Selections From Finnish Literature
N.B. When a rule is cited by a number, this refers to the numbered phonetic rules from page 6 to page 18.
Pyhän Johanneksen Evangeliumi
1. Alussa1 oli2 Sana3 ja4 se5 Sana3 oli2 Jumalan6 tykönä7 ja4 Jumala6 oli2 se5 Sana3.
2. Tämä8 oli2 alussa1 Jumalan6 tykönä7.
3. Kaikki9 ovat10 sen11 kautta12 tehdyt13 ja4 ilman14 sitä15 ei16 ole16 mitään17 tehty16 joka18 tehty13 on19.
4. Hänessä20 oli2 elämä21 ja4 elämä21 oli2 ihmisten22 valkeus23.
5. Ja4 se5 valkeus23 pimeydessä24 paistaa25 jota26 ei27 pimeys24 käsittänyt27.
6. Yksi28 mies29 oli30 lähetetty30 Jumalalta31 jonka32 nimi33 oli2 Johannes34.
7. Se35 tuli36 siitä37 valkeudesta38 todistamaan39 että40 kaikki9 uskoisivat41 hänen42 kauttansa43.
8. Ei44 hän45 ollut44 se5 valkeus23 mutta46 hän45 oli30 lähetetty30 valkeudesta38 todistamaan39.
9. Se35 oli2 totinen47 valkeus23 joka18 valistaa48 kaikki9 ihmiset49 jotka50 maailmaan51 tulevat52.
10. Se35 oli2 maailmassa53 ja4 maailma54 on19 hänen42 kauttansa43 tehty13 jä4 ei55 maailma54 häntä56 tuntenut55.
11. Hän45 tuli36 omillensa57 ja4 ei58 hänen42 omansa60 häntä56 ottaneet58 vastaan59.
12. Mutta46 niille61 jotka50 hänen42 ottivat62 vastaan59, antoi63 hän45 voiman64 Jumalan6 lapsiksi65 tulla66 jotka50 uskovat67 hänen42 nimensä68 päälle69;
13. Jotka50 ei70 verestä71 eikä70 lihan72 tahdosta73 ei70 myös74 miehen75 tahdosta73 mutta46 Jumalalta76 syntyneet77 ovat77.
14. Ja4 sana3 tuli78 lihaksi79 ja4 asui80 meidän81 seassamme82 (ja4 me83 näimme84 hänen42 kunniansa85 niinkuin86 ainoan87 Pojan88 kunnian89 Isästä90) täynnä91 armoa92 ja4 totuutta93.
The Gospel According to St. John, I. 1-14
1. In-the-beginning was the-Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
2. That was in-the-beginning with God.
3. All were made through Him, and without Him was not anything made which was made.
4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.
5. And that light shineth in-the-darkness, which the-darkness comprehended not.
6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.
7. He came to-bear-witness of-that light, that all might-believe through Him.
8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.
9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.
10. He was in-the-world, and the-world was made by Him, and the-world knew Him not.
11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.
12. But to-them who received Him, He gave power to-become the-children of-God, who believe on His name,
13. Who were not born of-blood, not of-the-will of-the-flesh, also not of-the-will of-men, but of God.
14. And the-word became flesh, and dwelt in-our-midst (and we saw his glory, as the-glory of-the-only Son of-the Father) full of-grace and of-truth.
Kalevala, XXXVI. 319-346
Kullervo Kalervon poika
Tempasi1 terävän2 miekan3, 320
Katselevi kääntelevi,
Kyselevi tietelevi4;
Kysyi5 mieltä6 miekaltansa3
Tokko7 tuon8 tekisi9 mieli6
Syöä10 syyllistä11 lihoa,12 325
Viallista13 verta14 juoa15.
Miekka3 mietti16 miehen17 mielen6.
Arvasi18 uron19 pakinan20,
Vastasi21 sanalla22 tuolla8:
‘Miks23 en24 söisi24 mielelläni25, 330
Söisi24 syyllistä11 lihoa12,
Viallista13 verta14 joisi26?
Syön10 lihoa12 syyttömänki,27
Juon15 verta14 viattomanki28.’
Kullervo Kalervon poika, 335
Sinisukka29 äijön30 lapsi31
Pään32 on33 peltohon34 sysäsi35,
Perä36 painoi37 kankahasen38,
Kären39 käänti40 rintahansa41,
Itse42 iskihe43 kärelle44, 340
Siihen45 surmansa46 sukesi47
Kuolemansa48 kohtaeli49.
Se oli surma45 nuoren50 miehen17,
Kuolo51 kullervo-urohon52,
Loppu53 ainakin54 urosta55 345
Kuolema kova-osaista57.
[Kullervo, the hero of Kalevala xxxi-xxxvi, is represented as a child of misfortune, who by no possible means could do good. After a series of crimes and disasters, rivalling the history of Oedipus, he determines to kill himself.]
Kullervo the son of Kalervo
Grasped the sharp sword, 320
Looked (at it), turned (it),
Asked, inquired:
Asked of his sword its mind,
If it were minded,
To eat guilty flesh, 325
To drink sinful blood.
The sword understood the mind of the man,
Followed the speech of the hero,
Answered with this word:
‘Why should I not eat to my pleasure, 330
Eat guilty flesh,
Drink sinful blood?
I eat the flesh of the guiltless,
I drink the blood of the sinless.’
Kullervo the son of Kalervo, 335
The old man’s child with blue stockings,
Drove the hilt into the ground,
Fixed the end in the plain,
Turned the point to his breast
Himself fell on the point. 340
Thus he sought his fate,
Met his death.
This was the fate of the young man,
The death of the hero Kullervo,
The end of the hero, 345
The death of the ill-fated one.
Kalevala, XVI. 151 Ff
{ v. 167, 168
{
{
{ v. 167, 168, 173.
{
v. 195.
{
{v. 167, 168, 173.
{
{
{ v. 167, 168, 183.
{
{
{ v. 178-183.
{
{ v. 165, 166.
{
v. 283.
v. 173.
Läksi1 Tuonelta2 sanoja3,
Manalalta4, mahtiloita5;
Astua taputtelevi6,
Kävi7 viikon8 vitsikkoa9,
Viikon8 toisen10 tuomikkoa9, 155
Kolmannen11 katajikkoa9,
Jo12 näkyi13 Manalan4 saari14,
Tuonen2 kumpu15 kuumottavi16.
Vaka17 vanha18 Väinämöinen
Jo12 huhuta19 huikahutti20 160
Tuossa Tuonelan21 joessa22,
Manalan4 alantehessa23:
‘Tuo24 venettä25 Tuonen2 tytti26,
Lauttoa27 Manalan4 lapsi28
Yli29 salmen30 saa’akseni31, 165
Joen22 poikki32 päästäkseni33!’
Lyhykäinen34 Tuonen2 tytti26,
Matala35 Manalan4 neiti36
Tuo oli peukkujen37 pesiä38,
Räpähien39 räimyttäjä40 170
Tuonen2 mustassa41 joessa22,
Manalan4 alusve’essä42;
Sanan3 virkki43, noin44 nimesi45,
Itse lausui46 ja pakisi47:
‘Vene25 täältä48 tuotanehe49, 175
Kuni50 syy51 sanottanehe52,
Mi53 sinun Manalle2 saattoi54
Ilman55 tau’in56 tappamatta57,
Ottamatta58 oivan59 surman60,
Muun61 surman60 musertamatta62.’ 180
Vaka17 vanha18 Väinämöinen
Sanan3 virkkoi43 noin44 nimesi45:
‘Tuoni2 minun tänne63 tuotti64,
Mana2 mailtani65 veteli66.’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti,
Matala Manalan neiti
Tuonpa67 hän sanoiksi68 virkki43:
‘Jopa12 keksin69 kielastajan70!
Kunp’71 on72 Tuoni2 tänne65 toisi73,
Mana mailta65 siirteleisi74, 190
Tuoni toisi73 tullessansa75,
Manalainen76, matkassansa77,
Tuonen hattu78 hartioilla79,
Manan kintahat80 käessä81;
Sano82 totta83 Väinämöinen, 195
Mi52 sinun Manalle saattoi54?’
Vaka17 vanha18 Väinämöinen
Jo12 tuossa84 sanoiksi68 virkki43:
‘Rauta85 mun86 Manalle2 saattoi54,
Teräs87 tempoi88 Tuonelahan21.’ 200
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti,
Matala Manalan neiti
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
‘Tuosta89 tunnen90 kielastajan70!
Kun71 rauta85 Manalle2 saisi91, 205
Teräs87 toisi73 Tuonelahan21,
Verin92 vaattehet93 valuisi94,
Hurmehin95 hurahteleisi96;
Sano totta Väinämöinen,
Sano totta toinen10 kerta97!’ 210
Vaka17 vanha18 Väinämöinen
Itse virkki43, noin44 nimesi45:
‘Vesi98 sai91 minun Manalle2,
Aalto99 toi73 on72 Tuonelahan21.’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti,
Matala Manalan neiti
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
‘Ymmärrän100 valehtelian101!
Jos102 vesi92 Manalle2 saisi91,
Aalto99 toisi73 Tuonelahan21, 220
Vesin102 vaattehet93 valuisi94,
Helmasi103 herahteleisi104;
Sano82 tarkkoja105 tosia106,
Mi53 sinun Manalle2 saattoi54?’
Tuossa84 vanha17 Väinämöinen 235
Vielä107 kerran108 kielastavi109:
‘Tuli110 toi73 mun86 Tuonelahan21,
Valkea111 Manalle2 saattoi54.’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti,
Matala Manalan neiti
Hänpä tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Arvoan112 valehtelian101!
Jos102 tuli110 Manalle2 toisi73,
Valkeainen113 Tuonelahan21,
Oisi114 kutrit115 kärventynnä116, 235
Partaki117 pahoin118 palanut119.’
‘Oi120 sie121 vanha17 Väinämöinen,
Jos102 tahot122 venettä25 täältä48,
Sano82 tarkkoja105 tosia106,
Valehia123 viimeisiä124, 240
Mitenkä125 tulit126 Manalle2
Ilman tau’in tappamatta,
Ottamatta oivan surman,
Muun surman murentamatta127.’
Sanoi82 vanha18 Väinämöinen: 245
‘Jos102 vähän128 valehtelinki129,
Kerran108 toisen10 kielastelin109,
Toki130 ma131 sanon82 toetki132:
Tein133 tieolla134 venettä25,
Laain135 purtta136 laulamalla137, 210
Lauloin138 päivän139, lauloin toisen10,
Niin140 päivällä139 kolmannella141
Rikkoihe142 reki143 runoilta144,
Jalas145 taittui146 lausehilta147;
Läksin1 Tuonelta2 oroa148, 255
Manalalta4 vääntiätä149
Rekosen150 rakentoani151,
Laulukorjan152 laatiani153;
Tuopa24 nyt154 venoista155 tänne60,
Laita156 mulle157 lauttoasi27 260
Yli salmen saa’akseni,
Joen poikki päästäkseni!’
Kyllä158 Tuonetar159 toruvi160,
Manan2 neiti36 riitelevi161:
‘Oi 120 on72 hullu162 hulluuttasi163, 265
Mies164 on72 mielesi165 vähyyttä166!
Tulet126 syyttä167 Tuonelahan21,
Tauitta56 Manan2 majoille168;
Parempi169 sinun olisi170
Palata171 omille172 maille173; 270
Äijä174 on tänne63 tullehia175,
Ei paljo176 palannehia177.’
Sanoi vanha Väinämöinen:
‘Akka178 tieltä179 kääntyköhön180,
Eip’ on72 mies164 pahempikana181, 275
Uros182 untelompikana183;
Tuo24 venettä25 Tuonen2 tytti26,
Lauttoa27 Manalan2 lapsi28!’
Vei184 venehen25 Tuonen2 tytti26,
Sillä184 vanhan18 Väinämöisen 280
Yli23 salmen30 saattelevi185,
Joen82 poikki32 päästelevi185,
Itse tuon67 sanoiksi68 virkki43:
‘Voi180 sinua Väinämöinen,
Läksit162 surmatta60 Manalle2, 285
Kuolematta186 Tuonelahan21!’
Tuonetar159 hyvä187 emäntä188,
Manalatar vaimo189 vanha18
Toip’73 on72 tuopilla189 olutta190,
Kantoi191 kaksikorvaisella192, 290
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Juop’193 on72 vanha18 Väinämöinen!’
Vaka17 vanha18 Väinämöinen
Katsoi194 pitkin195 tuoppiansa189,
Sammakot196 kuti197 sisällä198, 295
Maot199 laioilla200 lateli201;
Siitä185 tuon67 sanoiksi68 virkki43:
‘En mä131 tänne65 tullutkana175
Juomahan193 Manalan4 maljat202,
Tuonen2 tuopit180 lakkimahan203! 300
Juopuvat204 oluen190 juojat205,
Kannun206 appajat207 katoovat208.’
Sanoi182 Tuonelan28 emäntä188:
‘Oi120 on72 vanha18 Väinämöinen,
Mitä209 sie121 tulit126 Manalle, 305
Kuta210 Tuonelan21 tuville211
Ennen212 Tuonen2 tahtomatta213,
Manan2 mailta214 kutsumatta215?’
Sanoi128 vanha18 Väinämöinen:
‘Veistäessäni216 venoista155, 310
Uutta217 purtta136 puuhatessa218
Uuvuin219 kolmea220 sanoa3
Peripäätä221 päätellessä222,
Kokkoa223 kohottaessa224;
Kun50 en225 noita226 saanutkana225, 315
Mailta214 ilmoilta227 tavannut228,
Piti229 tulla126 Tuonelahan21,
Lähteä1 Manan2 majoille168
Saamahan230 sanoja3 noita226,
Ongelmoita231 oppimahan232.’ 320
Tuopa67 Tuonelan21 emäntä188
Sanan3 virkkoi43, noin44 nimesi45:
‘Ei233 Tuoni2 sanoja3 anna233,
Mana mahtia5 jakele234,
Etkä235 täältä48 pääsnekänä235 325
Sinä236 ilmoisna237 ikänä238
Kotihisi239 kulkemahan240,
Maillesi241 matelemahan242.’
Uuvutti243 unehen244 miehen164,
Pani245 maata246 matkalaisen247 330
Tuonen2 taljavuotehelle248;
Siinä mies164 makaelevi249,
Uros182 unta250 ottelevi251,
Mies164 makasi246, vaate93 valvoi251a.
Oli akka178 Tuonelassa21, 335
Akka178 vanha18 käykkäleuka251b,
Rautarihman251c kehreäjä251d,
Vaskilankojen251e valaja252,
Kehräsi251a sataisen253 nuotan254,
Tuhantisen255 tuuritteli256 340
Yönä257 yhtena258 kesäisnä259,
Yhellä260 vesikivellä261.
Oli ukko262 Tuonelassa21,
Se on ukko262 kolmisormi263,
Rautaverkkojen264 kutoja265, 345
Vaskinuotan266 valmistaja267,
Se kutoi268 sataisen253 nuotan254,
Tuhantisen255 tuikutteli269
Samana270 kesäisnä 259 yönä257,
Samalla270 vesikivellä261. 350
Tuonen2 poika271 koukkusormi272,
Koukkusormi272, rautanäppi273,
Se veti274 sataisen253 nuotan254
Poikki32 Tuonelan21 joesta275,
Sekä276 poikki32, jotta276 pitkin190, 355
Jotta276 vieläki107 vitahan277,
Jott’276 ei päästä278 Väinämöisen,
Selvitä279 Uvantolaisen
Sina236 ilmoisna237 ikänä 258,
Kuuna280 kullan281 valkeana282 360
Tuolta67 Tuonelan21 koista283,
Manalan4 ikimajoista284.
Vaka17 vanha18 Väinämöinen
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
‘Joko12 lie285 tuhoni286 tullut285, 365
Hätäpäivä287 päälle288 pääsnyt235
Näillä Tuonelan21 tuvilla211,
Manalan4 majantehilla289?’
Pian290 muuksi291 muuttelihe292,
Ruton293 toiseksi10 rupesi294, 370
Meni295 mustana41 merehen296,
Sarvana297 saraikkohon298,
Matoi299 rautaisna300 matona197,
Kulki240 kyisnä301 käärmehenä302
Poikki32 Tuonelan21 joesta275, 375
Läpi303 Tuonen2 verkkoloista304.
Tuonen2 poika271 koukkusormi272,
Koukkusormi272, rautanäppi273,
Kävi7 aamulla305 varahin306
Verkkojansa304 katsomahan193, 380
Sa’an307 saapi308 taimenia309,
Tuhat310 emon alvehia311,
Eip’308 on72 saanut308 Väinämöistä312,
Ukkoa262 Uvantolaista312.
(Väimöinen journeys to the place of the dead to find his lost spells.)
He set out to fetch words from Tuoni
(Words of) power from Manala;
Going he stepped firmly,
Went a week through forests of young trees,
A second week through bird cherries, 155
A third week through junipers:
Already appeared the island of Manala,
The hill of Tuoni loomed.
The prudent old Wäinämöinen
Now shouting cried loudly 160
In the river of Tuoni
In the lowland of Manala.
‘Bring a boat, daughter of Tuoni,
A ship, child of Manala,
For my going over this creek, 165
For my crossing over the river.’
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni,
The stunted maiden of Manala,
She was washing dirty linen,
Beating clothes, 170
In the black river of Tuoni,
In the marsh-water19 of Manala;
Spoke a word, thus uttered,
Herself talked and conversed:
‘The boat will be brought 175
When the reason shall be told,
What brought thee to Mana,
Without slaying by disease
Without taking by a natural death
Without breaking by another death.’ 180
The prudent old Wäinämöinen,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘Tuoni brought me hither,
Mana brought me from my lands.’
The dwarfish daughter of death, 185
The stunted maiden of Manala
Spoke this in words:
‘Now I recognize the liar.
Had Tuoni brought (thee) hither,
Mana removed from the earth, 190
Tuoni would have brought (thee) in his coming,
Manalainen in his journeying,
The hat of death on (thy) head (lit. necks),
The gloves of death on (thy) hand20;
Speak the truth, Wäinämöinen: 195
What brought thee to Manala?’
The prudent old Wäinämöinen
Hereupon spoke in words:
‘Iron brought me to Mana,
Steel sped me to Tuonela.’ 200
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni,
The stunted child of Manala,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘From this I know the liar!
If iron had sent (thee) to Mana 205
Steel brought (thee) to Tuonela:
(Thy) clothes would drip with blood,
Would trickle with gore.
Speak the truth, Wäinämöinen,
Speak the truth a second time.’ 210
The prudent old Wäinämöinen
Himself spoke, thus uttered:
‘Water sent me to Mana,
The wave brought (me) to Tuonela.’
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni 215
The stunted maiden of Manala,
Framed a word, thus uttered:
‘I detect the liar.
If water had sent (thee) to Mana,
The wave brought (thee) to Tuonela, 220
(Thy) clothes would drip with water
Thy bosom would flow.
Speak the exact truth:
What brought thee to Mana?’
Hereupon the old Wäinämöinen 225
Lied again a time.
‘Fire brought me to Tuonela,
Flame sent me to Mana.’
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni,
The stunted maiden of Manala, 230
She spoke this in words.
‘I detect the liar.
If fire had brought thee to Mana,
Flame to Tuonela,
(Thy) ringlets would be singed, 235
And (thy) beard be badly burnt.
O thou old Wäinämöinen,
If thou desirest the boat from here,
Speak the exact truth,
Last lies, 240
Why thou hast come to Mana,
Without slaying by disease,
Without taking by natural death,
Without destroying by another death.’
Said the old Wäinämöinen: 245
‘If I lied a little,
Told an untruth a second time,
Yet (now) I speak the truth:
I was making a boat with skill,
Constructing a ship with singing: 250
I sang a day, I sang a second,
Now on the third day
The sledge broke from my verses,
The foot-piece broke from my speech.
I set forth to obtain an auger from Tuoni, 255
A gimlet from Manala,
For my building the sledge,
For my arranging the basket-sledge of song21.
So bring the boat here,
Prepare for me thy ship, 260
For my going over this creek,
For my crossing over the river.’
Greatly Tuonetar was wroth
The maiden of Mana was angry:
‘Alas, fool, for thy folly, 265
Man, for the smallness of thy sense.
Thou comest without a cause to Tuonela,
Without sickness to the dwellings of Mana:
Better were it for thee
To return to thy own lands. 270
Many are they who come hither,
Not many they who return.’
Said the old Wäinämöinen—
‘Let an old woman turn from the path,
Not even a worse man, 275
Not a duller hero.
Bring the boat, daughter of Tuoni,
The ship, child of Manala.’
The daughter of Tuoni brought the boat,
With it the old Wäinämöinen 280
Across the creek she carried.
Conveyed over the river.
Herself she spoke this in words.
‘Woe to thee, Wäinämöinen,
Thou hast come without death to Mana, 285
Without dying to Tuonela.’
Tuonetar, the good hostess,
Manalatar the old woman22
Brought beer in a cup,
Bore (it) in a two-handled vessel. 290
Herself framed this in words:
‘Drink old Wäinämöinen.’
Prudent old Wäinämöinen
Looked up and down over his cup.
Frogs were wriggling in the inside, 295
Worms crawled at the edges.
Then he framed this in words:
‘I came not here at all
To drink the pots of Manala,
To empty the cups of Tuoni. 300
The drinkers of beer get drunk,
The drainers of the cup fall.’
The hostess of Tuonela said:
‘O old Wäinämöinen,
Why hast thou come to Mana, 305
To the dwellings of Tuonela
Before the bidding of Tuoni,
The calling of Mana from the earth?’
Old Wäinämöinen said:
‘In my hewing a boat, 310
In fashioning a new ship,
I lost three words,
In finishing the end-piece,
In building up a structure of wood.
Since I have not found them, 315
Or met in the wide world,
It was necessary to come to Tuonela,
To set out for the habitations of Mana,
In order to find those words,
To learn dark sayings.’ 320
The hostess of Tuoni,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘Tuoni does not give words,
(Nor) Mana distribute (words of) power,
And thou wilt not get free from here 325
In all this life
To go to thy home,
To return to thy land.’
She made the man sink into slumber,
Laid the traveller to sleep, 330
On to the skin rugs of Tuoni.
Then the man slept,
The hero took slumber,
The man slept, the clothes watched.
There was a hag in Tuonela, 335
An old hag with a sharp chin,
A spinner of iron threads,
A caster of brass threads.
She spun a hundred fold net,
Wrought one of a thousand fold 340
In one summer night
On one water-stone.
There was an old man in Tuonela.
He is an old man with three fingers,
A weaver of iron nets, 345
A preparer of brass nets.
He wove a hundred-fold net,
Forged one of a thousand-fold
In the same summer night
On the same water stone. 350
Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers,
With crooked fingers, with iron nails,
He spread the hundred fold net
Across the river of Tuoni,
Both across and along, 355
And also slantwise,
That it might not let pass Wäinämöinen
(Or) free Uvantolainen,
In all this life,
While the golden moon shines, 360
From there, from the homes of Tuoni,
From the eternal dwellings of Mana.
Prudent old Wäinämöinen
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘Can my doom have already come, 365
The day of misfortune have lighted on my head,
In these dwellings of Tuonela,
In the abodes of Manala.’
Suddenly he changed himself to another shape,
Swiftly he became other, 370
Went black into the water,
As an otter into the reedy place,
Crept like an iron worm,
Moved like a viper snake
Across the river of Tuonela, 375
Through the nets of Tuoni.
Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers,
With crooked fingers and iron nails,
Went in the morning early.
To look at his nets, 380
Catches a hundred small fish
A thousand fry,
Did not catch Wäinämöinen
The old Uvantolainen.
Kalevala XL. 113 Ff
[While Väinämöinen, Lemminkäinen, and Ilmarinen are sailing to Pohjola, the ship goes aground. Väinämöinen asks Lemminkäinen to find out what is the matter.]
v. xvi. 182.
{ v. xvi. 151,
{182.
v. l. 120.
v. l. 113.
v. xvi. 283.
v. line 131.
{ v. xvi. 197,
{198.
v. xxxvi. 326.
v. line 120.
v. xxxvi. 321.
v. xvi. 283.
v. xvi. 283.
v. xxxvi. 321.
v. xvi. 182.
v. lines 213, 214.
v. xvi. 283.
v. line 226.
Se on72 lieto313 Lemminkäinen314
Pyörähtihe315 katsomahan193,
Katsovi193 venosen155 alle316, 115
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
‘Ei ole veno155 kivellä261,
Ei kivellä, ei haolla317,
Vene25 on hauin318 hartioilla70,
Ve’en98 koiran319 konkkaluilla320.’ 120
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
‘Jotaki321 joessa22 onpi322,
Hakojaki323, haukiaki318;
Kun50 lie285 hauin318 hartioilla79, 125
Ve’en koiran konkkaluilla,
Veä324 miekalla325 vetehen98,
Katkaise326 kala327 kaheksi328!’
Se on lieto Lemminkäinen,
Poika271 veitikka329 verevä330 130
Miekan325 vyöltänsä331 vetävi324,
Luunpurian332 puoleltansa333;
Veti324 miekalla325 meryttä334,
Alta335 laian198 laskettavi336,
Itse vierähti337 vetehen98, 135
Kourin338 aaltohon99 kohahti339.
Siitä340 seppo341 Ilmarinen342
Tarttui343 tukkahan344 urosta345,
Nostalti346 merestä295 miehen164,
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Kaikki347 on mieheksi164 kyhätty348,
Pantu245 parran117 kantajaksi191,
Lisäksi349 satalu’ulle350,
Tuhannelle351 täytteheksi352.’
Miekan vyöltänsä vetävi,
Tupestansa353 tuiman354 rauan85,
Jolla355 kalhaisi356 kaloa327,
Alta335 laian198 läimähytti357;
Miekka325 murskaksi358 mureni359,
Eipä hauki318 tiennytkänä360. 150
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Tuossa tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Ei ole teissä361 puolta362 miestä164,
Ei urosta182 kolmannesta363;
Kun50 konsa364 tulevi120 tarve365, 155
Miehen164 mieltä165 vaaitahan366,
Silloin367 mieli165 melkeässä368,
Kaikki347 toimi369 toisialla370.’
Itse miekkansa325 veälti371,
Tempasi terävän rauan,
Työnti372 miekkansa325 merehen295,
Alle316 laian198 langetteli373
Kalahauin374 hartioihin79,
Ve’en koiran konkkaluihin.
Miekka325 luottihe375 lujahan376, 165
Kitasihin377 kiinnittihe378;
Siitä340 vanha Väinämöinen
Nostalti346 kaloa327 tuota67,
Veti324 haukia318 ve’estä98:
Hauki31 katkesi379 kaheksi328, 170
Pursto380 pohjahan381 putosi382,
Pää288 kavahti383 karpahasen384.
Jo12 otti385 venonen155 juosta386,
Pääsi235 pursi136 puutoksesta387;
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 175
Luotti388 purren136 luotoselle389,
Ravahutti390 rantasehen391,
Katselevi, kääntelevi
Tuota67 hauin318 pääpaloa392,
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Ken393 on vanhin18 sulholoista394,
Sepä hauki halkomahan395,
Kala327 viploin396 viiltämähän397,
Pää298 paloiksi322 pahkomahan398!’
Miehet164 purresta136 puhuvat399, 185
Vaimot189 lausui46 laitasilta400:
‘Saajanpa401 käet81 sulimmat402,
Sormet263 pyytäjän403 pyhimmät404.’
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Veti324 veitsen405 huotrastansa406, 190
Kyleltänsä407 kylmän408 rauan85,
Jolla355 hauin318 halkaisevi409,
Pahkovi410 kalan327 paloiksi392,
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Ken393 on nuorin411 neitosista412, 195
Sepä hauki keittämähän
Murkinaisiksi414 muruiksi415,
Kalaisiksi416 lounahiksi417!’
Kävi7 neiet38 keittämähän413,
Kävi7 kilvan418 kymmenenki419; 200
Siitä340 hauki318 keitetähän420,
Murkinoiahan421 muruina422,
Jäipä423 luita424 luotoselle389,
Kalanluita424 kalliolle425.
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 205
Noita226 tuossa84 katselevi,
Katselevi, kääntelevi,
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi:
‘Mikä tuostaki426 tulisi126,
Noista427 hauin218 hampahista428, 210
Leveästä429 leukaluusta430,
Jos102 oisi114 sepon341 pajassa431,
Luona432 taitavan433 takojan434,
Miehen,164 mahtavan435 käsissä81?’
Sanoi128 seppo134 Ilmarinen: 215
‘Ei tule126 tyhjästä436 mitänä437,
Kalan327 ruotasta438 kalua439,
Ei seponkana341 pajassa,
Luona taitavan takojan,
Miehen mahtavan käsissä.’
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki:
‘Näistäpä130 toki tulisi126
Kalanluinen424 kanteloinen440,
Kun50 oisi114 osoajata441, 225
Soiton442 luisen424 laatiata443.’
Kun50 ei toista10 tullutkana175,
Ei ollut osoajata441,
Soiton luisen laatiata,
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 230
Itse loihe444 laatiaksi443,
Tekiäksi445 teentelihe446;
Laati153 soiton442 hauinluisen424,
Suoritti447 ilon448 ikuisen449.
Kust’450 on koppa451 kanteletta452? 235
Hauin318 suuren453 leukaluusta430;
Kust’450 on naulat454 kanteletta452?
Ne on hauin318 hampahista428;
Kusta450 kielet454 kanteletta452?
Hivuksista455 Hiien456 ruunan457. 240
Jo oli soitto442 suorittuna458,
Valmihina459 kanteloinen440,
Soitto442 suuri453 hauinluinen421,
Kantelo440 kalaneväinen460.
THE INVENTION OF THE HARP.
The gay Lemminkäinen
Turned himself to see,
Looked under the boat, 115
Spoke a word, thus spoke:
‘The boat is not on a stone,
Not on a stone, not on timber,
The boat is on the neck of a pike,
On the hip bones of a water dog.’ 120
The prudent old Väinämöinen,
Spoke a word, thus said:
‘There are all sorts of things in a river,
Timber, pikes:
If it be on the neck of a pike, 125
On the hips of a water-dog,
Smite with the sword into the water,
Cut the fish in two.’
The gay Lemminkäinen,
The bright lively youth, 130
Draws the sword from his girdle,
The bone biter from his side;
Struck the sea with the sword,
Stirs under the side (of the ship).
Himself rolled into the water, 135
Fell splash into the billow hands foremost.
Then the smith Ilmarinen,
Clung on to the hair of the hero,
Raised the man from the sea.
Himself spoke this in words: 140
‘Every-one is formed to be a man,
Made to be a bearer of a beard,
To be a supplement to the number of a hundred,
To complete a thousand23.’
He draws the sword from his girdle, 145
The cruel iron from his sheath,
With which he smote the fish,
Struck below the side (of the ship).
The sword broke into pieces,
The pike did not even perceive. 150
Prudent old Väinämöinen
On this spoke this in words:
‘There is not in you half a man,
Not the third part of a hero,
When need comes, 155
The mind of a man is wanted,
Then (your) mind fails,
All (your) sense is away.’
He himself drew his sword,
Seized the sharp iron 160
Struck his sword into the sea,
Smote below the side (of the ship)
On-to the neck of the pike fish,
On to the hip bones of the water dog.
The sword was driven home into the firm (flesh), 165
Fixed in the gills;
Then old Väinämöinen
Brought up that fish,
Drew the pike from the water;
The pike fell in two; 170
The tail dropped to the bottom of the sea,
The head rolled into the boat.
Now the boat began to run,
The vessel got free from the impediment.
Prudent old Väinämöinen 175
Brought the vessel near to shore,
Drove her on to the strand,
Looked at and turned
That head-piece of the pike.
Himself spoke this in words: 180
‘Who is the oldest of the youths,
(Let him come) to cut up the pike,
Divide the fish into pieces,
Split the head into bits.’
The men speak from the ship, 185
The women cry from the shore:
‘The hands of the catcher are the purest,
The fingers of the seeker are the holiest.’
The prudent old Väinämöinen
Drew a knife from his sheath, 190
The cold iron from his side,
With which he cuts up the pike,
Splits the fish into pieces.
Himself spoke this in words:—
‘Who is the youngest of the women, 195
(Let her come) to cook the pike,
Into morsels for dinner,
Into a fish midday meal.’
The women went to cook,
Ten went in rivalry; 200
Then the pike is cooked,
Pieces for dinner;
The bones remained on the shore,
The fish bones on the edge of the sea.
The prudent old Väinämöinen 205
Looked at them there,
Looked, turned,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘What might come from this,
From these teeth of the pike, 210
From the broad jaw bone,
If it were in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man?’
Said the smith Ilmarinen:— 215
‘There comes not anything from nothingness,
No instrument from the mouth of a fish,
Not even in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man.’ 220
Prudent old Väinämöinen
Himself spoke this in words:
‘Yet from these might come
A fish-bone harp,
Were there but an artist, 225
A maker of bone playing-instruments.’
When there came no other,
(When there) was not any artist,
(No) maker of bone playing-instruments,
Prudent old Väinämöinen 230
Himself became a maker,
Appeared as a fabricator:
Made an instrument of pike-bone,
Made ready an eternal joy.
Of what is the body of the harp? 235
Of the jaw-bone of the great pike.
Of what are the pegs of the harp?
They are the teeth of the pike.
Of what are the strings of the harp?
Of the hairs of the courser of Hiisi. 240
Now the instrument was prepared,
The harp made ready,
A great instrument of pike-bone,
A harp of fish-fins.
Finnish Popular Song
Hyvästi461 kultaseni462, hyvästi kultani,
Mun86 lähteä1 nyt463 täytyy464 pois465 kotimaaltan466.
Mun86 täytyvi464 nyt463 mennä294 merille295 kulkemaan240!
Ja sinua en tieä466a jos102 näen466b millonkaan467.
Lahella468 laiva469 pieni470 minua outtelee471; 5
Se mulla472 kotimaani466 ja tuttavani473 lie285.
Se kotimaani466 mulla472 ja tuuli474 kultani462,
Ja aalto99 armnhani475 tahikka476 surmani60.
Jo12 ennen477 monta478 miestä164 se meri295 petteli479,
Ja monen478 kullan462 silmät480 vesille481 jätteli482. 10
Vaan483 ellös484 mua472 surko484, jos102 ehkä485 kuolisin486;
Sä487 suotta488 kaottaisit489 ikäsi490 kaunihin491.
Kun50 kuulet492 kuolleheksi493, tee494 risti495 rantahan391,
Ja aallon99 luomat496 luuni497 ne peitä498 santahan499.
Ja ota385 pieni470 ruusu500 ja laita156 kasvamaan501, 15
Käy7 sitte502 kesäilloin503 välistä504 katsomaan193.
Kun71 ruusu500 kaunihisti491 kesällä503 kukostaa505,
Se rakkauteni506 kuvan507 eteesi508 muovostaa509.
Hyvästi461 vielä107 kerta108, hyvästi ystävä510!
Ei512 suremaan511 nyt463 auta512, vaan483 täytyy404 lähteä. 20
Farewell, dear love, farewell, my love,
Now must I set forth from home.
Now I must go to wander on the seas
And know not if I shall ever see thee.
A little ship awaits me in the bay: 5
It will be my home and friend.
It will be my home and the wind my love,
And the wave my darling or my death.
That sea has lured many men ere now,
And filled many a lover’s eyes with tears. 10
But grieve not for me, if perchance I die:
Thou wouldst waste thy fair life in vain.
If thou hearest I am dead, place a cross on the shore,
And my bones cast up by the wave, hide them in the sand.
And take a little rose and set it to grow, 15
Then go sometimes on summer evenings to look at it.
When the rose flowers gaily in the summer
It will form a picture of my love for thee.
Farewell once more, farewell, friend,
It is no good grieving: I must start. 20
Notes
1 Inessive sing. of alku, formed with suffix u (p. 45); verb alkaa, to begin; alkussa becomes alussa by rule 27.
2 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of olla, to be (p. 72).
3 Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verb sanoa, to speak.
4 Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish, and.
5 Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p. 59) used almost like article (p. 166).
6 Jumala, gen. Jumalan, God.
7 Essive sing. of tykö; postposition governing Jumalan (p. 215).
8 Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p. 58).
9 Nominative plur. without term. (pp. 61 and 170).
10 3rd pers. plur. pres. of olla (p. 72).
11 Gen. sing. of demonstr. se (p. 59).
12 Kautta, postposition governing gen. sen (p. 204).
13 tehty, past part. pass. of root teke (rule 41); nominative plur. tehdyt (rule 32). Here the participle is used in combination with ovat to form perf. passive (p. 74).
14 Preposition governing the partitive sitä (p. 203).
15 Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron. se.
16 ei ole tehty, negative perf. passive of root teke (p. 74).
17 Partitive sing. of mikä with suffix an (pp. 61 and 219). For explanation of use of partitive here v. p. 183.
18 Nom. sing, of rel. pron.
19 3rd pers. sing. pres. of olla.
20 Iness. sing. of personal pron. hän.
21 Nom. sing. formed from root elä with suffix mä (p. 45).
22 Gen. plur. of ihminen declined like toinen (p. 35).
23 Stem valkeute (nominative -us, p. 36) formed by adding affix ute to root valke (cf. valkea, white or fire, and valjeta).
24 Stem pimeyte, nominative pimeys; substantive formed from pimeä, dark, analogous to valkeus, but with soft termination; pimeydessä is inessive sing.
25 3rd pers. sing. pres. of root paista.
26 Jota, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p. 127).
27 3rd sing. negative imperf. (p. 70) of verbal root käsitä, to grasp or understand (exact equivalent of comprehendere).
28 Yksi, one, here used as the indefinite article, p. 51.
29 Nominative sing. of stem miehe, man.
30 Plupf. passive of lähettää, to send; pres. passive lähetetään, past part. -etty (p. 67).
31 Ablative sing. of Jumala, God.
32 Genitive sing. of relative pron. joka.
33 Nominative sing. of stem nime.
34 Nominative sing. of stem Johannekse (p. 36).
35 Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p. 166).
36 3rd sing. imperf. of root tule, p. 95.
37 Elative sing. of pron. se.
38 Elative sing. of nominative valkeus, for use of case, v. p. 144.
39 Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stem todista, 1st infin. todistaa, for constr. v. p. 194.
40 Particle used here with conditional, v. for constr. p. 179.
41 3rd pers. plur. conditional of uskoa, to believe.
42 hänen, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon
43 the postposition kautta with the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron. is used as well as the suffix, v. p. 164.
44 3rd sing. impf. negative of olla.
45 Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.
46 conjunction but.
47 Nom. sing. of stem totise (p. 35) formed with adjectival ending ise from stem tote, nom. tosi.
48 3rd sing. pres. of root valista (1st inf. -taa), to light.
49 Acc. plur. of stem ihmise, nom. sing. ihminen, man.
50 Nom. plur. of rel. pron. joka.
51 maailmaan, illative sing. of maailma, universe (maa, ilma), denoting motion into after tulevat.
52 3rd plur. pres. of root tule (1st inf. tulla) to come (p. 95).
53 Inessive sing.
54 Nom. sing.
55 3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative of tuntea.
56 Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p. 127).
57 Allative plur. of oma, own, with the suffix of the 3rd pers. om-i-lle-nsa.
58 Negative imperf. of ottaa, to take.
59 Illative sing. of vasta, meaning literally, what is opposite. The combination ottaa vastaan, is used to mean receive.
60 Nom. plur. of oma with suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p. 57). As omansa is subject to the verb, the latter should strictly be eivät ottaneet, but v. page 123.
61 Allative plur. of demons. pron. se, nom. plur. ne.
62 3rd pers. plur. imperf. of ottaa, to take.
63 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of antaa, to give, pres. annan. For difference of form in otti, antoi v. page 85.
64 Acc. sing. of voima, power, formed with suffix ma from root voi (1st inf. voida), to be able.
65 Transl. plur. of lapse, a child, v. p. 158.
66 1st inf. from root tule, to come, here used as auxiliary meaning to become or enter on a state, and taking the translative case.
67 3rd pers. plur. pres. of uskoa, to believe.
68 Genitive sing. of nimi (stem nime) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.
69 Allative sing. of pää, a head, governing the genitive nimensä. The local cases of pää are used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.
70 Eikä is the negative verb with the adverbial suffix kä, and; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.; syntyneet must be understood with the negative.
71 Elative sing. of veri (stem vere), blood, for use v. p. 143.
72 Genitive sing. of liha, flesh, depending on tahdosta.
73 Elative sing. of tahto, will, used as a nominal and verbal stem (tahtoa, to wish).
74 Particle, also, connected with myötä and myöten.
75 Genitive sing. of mies (stem miehe), man, depending on tahdosta.
76 Elative sing. of Jumala, God.
77 3rd pers. plur. of the perf. of syntyä, to be born, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitive syntynyt, v. p. 73.
78 For form v. No. 36. Here used as auxiliary became and followed by translative, v. Nos. 65 and 66 above.
79 Translat. sing. of liha, flesh.
80 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of asua, to dwell.
81 Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postposition seassamme.
82 Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur., v. p. 214.
83 Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.
84 1st pers. plur. imperf. of root näke (inf. nähdä, v. p. 108), näke-i-mme becomes näimme by rules 14 and 28.
85 Acc. sing. of kunnia, glory, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.
86 So as, compound adverb formed of niin, instr. plur. of se and kuin, instr. plur. of root ku (nom. kuka).
87 Genitive sing. of ainoa, only, agreeing with Pojan.
88 Genitive sing. of Poika, son, for form v. rule 28.
89 Accus. sing. of kunnia, glory, governing the genitive ainoan Pojan.
90 Elative sing. of Isä, Father. The elative is no doubt used to prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives coming together.
91 Essive sing. of stem täyte, in apposition to sana (v. p. 157. iii). Modern Finnish makes täytenä, but here the e is dropped and täytnä becomes täynnä, cf. ynnä for yhtenä from yksi. In nom. täyte forms täysi by rule 37.
92 Part. sing, of stem armo, grace or mercy; for use of part. after täynnä v. p. 136.
93 Part. sing. of stem totuute (p. 36), which rejects e before ta of part.; for formation from root tote, v. p. 47. iii.
1 3rd sing. imperf. of stem tempata, 1st inf. temmata, conjugated like lupata, pp. 95 and 101.
2 Acc. sing. of adj. terävä, sharp, formed from terä, edge, with affix va.
3 Acc. sing. of miekka, sword; kk becomes k in closed syllable (rule 25); in l. 323, occurs the ablative sing. with affix of 3rd pers. pron.
4 These four verbs are all formed with the affix ele (v. p. 111) from the simple forms katsoa, kääntää, kysyä, tietää. The vi is the termination of the 3rd. pers. sing. pres. (p. 62).
5 3rd sing. imperf. of kysyä, followed by ablative, to ask of (p. 154).
6 Part. sing. of miele, nom. mieli, genitive mielen, etc.; e lost before tä by rule 17.
7 Particle, whether.
8 Acc. of demonstr. pron. tuo.
9 3rd pers. sing. conditional of root teke, inf. tehdä, of 3rd conjugation. The phrase mieli tekee followed by an accusative (here tuon) means his mind drives him to, or he has a mind to. Cf. the first lines of the Kalevala Mieleni minun tekevi... lähteäni laulamahan, my mind incites me to begin singing.
10 = syödä (p. 224) 1st inf. of root syö (pres indic. syön), depending on phrase mieli tekisi (p. 188).
11 Part. sing. (object of syöä) of syyllinen, guilty, formed from syy, cause or guilt, with affix llise (p. 47).
12 = lihaa (p. 225), part. sing. of liha, flesh.
13 Part. sing. of viallinen, formed from vika, fault, like syyllinen, k lost by rule 28.
14 Part. sing. of vere (nom. veri); cf. mieltä for form.
15 = juoda (p. 224), 1st inf. of juo, pres. juon.
16 3rd sing. imperf. of miettiä (2nd conj.) to think over, here meaning understand.
17 Genitive sing. of stem miehe (nom. mies).
18 3rd sing. imperf. of arvata; pres. indic. arvaan, to think, understand, conjugated like root lupata, p. 101.
19 Genitive sing. of uro, hero, which is more usual in the form uros (stem uroho, uroo).
20 Accusative sing. (object of arvasi) of pakina, speech.
21 Vastasi, 3rd sing. imperf. of vastata, conjugated like root lupata.
22 Adessive sing. of sana, word, used here in instrum. signification (p. 152).
23 Transl. sing. of mikä, used adverbially to mean why (p. 159).
24 Negative conditional of syö, composed of 1st pers. sing. of neg. verb, and stem of conditional (p. 70). By rule 4 syö + isi becomes söisi.
25 Adessive sing. of mieli (v. No. 6) with affix of 1st pers. sing. with my mind, i.e. with pleasure.
26 Juo + isi becomes joisi (v. No. 15).
27 ki is an adverbial affix (p. 118) meaning even; syyttömän is the genitive sing. of syytön, guiltless (stem syyttömä), a caritive adjective formed from syy, with suffix ttoma, just as syyllinen is formed with suffix llise (v. pp. 47 and 37).
28 Genitive sing. of caritive adjective viaton, formed from vika.
29 Blue-stockinged, a compd. of sini, blue, and sukka, stocking.
30 Gen. sing. of äijö (= äijä), an old man.
31 Nom. sing. of stem lapse, child.
32 Accusative sing. of pää, head, here the hilt of a sword.
33 Particle of emphasis frequently used in Kalevala, and not the verb substantive.
34 = peltoon (p. 225), illative sing. of pelto, field or ground.
35 3rd pers. sing. of sysätä, to drive, conj. like luvata.
36 Accusative sing. of perä, end.
37 3rd pers. sing. impf. of painaa, to force down or into.
38 = kankaasen (p. 225), illative sing. of stem kankaha, nom. kangas (p. 38 and rule 26), a bare plain.
39 Accusative sing. of stem kärke, nom. kärki, here the point of the sword.
40 3rd sing. impf. of kääntää, to turn, v. p. 16.
41 = rintaansa, illative sing. of rinta, breast, with suffix of 3rd pers. pron.
42 Nominative sing. of pronoun.
43 3rd pers. sing. reflex. impf. of iskeä, to strike. For form v. pp. 109 and 227.
44 All. sing. of kärki (v. No. 38).
45 Illative sing. of pron. se, but here the force of the illative is lost; literally to this, up till now.
46 Acc. sing. of surma, fate, with pron. aff. of 3rd pers.
47 3rd sing. imperf. of root suketa, 1st infin. sueta, to make, or prepare, conjugated like luvata.
48 Accusative sing. of kuolema, death (pp. 45 and 190).
49 3rd sing. imperf. of kohtaella, to meet (one’s fate); cf. kohtalo, fate.
50 Genitive sing. of nuori (stem nuore), young.
51 Nominative sing. = kuolema, but formed with suffix o (p. 45).
52 Compound of proper name Kullervo and uros, hero (stem uroho).
53 Nominative sing. end, genitive lopun; cf. loppua, to end, intrans., lopettaa trans.
54 Adv. aina, always, with suffix kin. Lönnrot explains this word as åtminstone, visst; it seems here almost pleonastic, and cannot be rendered for ever.
55 Partitive sing. of uros (stem uroho), hero, used here as the genitive.
57 Partitive sing. of compound adj. formed from kova hard and osainen (stem -se) fated; adjective of osa, share.
1 3rd sing. imperf. of lähteä (rule 40); lähti is also found. The lit. meaning of this word is to set out, but it is used sometimes with an object to mean to go after, to fetch.
2 Ablative sing. of tuoni, death. Mana is a synonym.
3 Part. plur. of sana, word (rule 7), obj. of läksi.
4 Ablative sing. of Manala, abode of death (v. p. 47 for the suffix).
5 Part. plur. of mahti, power, obj. of läksi; for suffix loi, v. p. 225.
6 For constr. v. p. 188; astua, 1st infin., to step; taputtelevi, 3rd pers. sing. pres. (p. 228) of taputella, to tread heavily or firmly.
7 3rd sing. imperf. of käydä (rule 5, p. 9), to go or traverse.
8 Accusative sing. of wiikko, week, denoting duration (v. p. 137).
9 These three words are formed with the suffix kko (p. 47) from the words witsa, small tree or shoot; tuomi, bird-cherry, Swedish hägg; and kataja, juniper.
10 Accusative sing. of toinen (p. 35).
11 Accusative sing. of kolmas (p. 35).
12 Adv. now or already.
13 3rd. sing. imperf. of näkyä, neut. form of nähdä, to see (p. 109).
14 Nominative sing. of stem saari, an island.
15 Nominative sing. a hill.
16 3rd sing. pres. of kuumottaa, to loom or be seen indistinctly.
17 This is a constant epithet of Wäinämöinen, meaning literally firm, and then used to denote a kind of steady prudence, which is a natural characteristic of the Finns, and (like Scotch canniness) untranslatable, though more frivolous nations might render it by stolid.
18 Adj. old, also a constant epithet.
19 1st infin.; for constr. v. p. 188.
20 3rd sing. imperf. of huikahuttaa. Like the last word this is onomatopœic.
21 Genitive sing. of Tuonela, place of Tuoni (v. p. 47).
22 Inessive sing. of joki, a river (rule 28).
23 Inessive sing. of alanne, lowland or depth (stem alantehe).
24 2nd sing. imper. of tuoda (p. 80).
25 Part. sing. of vene, a boat; stem venehe (cf. terve, p. 39), obj. of tuo.
26 = tyttö, diminutive, nom. sing.
27 = lauttaa (p. 225), part. sing. of lautta, ship.
28 Nominative sing. of stem lapsi, child.
29 Preposition with gen. (v. p. 217) across.
30 Genitive sing. of salmi, creek, depending on yli (p. 217).
31 = saadakseni, longer form of 1st infin. of root saa (here used intransitively) with suffix of 1st pers. pron. For constr. v. p. 185.
32 Postposition (p. 204) governing the genitive joen.
33 Longer form of päästä (root pääse) with suffix of 1st pers.
34 Nominative sing. dimin. adj. from lyhyt (p. 48).
35 Nominative sing. low, dwarfish.
36 Nominative sing. a maiden.
37 Genitive plur. of poukku, dirty linen.
38 = pesijä, washer, v. p. 196.
39 Genitive plur. of räväs (stem räpähä), rag.
40 Nominative sing. a beater; cf. räimätä, to beat.
41 Inessive sing. of musta, black.
42 Inessive sing. of compound noun alusvesi (p. 34).
43 3rd sing. imperf. (the form varies between virkki and virkkoi) from virkkaa, to speak.
44 Instr. plur. of tuo, thus.
45 3rd sing. imperf. of nimetä, literally to name.
46 3rd sing. imperf. of lausua, to call.
47 3rd sing. imperf. of pakista, to talk or speak.
48 Adv. thence; abl. of tämä, this; täällä, täältä are written with two ä’s when used adverbially.
49 = tuotaneen, concessive passive of tuoda, to bear. The final n of the passive is omitted. For constr. v. pp. 177 and 182.
50 = kun, when.
51 Nominative sing. a cause.
52 Conditional passive of sanoa, to speak (= sanottaneen).
53 = mikä.
54 3rd sing. imperf. of saattaa, causative form of saada (p. 110), to cause to come or bring; for form v. rule 7.
55 Prep. with the abessive (p. 203): used also as adverb. Apparently genitive of ilma, air, but connection of meaning is obscure.
56 = taudin, gen. sing. of tauti, disease, constr. with tappamatta (p. 184).
57 Abessive of the 3rd infin. of tappaa, to kill (p. 193).
58 Abessive of 3rd infin. of ottaa, to take.
59 Genitive sing. of oiva, right or proper.
60 Genitive sing. of surma, fate; a right fate is a natural death. For constr. v. p. 184.
61 Genitive sing. of muu, other; another fate means one other than a natural death.
62 Abessive of 3rd infin. of musertaa, to break.
63 Adv. hither, v. p. 24.
64 3rd sing. imperf. from tuottaa, causal of tuoda, to bear.
65 Ablative plur. of maa, land, with affix of 1st person.
66 3rd sing. imperf. from vedellä, formed from vetää, to carry.
67 Accusative sing. of pron. tuo, with adverbial suffix pa.
68 Transl. plur. of sana after virkki, spoke this into words (p. 158).
69 1st sing. pres. of keksiä, to find or detect.
70 Accusative sing. of kielastaja (from kieli, tongue). One who is ready with his tongue, hence a liar. The Finns are a silent race.
71 kun, if, with adv. suffix pa.
72 On, a particle of emphasis, not the verb substantive.
73 3rd sing. conditional of tuoda, to bring.
74 3rd sing. conditional of siirtellä, deriv. verb from siirtää.
75 Inessive of 2nd infin. of tulla, to come, with pron. affix of 3rd person.
76 Adjectival form from Manala (v. p. 46).
77 Inessive of matka, a journey.
78 Nominative sing. a hat. For the constr. of nominative absolute v. p. 134.
79 Adessive plur. of hartia, neck or shoulders.
80 Nominative plur. of kinnas, a glove, stem kintaha (p. 38).
81 = kädessä, inessive of käsi, a hand (stem käte), for use v. p. 141.
82 2nd sing. imper. of sanoa, to speak.
83 Part. sing. of tosi, truth (stem tote, v. p. 34).
84 Inessive of tuo, there or thereupon.
85 Nominative sing. (gen. raudan, rauan), iron.
86 = minun, me.
87 Nominative sing. of stem teräkse, steel.
88 3rd sing. imperf. of tempoa, cf. temmata.
89 Elative sing. of tuo, from this.
90 1st sing. pres. of tuntea.
91 3rd sing. conditional of saada, meaning here to convey (cf. reflex. saapua). N.B. Pres. cond. used here with past signif.
92 Instr. plur. of veri (stem vere), blood.
93 Nominative plur. of vaate (stem vaattehe), garment.
94 3rd pers. sing. cond. (though with plur. subject) of valua, to drip.
95 Instr. plur. of hurme, gore (stem hurmehe).
96 3rd sing. (for plural) cond. of hurahdella.
97 Nom. sing. (gen. kerran) time; for use of nom. v. p. 137. In l. 224 the accusative is used in same constr.
98 Nominative sing. of stem vete, p. 34.
99 Nominative sing. (gen. aallon), billow.
100 1st pers. sing. pres. of ymmärtää, p. 93.
101 Accusative sing. of valehtelia (or valhetelija), a liar, v. No. 129.
102 Conj. if.
103 Nominative sing. with affix of 2nd person.
104 3rd pers. sing. (for plur.) of herahdella, identical with hurahdella above.
105 Part. plur. of tarkka, exact.
106 Part. plur. of stem tote (nom. tosia), truth.
107 Adv. once more.
108 Accusative sing. of kerta, cf. No. 97.
109 3rd sing. pres. of kielestaa, v. No. 70.
110 Nominative sing. of tule, fire.
111 Nominative sing.; has two meanings, (1) white or bright, (2) flame; so here.
112 = arvaan, 1st sing. pres. of arvata, to think or perceive, conjugated like luvata.
113 Adj. from valkea (p. 47), the flaming one, i.e. fire.
114 = olisi, here used for olisivat.
115 Nominative plur. of kutri, a lock.
116 = kärventyneenä, essive sing. of past part, act of kärventyä, neuter form of kärventää, to burn.
117 Nominative parta, beard (gen. parran), with adverbial affix ki.
118 Instrum. plur. of paha, bad, used adverbially (p. 161).
119 Nominative sing. past part. act. of palaa, to burn (intrans.).
120 An interjection.
121 = sinä.
122 = tahdot, 2nd pers. sing. pres. of tahtoa, to wish.
123 Part. plur. of walhe, a lie (the cases and derivatives of this word are written either walhe or waleh).
124 Part. plur. of viimeinen (stem sen), last, often employed in indeclinable form viime.
125 Adv. fr. pron. stem mi.
126 2nd sing. imperf. of tulla, to come.
127 Abessive of 3rd infin. of murentaa, to crush or break.
128 Instr. of vähä, little, used adverbially.
129 1st sing. imperf. of valehdella, with suffix ki.
130 Adv. yet.
131 = minä.
132 = todet, accusative plur. of stem tote, nominative tosi, truth.
133 1st sing. imperf. of tehdä, stem teke.
134 = tiedolla, adessive sing. of tieto, knowledge, used instrumentally, v. p. 152.
135 = laadin, 1st pers. imperf. of laatia, to fashion.
136 Part. sing. of pursi (stem purte), ship; part. is used because action was not completed, v. p. 127.
137 Adessive of 3rd infin. of laulaa, to sing (p. 193).
138 1st sing. imperf. of same verb (p. 85).
139 Accusative sing. of päivä, day (p. 137).
140 Instr. plur. of se, used adverbially.
141 Adessive sing. of kolmas (p. 35); the essive would be more usual as a definite date is mentioned (p. 150).
142 3rd sing. imperf. of rikkoa, to break (v. p. 227).
143 Nominative sing. sledge (p. 33).
144 Ablative plur. of runo, verse (p. 154).
145 Nominative sing. of stem jalakse (fr. jala, foot), the foot or end of a sledge.
146 3rd sing. imperf. from taittua, to bend, reflex. form of taittaa (p. 109).
147 Ablative plur. of lause (stem lausehe).
148 = oraa, part. sing, of ora, a gimlet.
149 Part. sing. of vääntiä, an auger.
150 Accusative sing. of rekonen, dim. fr. reke, a sledge.
151 = rakentaa (p. 93) 1st infin. with affix of 1st person (p. 187).
152 Accusative sing. compound word formed from laulu, song, and korja, a basket sledge (Swedish korgsläde).
153 v. No. 135, 1st infin. with suffix of 1st person.
154 Adv. now.
155 Part. sing. of venoinen, dim. of vene, boat.
156 2nd sing. imperf. of laittaa, to make ready.
157 = minulle.
158 kyllä, adv. much; originally a subst. meaning plenty.
159 Nominative sing. of tuonettare, from stem tuone, with affix ttare (p. 46).
160 3rd sing. pres. of torua, to chide.
161 3rd sing. pres. of riidella (stem riitele), to quarrel or be angry.
162 Nominative sing., a fool.
163 Part. sing, with affix of 2nd pers. of stem hulluute, folly, derived from hullu (p. 47); for use of part, after oi, v. p. 136.
164 Nominative sing. of stem miehe.
165 Gen. sing. of mieli, with affix of 2nd pers. sing.
166 Part. sing. of stem vähyyte (after oi), formed like hulluus, above, from vähä, little.
167 Abessive sing. of syy, cause; tauitta (from tauti) is same case.
168 Allative sing. (after tulet) from maja, a habitation.
169 Nominative of stem parempa, comp. of hyvä, good.
170 For constr. v. p. 138.
171 1st infin. and root to return, conjugated like luvata.
172 Adessive plur. of oma, own.
173 Adessive plur. of maa, land.
174 Adv. and adj. much.
175 Part. plur. of stem tullehe (nominative sing. tullut, p. 40), 2nd part. act. of tulla, to come.
176 Adv. much.
177 v. 175; this is corresponding form from palata, to return.
178 Nominative sing., an old woman.
179 Ablative sing. tie, a way.
180 = kääntyköön, 3rd sing. opt. of kääntyä, reflex. form of kääntää, to turn.
181 Nominative of compar. of paha, bad (p. 42), with adv. affix kana. N.B. As ei is indic. and not imper. the line must mean ‘the meanest man will not.’
182 Nominative sing. stem uroho (p. 38).
183 Nominative of compar. of untelo, sleepy or dull, from untua, to be sleepy.
184 3rd sing. imperf. of viedä (rule 4).
185 saatella, päästellä are derivative forms from saada, päästä (p. 111).
186 Abessive of 3rd infin. of kuolla, to die.
187 Nominative sing. good.
188 Nominative sing. (gen. emännän), mistress or hostess.
189 Adessive sing. of tuoppi. The inessive would seem more natural.
190 Part. sing. of olut, beer, stem olue; cf. kevät, p. 39; for part. v. p. 135.
191 3rd sing. of kantaa, to bear.
192 Adessive sing. of kaksikorvainen, formed of kaksi, two; korva, ear, with adj. ending inen, two-eared or two-handled.
193 2nd sing. imperf. of juoda, to drink.
194 3rd sing. imperf. of katsoa, to look.
195 Prep. governing partitive tuoppiansa (p. 204).
196 Nominative plur. of sammakko, frog.
197 3rd sing. (for plural) imperf. of kutea.
198 Adessive sing. of sisä, interior (cf. p. 214).
199 = madot, nominative plur. of mato, worm.
200 = laidoilla, adessive plur. of laita, side.
201 = mateli (which perhaps should be read), imperf. of madella (sing. for plur.), to creep (connected mato).
202 Accusative plur. of malja, a cup.
203 Illative of 3rd infin. of lakkia. For the construction of this and of juomahan, v. p. 192.
204 3rd pers. plur. pres. of juopua (p. 111).
205 Nominative plur. of juoja (p. 45).
206 Genitive sing. of kannu, a cup, or can.
207 Nominative plur. of appaja, formed from appaa, to eat or drink greedily.
208 3rd plur. pres. of stem katota, 1st infin. kadota, conjugated like koota (p. 104).
209 Part. of mitä, used adverbially, why.
210 Part. of kuka, here used like mikä.
211 Allative plur. (after tulit) of tupa, house.
212 Adv. before.
213 Abessive of 3rd infin. of tahtoa, to wish. There is here a confusion of two ideas, without the will of Tuoni and before the bidding of Tuoni.
214 Ablative plur. of maa, land.
215 Abessive of 3rd infin. of kutsua, to call.
216 Inessive of 2nd infin. of veistää, to cut, from veitsi, a knife, v. p. 189.
217 Part. sing. of uusi (stem uute), new; part. because action was not complete.
218 Inessive of 2nd infin. of puuhata, like luvata.
219 1st pers. sing. of uupua, to fall asleep, to lose; cf. No. 243.
220 Part. of kolme, three, followed by part. sing. of sana (p. 172).
221 = peräpää, lit. end-head, i.e. extreme part.
222 Inessive of 2nd infin. of päätellä, derived from päättää, to finish.
223 = kokkaa, part. sing. of kokka, prow.
224 Inessive of 2nd infin. of kohottaa, transitive form of kohota, to swell or rise.
225 1st sing. imperf. neg. of saada, with adv. affix kana.
226 Part. plur. of tuo used after negative.
227 Ablative plur. of ilma, air. maailma (earth, air) means universe, and the present expression, in which the two elements are declined, has much the same force.
228 Nominative sing. 2nd part. active of tavata (root tapata), conjugated like luvata; en must be understood with this participle.
229 3rd sing. imperf. of pitää (here impersonal, oportere).
230 Illative of 3rd infin. of saada. N.B. This infin. does not depend on piti, but denotes the purpose of the action; v. p. 192.
231 Part. plur. of ongelmo (derived from onki), a crooked saying, a riddle.
232 Illative of 3rd infin. of oppia, to learn.
233 3rd. sing. pres. neg. of antaa, to give (p. 69).
234 Negative form (understand ei) of jaella, derived from jakaa, to divide or distribute.
235 2nd pers. sing. concessive negative of päästä (like nousta).
236 Essive of se.
237 Essive sing. of ilmoinen, derived from ilma (the open space or air) and apparently meaning long.
238 Essive of ikä, life. For temporal meaning of essive, v. p. 157. The whole expression apparently means in this long life, i.e. as long as you live.
239 Illative plur. of koti, home, with affix of 2nd pers. pron.
240 Illative of 3rd infin. of kulkea, to go.
241 Allative plur. of maa, land, with affix of 2nd pers.
242 Illative of 3rd infin. of madella.
243 3rd sing. imperf. of uuvuttaa, to tire or throw to sleep.
244 = uneen, illative sing. of uni, sleep; the illative is used on account of the idea of change of state in uuvutti.
245 3rd sing. imp. of panna (like tulla), to put.
246 1st infin. of root makata (like lupata), to sleep. The expression panna maata is generally used in an intransitive sense, to go to bed.
247 Acc. sing. of matkalainen, a traveller, deriv. from matka, journey.
248 Allative sing. (on account of motion in lying down unto) of compound noun composed of talja and vuode, both meaning skin, or fur.
249 3rd sing. pres. of makaella, derivative verb from maata.
250 Part. sing. of uni.
251 Derivative verb from ottaa, to take.
251a 3rd sing. imperf. of valvoa, to watch. The expression is a proverb, and means he slept with one eye open.
251b Nominative sing. of compound adj. formed of käykkä, prominent, and leuka, chin.
251c Genitive sing. of compound substantive formed of rauta, iron, and rihma, thread.
251d Noun of agency formed with affix ja from kehrätä, to spin.
251e Genitive plur. of vaskilanka, compound of vaski, brass, and lanka, twine.
252 Noun of agency from valaa, to pour or make by casting.
253 Accusative sing. of satainen, hundred-fold, here meaning complicated or large.
254 Accusative sing. of nuotta, a large net.
255 Accusative sing. of tuhantinen; v. satainen, above.
256 3rd sing. imperf. of tuuritella, to knit (from tuurittaa).
257 Essive sing. of yö, night (p. 157).
258 Essive sing. of yksi.
259 Essive sing. of kesäinen, adj. from kesä, summer; kesäisenä, contracted to kesäisnä.
260 = yhdellä (p. 51).
261 Adessive sing. of compound subst. formed of vesi, water, and kivi, stone.
262 Nominative sing. an old man.
263 Nominative sing. compound of kolme, three (N.B. in compounds the e becomes i), and sormi, a finger.
264 Genitive plur. of rautaverkko, compound of rauta, iron, and verkko, a net.
265 Noun of agency from kutoa, to weave.
266 Genitive sing. of vaskinuotta; v. Nos. 251 and 254.
267 Noun of agency from valmistaa, to make ready.
268 3rd sing. imperf. of kutoa.
269 3rd sing. imperf. of tuikutella.
270 Essive of sama, the same.
271 Nominative sing. (gen. pojan), a boy.
272 Compound adj. koukku, a hook, sormi, a finger.
273 Compound adj. rauta, iron, näppi, finger tip.
274 3rd sing. imperf. of vetää, to draw or spread.
275 Elative sing. of joki, river; alatse, läpi, poikki, yli, sometimes take the elative instead of partitive in the Kalevala.
276 sekä... jotta = both... and, but the third jotta introduces a final sentence with the verb in the indicative, not in the subjunctive, as is more usual.
277 Illative sing. of vita, crosswise.
278 Negative pres. of päästää, to let go.
279 Negative pres. of selvittää, to liberate (from selvä, free or clear).
280 Essive of kuu, moon.
281 Genitive sing. of kulta, gold.
282 Essive of walkea, bright. The meaning of these three words is clearly as long as the moon shines, but their exact relation to each other is a little obscure. Kullan is apparently an attributive genitive belonging to kuun, and the essive is to be taken in a temporal sense. Literally, in the moon of gold shining. Cf. XLIX. 116. Päivä-kullan paistamahan.
283 Elative plur. of koti, home.
284 Elative plur. of ikimaja, compound of iki, always, and maja, dwelling.
285 Compound concessive of tulla; lie = lienee. For use of the concessive in questions, v. p. 177.
286 Nominative sing. with affix of 1st person.
287 Compound of hätä, straits or danger, and päivä, day.
288 Allative sing. of pää, head.
289 Adessive plur. of majanne (stem -tehe) formed from maja (p. 47), a poor dwelling.
290 Genitive of pika, swiftness, used adverbially.
291 Translative sing. of muu, other; for use of the case here and in toiseksi after verbs denoting change (v. p. 158).
292 3rd pers. sing, imperf. (v. p. 109) of muutella, derived from muuttaa, to make other (muu), or change.
293 Genitive of rutto, rapid, used adverbially.
294 3rd sing. imperf. of ruveta, to begin or become.
295 3rd sing. imperf. of mennä, to go.
296 Illative of meri, sea.
297 Essive of sarva (or saarva), an otter. For the case of this and mustana, etc., v. p. 157.
298 Illative sing. of saraikko, formed from sara, sedge; cf. No. 9.
299 3rd sing. imperf. of matoa, to creep.
300 Essive sing. of rautainen, iron.
301 Essive of kyinen (stem se) adj. from kyy, a viper.
302 Essive of käärme (stem käärmehe), a serpent.
303 Preposition with elat. v. No. 280.
304 Part. plur. of verkko, net; cf. No. 5.
305 Adessive of aamu, morning (p. 150).
306 = varhain, adv. early.
307 = sadan, accusative of sata, hundred.
308 3rd sing. pres. of saa.
309 Part. plur. of taimen (stem taimene), a kind of fish (salmo fario or trutta, Lönnrot).
310 a thousand, p. 52.
311 Emon is gen. of emo (= emä), mother; alvehia, part. plur. of alve (stem alpehe, a young fish). The phrase seems to mean fry that follow their mother.
312 Part. cases of Väinämöinen and Uvantolainen, after negative verb.
313 Nominative sing. adj. originally muddy; thence soft or light; explained as meaning here kevytmielinen, light-minded.
314 Also called Ahti and Kaukomieli. The most fascinating and adventurous of the heroes of the Kalevala, but sadly deficient in moral sense. He was much attached to female society, which led to his being killed, apparently very thoroughly, in book xiv., but in xv. his mother resuscitates him; he did not, however, learn wisdom. Books xxvi. and xxvii. recount his struggle with the people of Pohjola, with whom he was on bad terms owing to his not being invited to the marriage of Ilmarinen, and in xxix. he had to fly to Saari, whence however he was expelled (owing to his light conduct with a thousand brides and a hundred widows), and has further adventures in xxx. In the rest of the Kalevala he plays rather a secondary part.
315 3rd pers. sing. imperf. (p. 227) from pyörähtää, to turn (pyörä, wheel or circle).
316 Postposition governing venosen; the allative is used because motion is implied.
317 Adessive sing. of hako, timber floating in water.
318 Genitive sing. of hauki, pike.
319 Genitive sing. of koira, dog.
320 Adessive plur. of konkka-luu, compound noun.
321 Part. plur. of joki, various.
322 = on.
323 Part. plur. of hako, v. 317.
324 = vedä, 2nd pers. sing. imperat. of vetää, to draw.
325 Adessive (p. 152) sing. of miekka, sword.
326 2nd sing. imperf. of katkaista, to break or sever, stem katkaise.
327 Nominative sing. a fish, direct object of katkaise (p. 128).
328 = kahdeksi, trans. of kaksi, two (for case, v. p. 158).
329 Nominative sing. adj. merry.
330 Adj. formed from stem vere, blood, with suffix va (p. 48), vigorous or youthful.
331 Ablative sing. of vyö, a girdle, with affix of 3rd pers.
332 Acc. sing. of compound subst. with first member (luu, bone) in gen. and second noun of agency, formed from purra, to bite.
333 Ablative sing. of puoli, side, with affix of 3rd pers.
334 Part. sing. of meryt (stem merye), dimin. of meri, sea.
335 Preposition governing laian, though generally a postposition.
336 3rd sing. pres. of laskettaa (trans. form of laskea), to smite.
337 3rd sing. imperf. of vierähtää, deriv. verb (p. 112) from vierrä, to roll down.
338 Instr. plur. of koura, palm of the hand.
339 3rd pers. imperf. of kohahtaa, onomatopoeic verb representing noise of bubbling water.
340 Elative sing. of se, used adverbially, then.
341 seppo or seppä, nominative sing. a smith.
342 The magic smith of Kalevala and forger of the Sampo; after many trials he married the maiden of Pohja (xix.), and the marriage is described in xx-xxv., but in xxxiii. she is killed. Ilmarinen then forged himself a wife of gold and silver (xxxvii.), who did not prove entirely satisfactory in all respects.
343 3rd sing. imperf. of tarttua, to stick or cling to.
344 Illative sing. of tukka, hair.
345 Part. sing. of uros, used as genitive. This use (which is hardly found in prose) is chiefly used of things which form part of something else.
346 3rd sing. of nostaltaa, deriv. verb from nostaa, to raise.
347 Nominative sing. all (p. 170).
348 2nd part. passive of kyhätä, to form; this word and pantu are followed by translatives to indicate the end for which a thing is made (p. 159).
349 Trans. sing. of lisä, an addition.
350 Allative sing. of sataluku, hundred number (luvulle is now the usual orthography, p. 14).
351 Allative sing. of tuhat (stem tuhante), a thousand.
352 Trans. sing. of täyte (stem täyttehe), a complement or supplement (täysi, full).
353 Elative sing. of tuppi, sheath, with affix of 3rd person.
354 Accusative sing. of tuima, fierce.
355 Adessive (p. 152) of joka, here used in sense and with it.
356 = kolhaisti or kolkkaisti, 3rd sing. imperf. of kalhaista, to strike or split.
357 3rd sing. imperf. of läimähyttää (deriv. of läimätä), to smite.
358 Trans. sing. of murska, a fragment (p. 158). N.B. The word is not in the plural and is almost adverbial, piecemeal.
359 3rd sing. imperf. of mureta, to break (stem murene, p. 94 F and 107).
360 = tietänyt (p. 226, ix), 2nd part. act. of tietää, to perceive or know, with adv. affix kana.
361 v. p. 141, vii.
362 Part. sing. of puoli, half (p. 34); for use of part. v. p. 122.
363 Part. sing. of kolmannes (stem -ekse), a third part.
364 Adv. when, used with kun to mean as soon as.
365 Nominative sing. (stem tarpehe), need.
366 = vaaditaan, passive of vaatia, to demand.
367 Adv. then.
368 Inessive sing. of melkeä, moderate (? Russian мелкій); for use of inessive v. p. 140, iii. The expression seems ironical, is in a very moderate state.
369 Nominative sing. business, duty, capacity; cf. for use here ei ole hänellä tointa.
370 Adessive of toisia, another place; cf. muualla, and our expression to be all abroad.
371 3rd sing. imperf. of vedältää, deriv. verb from vetää.
372 3rd sing. imperf. of työntää, to thrust or smite.
373 3rd sing. imperf. of langetella, deriv. verb from langettaa, which is the causative form of langeta, to fall.
374 Compound of kala, fish, and hauki, pike. The usual form would be haukikala (cf. valaskala, a whale).
375 3rd sing. imperf. reflexive (p. 227) of luottaa, to send through or drive, a factitive form from luoda, one of whose meanings is to cast (v. No. 496).
376 Illative sing. of luja, firm.
377 Illative plur. of kitanen (stem -se, diminutive of kita), the gills of a fish.
378 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of kiinnittää, to fix, derived from kiinni.
379 3rd sing. imperf. of katketa, to break or fall asunder; cf. 326.
380 = pyrstö, nominative sing. a tail.
381 Illative sing. of pohja, bottom or shore.
382 3rd sing. imperf. of pudota (like luvata), to fall.
383 3rd sing. imperf. of kavahtaa, to leap forth or fall.
384 Illative sing. of karvas (cf. oas, p. 40), a small boat.
385 3rd sing. imperf. of ottaa, here used intransitively, to start or begin.
386 1st sing. of stem juokse (cf. syökse, p. 107), to run or speed.
387 Elative sing. of puutos, a hindrance (puuttaa, to hold or fasten).
388 3rd sing. imperf. act. of luottaa, v. 375.
389 Allative sing. of luotonen, dimin. of luoto, island or shore.
390 3rd sing. imperf. of ravahuttaa, fact. form of ravahtaa, which is itself a deriv. of ravata, to move quickly; cf. ravakka, quick.
391 Illative sing. of rantanen, dimin. of ranta, shore.
392 Part. sing. (p. 127) of pääpala, compound of pää, head, and pala, a piece.
393 Int. pron. (p. 60).
394 Elative plur. of sulho, a young man; for use of case, v. p. 143, viii.
395 Illative of 3rd infin. of halkoa (halki), to cleave. The verb on which the infinitive depends is omitted, but some such words as ‘let him come’ must be understood.
396 Instr. plur. of vipla (or viipale), a strip. For the nom. hauki, v. p. 128, iii (2).
397 Illative of 3rd infin. of viiltää (fact. of viillä), to split open.
398 Illative 3rd infin. of pahkoa, to cleave.
399 3rd plur. pres. of puhua, to speak (original meaning to blow).
400 Ablative plur. of laitanen (stem -se), dimin. of laita, shore.
401 Genitive of saaja, noun of agency, from saada, to take (p. 45).
402 Nominative plur. of sulin, superlative of sula, flowing, active, or dexterous.
403 Genitive sing. of pyytäjä from pyytää, to catch; cf. No. 401.
404 Nominative plur. of pyhin, superl. of pyhä, holy.
405 Accusative sing. of veitsi, knife.
406 Elative sing. of huotra, a sheath, with affix of 3rd person.
407 Ablative sing. of kylki, side, with affix of 3rd person.
408 Accusative sing. of kylmä, cold.
409 3rd sing. pres. of halkaista (halki), to split.
410 3rd sing. pres. of No. 398.
411 Nominative sing. superl. of nuori, young.
412 Elative plur. of neitonen (stem -se), dimin. of neito, woman.
413 Illative of 3rd infin. of keittää, to cook; v. No. 395.
414 Trans. plur. (p. 158) of murkinainen, adj. of murkina, the midday meal.
415 Trans. plur. of muru, fragment.
416 Trans. plur. of kalainen, adj. formed from kala, fish.
417 Trans. plur. of lounas, midday meal.
418 Instr. sing. of kilpa, strife or rivalry.
419 kymmen, ten, with affix ki.
420 Pres. passive of keittää.
421 = murkinoidaan, pres. passive of murkinoita from murkina, breakfast.
422 Essive plur. from muru, a bit.
423 3rd sing. imperf. of jäädä, to remain, with affix pä, followed by allative (p. 156).
424 Part. plur. of luu, bone.
425 Allative of kallio, rock.
426 Elat. sing. of pron. tuo, with suffix ki.
427 Elat. plur. of same.
428 Elative plur. (p. 143, ix) of hammas (stem hampaha), tooth.
429 Elative of leveä, broad.
430 Elative of leuka-luu, jaw-bone.
431 Inessive of paja, a smithy.
432 Essive of luo (p. 210), here prepos. with genitive.
433 Genitive of 1st part. act. of taitaa, to be able or skilful.
434 Genitive of takoja, forger, from takoa, to forge.
435 Genitive of mahtava, powerful.
436 Elative of tyhjä, void or emptiness.
437 = mitään, v. p. 219 and 122.
438 Elative sing. of ruotta, mouth (of a fish); ruota or ruoto is the usual form.
439 Part. sing. of kalu, an instrument (p. 122).
440 Dimin. of kantelo = kantele, a kind of harp with five strings.
441 = osaajaa, part. of osaaja, noun of agency, from osata, to know or be skilful.
442 Genitive sing. of soitto, a musical instrument.
443 Part. of laatija, noun of agency from laatia, to make. The part. is used because the sentence is practically negative.
444 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of luoda, to create or make.
445 Translative (p. 158, iii) of tekijä, noun of agency, from tehdä, to make.
446 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of teennellä, deriv. of tehdä (stem teke), to make.
447 3rd sing. imperf. of suorittaa (from suora), to prepare.
448 Accusative sing. of ilo, joy.
449 Accusative sing. of ikuinen, from ikä, life.
450 Elative sing. of kuka, meaning here from what (p. 144, ix).
451 Nominative sing., the body or frame (of the harp).
452 Part. sing. of kantele (stem -lehe), harp; for use of part. v. No. 345.
453 Genitive sing. of suuri, great.
454 Nominatives plur. of kieli, tongue or string, and naula, a nail.
455 Elative plur. of hivus = hius (stem hiukse), hair.
456 = Hiiden, genitive sing. of Hiisi, the genius of evil.
457 Genitive sing. of ruuna, poetical word for a horse.
458 Essive sing. of 2nd part. passive (= suoritettuna) of suorittaa.
459 Essive sing. of valmis, ready (stem valmihi).
460 Compound word; first member in genitive, second adj. formed from evä, a fin.
461 Adv. of hyvä, good (p. 117), used to mean good-bye.
462 Dimin. of kulta, gold or darling, with affix of 1st person.
463 Adv. now.
464 Impers. verb it is necessary, followed by 1st infin. (p. 187); täytyy and täytyvi are identical (p. 226, viii).
465 Adv. away, also used in inessive poissa.
466 Compound of koti, home, and maa, land; v. No. 65.
466a = tiedä, negative form of tietää, to know.
466b 1st pers. sing. of nähdä (p. 108).
467 = milloinkaan (v. pp. 117, 169).
468 = lahdella, adessive sing. of lahti, bay.
469 Nominative sing. a ship.
470 Nominative sing. little.
471 = odottelee, 3rd sing. pres. of odotella, deriv. from odottaa, to wait.
472 = minulla; cf. mua = minua.
473 1st part. passive for tunnettava, from tuntea, to know. Here used as substantive with affix of 1st pers., friend.
474 Nominative sing. wind.
475 Nominative with suffix of 1st pers. from stem armaha (nom. armas), dear.
476 = taikka, or.
477 Adv. (gen. of ensi), before.
478 Part. sing. of moni, many, taking a partitive after it (p. 171, iv.).
479 3rd sing. imperf. of petellä, deriv. verb from pettää, to deceive.
480 Accusative plur. of silmä, eye.
481 Allative plur. of vesi, water.
482 3rd sing. imperf. of jätellä, derived from jättää. For the use of this verb with the illative or allative, v. p. 156. The sentence means literally has abandoned the eyes of many a lover to waters; i.e. has filled with tears.
483 Conj. but.
484 2nd sing. negative opt. of surra (like tulla).
485 Adv. perhaps.
486 1st sing. conditional of kuolla, to die (like tulla).
487 = sinä.
488 Part. sing. of suosi, pleasure (not used); used adverbially to mean for mere pleasure, without serious cause; hence in vain, uselessly.
489 2nd sing. conditional of kadottaa, to loose, trans. form of kadota, to fall.
490 Accusative sing. of ikä, life, with suffix of 2nd pers. N.B. k is not weakened.
491 Accusative sing. of kaunis, beautiful, stem kaunihi; the adv. is used in l. 17.
492 2nd sing. pres. of kuulla (like tulla), to hear.
493 Translative sing. of 2nd part. act. of kuolla (v. 486). For use v. p. 201.
494 2nd sing. imperf. of tehdä, followed by illative; v. p. 156 ad. in.
495 Nominative sing. cross, obj. of tee (p. 128, iii).
496 Accusative plur. of 3rd infin. of luoda, used as a past part. (p. 191). For luoda, meaning to cast, v. No. 375.
497 Accusative plur. of luu, bone, with affix of 1st pers. sing.
498 2nd sing. imperf. of peittää, to hide.
499 Illative sing. (p. 156) of santa, sand.
500 Nom. sing. rose, object of ota (p. 128).
501 Illative of 3rd infin. of kasvaa, to grow (p. 192).
502 Adv. then (p. 117).
503 Compound of kesä, summer, and ilta, evening, instr. plur. (p. 161, iii).
504 Elative sing. of väli, interval; here adverbial, now and then.
505 3rd sing. pres. of kukostaa, to flower, from kukka, a flower (p. 114).
506 Genitive sing. with affix of 1st pers.; from rakkaus (stem rakkaute), love.
507 Accusative sing. of kuva, picture.
508 Illative sing. of esi, with affix of 2nd pers. (p. 146).
509 = muodostaa, v being a dialectical variant for d; 3rd sing. pres. (with future signif.) of muodostaa, deriv. verb from muoto, form.
510 Nominative sing. (p. 134, v), friend; Lönnrot suggests it is for ysättävä, derived from yskä, bosom.
511 Illative of 3rd infin.; cf. No. 484.
512 Negative pres. of auttaa, to help or avail.
Footnotes
1 This applies not only to case or personal suffixes, but to any formative element.
2 Kalevala. 3 painos. 1887. Johdanto. p. XV.
3 The following sketch of Esthonian is taken mainly from Wiedemann’s ‘Grammatik der Estnischen Sprache.’ Petersburg, 1875.
4 Donner’s ‘Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Finnish-Ugrischen Sprachen’ also contains many comparisons with Samoyede.
5 But suola, salt, and puola, bilberry, change the final a into o to distinguish them from suoli, an intestine, and puoli, half.
6 It is noticeable that this rule does not apply in the rare case of a monosyllabic root ending in a short open vowel becoming closed. Ku, the root of the pronoun kuka, forms kun not gun.
7 In the Kalevala dialect t always disappears instead of becoming d, and some traces of this remain in ordinary Finnish, (a) In the declensions of such roots as lyhyte, short: gen. lyhyen, and in some contracted substantives. (b) In the loss of t in the syllable ta used to form infinitives and partitives.
8 In the Bible and old Finnish are found such forms as kaksitoistakymmentä.
9 This suffix frequently loses its vowel and becomes simple s.
10 The closing of the root and omission or weakening of t in the first and second forms of the infinitive is no doubt due to the extremely frequent use of the forms with suffixes. Thus saadakseni from saata is grammatically correct, as is also lukeakseni from luketa, according to the euphonic rules of the Kalevala or Old Karelian dialect. Such forms as saada are probably not nominatives, but shortened translatives.
11 The first infinitive is occasionally found in the Bible, e.g. Psalm xliv. 12 Sinä annat meitä syötää niinkuin lampaita.
12 The participle is nousnut or noussut.
13 These forms are ably discussed by Mr. Setälä, in vol. II of the Journal de la Société Finne-Ugrienne, p. 29 ff. He endeavours to prove [and it seems to me with success] that k is a suffix of the present tense, and se a pronominal affix.
14 Cf. kaikkialla, toisialla, kuusialla. Some consider these forms as compounds of the pronominal stem with the word ala, so that muualla stands for muu + ala + lla.
15 It is noticeable that peasants frequently use the passive with the pronoun of the first person plural, as if it were a personal form. Jokohan mekin tuo lehmä myötäisiin? Shall we not sell this cow too?
16 Analogy has no doubt played a great part in the development of these constructions, but they clearly have their origin in the use of the participle as a substantive, just like the infinitive. Compare Minä toivon saada rahoja with Minä luulen saavani rahoja and Miehet nayttävät tulevan with Miehet taitavat tulla. Compare such Turkish constructions as كلديكمى بلدكز geldiyimi bildiniz, you knew I had come.
17 Vasiten or vaseten occurs in dialects.
18 I should say that in this account I am deeply indebted to the Finnish introduction to the edition of the Kalevala, published in 1887 at Helsingfors.
19 The word seems to imply low-lying marshy places.
20 This is apparently a reference to some kind of costume in which a corpse was dressed.
21 This passage seems a little confused. Wäinämöinen was building a boat by means of magic spells, of whose efficacy so much is said in the Kalevala. During this process he lost (apparently forgot) three words which were necessary. The language in 350 ff. is metaphorical: the sledge of his song was broken, i.e. the spells did not run smoothly.
22 It would seem that this is not the same personage as the ‘dwarfish daughter of Tuoni’ (also called Tuonetar in 263). But who this new character is, is not explained.
23 This rather obscure remark appears to be a taunt. ‘Every body is a man, in the sense of adding to the male population. But one wants a good deal more to really deserve the name.’