our account.

Abonenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.

[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by the Present Subjunctive, as—

Hablale tu: Speak to him.
No le hables tu: Do not speak to him.]

If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object,[79] as—

Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.

If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is changed into =Se=, as—

Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him.
V. se lo mando (a ella)[80]: You sent it to her.
Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (a ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice.
Yo se lo digo (a V.)[80]: I tell it to you.

[Footnote 79: Combinations of me and te are very rare, and then te precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive form, for the indirect object, as—

El te da a mi: He gives thee to me.
El me da a ti: He gives me to thee.]

[Footnote 80: A el, a ella, a V., etc., may be added for clearness, when otherwise ambiguity might occur.]

Vocabulary.

=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =arancel=, custom-house tariff =aviso=, advice, notice =confianza=, trust, confidence =constantemente=, constantly =conveniente=, convenient, suitable =correo=, post, post office =*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave =*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal =de moda=, fashionable =devolver=, to give or send back =efectuar=, to effect =favorable=, favourable =fijar=, to fix =holgazan, haragan=, lazy =honrar=, to honour =indicar=, to indicate, to point out =largo=, long =noticia, noticias=, news =*poner en condiciones=, to enable =por=, or =de, su cuenta=, on his account =el sobre=, the envelope =tomar nota=, to take note, to notice =venta=, sale

Exercise 1 (17).

Translate into English—

1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca.

2. Son generos de moda, los vende muy bien.

3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente.

4. Me escribe que te envia los sobres.

5. Le indica el medio mas conveniente.

6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza.

7. Os fija sus limites.

8. Les da su cotizacion.

9. Creernos.

10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates).

11. Venderles a credito.

12. Dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de servirle a toda su satisfaccion (his entire satisfaction).

13. Digannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad.

14. El me lo escribio.

15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos.

16. El nos lo explico.

17. Yo os lo enviare.

18. Se lo escribiremos a el.

19. Se lo explicaremos a ella.

20. Compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos.

21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas.

22.?Me lo dice V. (do you say) a mi?

23. Si, Senor, se lo digo a V. mismo (I say it to you yourself)

24. Yo mismo lo mande.

25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito.

26. Nosotros mismos no podriamos (could not) hacerlo mejor.

27. El me lo dio (gave) a mi, y yo se lo entregue a el.

28. Su socio es mejor que el, y el es mejor que ella.

Exercise 2 (18).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Did you see (vio V.) the new Custom House tariff?

2. Yes, I saw (vi) it.

3. It is more favourable to us than the old.

4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal).

5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has read it (despues que lo haya leido).

6. Did you give (dio V.) it (m.) to me or to him?

7. I gave (di) it to you, not to him.

8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga).

9. He took it with him, and we took it with us.

10. I shall take it (f.) with me.[81]

11. Take it with thee.[81]

12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day.

13. Writing it to-day you are in time (a tiempo) for the post.

14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me.

15. We have taken notice of it.

16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter.

17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his account.

18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our market to-day.

19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy.

20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice (debe habersele pasado por alto).

21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso).

22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario).

[Footnote 81: See next note.]

LESSON X.
(Leccion decima.)

Reflexive Pronouns.

These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same.

They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as—

Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form.

myself me mi thyself te ti

EXCEPTION— 3rd person for both genders & numbers: se si

Examples—

El se ama: He loves himself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Maria habla siempre de si[82]: Mary is always talking about herself.

Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy ourselves at the same time as we do business.

Ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien: They respect themselves and others too.

Mismo-a,-os,-as, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, as—

Maria habla siempre de si misma: Mary always speaks of herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si: She attributes the fault to herself. (more emphatic).

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma: She attributes the fault to herself (still more emphatic).

[Footnote 82: After con (with) si becomes Sigo; same change with mi and ti: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.]

The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be used to form the passive voice, as—

Se ha cerrado el almacen: The warehouse has been closed.

Se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la Compania de Seguros[83]:
The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company.

[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.]

=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the English "one," "people," "they" (indefinite), as the French "on" and the German "man," as—-

Se dice que habra un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, or it is said, that there will be a rise in the market.

Se cree que no habra Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, or it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England.

En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one enjoys the fruits of active youth or The fruits of active youth are enjoyed in old age.

[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the pronoun.]

[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).]

As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by "se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical examples, as—

Los generos se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (not han) plegado como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded them as Irish Linens.

A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as—-

Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself.
Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves.
Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me).
Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them.
Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him.
Vosotros os les empenasteis en L1,000: You pledged yourselves to them
for L1,000.

[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the termination ron of the 3rd pers. pl. into se, ses, se, semos, seis sen, in all the three conjugations.]

Vocabulary.

=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present =a menudo=, often =acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself =admitir=, to acknowledge =aparecer=, to appear =aplicarse=, to apply oneself =ayuda=, help =boletin=, form, slip, price list =caucho seco=, dry rubber =cebada y avena=, barley and oats =cifras=, figures =la compra=, the purchase =*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on =la costumbre=, custom =cualquiera=, any (affirm.) =cuidadosamente=, carefully =declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dirigirse=, to address oneself =escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another =escuchar=, to listen to =exacto=, exact, accurate =firmeza=, firmness =industria azucarera=, sugar industry =los informes=, information =lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself =llamarse=, to be called =el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. =*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) =operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) =partida=, lot (of goods) =perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) =*reconocer=, to acknowledge =recursos=, means = respetar=, to respect =seccion=, section =tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself =tejidos=, textiles, cloths =ultimamente=, lately =unicamente=, solely, only

Exercise 1 (19).

Translate into English—

1. Nos dirigimos a Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre aparece en el boletin adjunto.

2. Se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos resultados.

3. Me he acostumbrado a este trabajo.

4. Te has dedicado al comercio.

5. Tiene mucha opinion de si (mismo).

6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo unicamente.

7. Se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros.

8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones."

9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en frances.

10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas (these lathes and sawing machines) se mueven por motor electrico.

11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente.

12.?Se envian las maquinas en secciones?

13. Si, Senor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje.

14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena,?piensa V. que influiran en los precios?

15. Asi se cree.

16. Entonces resultara (or resultara pues) alguna ventaja para los consumidores (consumers).

17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) a tiempo, pues (because) carecia de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so).

[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.]

Exercise 2 (20).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustaran) my purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present.

2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to their advice (consejo).

3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business.

4. He found himself a loser (a perder).

5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in bankruptcy).

6. They wrote to each other often.

7. He respects himself.

8. He himself respects old customs.

9. We acknowledge we are wrong.

10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de).

11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help you may render (preste) to our friend.

12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures.

13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber.

14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was little doing (poco se hizo).

15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in the securities.

16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were maintained (se mantuvieron).

LESSON XI.
(Leccion decima primera.)

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns.

A Possessive Adjective accompanies a noun; a Possessive pronoun stands for a noun.

The =Possessive Adjectives= are—

Examples—

Mi embarque: My shipment.
Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement.
Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity.
Tu beneficio: Thy benefit.
Sus fondos: His funds, capital.

De el, de ella, de ellos, de V., etc., may be added for the sake of clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]

In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su … de el," "su … de V.," etc., we may say "el … de el," "el … de V.," etc.

[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in itself—your grace).]

The =Possessive Pronouns= are—

El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine).
El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine).
El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours,
polite).
El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours).
El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours familiar).

The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.

Examples—

Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than mine.

V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have finished your work, but I have not started mine.

Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine (viz., belong to me).[89]

[Footnote 89: If the intention is only to distinguish between one object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, aquellas son las de V. (these are my shares, those are yours).]

=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, following the noun, as—

Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want my portmanteau, not your friend's.

"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un cliente suyo," without the preposition de.

The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes "property in general," as—

Lo mio (mine—that which is mine).
Lo nuestro (ours—that which belongs to us).
Lo suyo or lo propio (one's own property).
Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).

In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as—

Amigo mio: My friend.
Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).

But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).

[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]

[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after si (if), by the Present Indicative.]

Vocabulary.

=*atenerse a= to adhere to =*adherir a= to adhere to =ajustar=, to adjust =apresurarse a=, to hasten to. =asegurar=, to secure =averia=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) =buque=, ship =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =cabida=, room, space =codiciar=, to covet =deber=, to owe, must =debido a=, owing to =direccion=, address =encaminar=, to forward =hierro=, iron =mensual=, monthly =mercado de granos=, grain market =muestra=, sample =peticion=, request =pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details =por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore =proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate =puerto=, port =relacion=, report =representante=, representative =resto, restante=, remainder =resultado=, result =riesgo=, risk (=a= or =por) saldo=, (in) settlement =satisfecho=, satisfied =siguiente=, following =someter=, to submit =(la) sucursal=, branch house =surtido=, assortment, selection =vigas=, beams

Exercise 1 (21).

Translate into English—

1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos dias hare un surtido.

2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.

3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes.

4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion.

5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.

6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve (shortly).

7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.

8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.

9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.

10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes.

11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de el.

Exercise 2 (22).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.

2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.

3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.

4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.

5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.

6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con or de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).

7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox.

[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que estrechan sus manos).]

LESSON XII.
(Leccion decima segunda.)

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns.

A demonstrative adjective accompanies a noun and a demonstrative pronoun stands for a noun.

The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are—

[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]

The difference between Ese and Aquel is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use ese for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."

The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the addition of—

Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used—

1. In reference to a whole sentence, as—

El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.

2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as—

?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)

Este, ese, aquel, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; Este is also used for "the latter" and Aquel for "the former."[96]

Instead of ese, etc., aquel, etc., before que and de, the definite article is generally used, as—

El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.

La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.

El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.

Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).

Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.

[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]

[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]

[Footnote 96: Esto es—namely, that is …]

[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.

A preposition may precede que, as—

?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.

?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want?
That to which I referred yesterday.

?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these?
They are those with which I wrote.

Esta translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."

Esa translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."

As—

El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack.

Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.

Vocabulary.

=a ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca a motor= motor-boat =barca automovil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =dias de estadia=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =esta visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbon=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilacion=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn

[Footnote 98: Neighbour, person living near: vecino.]

Exercise 1 (23).

Translate into English—

1. Debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos generos.

2. Esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursatil (the money market).

3. Se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada.

4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto a 82 y la Renta Italiana a 101, habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a 81 1/2 y esta a 100.

5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subio hasta (to) 103.

6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.

7. Esto es muy natural, aquello es sorprendente.

8. Yo le digo esto: lo hare.

9. Eso me conviene.

Exercise 2 (24).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.

2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.

3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursion de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volco).

4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of L1,000.

5. The working (la explotacion) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.

6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aqui) to make considerable purchases.

7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.

8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.

LESSON XIII.
(Leccion decima tercera.)

Relative Pronouns.

Quien is used for persons only. El cual and que are used for persons and things.

Examples—

El agente a quien (or al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.

?Son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo V. ayer?
Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?

Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.

El buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

Que is used very often instead of quien and el cual. Que is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and Quien or El cual only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as—

?Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visito esta manana?
Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?

He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.

[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]

After ser and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by quien, as—

Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.

After a preposition translate "whom" by quien (pl., quienes)[100], and "which" by el cual (la cual, etc.).

[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]

Exception—

After a, con, de, en, we can also translate "which" equally well by que, or el que, la que, los que, las que.[101]

[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]

"Which" relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).

Instead of cuyo we may use de quien, del cual, de que, del que, as—

El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, or del que ha desembarcado:
The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante al hijo de quien, or del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

"He who" is translated by aquel que, el que,[102] also quien.

"She who" is translated by aquella que, la[102] que, also quien.

"Those who" is translated by aquellos que, los[102] que, also quienes.

[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]

=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as—

El hombre a quien, or que vi: The man I saw.

Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable).

Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (or de la cual, or de la que no hay otra mejor)".

Vocabulary.

=amargo=, bitter =armador de buques=, shipowner =arreglar=, to arrange =el bien=, the good =buque, barco, navio=, boat =cauto=, cautious =*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with =deuda=, debt =doloroso=, painful =endosar=, to endorse =ensenar=, to teach, to show =esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait =estadisticas=, statistics =falta=, want, absence of =flojo=, slack =fundar=, to found =gratitud=, gratitude =*hacer mencion=, to mention =herida=, wound, sting =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =*negar=, to deny =periodico=, newspaper =premio=, reward, prize, premium =robar=, to rob, to steal =simpatico=, pleasant, winsome, taking =*tener empeno=, to be earnest, anxious about anything

Exercise 1 (25).

Translate into English—

1. El hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito.

2. He aqui (here is) el libro que me enseno esta regla.

3. He escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra.

4. He comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas.

5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (or el cual) parece hombre muy simpatico.

6. El corredor, quien (or el cual) tiene mucho empeno en concluir la transaccion, me vino a ver otra vez (again) esta manana.

7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).

8. El hombre a quien (or al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.

9. El negociante de quien (or del cual) le hablaba es integerrimo (most upright).

10. El asunto a que me referia (or de que trataba).

11. La pluma con que escribia y con la cual (or con la que) puede escribir V.

12. La mina en que (or en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.

13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.

14. Los generos para los cuales se dio (was given) la orden.

15.?Es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo (or al hijo de quien) V. conoce?

Exercise 2 (26).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.

2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (subj.)) have not experienced how (cuan) painful is the sting of ingratitude.

3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.

4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.

5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.

6. The little (pequena) house I paid for.

7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.

8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.

9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.

10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.

11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.

12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido or un conocimiento).

LESSON XIV.
(Leccion decima cuarta.)

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives.

These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent—

?Quien,-es? (who, whom?)
?Cual,-es? (which?)
?Que? (what?)
?Cuyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?)
?De quien,-es[103]? (whose?)
?Cuanto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)

[Footnote 103: "De quien" is more usual than "Cuyo" in interrogations.]

Cual when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. Quien, interrogative, is never an adjective.

Examples—

?Quien vino a verme? Who came to see me?

?Cual arreglo le gusta a V. mas? Which arrangement do you prefer?

?Cuyo es este lapiz? Whose is this pencil? or Whose
?Cuyo lapiz es este? pencil is this?
?De quien es este lapiz?

?De quien recibio V. la consignacion de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?

?A quienes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?

?Cuanto me cobrara V.? How much will you charge me?

Cual (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as—

?Cuales son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?

Que is used in exclamatory sentences—"what a", as—

iQue lastima! What a pity! iQue bonitos panos! What nice suitings![104]

[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "que" translates the English "how":—iQue bonito! how nice!]

An emphatic tan or mas may be inserted, thus—

iQue pano tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! iQue hombre mas rico! What a very rich man!

Cual is used in exclamatory clauses instead of como (how), as—

iCual le han reducido las desgracias! How (or to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! iCual la vi! How (or in what a state) did I see her!

Cuanto is also used in exclamations, as—

iCuanto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!

Cual without article and without accent is used for "as," as—

Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.

Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribio una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."

Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form).

Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.

Imperative Mood. (This mood is used to command or beg.)

[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.

The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the final r into d—no exception.

The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the 3rd pers. sing. of the Pres.
Indicative, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]

[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Heme, hete, hele, aqui, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.

N.B.—In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as—

=Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak).
No hableis (do not (you) speak).]

Vocabulary.

=*acordarse=, to remember =me acuerdo=, I remember =se acuerda=, he remembers =cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio =contestar a, responder a=, to answer =*decir=, to say =*devolver=, to return, give back =devuelto=, given back =devuelvo=, I return, give back =digo=, I say =dice=, he says =dije=, I said =dijo=, he said =disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased =flojedad=, slackness =*hacer escala=, to call at (steamers) =mucho me gusta=, I am very glad =negativa=, refusal =notas (billetes) de banco=, bank notes =*oir=, to hear =*perder=, to lose =perdiendo=, losing =*querer=, to want, to be willing to have =quiero=, I want, I am willing to have =quiere=, he wants, he is willing to have =responder=,[107] to answer =*seguir=, to continue =sorpresa=, surprise

[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"—otherwise regular.]

Exercise 1 (27).

Translate into English—

1.?Quien respeta las leyes?

2.?Cuales leyes?

3. Las de este pais.?Que dice V.?

4. Lo que V. oye (you hear).

5. Estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba.

6. Mucho me gusta saberlo.

7. iQue hermosas telas! iy baratas!

8. iCuanto pide V. por ellas?

9?Cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa Compania? Tres.

10.?Cuantos dijo V. (did you say)?

11. Tres o cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente.

12.?Cuya cartera es esta?

13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habra sabido, la perdio con L500 en notas de banco y le fue devuelta.

14.?De quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado?

15. Es mio.

16.?Que libro es este? Es el mio.

17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el amortizable.

18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general.

19. iCual lo hallamos!

20. iAbsolutamente desanimado! iQue lastima!

Exercise 2 (28).

Translate into Spanish—

1. What reduction can you make?

2. Twopence a yard.

3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)?

4. What orders did you give?

5. Whose goods are these?

6. What a surprise!

7. How much money did you receive?

8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed?

9. Did you answer all his letters?

10. If we bought (si comprasemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seriamos responsables).

11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your requirements (corresponderan a sus necesidades).

12. Mr. Perez seems annoyed by your refusal.

13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho or infinito) but it is not my fault.

14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances.

15. Has the steamer called at Malaga?

16. I believe she has (que si).

LESSON XV.
(Leccion decima quinta.)

Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns.

(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.)

Alguno, *alguien (pronounced alguien), (some, somebody, anybody)
*Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything)
*Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons)
Uno a otro (one another, each other)
Uno u otro (one or the other, either)
Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both)
Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other)
Ni uno (not a single one)
Los otros, los demas (the others)
Mismo (same, self)
Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain)
Cada (each)
*Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one)
Otro (other, another[108])
Todo (all, everything, every)
Todos (everybody, all)
Poco (little)
Pocos (few)
Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few)
Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many)
Varios (several)
Cualquiera (sing.), Cualesquiera (pl.), (any, whichever)
*Quienquiera (sing.), quienesquiera (pl.), (any, whoever, whomever)
*Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever)
Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same)
Tal (sing.), tales (pl. such a, such)
*Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So)
Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which)
Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who)
Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any)
*Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody)
*Quien … quien, *cual … cual (some … some)

[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."]

Cada is an adjective only, as—

Cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike injures national industry.

Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie are invariable, and the verb accompanying them is always singular, as—

Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen.

Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than money, honour.

?Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than ingratitude?

Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible.

Further difference in meaning between alguien and alguno—

Alguien refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by de. Alguno to persons or things, and may be followed by de,[109] as—

Alguien or Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained.

Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and peaches, and I have some.

Alguno de ellos lo hara: Someone amongst them will do it.

The English "any," "anything," are translated by alguno, alguna cosa (algo) when interrogative; ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada) when negative; and cualquiera, cualquiera cosa when affirmative, as—

?Quiere V. algun refresco o algo que comer? Do you want any refreshments[110] or anything to eat?

No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands.

Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas Batistas
Victoria son mas ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria
Lawns are of lower quality.

Alguno and Ninguno are left understood oftener than in English, as—

?Comprara V. (algunos) titulos de la nueva emision? Will you buy any stock of the new issue?

El no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice.

When nadie and ninguno, or any other =negative word=, as the adverb nunca (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; but when they =follow= it, =no= (not) must precede the verb, as: No he visto a nadie or a nadie he visto: I have seen nobody.

[Footnote 109: Same difference between nadie and ninguno.]

[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, as:?Tiene V. algun libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend me?).]

Verbs ending in car or gar change the c and g into =qu= and =gu= respectively before =e=, as—

[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will be omitted in future when they are regular. The derivative parts will also be omitted when they are regularly formed from their primary parts according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the book.]

Vocabulary.

=agricola=, agricultural =amontonar=, to pile up =apertura=, opening =bajar=, to lower, to go or come down =bonito=, pretty =comarca=, region, district (of a country) =detenidamente=, at length =duplicar=, to double, to duplicate =exigua=, slight, trifling =fabricas de algodon=, cotton mills =generos alimenticios=, food stuffs =*hacer caso=, to take notice =hilador=, spinner =impuesto=, tax =(la) incertidumbre=, uncertainty =industria=, industry =legislatura=, parliamentary session =ligero=, light (adj.), slight, small =limitacion=, curtailment =(la) luz=, light (n.) =*mantener=, to hold up, to maintain =mejora=, improvement =ministerio=, ministry =obligaciones=, debentures =olvidar=, to forget =para que=, so that =patria=, country, fatherland =preferible=, preferable =*prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule =subir=, to go or come up =tejedor=, weaver =timbre=, stamp =tomar la delantera a=, to take the start on. =trigo=, wheat =varios=, several =vinicola=, wine (adj.)

Exercise 1 (29).

Translate into English—

1. Alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que protestaran energicamente.

2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las intenciones del ministerio.

3. Los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran (will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutira detenidamente.

4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala.

5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera.

6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso.

7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y agricola de esta comarca.

8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio.

9. Yo no imito a Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los riesgos.

10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero solo letras bancarias, o de firmas de primera clase y con dos endosos, nada mas.

Exercise 2 (30).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase.

2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde America).

3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices.

4. Each week shows an improvement.

5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes).

6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene a) our requirements.

7. We accept these bills but refuse the others.

8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the realisation of the scheme.

9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se perdiera nada).

10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do.

11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty.

12. I have not seen anything so pretty before.

13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton Mills.

14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so slight (exigua).

15. Foreign Bourses.—Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) improvement was noticeable (se observo).

LESSON XVI.
(Leccion decima sexta.)

The Verb.

The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can be construed.

Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive.

The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar.

Haber is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities—

1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb hacer which is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, as—

Dos anos ha (or ha dos anos) or hace dos anos la exportacion de los Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing.

Ha dos anos (or hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two years.

?Cuanto tiempo ha (or hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long have you been studying Spanish?

[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.]

2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), as—

Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market.

Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many spices last year also.

Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When
I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out.

(N.B.—Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.)

In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two men are there." In Spanish, however, haber is used impersonally and both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un hombre," "Hay dos hombres."

It will be noticed that Haber used for "there to be" makes Hay instead of Ha for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain unchanged: habia, hubo, habra, habria, etc.

Hay que followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary to …, as—

Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, etc., must be very careful.

Tener is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead of haber, as—

Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.

Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.

?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?

Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro
Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar
Mill for our Factory in Havana.

In all the preceding examples tener used instead of haber introduces an additional idea of "=possession=".

"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that the receiver holds it now.

[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and number with the direct object.]

Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as—

?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.

Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.

Colloquially the people will use tener for haber without any allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.

Vocabulary.

=anteayer=, the day before yesterday =apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (a.) =apresurarse=, to hasten (n.) =apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders =arbol de eje=, axle shaft =camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce =cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft =compania de ferrocarril=, railway company =con manchas=, (designs)—spot =con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot =contestar=, to answer, to reply =cuadritos=, (designs) checks =cuenta simulada=, pro forma account =culpa=, blame, fault =dano=, damage, injury, breakdown =de buena tinta=, from a good source =derecho=, right =duda=, doubt =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =existencias=, stocks of goods =expedidor=, sender =fecha de=, dated =listados=, (designs) striped =a listas, a rayas=, (designs) striped =malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent =mundial=, world (adj.) =proximamente=, about, approximately =pues=, well =redactar=, to write out =repentinamente=, suddenly =representacion exclusiva=, sole agency =responsabilidad=, responsibility =retardar=, to delay, to be delayed =*romperse=, to break (n.) =roto=, broken =todavia=, yet =vivir=, to live, to reside =ya=, already

Exercise 1 (31).

Translate into English—

1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano.

2.?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana.

3. No sabia que la habia dado ya.

4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es.

5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer.

6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas.

7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia.

8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion, una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno.

9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico.

10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora.

11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito acerca de las facturas simuladas.

12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto.

Exercise 2 (32).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm?

2. Not yet, but I hope to get it.

3. How long have you been living in England?

4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel sin precedente).

5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered.

6. He also complains of the checks and stripes.

7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works (la fabrica).

8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company, but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter (esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the loss.

9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they will not deny their responsibility—there is no doubt about (de) that.

10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter?

11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que….)

12. They have been for 15 years.

13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up (mejorando).

LESSON XVII.
(Leccion decima septima.)

"Ser" and "Estar."

=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice.

=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as

Estoy escribiendo (I am writing).
Estaba escribiendo (he was writing).

The difficulty in the employment of ser and estar is, by some, unduly magnified. Others give the following rule—

Ser denotes a permanent state. Estar "temporary"

This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the following two examples will show—

El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he has enlisted for two years.

Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains are perpetually covered with snow.

The following simple and true rules will enable the student to understand the difference between ser and estar and to apply them correctly.

Ser is used—

1. To form the Passive Voice, as—

El cartero trajo las cartas—Active: The postman brought the letters.

La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero—Passive[115]: The letter was brought by the postman.

[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in gender and number with the subject of these verbs.]

[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the action of sweeping, viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido—no voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote state or condition.]

2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as—

La nieve es blanca: Snow is white.
El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal.

[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por dos anos, entonces es soldado: John has enlisted for two years, then he is a soldier.]

Estar is used to denote—

1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as—

Estoy aqui I am here.
Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.

2. A condition, as—

Estoy candado: I am tired.
Esta enfermo: He is ill.

Supplementary Rules.

Ser must be used—

1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as—

Soy negociante: I am a merchant.

Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange broker.

Son buenos valores: They are good securities.

2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as—

Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these makers.

3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as—

Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal proceedings.

4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]

[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," but they are spoken of as such.]

Estar must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] as—

Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts.
Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.

[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a quality.]

Verbs ending in cer, cir, ger and gir change the c into =z= and the g into =j= before a or o as—

Verbs ending in guir and quir change the gu into =g= and the qu into =c= before a or o, as—

[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in quir.]

Vocabulary.

=acabar de=, to have just =accesorio=, accessory =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =antiguo=, old, ancient =averia=, particular, particular average =balance=, balance, balance sheet =bastar=, to suffice, to be enough =biela=, connecting rod =caldera=, boiler =cilindros=, cylinders =citar=, to quote, to mention a passage =*convenir=, to agree, to suit =cotizar=, to quote prices =cuenta de ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss account =dejar=, to leave, to let =disposicion (a su)=, (at your) disposal =durar=, to last =el engranaje=, the gearing =entregar=, to deliver =equipo=, equipment =es decir, o sea= viz., namely =a saber= viz., namely =franco de porte=, carriage paid =grifo=, cock (machinery) =hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date =huelga=, strike =imprevisto=, unforseen =a la izquierda=, to the left =llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be =*mantenerse=, to be maintained =maquina=, machine, engine =mercerizar=, to mercerize =para con=, towards =transporte seguido=, carriage forward =porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward =presentar=, to present =proveer=, to provide =provisto (proveido)=, provided =semejante=, similar =*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel =sin embargo=, however =soportes, coginetes=, bearings =tornillos=, screws =transporte pagado=, carriage paid =tubos=, tubes =valvula=, valve =el volante=, the fly-wheel =y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)

Exercise 1 (33).

Translate into English—

1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas antiguas.

2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia.

3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas y tornillos.

4.?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes?

5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas.

6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en primera linea en la industria mundial.

7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo.

8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina.

9. Soy feliz de saberlo.

10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres e infelices.

11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a 5-3/16 d. por yarda.

12. Esta bien; iesta convenido!

Exercise 2 (34).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear.

2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.

3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, valves, cocks, etc.

4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.

5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date.

6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company.

7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).

8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).

9. The goods are at your disposal.

10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).

11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it is probable that it will not last.

12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.

13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.

14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran) carriage forward.

15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.

[Footnote 120: Or: =que nada mas=.]

LESSON XVIII.
(Leccion decima octava.)

Transitive Verbs.

A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object.

=Transitive Verbs= are divided into—

=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action), as—

Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of services.

=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as—

Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.

The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb ser as above, or by using the =active voice= with the pronoun se, as—

Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.

Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing, as—

Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.

Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as—

Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.

Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very frequently.

"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater clearness, as—

Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a person or place, must be preceded by a, as—

Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William.
Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France.

[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."]

[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as:
Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]

A is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] as—

Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.

[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the word).]

But a should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as—

Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.

Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez to our manufacturer.

A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as—

Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.

Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in his undertaking.

Verbs whose root ends in ll or n take =e= and =o= instead of ie and io, as—

[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]

Verbs in whose conjugations i should come =unstressed= between two vowels change the unstressed i into =y=, as—

+—————————————————+ | =Creer= (to believe). | +—————————————————+ |Pres. Part., Creyendo. | |Past Def., Creyo … creyeron.| +—————————————————+

But the Imperf. Indic.: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, creian.

Verbs ending in zar change the z into =c= before =e= (because, with very few exceptions, z is not used in modern Spanish before e or i), as—

+————————————————————————————-+ | =Gozar= (to enjoy). | +————————————————————————————-+ |Pres. Subj., Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen.| |Past. Def., Goce … | +————————————————————————————-+

Vocabulary.

=abedul=, birch =abeto=, fir =adjunto=, herewith =agradable=, agreeable, pleasant =arpillera=, bagging =asegurar=, to insure =atribuir=, to attribute =el billar=, billiards =bola=, ball =calzado=, footwear =camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads =carne seca=, jerked beef =chalecos=, vests =consignacion=, consignment =correas=, belts, belting (machinery) =corresponsal=, correspondent =egoista=, selfish =encaminar=, to forward =entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships) =fresno=, ash =garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas =a grande velocidad=, by passenger train =guisantes=, green peas =habas=, broad beans =haya=, beech =hortalizas=, green vegetables =instruir=, to instruct =judias=, French beans =laton=, brass =la leche=, the milk =loza=, crockery =a pequena velocidad=, by slow train =pino=, pine =plomo=, lead =porcelana=, china =productos quimicos=, chemicals =roble, encina=, oak =rotura=, breakage =semestre=, half-year =suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out =tacos=, billiard-cues =el viaje=, the journey =zinc=, zinc

Exercise 1 (35).

Translate into English—

1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la mejor manera posible.

2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well).

3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables) formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola.

4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion.

5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la nueva ley.

6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos por metro.

7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron.

8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de ellas.

9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos atribuyen intenciones egoistas.

10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo Domingo y la Habana.

11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya.

12. He visitado a Espana.

[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally hervir. Bullir is given as an example of the conjugation.]

Exercise 2 (36).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and oak.

2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our disposal.

3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads.

4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas.

5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas en latas).

6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues.

7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week.

8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each other pleasanter letters.

9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average (franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of 4%.

10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage in your last shipment of clocks and watches.

11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by passenger train, the remainder of the articles.

LESSON XIX.
(Leccion decima nona.)

Intransitive Verbs.

Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."

The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of the same person= all through, as—

=Quejarse= (to complain).

Pres. Indic., Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan.

Fut. Indic., Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc.

These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on the doer itself, as—

Yo me amo: I love myself.

Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=.

=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds—

1. Those which are always pronominal, as—

[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference between Transitive and Intransitive.]

2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified or more or less modified, as—

3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as—

Estar, estarse (to be)
Quedar, quedarse (to remain)
Casar (con), casarse (con), (to marry)
Pensar, pensarse (to think)
Yo pienso, or me pienso que si (I think so)
Me escapo de la memoria or (it escaped my memory).
Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory).

In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can teach.

=Irregular Verbs=.

We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the
Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary
Tenses from which they are derived[127]—

[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the end.]

[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]

Vocabulary.

=agitarse=, to agitate (n.) =algo=, something, anything (interrog.) =amenaza=, threat =anticipacion=, anticipation =anticipar=, to anticipate =anticipo=, advance =arduo=, arduous, difficult =baja=, decline =bajo cubierta=, underdeck =botones=, buttons =callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying =camaradas=, comrades =cepillo=, brush =cinta=, ribbon =cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short =damascos=, damasks =definitivo=, definite =descuidar=, to neglect =ejecutar=, to execute =encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace =espantarse=, to be frightened =estiva=, stowage =*imponer=, to impose =impuesto=, imposed =lienzo adamascado=, diaper =pasas=, raisins =patronos=, masters, employers of workmen =prisa=, haste, hurry =*producir=, to produce =produje=, I produced =produjeron=, they produced =razon= (=a razon de=), at the rate of =reglamento=, regulations =sobre cubierta=, on deck =sobre estadias=, demurrage =sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself =tonelada=, ton =*traer=, to bring, to carry =traje=, I brought, I carried =tranquilo=, quiet =uvas=, grapes =vista= (=a la=), at sight

Exercise 1 (37).

Translate into English—

1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los Patronos.

2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas.

3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo.

4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire.

5.?Porque rie V.?

6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.

7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos.

8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.

9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un acuerdo comun y definitivo.

10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).

11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar.

12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar.

Exercise 2 (38).

Translate into Spanish—

1. You have anticipated my wishes.

2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve).

3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) of large orders.

4. To pay in anticipation.

5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, or agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain.

6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.

7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at sight.

8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).

9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo).

10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, 600 under and 200 on deck.

11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage.

12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.

13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120.

14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?)

15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, ribbons, buttons, and brushes.

LESSON XX.
(Leccion vigesima.)

Impersonal Verbs.

Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. sing, of all the tenses.[129]

[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject.]

The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are—

Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains)
Granizar (to hail)
Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes)
Lloviznar (to drizzle)
Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows)
Relampaguear (to lighten)
Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders)
Alborear (to dawn)
Amanecer (to dawn)
Anochecer (to grow dark)

The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is ello. Sometimes we find the words Dios or el dia expressed as subjects, as—

Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall see.

Amanecio el dia: The day dawned.

Amanecer and anochecer may be used as personal verbs, as—

Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.

Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but you had a bad morning.

Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as—

Bastar (to suffice).
Convenir (to suit).
Parecer (to appear).
Faltar[130] (to be wanting).
Hacer falta (to be wanted).
Suceder[131] (to happen).

[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."]

[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."]

Examples—

Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.

No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.

No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way.

Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.

Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy.

In the sentences:

Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me.
Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right.
Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.

the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.

The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as—

(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.

Of Haber and Hacer as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson
VIII and Lesson XVI.

We add here that Hacer is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as—

Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, windy, sunny, etc.

Valer used impersonally = "to be better," as—

Mas vale asi: It is better so.

Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.

[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in o in the 1st pers. sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy (I see), He (I have), Se (I know).]

Vocabulary.

=algo=, somewhat =asunto=, matter =calor=, heat =carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams =cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain =cheques=, cheques =circular=, to circulate, to go round =cobrar=, to collect (money) =comprometer=, to compromise =costa=, coast =cuesta=, slope =cuidar=, to take care =cuidarse=, to take care of oneself =decididamente=, decidedly =decidir=, to decide =despues=, afterwards =drogas=, drysalteries =durante=, during =faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted =el fin=, the end =fustanes=, fustians =gasa=, gauze =gastos=, expenditure =ingresos netos=, net revenue =jamon=, ham =letras=, bills of exchange =maiz=, maize =malbaratar=, to undersell =mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets =merceria=, haberdashery =paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll =puerto=, port, harbour =recursos=, means =*reducir=, to reduce =reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc. =reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc. =*seguir=, to follow, to continue =sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc. =el temporal=, the storm =*valer mas=, to be preferable =vencer=, to fall due =vidriado=, glassware

Exercise 1 (39).

Translate into English—

1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio.

2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo or soplo (blew) viento fuerte.

3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable.

4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia (the livelong day).

5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo estas condiciones.

6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente.

7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar los generos.

8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a comprometer su credito.

9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw) roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into) este puerto.

10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz.

11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to) nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia posible (which preclude …).

12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, gasas, y carranclanes.

Exercise 2 (40).

Translate into Spanish—

1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.—The net revenue for the half-year from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against (contra) L743,077 in 1909.

2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714.

3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta tarde) until next Monday morning.

4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small.

5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja) during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day.

6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion) during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril).

7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market.

8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed.

9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a bankrupt.

10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the money in full (por entero).

11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided not to take (dar) any steps in the matter.

12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el caldero).[133]

13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery.

14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida).

15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries.

16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo).

[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.]

LESSON XXI.
(Leccion vigesima primera.)

Defective and Pronominal Verbs.

=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it.

The principal ones are—

Soler. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, etc., as—

En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco—ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a little.

Yacer. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies.

(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.)

Salve and Vale used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!"

Placer (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God).

It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo").

Examples—

Mucho me place: It pleases me much.

Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a strike is not declared.

Abolir (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes o into ue when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as—

Digo que =se debe abolir= instead of =se abuela=: I say that it must be abolished.

Ataner (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as—

Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject.

Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our scheme.

Concerner (to concern) is only used in the pres. participle—concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: concierne (it concerns), etc.

=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun of the same person, as—

Amarse—Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, vosotros os amais, ellos se aman.

These are—

1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See Lesson XVIII), as—Yo me amo: I love myself.

N.B.—The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as—

Procurarse una clientela: To get a clientele (a connection).

2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX).

3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive (see Lesson XIX), as—

Hacerse, Volverse: To become.

La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible.

4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb ser, as—

La sabiduria se alaba or es alabada: Wisdom is praised.

N.B.—If the doer is expressed after using ser it may be preceded by de or por, as—

La sabiduria es alabada de or por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by all.

[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action de is preferable.]

If it is expressed after using se, =Por= must be used, as—

La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of the Academy.)

Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of the body, or articles of dress,[135] as—

Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg.

Se ha danado los ojos, or la vista: He has damaged his eyes or eyesight.

[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, whenever this can be done without producing ambiguity, as—

Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand.
Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue.
Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm.
Me duele la cabeza: My head aches.
Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.]

=Irregular Verbs= (contd.).

[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)]

[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)]

Vocabulary.

=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt =ascensor=, lift, hoist =bien estar=, well being =coleccion=, collection, set of samples =confiar a=, to entrust =confiar en=, to trust in =corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements =corriente, el que rige=, inst. =cucharas=, spoons =cuchillo=, knife =cueros=, hides =*deshacerse=, to get rid of =deshecho=, got rid of =distrito=, district =empacar=, to pack =empaque, etc=., I packed, etc. =*establecerse=, to establish oneself =me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc. =fantasias=, fancies =herramientas=, tools =manga=, sleeve =*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter =manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc. =moeres=, mohair =nanquines=, nankeens =pieles=, skins =planchas de hierro=, sheet iron =principio=, beginning =telas para trajes= (=de Senora=), dress goods =tenedores=, forks =*torcer=, to twist =tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc. =vale=, farewell, adieu =viajante=, traveller (commercial) =viajar=, to travel =vivamente=, earnestly, vividly

Exercise 1 (41).

Translate into English—

1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y Herramientas.

2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento (may be fully realised)!

3.?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto?

4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure).

5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley.

6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (not se abuela).

7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente.

8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (or por) todos pero nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not over-scrupulous).

9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles.

10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta perdida como temiamos.

11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en casa guardando cama (in bed).

12.?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio?

13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange Review).

14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido!

Exercise 2 (42).

Translate into Spanish—

1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit.

2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. with note of purchase we are to make on (de or por) your account, and we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next.

3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer.

4. Stripes and checks.—Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not be ready for (antes de) another fortnight.

5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre).

6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value (valor al) 15th inst.

7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention.

8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies.

9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope they will meet your requirements.

Hoping to receive a favourable reply,
Yours faithfully,
SMITH AND Co.

Prices are (van or estan) marked on (en) the samples.
S. & Co. (Vale).[138]

[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.]

LESSON XXII.
(Leccion vigesima segunda.)

The Moods.

Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in which an action is viewed or stated.

There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz., the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative.

The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood.

The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as—

El leer es util: To read is useful.
Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read.

The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el leer" (or "la lectura").

The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may have a passive meaning, as—

Una consignacion a hacer or also a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment to be made.

The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may be used instead of the Finite
Mood introduced by "if," as—

A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once that report. The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies =duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is very rarely found with "to come," as—

Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those
Blankets and Tickings which I like.

Grita: He is shouting.

Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us.

Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect.

Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office.

A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. without a Preposition, as—

Al ir _(or _yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange.

Exception—

After en we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning—e.g.

En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out.

"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico"; but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la persona que funcionaba (not funcionando) de arbitro."

After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the
Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as—

[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning.

Intento (or pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the
house.
Le veo pasar: I see him passing.
"My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir or el
haber venido yo," etc.]

The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as—

Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went.

Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he posted them.

Vocabulary.

=abogado=, lawyer, barrister =bombas de aire=, air pumps =*contribuir=, to contribute =contribuyo, etc=., I contribute =convenio=, agreement =desperdiciar=, to waste =diseno=, design =embajador=, ambassador =empenos=, obligations, engagements =estacion, temporada=, season =Estados Unidos=, United States =excelentemente=, excellently =forma=, shape =forros=, linings =gorras=, caps =*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) =honrar=, to honour =locomotora=, locomotive =malgastar=, to waste, to squander =Navidad=, Christmas =necesitar, desear=, to require =paso= step =*poner en conocimiento=, to inform =ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree =pormenores=, particulars =presupuesto=, estimate =proyectar=, to project, to plan =representar=, to represent, to act for =rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat) =secretario=, secretary =senado=, senate =someter=, to submit =supondre, etc=., I shall suppose, etc. =*suponer=, to suppose =supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc. =supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc. =tarea=, task =tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty =varar=, to ground (a ship) =variedad=, variety =vendre, etc=., I shall come, etc. =vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc. =*venir=, to come =vine, etc=., I came, etc.

Exercise 1 (43).

Translate into English—

1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success) de una casa comercial.

2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar.

3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido el credito.

4.?Que hace V.?

5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall come out) con V.

6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle.

7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana.

8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos.

9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas condiciones.

10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos.

11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de Navidad.

12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria.

Exercise 2 (44).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente or bien) treated.

2. Silk and Cotton Linings.—We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).

3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.

4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.

5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season.

6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received (luego que las reciban).

7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up (mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.

8. Are you going to Spain this year?

9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.

10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que nos envie) a copy of the report.

11. Did you hear him saying that?

12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.

LESSON XXIII.
(Leccion vigesima tercera.)

THE MOODS (contd.).

The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=.

The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the
Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=.

The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as—

Habla tu: Speak thou.
Hablad vosotros: Speak ye or you.

The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from the Present Subjunctive.[141]

In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes apparent by the use of Que, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as—

Escribalo el or Que lo escriba el: Let him write it.

There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]

[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; (auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]

[Footnote 141: With only one exception—
=Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.—Vayamos. 1st pers. pl.,
Imperative—Vayamos or vamos (more used).]

[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]

=The Subjunctive Mood=.

This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs "may," "might," "should," "would."

=Note=.—The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the English construction.

General Rule.

The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as—

Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come.
Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go.

And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner (i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the mind), as—

Yo declare que el vino (or vendria): I say that he came or that he would come. Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come. Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, or would come.

Special Rules.

I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.

EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the
Subjunctive Mood—

aconsejar (to advise) alegrarse de que (to be glad that) avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) conceder (to grant) conseguir (to obtain) desear (to desire) esperar (to hope) evitar (to avoid) impedir (to hinder) mandar (to order) querer (to wish) rogar (to ask, to beg) sentir (to regret) temer (to fear) confiar en que (to trust)

N.B.—(a) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the
Infinitive Mood, as—

Deseo que venga: I wish him to come.
Deseo venir: I wish to come.

(b) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative may be used instead of the Subjunctive.

Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it.
Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.

Vocabulary.

=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige =almacenero, dependiente de almacen=, warehouseman =celebrar=, to be glad of =colorido=, colouring =*complacer=, to oblige =complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. =(el) cortapluma=, penknife =cortesmente=, politely =coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance =*dar las gracias=, to hank =demora=, delay =*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence =deplorar=, to deplore =dictados=, dictates =en seguida=, at once =franco de averia particular=, free of particular average =*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance =intereses=, interests =justificarse=, to justify oneself =mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly =navajas de afeitar=, razors =obrar=, to act =patines=, skates =primer dependiente=, chief clerk =propio=, own =*rogar=, to beg, to request =ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. =sin novedad=, safe and sound =tela para pantalones=, trousering =tijeras=, scissors

Exercise 1 (45).

Translate into English—

1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores.

2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route) que hemos adoptado para sus envios.

3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.

4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods).

5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly).

6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun los dictados de su propia conciencia.

7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare.

8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.

9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).

10. Explicate para que te entienda.

11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).

12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).

13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario.

[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]

Exercise 2 (46).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We should like to do more business with your firm.

2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.

3. He would do well to write it to them.

4. Let him write at once.

5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care of yourself.

6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is doing a successful (buenos) business.

7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.

8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty.

9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated (estipulado).

10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you to realise a substantial (buena) profit.

11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.

12. Order them to do it quickly.

13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.

14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced (nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without delay.

15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your interests.

16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f.p.a.[144]

17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]

[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]

[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]

LESSON XXIV.
(Leccion vigesima cuarta.)

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (contd.).

II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as

Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it.
Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.

Exceptions—

1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as—

Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it.

2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following constructions are correct—

Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done
Es necesario que se haga: It must be done

III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations—-

Antes que (before)
En caso que (in case)
De miedo que (lest)
Por mas que (however much, although)
Sin que (without)
Para que (so that)
A menos que (unless)
Salvo que (except that)
Con tal que (provided that)
Sea que (whether … or)
Aunque (even if)

IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present—

Despues que (after)
Aunque (although)
De modo que (so that)
No obstante que (notwithstanding)
Cuandoquiera que (whenever)
Hasta que (until)
Luego que (as soon as)
Quienquiera que (whoever)
Comoquiera que (however)
Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever)
Dondequiera que (wherever)
El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that)
El unico que (the only one that)
El solo que (the only one that)
El ultimo que (the last that)
Nada que (nothng that)
Ninguo, nadie que (no one that)
El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)

E.g.—

Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his father remained content.

Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your father may remain content.

Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do his work.

No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may do his work.

The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as a fact= or as =a mere conception=.

V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after cuando, asi como, luego que and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, as—

Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.

N.B.—The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.

VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after si (conditional if) when the context requires the following verb in the past form, as—

Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.

N.B.—If the context requires the verb in the present form, the
Indicative Present must be used, as—

Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.

Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.

When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future
Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as—

Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.

VII. After como the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily, as—

Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.

Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him.

VIII. After creer, pensar, opinar, and similar verbs, the following verb is generally in the Indicative; but after no creer, etc., the verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After creer, etc., used interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.

Vocabulary.

=abaca=, Manilla hemp =calcetines=, half-hose, socks =canamo=, hemp =cancelar=, to cancel =coger=, to catch *=conseguir=, to succeed in =contado (al)=, (in) cash =dificultad=, difficulty =un dineral=, a mint of money =encogerse=, to shrink =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =la gente=, the people =mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance =medias=, stockings, hose =ocurrir=, to happen =perfeccionar=, to perfect =persona=, person =por mas que=, however much, whatever *=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try =pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. *=reconvenir=, to reprimand =repasar=, to look over *=saber=, to know =se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. =sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, *=ser menester=, to be necessary =telefonear=, to telephone =trabajo=, work =yute=, jute

Exercise 1 (47).

Translate into English—

1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestion.

2. Es cierto que se acabara.

3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea.

4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura.

5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber (to fulfil his duty).

6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake).

7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.

8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.

9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the meantime) llegue su remesa.

10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).

11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.

12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.

13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare.

14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (imp. subj. of venir) despues con quejas.

15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.

16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion.

Exercise 2 (48).

Translate into Spanish—

1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.

2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.

3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.

4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching (en el blanqueo).

5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more.

6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) did his work so that his employer was satisfied.

7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without difficulty.

8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put (dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.

9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.

10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and he will be the last to go (a salir).

11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los dedos).

12. He was the only one who understood us.

13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.

14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.

15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make (es seguro que hara) a mint of money.

16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, Manilla hemp and jute.

LESSON XXV.
(Leccion vigesima quinta.)

The Tenses.

The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated.

=Present—=

The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si."

"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo."

"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."

=Past—=

The English language has one form of Simple Past—I wrote.

In Spanish this is translated by—

Yo escribia (Imperf. Indic.) or

Yo escribi (Past Definite), according to sense.

It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish.

The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] describes an action or state which was present when another past action took place, or another past state existed.

[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.]

The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] narrates an event.[148]

[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the
Historical Past).]

[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is grammatically also an event.]

Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to "one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period.

The following examples will show clearly the different functions of these two tenses—

Le escribi una vez (or dos o tres veces) mientras el viajaba en Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he travelled[149] in Argentina.

[Footnote 149: Travelled—was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we would also have the progressive form—"estaba viajando."]

Encontre a Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] a black frock-coat.

[Footnote 150: Wore—was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form "estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is no real progressive action.]

Hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en Chile: I had a large business when I resided in Chili.

Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The
Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people.

El estaba alli cuando yo llegue: He was there when I arrived.

El leia al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I entered the lawyer's office.

En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada dia: In England I worked (used to work) eight hours a day.

[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: "Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent "solia":—"Solia trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).]

Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to receive) our pay.

Ayer cerre el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract.

Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged.

Trabaje en Inglaterra 5 anos[152]; Vivi dos anos en Londres y tres en Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and three in Manchester.

[Footnote 152: This is "a period of time," but it is definite.]

As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or state is described as "existing in the past."

Vocabulary.

=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full =acorazado=, iron-clad =ajo=, garlic =alerta=, on the alert, on the look out =brisa=, breeze =cebollas=, onions =conducta=, conduct, behaviour =contrabando=, contraband =cosecha=, harvest, harvest-time, crop *=dar en el clavo=, to hit it =datiles=, dates =encogido=, shrivelled, shrunk =fruta=, fruit =granadas=, pomegranates =guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials =higos=, figs =inmaturo=, verde, unripe =limones=, lemons =llevar=, to carry, to wear =matute=, smuggling =mirar=, to look =moscatel=, muscatel grapes =naranja=, orange i=ojo=! attention! =olvidar=, to forget =pasas de Corinto=, currants =podrido=, rotten =por decirlo asi=, so to say, as it were *=querer decir=, to mean =recobrar=, to recover =reprensible=, objectionable =resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly =sinnumero=, a large number, innumerable =travesia=, journey by sea

Exercise 1 (49).

Translate into English—

1. Cuando yo era mas joven y me gustaba viajar, hacia la travesia de Liverpool a Las Palmas todos los anos.

2. Estuve alli la ultima vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi salud, pero como viaje de negocios tambien tuvo muy buen exito.

3. No habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta competencia en ese comercio.

4. Cuando llego el buque a La Coruna habia un sinnumero de guardias aduaneras alerta, pues se decia que llevaba muchos generos de contrabando.

5.?Que quiere decir genero de matute?

6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero o contrabandista es el que introduce tales generos.

7. No sabia esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidare.

8.?Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el imperfecto?

9. Perfectamente y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras—El uno es pasado, pasado y nada mas, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo asi; imire V.! "Encontre a Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero blanco"; pasado hoy, presente entonces;?que le parece a V.?

10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho.

11. Y ahora iojo! en la aplicacion y ino olvidar!

Exercise 2 (50).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable.

2. And I do also.

3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and grapes from Seville?

4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from Valencia as well.

5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting?

6. They are.

7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is glutted with fruit.

8. He is my friend and I am his.

9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at harvest time.

10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates were sold by auction.

11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time (hacia mucho tiempo que).

12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, or was blowing (soplaba not estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste).

13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train.

14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was writing (escribia or estaba escribiendo) a letter.

15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed.

LESSON XXVI.
(Leccion vigesima sexta.)

THE TENSES (contd.).

Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo he comprado: I have bought).

According to the English rule, the Past Def. (or Preterite) should be used to narrate events which happened in the past, in a period of time which does not include the present moment as—

Yo lo compre el ano pasado: I bought it last year.

The Present Perfect (called in Spanish Preterito Compuesto) should be used when the period of time includes the present moment, as—

He fletado muchos buques: I have chartered many ships.

By following this rule students will always be correct, but we must notice that in Spanish we find the "Preterito compuesto" often used instead of the Past Definite—

1. When the period, although entirely past, is not defined, as—

Le ha facturado la quincalla: He invoiced him the smallware.

2. When although entirely past and definite, it is very recent, as—Se lo he dicho hace un momento: I told him a moment ago.

N.B.—Plegue a Dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha sido el pasado: May it please God that the year which commences to-day may be happier than the last has been (Grammar of the Academy).[153]

[Footnote 153: Here the Present Perfect is used in both languages, because the effects reach up to the present moment.]

The English Compound Past—"I had spoken"—is rendered by "yo habia hablado" or "yo hube hablado."

"Yo habia hablado" is in general use.

"Yo hube hablado" is used only after cuando, luego que, inmediatamente que; viz., when the action is represented as immediately preceding another.

N.B.—The Past Def. Simple may always take its place.

Cuando hube declarado mis intenciones, Cuando declare mis intenciones, se convencio—When I declared my intentions, he was convinced.

The =Future Indicative=, (as well as the =Conditional Mood=) are used in
Spanish oftener than in English to denote probability, as—

Habra 20 hombres aqui: I dare say there are 20 men here.

?Le habre dado este derecho? Have I, perchance, given him this right?

?Tendria miedo talvez? Was he afraid, perhaps?

The =Future Progressive=, is not used in Spanish when its place may be taken by the ordinary Future Simple, as—

Le escribire manana: I shall be writing him to-morrow.

But—

Cuando el venga yo estare escribiendo: When he comes I shall be writing.

The =Present Subjunctive= in Spanish refers to time present or future; for time future, its place may be taken by the future Subj. (little used).[154]

[Footnote 154: Except after "cuando" (but not in conversation), as—Se lo dire cuando venga or cuando viniere: I shall tell it him when he comes. The Fut. Subj. is also used (not in conversation) after si instead of Pres. Indic., as—Le servire si la ocasion se ofrece or se ofreciere: I shall serve him if the occasion presents itself.]

=Use of Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood=.

The verb in the Subj. Mood is put in the Present tense when the preceding verb is in the Pres. Indic., Future Indic. (simple) or Imperative, as—

Quiero que el lo haga: I want him to do it.
Querre " " ": I shall want " ""
Quiere tu " " ": Want (thou) " ""

Otherwise the verb in the Subjunctive is in the Imperfect tense.

N.B.—When the preceding verb is in the "preterito compuesto," e.g., "he dicho," when "he dicho" stands exactly for the English "I have told," it governs the Pres. Subj., as—

Le he dicho que se vaya: I have told him to go.

But if it stands for the English "I told," it governs the Imperfect
Subj., as

Le dije (he dicho) que se fuese: I told him to go.

When the preceding verb is in the Future Perfect, the verb in the Subjunctive may be put in the Present when its action does not refer to the past, as—

Habre querido que trabaje hoy o manana: I shall have (may have) wanted him to work to-day or to-morrow.

Vocabulary.

=*adquirir=, to acquire =alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to take or give on lease =arado=, plough =boni cacion, rebaja=, allowance =cargar=, to charge =ceder=, to yield, to sell, to cede, to warrant make over =cedula de aduana=, custom house =colmo=, climax, record =color firme, solido=, fast colour =contrarrestar=, to check =de otra manera=, otherwise =desarrollar=, to develop =emprestito=, loan =epoca=, epoch, period, time =explotar=, to exploit, to work =igualar, hermanar=, to match =*invertir=, to invest (money) =justificar=, to justify, to warrant =material rodante=, rolling stock (railway) =no bien=, as soon a | =pana (acordonada)=, cords (corduroy) =perspectivas=, prospects =piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) =puros, cigarros, tabacos=, cigars =quinta=, villa =rastrillos=, harrows =rechazar=, to reject =reja=, ploughshare =revocar=, contramandar, to countermand *=tener cuenta=, to pay, viz., to be advantageous =terreno=, land =traspaso=, goodwill =trilladora=, threshing-machine

Exercise 1 (51).

Translate into English—

1. Le he dado ayer las Cedulas de Aduana.

2. Le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por L500.

3. Le he dicho que los fondos (stocks), obligaciones, u otros valores cualesquiera (whatsoever) han de depositarse en manos seguras.

4. Yo le habia explicado que la Compania se habia constituido para comprar, alquilar (take on lease) o adquirir de otra manera y explotar y desarrollar cualesquier minas o terrenos metaliferos; pero no bien le hube anunciado (or le anuncie) que se trataba de terrenos situados en el Asia Menor, se rehuso a tomar las acciones que le habia ofrecido.

5. Es que tendria sus razones.

6. Habia unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja.

7. Deseo que V. invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano pasado que V. lo invirtiese en el Emprestito del Gobierno Austriaco (Austrian).

8. Le dire que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas de repuesto, los rastrillos, y las trilladoras.

9. Tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga.

10. Si, le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha falta, hemos excedido la epoca fijada para la entrega y no nos tendria cuenta que la Sociedad Agricola nos los rechazara.

Exercise 2 (52).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We wrote them nothing to warrant such action.

2. I warranted him (garantizar) this would not be repeated.

3. The cloth was warranted fast colour.

4. He resorted to extreme means in order to bring about (llegar a) a solution of the difficulty.

5. In the past year the climax of prosperity was reached.

6. Large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account of (a causa de) the feared political complications.

7. Velvet and Cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a view (a fin de) to check the downward (a la baja) tendency of prices.

8. I matched his sample and I secured the order.

9. Did you hear from your traveller lately?

10. They charged us too much, we can buy on spot (en el mercado) much cheaper.

11. Spot cotton (el algodon disponible) was quoted yesterday one point higher than the day before, but futures declined (bajaron) 3/32

12. Perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop (nueva cosecha) at present.

13. Do not be long (no tarde V.) in making up your mind (decidirse de) one way or the other.

14. No, I shall soon decide what to do, but I must have a little time for reflection. I cannot bind myself on the spot (al punto).

15. Some of the prints have grease spots (manchas de aceite) and we must refuse to accept them unless under (a menos que nos haga) a reasonable allowance.

16. He has a villa in a delightful spot (sitio) in the country (campo).

LESSON XXVII.
(Leccion vigesima septima.)

The Auxiliary Verbs.

Tener and haber are used for the English "to have," followed by an infinitive, as—

Tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de Enero: They have to finish the work for the end of January.

Hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia: We have to follow the advice of those expert in the matter.

In such cases Tener is followed by que and Haber by de.[155] The former indicates compulsion or necessity, the latter a moral or self-imposed duty.

Haber de translates also "to be to,"[155] as—

?Quien ha de hacer este viaje? Who is to go on this journey?

Tener de is used in threats—

Tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal: I shall take him before the court.

"Tener que hacer, que escribir, que comer" and similar expressions translate also "to have something to do, to write, to eat," as—

Hoy tengo que hacer: To-day I have something to do, I am busy.

Tengo mucho que hacer: I have much to do.

Tenemos que comer por todo el dia: We have something to eat which will suffice for the whole day.

Haber is used as a principal verb instead of Tener in—

Haber menester de algo: To need something.

He aqui el muchacho, etc.[156]: Here is the boy (behold the boy here, etc.).

Heme aqui or heteme[157] aqui, etc.: Here I am (behold me here, etc.).

It also survives in some legal phrases, as—

Fue habido el reo: The culprit was captured.

Los hijos habidos en su primera mujer: The children by his first wife.

And in some idioms, as—

Alla se las haya: That is his business.

Haberselas con uno: To dispute with anybody.

Tener translates the English "to be" in such phrases as—

Tener hambre, sed, sueno, calor, frio, vergueenza, and miedo: To be hungry, thirsty, sleepy, warm, cold, ashamed, and afraid.

Also speaking of age—

Tengo veinte anos: I am twenty years old.

[Footnote 155: In all these cases deber may be used instead.]

[Footnote 156: He—imperative mood of haber.]

[Footnote 157: The te is the "ethical dative" (which is much more used in Spanish than in English).]

And in—

Tener razon: To be right.

And—

No tener razon or Dejar de tener razon: To be wrong.

We said that the past participle when used with Tener agrees with the direct object, as—

Tengo leidas las cartas: I have read the letters.

But when there is no direct object, of course the past participle remains invariable, as—

Tengo entendido que….[158]: I have heard that….

[Footnote 158: This use of tener for haber, especially with no direct obj. following is in general to be avoided; in this example, however, "tengo entendido," the phrase has more force than "he entendido." It implies that the mind is full with the effect of the communication.]

[Footnote 159: Model verb for all those ending in cer or cir preceded by a vowel, except cocer (conj. like mover), mecer (reg.) and hacer. (Those ending in ducir are further irreg. in the Past Definite.)

Vocabulary.

=abrigar=, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) =acciones preferentes=, preference shares =agudo=, sharp, keen =aplazar=, to postpone =asistir=, to assist, to attend =atendible=, plausible =atrasado=, overdue =caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) =consabido=, in question, aforesaid =cuenta de venta=, account sale =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dejar sin efecto=, to cancel =delicado de salud=, in indifferent health =desfavorable, contrario=, unfavourable, adverse =*deshacerse de=, to part with =domicilio=, registered office of a company, also residence =en este momento=, at the present moment =ensayo=, trial, venture =equidad=, fair dealing =*haber menester=, to need =indemnizacion=, indemnity =junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors =liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. =medieria, articulos de punto=, hosiery =pagare=, promissory note, note of hand =palacio=, palace =plazo=, term =respiro=, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay =retirar=, to withdraw (los) =reunidos=, those present =*tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration =trabajar, *ir, a porfia=, to vie with each other =tramites de la ley=, legal means =viaje de ida=, outward voyage =viaje de vuelta=, inward voyage

Exercise 1 (53).

Translate into English—

1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podre dedicarme a la correspondencia.

2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendre de apelar a los tramites de la ley.

3. V. no habra menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro.

4. He aqui pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmara un pagare para fin de Febrero y queda entendido que no concedere despues ninguna extension del plazo.

5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dara los pasos necesarios y V. sera responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue).

6. La Compania Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad.

7. Dicha Sociedad tiene un capital de un millon de pesetas; la mitad en acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias.

8. Se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del Sr…. a la cual no asistio el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud.

9. Los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el 20 del corriente.

10. Fundandose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin efecto el pedido que nos habia confiado.

Exercise 2 (54).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly (un poquito) overdue.

2. We have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves.

3. Who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain of the ship?

4. If we want to withdraw the goods without producing (presentar) a B/L. we shall have to sign an indemnity (indemnidad).

5. We have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret the venture has not turned out as well as we expected.

6. We found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus (excesivas) stock, of which we had to dispose (disponer) at prices very much reduced.

7. We are unable to inform you to what extent (hasta que punto) you may calculate on (contar con) our remittance, as much will depend on circumstances over which we have no control (independientes de nuestra voluntad).

8. The rate (el tipo) of the insurance premium is 6/-per cent. on the outward and 5/-per cent. on the homeward voyage.

9. I very much question the advisability (dudo mucho la ventaja) of putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse circumstances have to be taken into consideration.

10. As a matter of fact (en efecto) most of us (la mayor parte de nosotros) think it would be better to reduce them somewhat (algo) now that competition is so keen.

11. They vie with each other in cutting prices down (reducir) with the result that profits are ridiculously low (irrisorios).

LESSON XXVIII.
(Leccion vigesima octava.)

The Adverbs.

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

The following are the principal Spanish adverbs—

Abajo (below)
Ademas (besides)
Adelante, delante (before, in point of place)
Ahora (now)
*Alrededor, *entorno (around)
Amenudo, a menudo (often)
*Antes (before, in point of time)
Antes, antes bien (rather)
Anoche (last night)
Anteanoche (the night before last)
Apenas, asi que (as soon as)
Aqui, aca (here, hither)
Alli, alla (there, thither)
De aqui, de alli (hence, thence)
Aun, todavia (still, yet)
Ayer (yesterday)
Anteayer (the day before yesterday)
Bastante (sufficiently)
Bien (well)
*Cerca (near)
*Debajo (under)
*Por debajo (underneath)
Demasiado (too, too much)
*Dentro (within)
*Despues (after, afterwards)
*Detras (behind)
Donde[160] (where)
En breve (shortly)
*Encima (upon, above)
*Enfrente (opposite)
Entonces (then)
*Fuera (outside)
Hacia (towards)
Hacia adelante (forwards)
Hacia abajo (downwards)
Hasta (till, until)
Hoy (to-day)
*Junto (next)
*Lejos (far)
Luego (presently, soon, then)
Manana (to-morrow)
Mal (badly)
Mas (more)
Mejor (better)
Menos (less)
Mientras (whilst)
Mientras tanto (in the meantime)
Mucho (much)
Muy[161] (very)
Nunca, jamas (never)
Ni … ni … (neither … nor …)
Ni tampoco (not either)
Peor (worse)
Pronto (soon)
Tal vez, acaso, quiza, quizas (perhaps)
Tan, asi (so)
Tanto (so much)
Tarde (late)
Temprano (early)
Ya[162] (already)

[Footnote 160: After verbs of motion also "a donde." After verbs of rest also "en donde."]

[Footnote 161: Used as in English, but always muy before a past part., as: Muy apreciado (much esteemed). Such phrases as "He is rich but not very" are translated "Es rico pero no mucho or tanto."]

[Footnote 162: Ya is also used for "now." "Ya no"—no longer.]

Those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the preposition de with the exception of junto, which governs these words through a.

Adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in English.

The English termination ly is rendered by =mente= added to the feminine form of the adjective, when this changes for the feminine.

Adverbs are compared like the adjectives, but the superlative relative of adverbs is formed with lo mas, and lo menos, as—

Es el mas rico: He is the richest.

Esta adornado lo mas ricamente posible: It is ornamented in the richest manner possible.

Es el menos exacto: He is the least exact.

Cotice lo menos que pueda: Quote the least you can.

Besides the primitive adverbs given in our list, there are many adverbial locutions—

a toda prisa (with all speed). a la espanola (in the Spanish fashion). a troche y moche, a trochimoche (in a slipshod way). con blandura (gently). de mala gana (unwillingly). de vez (or de cuando) en cuando (from time to time). tal cual vez (once in a while). un si es, no es (ever so little).

When an adverb is followed by a verb in English que must be inserted in Spanish before a finite mood and de before an infinitive, as—

Despues de venir (after coming).

Despues que vino (after he came).

The phrases "I say so," " I think it is (so)," "I do not think so," are rendered "Digo que si" (or "lo digo"), "Creo que si" (or "lo creo"), "Creo que no" (or "no lo creo").

Some adjectives are used adverbially, as in English, without the addition of mente, as—

Vender barato, caro (to sell cheap, dear).

Hablar alto, bajo (to speak loud, low).

When two or more adverbs ending in mente occur in the same sentence, the termination is added only to the last, as—

Escribe clara,[163] concisa[163] y elegantemente: He writes clearly, concisely and elegantly.

[Footnote 163: Notice "clara" and "concisa" in the feminine.]

=Caer= (to fall).

Pres. Ind., Caigo — — — — — Pres. Subj., Caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigais, caigan.

Vocabulary.

=a duras penas=, with great difficulty =a la larga=, m the long run =a medida que=, in proportion as =a mejor andar=, at best =a plazos=, in instalments =ajeno=, averse =apagado= extinguished, dull (colours) =*asentar=, to book (an order) =chillones=, gaudy, screaming (colours) =claro=, light (colours) =claro y redondo= (quite clearly) =columna=, column =con el corazon en la mano=, quite candidly =confeccionar=, to make up =*confesar=, to confess =conservas alimenticias=, preserves =definir=, to define (also to settle) =dificultad=, difficulty =ensayo=, trial, proof, venture =escoger=, to choose =exceder=, to exceed =facilidad=, ease, facility =fijo=, fixed, firm =fondos=, grounds (pictures, cloth) =gana= (=de buena, de mala=), willingly, unwillingly =ganga=, a bargain =langosta=, lobster =mariscos=, shell-fish =muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets =oscuro=, dark =paquete=, packet, parcel =*(no) poder menos de..=., not to be able to help =puntos=, points, spots (in prints) =restos=, remnants =sacar=, to pull out, to get out, to get back =sardinas=, sardines =satines brochados=, brocaded satins =serie=, series =sin mirar a gastos=, regardless of expense =sobrio=, quiet (colour) =solidez=, solidity =tomar a mal=, to take amiss =vivo=, vivid, bright (colours)

Exercise 1 (55).

Translate into English—

1. Tiene V. (there is) tanta variedad de dibujos que verdaderamente cuesta dificultad (it is difficult) el escoger entre disenos con flores, con puntos, con rayas, y cuadritos.

2. Con facilidad sin embargo (however) podra V. hacer un surtido entre las dos series que le enviamos, de fondos claros y oscuros, y de colores vivos, chillones, sobrios, y apagados.

3. Desde algun tiempo a esta parte tratan Vs. los negocios tan a trochimoche que ya no sabemos a que atenernos (what to think of it).

4. Hago esta consignacion de mala gana y le confieso claro y redondo que siguiendo V. a vender tan barato y a plazos tan largos no me tendra cuenta hacerle otros envios sino por su propia cuenta o contra pedidos fijos de los clientes.

5. Clara y concisamente es como se deben escribir las cartas comerciales.

6. A la par que Vs. (same as yourselves) no somos ajenos a la idea de hacer algun ensayo en la importacion de langosta, mariscos, sardinas, y conservas alimenticias, pero debemos ir a medias en cualquiera transaccion que se decida.

7. Creo que a duras penas sacara su dinero y a mejor andar tendra que perder todo su trabajo.

8. A medida que aumenten los ingresos se aumentaran los dividendos.

9. Recibira V. en paquete asegurado los nuevos muestrarios que se han confeccionado sin mirar a gastos.

10. Estos restos son una verdadera ganga y ademas, podra V. pagarlos al contado o a plazos largos (easy) como mas le convenga.

11. Dejaremos en suspenso su reclamo hasta definirlo personalmente en su proximo viaje a Inglaterra.

12. No puede menos de admitir (to admit) que a la larga esto no puede convenirme, y espero que V. no lo tome a mal que se lo exponga con el corazon en la mano.

Exercise 2 (56).

Translate into Spanish—

1. After writing you by last mail we are informed by the maker of the Brown Linens (lienzos morenos) that he will be able to book your order which will be delivered before the end of next month.

2. The Brocaded Satins will range between (costaran desde) 4d. and 5d. a yard, and we shall ship them within six weeks but only after receiving your letter confirming them.

3. These shapes are not worn (gastan, llevan) outside England.

4. Not far from here and next to the Bank there is the Insurance Office, which is much admired for its solidity and fine appearance.

5. It cost L20,000 and they never thought it would exceed half that amount.

6. Perhaps it is too large an outlay (gasto) for the Company, but there was no money wasted.

7. The columns in the porch have cost so much because they are of the best Carrara marble (marmol).

8. Whilst we admit that the prints sent may have been just a little bit (un si es no es) off shade (diferentes al color pedido) your claim is quite out of the question.

9. Towards the beginning of the autumn our Mr. So-and-So will make a trip (hara un viaje) to your place, and he will have the honour of waiting upon you (de visitarles) with our latest novelties (novedades).

10. You do not understand how it is possible that your neighbours are able to undersell you (vender mas bajo que V.), nor can we make it out (explicarnoslo) either.

LESSON XXIX.
(Leccion vigesima nona.)

The Prepositions.

Prepositions join words together to mark certain relations between them.

The principal prepositions are—

A (at, to)
Ante (before—in point of place)
Bajo (under)
Con (with)
Contra, en contra de (against)
De (of, from)
Desde (since, from)
En (in)
Entre (between, among)
Hacia (towards)
Hasta (till, as far as, even)
Para (for the purpose of, for, in order to)
Por (for, by, because of)
Segun (according to)
Sin (without)
Sobre (upon)
Tras, tras de (behind)
Para con (una persona),[164] (towards, with, a person)

[Footnote 164: "Fue muy generoso para conmigo": He was very generous with me.]

Many verbs take in Spanish a different preposition than in English. Some verbs take a preposition in one language and none in the other, as—

Depender de una promesa: To depend on a promise.
Convenir en una transaccion: To agree to a compromise.
Confiar en un desconocido: To trust a perfect stranger.
Regalarle un cheque: To present him with a cheque.

The use of the correct preposition according to the verb it follows is best learnt by practice. In the second part of the grammar, the student will be helped with a list of the most characteristic differences between the two languages. The Spanish construction is not quite so rigid in this respect as is the English.

Difference between de and desde both translating "from"—=De= mark the origin only, as:

Esta seda viene de Italia: This silk comes from Italy—it is Italian silk.

=Desde= calls attention to distance of time or space, as—

Desde el 1 deg. de Enero se establecio en comercio por cuenta propia: From the 1st of January, he started in business on his own account.

He viajado desde Londres hasta Calcuta en tantos dias: I travelled from
London to Calcutta in so many days.

The chief difficulty in the employment of the Spanish prepositions is the use of Por and Para—

=Por= is used—

1. To denote agency = by[165]; as—

Es tenido en gran cuenta por sus amigos: He is thought much of by his friends.

Este establecimiento fue fundado por mi bisabuelo: This establishment was founded by my great-grandfather.

[Footnote 165: After the passive voice of verbs denoting mental action when formed by ser, Por is elegantly substituted by De, as: Son amados por or de sus padres (they are loved by their parents). But: Se aman por sus padres.]

2. To denote the motive of an action, as—

Lo hizo por envidia: He did it for (out of) envy.

3. To denote equivalency of any kind, as—

Cinco peniques por libra: Fivepence for a pound—per pound.

Trocar un producto por otro: To exchange one product for another.

Considerar a uno bueno por L1,000: To consider somebody as good for
L1,000.

Por mejor le envie yo como viajante: I sent you to travel, holding you for a better man.

Tienda por tienda, prefiero esta: Of the two shops I prefer this.

4. To denote distribution, as—

Vinieron cinco por cinco: They came five by five.

=Para= is used—

1. To denote the object of an action (generally "to" or "in order to"), as—

Trabajo para ganarme la vida: I work to (in order to) earn my living.

2. To denote destination (or direction), as—

El tren sale para Valencia: The train leaves for Valencia.

Esta cedula es para el Sr. Fulano: This warrant is for Mr. So-and-So.

Voy para casa: I am going towards home.

Many idiomatic uses of Por and Para must be learnt by practice.

Vocabulary.

=abogar=, to plead =acceder=, to accede =afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble =ahorrar=, to save =ajuste=, adjustment =a la verdad=, really =altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundries =amarillo=, yellow, buff =amistad=, friendship =aparentar=, to show outwardly =aprovecharse=, to take advantage of, to avail oneself =aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near =automovil=, motor-car =azadas=, hoes =azadones=, pick-axes =azuelas=, adzes =bultos=, packages =cizallas=, shears =croquis=, sketch =disenador=, draughtsman =*disponer=, to dispose, to arrange =echar al correo=, to (throw into the) post =empeoramiento=, deterioration =en blanco=, blank =estancia=, stay =(un) fardin, un cuarto=, a farthing, a trifling amount =*forzar=, to force, to strain =hachuelas=, hatchets =hilar=, to spin =largo de talle=, full, complete =lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron =martillo=, hammer =molestia=, trouble =moratoria=, extension of time (for payment) =palas=, shovels =para= (=estar=), (to be) on the point of … =picos=, picks =plomo=, slate, lead colour =por= (=estar por escribir=), to be (yet) unwritten =prevision=, foresight =los sintomas=, the symptoms =suspender los pagos=, to stop payments =tejer=, to weave =tenazas=, tongs =textil=, textile =*trocar=, to barter, to exchange =yerno, hijo politico=, son-in-law

Exercise 1. (57)

Translate into English—

1. De Espana nos vienen las ricas uvas y las jugosas (juicy) naranjas, ademas de minerales—de hierro y cobre.

2. El viaje por mar desde Espana a Inglaterra tarda de cuatro a seis dias.

3. Desde el ano 1900 hasta el 1910 aumento mucho la poblacion del Reino Unido.

4. Los Altos Hornos de Bilbao se han construido para la produccion de lingotes de hierro.

5. La Sociedad reune poderosos elementos (commands great resources) para la fabricacion de toda clase de maquinaria para la hiladura y la tejeduria del algodon.

6. Los bultos se embarcaron directamente por los fabricantes mismos.

7. El empaque y el transporte cuestan lo mismo y precio por precio preferimos ahorrarnos molestias.

8. Por un falso sentido de honor aquella casa forzo su credito para no tener que pedir moratorias, dando esto por resultado el empeoramiento de su posicion.

9. Compre un automovil por L1,000 mas lo troque con este que vale a la verdad L1,500 dando solo L200 por la diferencia.

10. Disponga V. las piezas tantas por parte.

11. A una veintena por vez colocamos aquellos picos, palas, azadas, azadones, hachuelas, azuelas, martillos, cizallas, y tenazas.

12. Se presento por su yerno, abogo por el por una hora larga de talle, todo por su hija, pues por el chico (young man, lit., child) maldita la gana que tendria (he would not have liked the idea) de afanarse tanto por el.

13. Hare por colocar sus driles blancos, plomo, y amarillos (buff) para los cuales me dio orden verbal su Sr. hijo durante su estancia aqui y que se despacharan por (or por la via de) Burdeos y Cartagena.

14. Nuestro mercado sigue muy encalmado sin que por el momento presente sintomas de mejora.

15. La primera carta esta para echarse al correo pero la segunda y la tercera quedan aun por escribir.

Exercise 2 (58).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He offers a loan to avoid all risk that the house should fall.

2. It would not be possible for it to fall unless the Textile Bank should stop payments.

3. His office is opposite ours and we have him thus under our eyes.

4. With all the weight of the evidence (las pruebas) you have collected (recogido), it would be very risky to proceed against him from such a distance.

5. Between one thing and the other I did not know what to choose, so I left them to settle the matter between themselves.

6. These sketches have been made by our draughtsman for our customers, the owners of the Sugar Mill in Parahyba.

7. He did the work for the pleasure of it but would not (no quiso) charge a farthing for it.

8. The packets arrived two by two.

9. I accede willingly for the sake of old friendship (por la antigua amistad que nos une).

10. As the time of the year is drawing near when your firms effect their purchases in this country, we beg to address you to renew the offer of our services.

11. We shall be extremely glad if you will avail yourselves of our offers and send us orders for some of your requirements.

12. The adjustment of the average per S.S. "Nile" is still hanging fire (todavia pendiente), but we are pushing the Insurance Co. to our utmost (todo lo posible) for a speedy settlement.

13. For a (para) foreigner he understands English methods very well indeed.

14. Being (por ser) so young he shows a good deal of (mucho) tact and foresight.

LESSON XXX.
(Leccion trigesima.)

The Conjunctions and Interjections.

Conjunctions join sentences together; also independent words.

The principal conjunctions are—

*A menos que (unless)
A pesar de (in spite of)
Asi como (just as)
Asi que, de suerte que (so that)
*Afin de que, *Para que (that—in order that)
Aunque, bien que, si bien (although, even if)
*Bien … bien (whether … or)
Como (as)
*Con tal que (provided)
Con que (so)
*Cuando (if)
Mas, pero, empero[166] (but)
Sino (but—after a negative[167])
Ni … ni (neither … nor)
No sea que* (lest, also perhaps)
No obstante (nevertheless)
O … o[168] (either … or)
Ora … ora[168] (now … now—with indic. mood)
Porque, porque (why, because)
Portanto (therefore)
Puesto que[169] (seeing that)
Pues (since)
Que (that)
Si (if, whether)
Sin embargo (however, notwithstanding)
Segun (according)
Siquiera (at least, even)
Y[170] (and)
Ya … ya[171] (whether … or—with subj. mood)
Ya que (since, seeing that)

[Footnote 166: Empero is used same as pero at the beginning of a sentence.]

[Footnote 167: Unless a finite verb follows, as: No tengo dinero pero gozo de buena reputacion (I have no money but I enjoy a good reputation).]

[Footnote 168: Before words commencing with o or ho, it changes into u.]

[Footnote 169: In old Spanish it had the meaning of "even if."]

[Footnote 170: Before words commencing with i, also hi not followed by a vowel, use e, as: "Padre e hijo," but "Nieve y hielo."]

[Footnote 171: "Ora … ora" and "ya … ya" both mean "now … now" (with indic. mood), and "whether … or" (with subj. mood).]

The conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb in the Subjunctive Mood.

The English "either" is generally left understood, as—

Exportaciones o importaciones: Either exports or imports.

"Either" following a negative—tampoco, as—

No quiero comprar Titulos de Gobierno ni Obligaciones de Ferrocarriles tampoco: I do not wish to buy Government Stock, nor Railway Stocks either.

=Interjections=, being mere exclamations, do not stand in grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence.

They are elliptical sentences, as—

iOh! (I am surprised, etc.).

The principal Interjections in Spanish are the following—

caramba, caspita (these express practically all kinds of emotions) ay[172] (oh! grief or threat) bah, ca, quia (humph!) ce, hola, ola (I say!) chito, chiton (shut up!) cuidado, iojo! (attention! look out!) ea (come!) he (hey) huy (oh! physical pain) ojala (oh, that) por Dios (for heaven's sake) tate, zape (what! (surprise)) tonterias (nonsense!) uf (oh! weariness or fatigue)

[Footnote 172: This can govern a noun or pronoun, as—iAy de mi! Woe to me! iAy de Pedro! Woe to Peter!]

As well as Ah or Ha, Oh or O as in English, and many words used as exclamations, as—

iSilencio! icalle! icalle la boca (silence! hush! shut your mouth!) ivamos! (much used), (come! come now!) ique lastima! (what a pity!) ipoco a poco! (gently, Sir!) iheteme[173] aqui! (here I am!) ihetelos[173] aqui! (here they are, etc.)

[Footnote 173: Te—ethical dative.]

Vocabulary.

=aficionado (a)=, fond of =aflojar=, to relax =ansioso=, eager =*apetecer=, to desire, to covet =bastante bien=, fairly well =berzas, coles= (f.), cabbages =buscar=, to look for, to search =buscarse=, to bring upon oneself =cauteloso, cauto=, cautious =conexiones=, connections, couplings (machinery) =contrincante=, neighbour, competitor =detenidamente=, fully =disturbado, transtornado=, disturbed, upset =engranajes=, gearings =escala=, scale =hortelano=, fruit gardener =inquilino=, tenant =ir a=, to lead to =llantas=, tyres =*moler=, to grind =operaciones=, operations, dealings =perro=, dog =plaza=, market place, square, place =*poner al corriente=, to inform =refran=, proverb =repentino=, sudden =resortes=, springs (mach.) =sosa=, soda =tambores=, drums =traspapelado=, mislaid (of papers)

Exercise 1 (59).

Translate into English—

1. A menos que los giros vengan acompanados de los conocimientos y facturas comerciales y consulares (invoices and consular invoices) no los recogeremos.

2. Le remito poder en forma (regular power of attorney) para que V. pueda representarme y hacer mis veces ahi.

3. Cuando me pague lo que me debe veremos lo que proceda hacer (what ought to be done).

4. V. no hace mencion en su atenta de los engranajes, conexiones, llantas y resortes de nuestro pedido 2 del que rige, no sea que se haya traspapelado nuestra orden.

5. Para comprar barato no hay sino que pagar puntualmente sus facturas.

6. Aunque es hombre muy dificil de tratar, sus ordenes son muy apetecidas de los fabricantes porque su palabra una vez empenada (pledged) es oro molido (as good as gold).

7. Aunque me pagara mas no se lo daria pues ya tengo empenada mi palabra.

8. Asi como le vio le puso al corriente de las circunstancias.

9. Con tal que el mercado afloje un tantico procurare plazar su orden para 50 tambores de sosa, a su limite.

10. Con que nuestros contrincantes se porten con lealtad no tenemos derecho de quejarnos de su competencia.

11. Segun lo prueba la experiencia mas vale ir cautelosos en aquellos mercados.

12. No deseo buscarme molestias ni meterme en camisa de once varas (meddle in other people's business).

13. Hace como el perro del hortelano que no come las berzas ni las deja comer.

14. iCaramba!?Se viene V. con refranes en una gramatica comercial?

15. iCalle, hombre! Todos los caminitos van a la plaza (all roads lead to Rome); los espanoles son muy aficionados a los refranes.

Exercise 2 (60).

Translate into Spanish—

1. These 200 pieces will not go in that case, it is too small.

2. I do not think they will, either.

3. I cannot say anything before I see the result, but I shall be able to tell you something definite to-morrow.

4. Not being able to compete, he has withdrawn from the market.

5. I could not confirm the agreement last week.

6. I believe I could buy a parcel of wheat cheaper to-day unless there should be a sudden rise.

7. In spite of all his efforts, he was obliged to file his petition.

8. Although the market here is firm, we have hopes (esperamos) that prices will relax in view of the bearish tone (tendencia a la baja) shown in the Liverpool market yesterday.

9. The enclosed pattern is rather (algo) poor; still, as it appears to sell well in Central Africa, I should be glad if you would see your way (decidirse) to manufacture it at our price.

10. The new presses (prensas) work fairly well; there is, however, room (lugar) for improvement, and our engineer will write you fully on some proposed modifications.

11. He signed the documents without even (siquiera) reading them, so upset was he by the news the mail had just brought him; therefore we shall be obliged if you will kindly send them back for his perusal and return (para que los examine y se los envie otra vez).

12. Provided you take a lease of these premises (tome en arriendo este local) for a period of ten years, I shall make the necessary alterations, since I am very eager to have you as a tenant.

13. Although the demand for money is no longer so strong, the market is still under the control (dominio) of the Bank of England, to which it is now indebted for (debe) a considerable amount, and dealings are but on a comparatively small scale.

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