The Verb

The verbs in Finnish, as in other languages, are transitive or intransitive, and have an active and passive voice. It is further to be noticed that the negative verb is conjugated quite differently to the affirmative.

The verb may be considered to have seven moods:—the indicative, the concessive, the conditional, the optative, the imperative, the verbal substantive, and the verbal adjective.

Before giving an example of the conjugation of a verb it will be well to examine the formation of these moods and their various tenses. At first only the simple tenses will be considered, that is to say those formed by the addition of suffixes to a verbal root. The compound tenses are formed by combining certain verbal forms with parts of the verb ‘to be.’

Formation of the Moods and Tenses of an Affirmative Verb

All parts of the finite verb, except the optative and imperative, mark the person by the following terminations:—

Sing.		Plur.
1.	-n	1.	-mme
2.	-t	2.	-tte
3.	(-pi, -vi) or none	3.	-vat, -vät

In ordinary Finnish the third person singular receives no termination, but the final vowel of the root is lengthened in the present indicative, if not already a long vowel or diphthong. Thus, the roots anta, repi, tuo form the third person sing. present, antaa, repii, tuo. On the same principle the third person sing. of the concessive ends in -nee, the tense stem ending in -ne. In the imperfect and conditional the tense stem is used unaltered.

Monosyllabic verbs sometimes receive the termination -pi in the third person present, e.g. saapi, tuopi for saa, tuo. Another variety of this termination is in vi, used very frequently in the Kalevala and the Karelian dialect.

This termination pi or vi is obviously primitive and is akin to the plur. -vat which has the plur. suffix t. It is found in all the Baltic dialects in the form of b, p, or v, and sporadically in Cheremissian, but not apparently in the other languages of the Finno-Ugric group.

The indicative mood has two simple tenses, the present (also used as a future) and the imperfect.

The present indicative has no tense terminations, and is formed by adding the personal terminations to the root; the third sing. having no termination, is of course the simple root, and always ends in a double vowel or diphthong, except in the verb substantive on, he is. Thus, taking the root repi and adding to it the present terminations given above, we get for the present infinitive revi-n (by rule 35), revi-t, repii, revi-mme, revi-tte, repi-vät.

The stem of the imperfect indicative is formed by adding to the root the vowel i, before which the last vowel of the root is changed or lost according to rules 3-9, 14, 21. To the stem thus formed are added the personal terminations. Thus on adding to the root saa the termination i, we get sai, and this forms sain, sait, sai, saimme, saitte, saivat. Similarly the root tuo with the suffix i becomes toi, and the imperfect toin, toit, etc.; antaa forms antoi (annoin, 31, annoit, etc.).

The concessive mood is formed by adding to the root the syllable -ne, and then suffixing to this the personal terminations. It has only one tense. Sometimes the suffix -ne becomes assimilated to the preceding consonant. Root saa, conditional-stem saane; 1. saanen; 2. saanet; 3. saanee. 1. saanemme; 2. saa-nette; 3. saanevat. But nousne becomes nousse; noussen, nousset, noussee, etc., the shortened root of nouse being nous.

The conditional has also only one simple tense formed by placing the syllable -isi after the root and suffixing the personal terminations. The final vowel of the root is lost or altered before the termination -isi according to the rules given, but a and ä remain unchanged except in monosyllabic verbs. Root saa, stem of conditional saisi; 1. saisin; 2. saisit; 3. saisi. 1. saisimme; 2. saisitte; 3. saisivat.

This suffix -isi is perhaps akin to the formative suffix -kse (v. page 112).

The imperative is characterized by the addition of ka, kä to the stem, the only persons used being the second sing. and first and second plur. The first person sing. is altogether wanting, and the third person sing. and plur. are supplied by the optative.

The second person sing. is the root, but in a closed form. Thus the roots lyö, tako, otta, anta, pyrki, teke form the imperatives lyö, tao (28), ota (30), anna (31), pyri (27), tee (28). This person had no doubt once the syllable ka (kä) suffixed, which became reduced to -k, and thus closed the syllable. In dialects are found such forms as annak, otak, clearly showing the origin of the form.

The first and second persons plur. are formed by suffixing kaamme (or kämme), and kaatte (or kätte) to the root. In the second person the suffix tte is usually omitted, and the form ends simply in -kaa. Thus from the roots above cited we have lyökäämme, lyökää; takokaamme, takokaa; ottakaamme, ottakaa, antakaamme, antakaa; pyrkikäämme, pyrkikää; tehkäämme (this root undergoes special changes), tehkää.

The optative, which in some ways may be regarded as forming one complete tense with the imperative, is characterized by the addition of ko, kö to the root.

The second person sing. ends in os (e.g. lukeos, antaos), apparently ko with the affix of the second person; lukekos, which has perhaps lost a final vowel, becomes lukeos by rule 28.

The third person sing. ends in koon for kohon, and the third plur. in koot for kohot; antakoon, antakoot; pyrkiköön, pyrkikööt.

When owing to the loss of a vowel this k follows immediately after l, r, or n, it becomes assimilated to those letters, tullos for tulkos; purros for purkos; mennös for menkös.

The infinitive in Finnish is a real substantive, that is to say, just as from a verbal root can be derived, by the addition of suffixes, forms expressing person, time, and modality, so by the addition of other suffixes to the same root can be formed nouns, which can take the ordinary case terminations and also the pronominal suffixes.

These infinitives are five in number. Their signification and use, which constitute one of the great difficulties of the Finnish language, will be explained in the Syntax.

I. The termination of the first infinitive is -taʻ (-tä), e.g. saada (rule 32); root nous (for nouse), nousta; root tul (tulee), tulla. Between two simple vowels this t drops out and the termination is simply a (ä); sano-ta, sanoaʻ; repitä, repiä. N.B.—The syllable ta (tä) or a (ä) is closed with the aspiration.

This infinitive has only one case, the translative, which is used with the personal suffixes, e.g. juo, to drink, juo-da-kse-ni, for my drinking, lukeaksesi, for thy reading.

II. The stem of the second infinitive is formed by adding -teʻ to the root, the syllable being closed. This te becomes e between two simple vowels like the ta of the first infinitive. It has as a rule only two cases, the inessive and instructive (though some verbs have more), to which the personal suffixes can be added, e.g. saa, saade, saadessa, saadessani (in my receiving); instructive saaden. Tule, shortened root tul, infinitive II tulle, inessive tullessansa, instructive tullen; repi, infinitive repie, repiessä, repien.10

III. The third infinitive is formed by adding ma (mä) to the root. There is nothing irregular in its formation or declension. It is used in most of the cases of the sing., but only occasionally takes the personal suffixes, e.g. sano, infinitive III sanoma, genitive sanoman, sanomalla, sanomatta, etc., exactly like a noun.

IV. The fourth infinitive is formed by adding mise to the root. It has two cases, the nominative which ends in minen, and the partitive in mista. Sano, sanominen, sanomista; teke, tekeminen, tekemistä, tekemistänsä, etc.

V. The fifth infinitive, which is not much used except in poetry, and may be regarded as a diminutive derived from infinitive III, is formed by adding maise to the root. It is used only in the adessive plural, and always with a personal suffix. Nouse, to rise, nouse-mais-i-lla-nsa; tule, tulemaisillani.

There are two participles or verbal adjectives in Finnish. They are simply adjectives formed from a verbal root by the addition of a suffix.

I. The first verbal adjective is formed by adding va (vä) to the root. (Sometimes this suffix is found in the form of pa, pä.) The adjective so formed is declined in the ordinary way.

II. The stem of the second participle is formed by adding nehe (shortened nee) to the root. This termination (as explained p. 40) becomes nut or nyt in the nominative, e.g. oppi, to learn, oppinehe, nominative oppinut, genitive oppinehen (or neen), oppineella, etc., partitive, oppinutta, essive oppineena or oppinunna, illative oppineesen, plur. oppineet, genitive oppinutten, oppineiden, partitive oppineita, etc.

The Passive

All the forms of the finite passive verb in Finnish are impersonal, e.g. tuodaan means ‘people bring,’ or ‘there is a bringing,’ in French ‘on apporte;’ but there are no personal forms like the Latin or Greek passives.

The root of the passive is formed by adding ta or tä to the verb. The same changes are made as for the infinitive I active; but,

A. If the t of the passive termination comes between two simple vowels it is doubled, e.g. leipo, leivotta (35).

B. Simple a and ä become e before the t, which is then doubled, kaiva, kaivetta; heittä, heitettä.

The root thus formed receives a termination analogous to the illative, that is to say h—n with the same vowel between them as precedes the h. In the passive the h drops out, and the n is preceded by a long vowel. The syllable ta in the present is closed with the aspiration.

For instance:—Saa makes saadaan, that is saa + ta’ + han, the h dropping out and the t being softened; syö, syödään for syö-tä’-hän. So too sido, sidotta, sidotahan, which becomes sidotaan; mene (which is shortened to men) becomes mennään; kaiva, kaivetta, kaivetaan. It is to be noticed that in verbs ending in a long vowel or diphthong, the passive present has the form daan, the t being softened. But where the t is doubled after a short vowel the present passive ends in taan.

The imperfect tense is formed as in the active by adding i to the stem, but the consonants are not softened, because the syllable ti does not end with the aspiration, e.g. the present passive is formed by adding taʻ (with the aspiration) to the root: saa-taʻ which becomes saada, and then with the termination saadaan. But the imperfect has the stem saati, which gives saatiin. So we have root sido, present sidotaan, but imperfect sidottiin; repi, present revitään, imperfect revittiin; tule (shortened tul), present tullaan, imperfect tultiin.

The concessive passive is formed by adding to the passive root in ta, the modal termination ne, and the usual suffix, saata + ne + hen = saataneen. The consonants are not weakened, e.g. tultaneen, sidottaneen. The final n is frequently omitted, e.g. saatanee.

The conditional is formed by placing isi after the syllable ta, and suffixing the termination hin saata + isi + hin; saataisiin; tul (tule), tulta, tultaisiin.

In the optative the termination ko is added between ta and the suffix hon, saata-ko-hon, saatakoon.

The imperative is not used.

Theoretically of course all the five infinitives can be formed for the passive as well as the active verb, but practically only two are ever used: (a) The inessive sing. of the infinitive II. The root is of the form saatate, which becomes saatae, and we have such forms as saataessa, noustaessa. (b) The instructive of infinitive III formed by adding ma to the root ending in ta and suffixing n, saataman, luvattaman.11

There are two participles.

I. Formed as in the active by adding va or vä after ta, tä; saatava, revittävä.

II. Formed by adding u or y after ta or tä, before which vowels a, ä always fall out; saata + u, saatu; revittä + y, revitty.

The Negative Conjugation

The conjugation of the negative verb is entirely different from that of the positive.

In Finnish there is no word exactly corresponding to the English words ‘not,’ ‘no.’ Instead there is a negative verb, consisting of a root combined with the personal terminations, and which may be literally translated ‘not I,’ ‘not thou,’ ‘not it,’ etc.

The root of this verb in the present is e or ei, and it is conjugated as below.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en	emme
2.	et	ette
3.	ei	eivät

The forms for the imperative are formed from the root äl or el.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	——	älkäämme, elkäämme
2.	älä, elä	älkäätte, elkäätte, or älkää, elkää

The optative is formed similarly.

	Sing.	Plur.
2.	ällös or ellös	——
3.	älköön or elköön	älkööt or elkööt

There is also a form used in dubitative or conditional sentences.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	ellen	ellemme
2.	ellet	ellette
3.	ellei	elleivät

This form is used in composition with the present or conditional: minä tulen, ellei paha ilma estä, I will come if the bad weather does not stop me. Elleivät olisi kotona, in case they are not at home.

The negative present of an active verb is formed by prefixing this verb to the root, which is always closed by the aspiration.

Root tuo, to bring.

Sing.	Plur.
en tuo, I do not bring	emme tuo, we do not bring
et tuo, thou dost not bring	ette tuo, ye do not bring
ei tuo, he does not bring	eivät tuo, they do not bring

But the root repi makes—

Sing.	Plur.
en revi	emme revi
et revi	ette revi
ei revi	eivät revi

the root being closed by the aspiration, and consequently becoming revi by rule 35.

The negative imperfect is formed by prefixing the verb en, etc., to the nominative of participle II active. The participle takes the plur. inflexions in the plur.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en tuonut	emme tuoneet
2.	et tuonut	ette tuoneet
3.	ei tuonut	eivät tuoneet

Or from the root repi—

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en repinyt	emme repineet
2.	et repinyt	ette repineet
3.	ei repinyt	eivät repineet

The negative of the concessive is formed in the same way by prefixing the negative verb to the root, to which is added the syllable -ne.

Saa, to receive; root for the concessive, saane, negative concessive.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en saane	emme saane
2.	et saane	ette saane
3.	ei saane	eivät saane

In an exactly similar manner the conditional is formed by adding isi to the root, and prefixing the negative verb.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en saisi	emme saisi
2.	et saisi	ette saisi
3.	ei saisi	eivät saisi

The negative imperative is formed by prefixing to the root of the verb (closed by the aspiration in the singular) the imperative forms of the negative verb given above. In the plur. ko (kö) is suffixed to the root of the verb to be negatived.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	——	älkäämme saako
2.	älä saa	älkäätte saako

Similarly—

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	——	älkäämme repikö
2.	älä revi	älkäätte repikö

The negative optative is formed by suffixing ko, kö, to the root, and employing before it the negative forms of the optative verb. The use of the suffix ko in the negative imperative shows how closely the two forms are allied.

	Sing.	Plur.
2.	ällös saako	——
3.	älköön saako	älkööt saako

The negative of the passive is similarly formed by prefixing the verb ei to the passive root—that is, to the root of the verb with the syllable ta (tä) added, but without the termination which characterises the affirmative passive. This root is closed by the aspiration, but the imperfect is formed with participle II, passive, e.g. roots saa, repi, tule (tul), passive roots saada, revitä, tulla.

Pres.	ei saada, ei revitä, ei tulla
Imp.	ei saatu, ei revitty, ei tultu
Conc.	ei saatane, ei revittäne, ei tultane
Cond.	ei saataisi, ei revittäisi, ei tultaisi
Opt.	älköön saatako, älköön revittäkö, älköön tultako

Imperative not used.

The Auxiliary Verb

The conjugation of the positive auxiliary verb olla, to be, is as follows:—

Present.			Imperfect.
	Sing.	Plur.		Sing.	Plur.
1.	olen	olemme	1.	olin	olimme
2.	olet	olette	2.	olit	olitte
3.	on	ovat	3.	oli	olivat
Concessive.			Conditional.
	Sing.	Plur.		Sing.	Plur.
1.	lienen	lienemme	1.	olisin	olisimme
2.	lienet	lienette	2.	olisit	olisitte
3.	lienee	lienevät	3.	olisi	olisivat
or,
	Sing.	Plur.
1.	ollen	ollemme
2.	ollet	ollette
3.	ollee	ollevat
Imperative.			Optative.
	Sing.	Plur.		Sing.	Plur.
1.	——	olkaamme	2.	ollos	——
2.	ole	olkaa or olkaatte	3.	olkoon	olkoot
Infinitive.
I.	Part.	olla	III.	Gen.	oleman
	Transl.	ollakse(ni)		In.	olemassa, etc.
II.	In.	ollessa	IV.	Nom.	oleminen
	Instr.	ollen		Part.	olemista
			V.	Ad.	olemaisillani
Participles.
	Pres.	oleva		Perf.	ollut
Passive forms.—Indicative.
	Pres.	ollaan		Perf.	on oltu
	Imp.	oltiin		Plupf.	oli oltu
Concessive.			Conditional.
	Simp.	oltaneen		Simp.	oltaisiin
	Comp.	lienee oltu		Comp.	olisi oltu
Optative.			Infinitive.
		oltakoon	II.	In.	oltaessa
			III.	Gen.	oltaman
Participles.
	Pres.	oltava		Perf.	oltu.

In poetry are found various contracted forms, mostly produced by the omission of l from the root. Present indicative 1. oon, 2. oot; plur. 1. oomme, 2. ootte. Conditional: oisin, oisit, oisi, oisimme, oisitte, oisivat. Concessive: lien, liet, lie. Passive form: liedään.

With the aid of this auxiliary and certain participles are formed the compound tenses of the Finnish verb. These are:—

(1) The perfect, formed with the present of the auxiliary and the nominative of participle II, which in the plur. takes the plural terminations, as is the case in all the other tenses: olen, olet, on saanut; olemme, olette, ovat saaneet, I, thou, he has received.

(2) The pluperfect, formed by prefixing the imperfect of the auxiliary to the same participle: olin, olit, oli saanut; olimme, olitte, olivat saaneet, I had received, etc.

(3) The compound concessive, formed by adding the conditional of the auxiliary to the same participle: lienen, lienet, lienee saanut; lienemme, lienette, lienevät saaneet, I may have received (il se peut que j’ai reçu).

(4) The compound conditional, formed by prefixing the conditional of the auxiliary to the same participle: olisin, olisit, olisi saanut; olisimme, olisitte, olisivat saaneet, I should have received, etc.

When these four tenses of the verb ‘to be’ are combined with participle I, they form a future, of which there may be four varieties:—

(1) Olen, etc., saava, I shall receive; (2) olin, etc., saava, I was about to receive; (3) lienen saava, perhaps I shall receive; (4) olisin saava, I might have received.

Though the plur. of these forms should grammatically be olemme saavat, which forms are employed in the literary language, yet in the spoken language the participle does not take the plural termination.

The compound tenses of the passive are formed by adding the tense of the verb olla to participle II, passive.

Perf.	on saatu	Plupf.	oli saatu
Comp. Conc.	lienee saatu	Comp. Cond.	olisi saatu

The negative forms for these tenses are formed by putting the auxiliary verb in the negative form, and keeping the participle as before. The negative forms of the auxiliary verb are:—

Present.
	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en ole	emme ole
2.	et ole	ette ole
3.	ei ole	eivät ole
Imperfect.
	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en ollut	emme olleet
2.	et ollut	ette olleet
3.	ei ollut	eivät olleet
Concessive.
	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en liene	emme liene
2.	et liene	ette liene
3.	ei liene	eivät liene
Conditional.
	Sing.	Plur.
1.	en olisi	emme olisi
2.	et olisi	ette olisi
3.	ei olisi	eivät olisi

It is hoped that with the aid of the foregoing explanations the conjugation of a Finnish verb will be perfectly clear.

The verbs may be divided into three conjugations.

First Conjugation

The characteristics of this conjugation are as follow:—

(a) The root always ends in a long vowel.

(b) There is no change of consonants.

(d) The last vowel of the root is liable to changes before the i of the past tense and conditional.

(e) In the present passive, and in infinitive I the termination ta becomes da.

This conjugation includes:—

1. All monosyllabic roots. In participle I active they take either va (vä) or pa (pä).

2. Trisyllabic roots ending in oi or öi. These have only va (vä) in the participle I.

Monosyllabic verbs occasionally take the termination pi in the third person sing. present indicative, e.g. lyöpi, saapi. This is especially frequent in the dialect spoken about St. Petersburg.

The trisyllabic verbs ending in oi, öi, also frequently form their infinitive in ta, that is to say, the root also exists in a form ending in -tse. Haravoida is the infinitive from the root haravoi; haravoita, the infinitive from the derived root of the same meaning haravoitse.

Examples: saa, to receive; tuo, to bring.

Active Voice. Indicative Mood.

Present. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

saan

saame

saat

saatte

saa

saavat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en saa

emme saa

et saa

ette saa

ei saa

eivät saa

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

sain (3)

saimme

sait

saitte

sai

saivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en saanut

emme saaneet

et saanut

ette saaneet

ei saanut

eivät saaneet

Perfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olen saanut

olemme saaneet

olet saanut

olette saaneet

on saanut

ovat saaneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ole saanut

emme ole saaneet

et ole saanut

ette ole saaneet

ei ole saanut

eivät ole saaneet

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olin saanut

olimme saaneet

olit saanut

olitte saaneet

oli saanut

olivat saaneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ollut saanut

emme olleet saaneet

et ollut saanut

ette olleet saaneet

ei ollut saanut

eivät ollet saaneet

Simple Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

saanen

saanemme

saanet

saanette

saanee

saanevat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en saane

emme saane

et saane

ette saane

ei saane

eivät saane

Compound Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lienen saanut

lienemme saaneet

lienet saanut

lienette saaneet

lienee saanut

lienevät saaneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en liene saanut

emme liene saaneet

et liene saanut

ette liene saaneet

ei liene saanut

eivät liene saaneet

Simple Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

saisin

saisimme

saisit

saisitte

saisi

saisivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en saisi

emme saisi

et saisi

ette saisi

ei saisi

eivät saisi

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olisin saanut

olisimme saaneet

olisit saanut

olisitte saaneet

olisi saanut

olisivat saaneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en olisi saanut

emme olisi saaneet

et olisi saanut

ette olisi saaneet

ei olisi saanut

eivät olisi saaneet

First Future. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olen saava (saapa)

olemme saava or saavat (pa)

olet saava (pa)

olette saava or saavat (pa)

on saava (pa)

ovat saava (pa)

Such forms as ovat saavat are avoided on account
of the repetition of vat.

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ole saava, or saapa

emme ole saava, or saavat

et ole saava

ette ole saava

ei ole saava

eivät ole saava

The other futures olin saava, lienen saava, and
olisi saava are conjugated exactly similarly.

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

saakaamme

saa

saakaa(tte)

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme saako

älä saa

älkää saako

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

saaʻos

saakoon

saakoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

ällös saako

älköön saako

älkööt saako

Infinitive.

I.		saada
	Transl.	saadakse(ni)
II.	Iness.	saadessa
	Instr.	saaden
III.		saama, used in nearly all the cases
IV.	Nom.	saaminen
	Part.	saamista
V.	Adess. Plur.	saamaisilla(ni), (always with suffix).

Participles.

I.	saapa or saava
II.	saanut

Passive Voice.

Present	Aff.	saadaan
	Neg.	ei saada
Imperfect	Aff.	saatiin
	Neg.	ei saatu
Perfect	Aff.	on saatu
	Neg.	ei ole saatu
Pluperfect	Aff.	oli saatu
	Neg.	ei oltu saatu, or, ei ollut saatu
Concessive	Aff.	saataneen
	Neg.	ei saatane
Concess. Comp.	Aff.	lienee saatu
	Neg.	ei liene saatu
Conditional	Aff.	saataisiin
	Neg.	ei saataisi
Cond. Comp.	Aff.	olisi saatu
	Neg.	ei olisi saatu
Optative	Aff.	saatakoon
	Neg.	älköön saatako

Infinitive. The only forms used are—

II.	Iness.	saataessa
III.	Instr.	saataman

Active Voice. Indicative Mood.

Present. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tuon

tuomme

tuot

tuotte

tuo

tuovat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en tuo

emme tuo

et tuo

ette tuo

ei tuo

eivät tuo

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

toin (4)

toimme

toit

toitte

toi

toivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en tuonut

emme tuoneet

et tuonut

ette tuoneet

ei tuonut

eivät tuoneet

Perfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olen tuonut

olemme tuoneet

olet tuonut

olette tuoneet

on tuonut

ovat tuoneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ole tuonut

emme ole tuoneet

et ole tuonut

ette ole tuoneet

ei ole tuonut

eivät ole tuoneet

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olin tuonut

olimme tuoneet

olit tuonut

olitte tuoneet

oli tuonut

olivat tuoneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ollut tuonut

emme olleet tuoneet

et ollut tuonut

ette olleet tuoneet

ei ollut tuonut

eivät olleet tuoneet

Simple Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tuonen

tuonemme

tuonet

tuonette

tuonee

tuonevat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en tuone

emme tuone

et tuone

ette tuone

ei tuone

eivät tuone

Compound Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lienen tuonut

lienemme tuoneet

lienet tuonut

lienette tuoneet

lienee tuonut

lienevät tuoneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en liene tuonut

emme liene tuoneet

et liene tuonut

ette liene tuoneet

ei liene tuonut

eivät liene tuoneet

Simple Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

toisin (4)

toisimme

toisit

toisitte

toisi

toisivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en toisi

emme toisi

et toisi

ette toisi

ei toisi

eivät toisi

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olisin tuonut

olisimme tuoneet

olisit tuonut

olisitte tuoneet

olisi tuonut

olisivat tuoneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en olisi tuonut

emme olisi tuoneet

et olisi tuonut

ette olisi tuoneet

ei olisi tuonut

eivät olisi tuoneet

First Future. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olen tuova (tuopa)

olemme tuova or tuovat (pa)

olet tuova (pa)

olette tuova or tuovat (pa)

on tuova (pa)

ovat tuova (pa)

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ole tuova or tuopa

emme ole tuova or tuovat

et ole tuova

ette ole tuova

ei ole tuova

eivät ole tuova

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tuokaamme

tuo

tuokaa(tte)

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme tuoko

älä tuo

älkää tuoko

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tuoʻos

tuokoon

tuokoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

ällös tuoko

älköön tuoko

älkööt tuoko

Infinitive.

I.		tuodaʻ
	Transl.	tuodakse(ni)
II.	Iness.	tuodessa
	Instr.	tuoden
III.		tuoma used in nearly all the cases
IV.	Nom.	tuominen
	Part.	tuomista
V.	Adess. Plur.	tuomaisilla(ni) (always with suffix)

Participles.

I.	tuopa or tuova
II.	tuonut

Passive Voice

Present	Aff.	tuodaan
	Neg.	ei tuoda
Imperfect	Aff.	tuotiin
	Neg.	ei tuotu
Perfect	Aff.	on tuotu
	Neg.	ei ole tuotu
Pluperfect	Aff.	oli tuotu
	Neg.	ei oltu tuotu, or ei ollut tuotu
Concessive	Aff.	tuotaneen
	Neg.	ei tuotane
Conces. Comp.	Aff.	lienee tuotu
	Neg.	ei liene tuotu
Conditional	Aff.	tuotaisiin
	Neg.	ei tuotaisi
Cond. Comp.	Aff.	olisi tuotu
	Neg.	ei olisi tuotu
Optative	Aff.	tuotakoon
	Neg.	älköön tuotako

Infinitive. The only forms used are—

II.	Iness.	tuotaessa
III.	Instr.	tuotaman

Participles.

I.	saatava, tuotava
II.	saatu, tuotu

Similarly lyö, to strike, makes in the present lyön, lyöt, lyö, lyömme, lyötte, lyövät; imperfect löin (by rule 4); concessive lyönen; conditional löisin (4); imperative lyö, lyökäämme, lyökää; infinitives lyödä, lyödessä, lyömän, lyöminen, lyömäisilläni; participles lyövä and lyönyt; passive lyödään, etc.

So also satuloi, saddle, forms present indicative satuloin, satuloit, satuloi, satuloimme, satuloitte, satuloivat; imperfect satuloin (5); concessive satuloinen; conditional satuloisin; imperative satuloi; optative satuloiʻos; infinitives satuloida, satuloidessa, satuloiman, satuloiminen, satuloimaisillani; participles satuloiva, satuloinut; passive satuloidaan.

Second Conjugation

The second conjugation has the following characteristics:—

(1) The root ends in a short vowel.

(2) The consonant at the beginning of the last syllable is liable to the usual changes, when that syllable becomes closed.

(3) In the third person sing. present indicative the final vowel is lengthened.

(4) The first infinitive has the termination a (ä).

(5) The root of the passive ends in tta (ttä), and hence the present passive in taan.

(6) The first participle active always ends in va (vä).

To this conjugation belong:—

A. All roots ending in o, ö, u, y.

B. All dissyllables ending in a, ä, and polysyllables ending in ta (tä) after h, l, n, r, s, t; heittä, to throw; tappa, to kill; armahta, to pity; sivalta, to strike; ymmärtä, to understand.

(1) In these verbs a or ä is always changed to e before the termination of the passive, kaata, kaadetaan.

(2) Before the i of the imperfect, polysyllables always reject a or ä, pelasta, pelasti, etc.

Dissyllabic verbs vary in their treatment of a, though ä is always rejected. If the vowel of the first syllable is o or u; then a is generally rejected. Otta, take, imperfect otti; muista, muisti. But if the vowel of the first syllable is a or e, the a of the last syllable generally becomes o; laula, lauloi, sing; anta, antoi, give. But a great number of verbs ending in ta, and having a in the first syllable, use both forms; ahtoi or ahti, blow; karttoi or kartti, to avoid; saattoi or saatti, to lead.

If a verb ending in lta, nta, or rta (or the corresponding forms in ä) elides the vowel before i, then t becomes s; kieltä, to deny, kielsi; kumarta, to adore, kumarsi, etc. The same change occurs after a long vowel in the forms löysi, found; tiesi, knew; taisi, knew how to; pyysi, asked; kaasi, threw down; huusi, shouted. Most verbs of this type, however, take ti, though some have double forms.

C. All verbs ending in i.

D. All dissyllables ending in ke, te, pe; e.g. luke, to read; lähte, go away; kylpe, to bath.

This e is elided before i, and t is sometimes changed to s; tunte, to feel, tunsi.

In infinitive II either the e of the root or that of the termination is changed to i, generally that of the root; lukiessa or lukeissa, but never lukeessa.

Examples of conjugation II:—Roots repi, to tear; luke, to read. The p of repi becomes v in a closed syllable, and the k of luke drops out (by rules 34 and 27).

Present. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

revin

revimme

revit

revitte

repii

repivät

Negative. (The root closed by the aspiration.)

Sing.

Plur.

en revi

emme revi

et revi

ette revi

ei revi

eivät revi

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

revin

revimme

revit

revitte

repi

repivät

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en repinyt

emme repineet

et repinyt

ette repineet

ei repinyt

eivät repineet

Perfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olen repinyt

olemme repineet

olet repinyt

olette repineet

on repinyt

ovat repineet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ole repinyt

emme ole repineet

et ole repinyt

ette ole repineet

ei ole repinyt

eivät ole repineet

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olin repinyt

olimme repineet

olit repinyt

olitte repineet

oli repinyt

olivat repineet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ollut repinyt

emme olleet repineet

et ollut repinyt

ette olleet repineet

ei ollut repinyt

eivät olleet repineet

Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

repinen

repinemme

repinet

repinette

repinee

repinevät

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en repine

emme repine

et repine

ette repine

ei repine

eivät repine

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

lienen repinyt

lienemme repineet

(The formation of the remaining persons will now be clear.)

Compound Conditional. Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en liene repinyt

emme liene repineet

Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

repisin

repisimme

repisit

repisitte

repisi

repisivät

Negative.

en repisi

emme repisi

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olisin repinyt

olisimme repineet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en olisi repinyt

emme olisi repineet

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

repikäämme

revi

repikää

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme repikö

älä revi

älkää repikö

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

repiʻös

repiköön

repikööt

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

ällös repikö

älköön repikö

älkööt repikö

Participles.

I.	repivä
II.	repinyt

Infinitives.

I.		repiä
	Transl.	repiäksi
II.	Ines.	repiessä
	Instr.	repien
III.		repimä, etc.
IV.	Nom.	repiminen
	Part.	repimistä
V.	Adess.	repimäisillä(ni)

Passive.

Present	Aff.	revitään
	Neg.	ei revitä
Imperfect	Aff.	revittiin
	Neg.	ei revitty
Perfect	Aff.	on revitty
	Neg.	ei ole revitty
Pluperfect	Aff.	oli revitty
	Neg.	ei ollut revitty, or ei oltu revitty, etc.
Concessive	Aff.	revittäneen
	Neg.	ei revittäne
Comp. Concess.	Aff.	lienee revitty
	Neg.	ei liene revitty
Conditional	Aff.	revittäisiin
	Neg.	ei revittäisi
Comp. Cond.	Aff.	olisi revitty
	Neg.	ei olisi revitty
Optative	Aff.	revittäköön
	Neg.	älköön revittäkö
Infin. II. Iness.		revittäessä

Participles.

I.	revittävä
II.	revitty

Present. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

luen (28)

luemme

luet

luette

lukee

lukevat

Negative. (The root closed by the aspiration.)

Sing.

Plur.

en lue

emme lue

et lue

ette lue

ei lue

eivät lue

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

luin

luimme

luit

luitte

luki

lukivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en lukenut

emme lukeneet

et lukenut

ette lukeneet

ei lukenut

eivät lukeneet

Perfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olen lukenut

olemme lukeneet

olet lukenut

olette lukeneet

on lukenut

ovat lukeneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ole lukenut

emme ole lukeneet

et ole lukenut

ette ole lukeneet

ei ole lukenut

eivät ole lukeneet

Pluperfect.

Sing.

Plur.

olin lukenut

olimme lukeneet

olit lukenut

olitte lukeneet

oli lukenut

olivat lukeneet

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en ollut lukenut

emme olleet lukeneet

et ollut lukenut

ette olleet lukeneet

ei ollut lukenut

eivät olleet lukeneet

Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lukenen

lukenemme

lukenet

lukenette

lukenee

lukenevat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en lukene

emme lukene

et lukene

ette lukene

ei lukene

eivät lukene

Compound Concessive. Affirmative.

lienen lukenut

lienemme lukeneet

(The formation of the remaining persons will now be clear.)

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en liene lukenut

emme liene lukeneet

Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lukisin (14)

lukisimme

lukisit

lukisitte

lukisi

lukisivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en lukisi, etc.

emme lukisi, etc.

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

olisin lukenut, etc.

olisimme lukeneet, etc.

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en olisi lukenut, etc.

emme olisi lukeneet, etc.

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lukekaamme

lue

lukekaa

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme lukeko

älä lue

älkää lukeko

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lukeʻos

lukekoon

lukekoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

ällös lukeko

älköön lukeko

älkööt lukeko

Participles.

I.	lukeva
II.	lukenut

Infinitives.

I.		lukea
	Transl.	lukeaksi
II.	Ines.	lukiessa
	Instr.	lukien
III.		lukema, etc.
IV.	Nom.	lukeminen
	Part.	lukemista, etc.
V.	Adess.	lukemaisilla(ni)

Passive.

Present	Aff.	luetaan
	Neg.	ei lueta
Imperfect	Aff.	luettiin
	Neg.	ei luettu
Perfect	Aff.	on luettu
	Neg.	ei ole luettu
Pluperfect	Aff.	oli luettu
	Neg.	ei ollut luettu
Concessive	Aff.	luettaneen
	Neg.	ei luettano
Comp. Cond.	Aff.	lienee luettu
	Neg.	ei liene luettu
Conditional	Aff.	luettaisiin
	Neg.	ei luettaisi
Comp. Cond.	Aff.	olisi luettu
	Neg.	ei olisi luettu
Optative	Aff.	luettakoon
	Neg.	älköön luettako
Infin. II. Iness.		luettaessa

Participles.

I.	luettava
II.	luettu

Similarly tako, to forge, makes the present taon, taot, takoo, taomme, taotte, takovat (k being lost by 28); imperfect taoin, taoit, takoi, taoimme, taoitte, takoivat; concessive takonen; conditional takoisin; imperative tao, takokaa; optative takoʻos, takokoon; infinitives takoa, takoessa, takoman, takominen, takomaisillani; participles takova, takonut; passive taotaan, etc.

Otta, to take; present otan (30), otat, ottaa, otamme, otatte, ottavat; imperfect otin, otit, otti, etc.; concessive ottanen; conditional ottaisin; imperative ota, ottakaamme; optative ottaos, ottakoon; infinitive ottaa, ottaessa, ottaman, ottaminen, ottamaisillani; participles ottava, ottanut; passive otetaan, etc.

Rakenta, to build, has in the present rakennan (31), rakennat, rakentaa, rakennamme, rakennatte, rakentavat; imperfect rakensin, rakensit, rakensi, etc.; passive rakennetaan, etc.

Ymmärtä, to understand, has similarly present (31) ymmärrän, ymmärrät, ymmärtää, etc.; imperfect ymmärsin; passive ymmärretään.

Pyrki, to strive, makes in the present pyrin, pyrit, pyrkii, pyrimme, pyritte, pyrkivät; imperfect pyrin; concessive pyrkinen; conditional pyrkisin; imperative pyri, pyrkikää; infinitive pyrkiä, etc.; passive pyritään, etc.

Tappa, to kill; present tapan, tapat, tappaa, etc.; imperfect tapoin, tapoit, tappoi, (7); concessive tappanen; conditional tappaisin; imperative tapa, tappakaamme; infinitive tappaa, tappaessa, tappaman, tappaminen, tappamaisillani; passive tapetaan (11).

Third Conjugation

This conjugation comprises all verbs where the radical is liable to become closed by the loss of the final vowel, from which results a variety of consonantal changes. The verbs which are conjugated in this way fall into two classes.

I. Dissyllabic roots ending in le, ne, re, se, and all polysyllabic roots ending in the vowel e.

These verbs have the following characteristics.

A. The root is closed—

(1) Before t in infinitive I and II and in the passive verb;

(2) Before n in the conditional and participle II active;

(3) Before k in the imperative.

B. The root may then be further changed by assimilation—

(1) Before t in the infinitive. The roots tule, mene, pure make their infinitives tulta, mentä, purta, which become tulla, ennä, purra. But roots ending in se, like nouse, keep the infinitive in sta,—nousta; for st is not a group liable to assimilation. Further simplifications of consonantal groups may take place; for example, root syökse, to throw down, shortened to syöks, infinitive syökstä, becomes syöstä; root säkenöitse, infinitive säkenöits-tä becomes säkenöitä.

(2) The l, r, or t at the end of the closed root always assimilates the n of the conditional and of participle II active. The final s sometimes assimilates n; frequently in participle II, rarely in the conditional.

E.g. The roots tule, pure, kaitse, which in their closed forms become tul, pur, kait, form the conditionals tullee, purree, kainnee, and the participles tullut, purrut, kainnut. Nouse forms nousnee, rarely noussee and participle II nousnut or noussut.

C. A strong consonant at the beginning of the penultimate syllable in polysyllabic words is also liable to softening in forms derived from the closed root, but not in forms derived from the full root. Root rohkene, to dare; infinitive I rohjeta.

D. The final e is dropped in the imperfect.

E. The third sing. present has ee.

F. Trisyllabic roots in ne change n to t in the imperative, and have the infinitive I ending in ta preceded by a vowel so that ne is altogether lost; e.g. alene; imperative aletkoon; infinitive aleta.

G. The participle I active ends in va, vä.

In the verbs näke and teke k becomes h when the root loses its final vowel.

II. The second division of this conjugation comprises all trisyllabic roots ending in ta, tä preceded by a short vowel. Such are lupata, to promise; hakkata, to strike; pelkätä, to fear, etc.

In these verbs the following changes occur:—

A. In the present the t of the syllable ta (tä) is lost, and if the preceding vowel is a or ä, a long vowel is formed. That is, lupata, pelkätä become lupaa, pelkää. If the preceding vowel is o, ö, or e, the vowels may be assimilated into one long vowel or remain as they are. Putota, putoa, or putoo; kerketä, kerkeä, or kerkee; but if the vowel of the penultimate syllable is u, y, or i, such assimilation rarely occurs.

B. In the imperfect the final vowel is lost and t becomes s before the i which characterizes this tense; lupasin, etc.

C. The root is closed in the concessive, and the final t assimilated to the n; lupata-nen becomes luvat-nen (34), and then luvannen (30).

D. In the conditional the last syllable of the root is generally completely lost; lupaisi for lupata-isi; but a trace of it remains in such forms as kokoaisi (alternative for kokoisi) representing kokotaisi.

V. Similarly infinitives I, II, and the passive are formed from the closed root, and as the formative syllable ta is closed by the breathing, tt becomes t; that is to say, the full root lupata becomes the closed root luvat; to this is added the closed syllable taʻ, and luvattaʻ becomes luvata. Similarly the passive luvataan.

Examples

Division I. Roots tule, to come; closed form tul. Nouse, to rise; closed form nous.

Present. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tulen

tulemme

tulet

tulette

tulee

tulevat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en tule

emme tule

et tule

ette tule

ei tule

eivät tule

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tulin

tulimme

tulit

tulitte

tuli

tulivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en tullut

emme tulleet

et tullut

ette tulleet

ei tullut

eivät tulleet

Perfect. Affirmative.

olen tullut, etc.

Negative.

en ole tullut, etc.

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

olin tullut, etc.

Negative.

en ollut tullut, etc.

Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tullen

tullemme

tullet

tullette

tullee

tullevat

Negative.

en tulle, etc.

Comp. Concess. Affirmative.

lienen tullut

Negative.

en liene tullut

Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tulisin

tulisimme

tulisit

tulisiitte

tulisi

tulisivat

Negative.

en tulisi, etc.

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

olisin tullut, etc.

Negative.

en olisi tullut, etc.

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tulkaame

tule

tulkaa

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme

älä tule

älkää tulko

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

tullos

tulkoon

tulkoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

ällös tulko

älköön tulko

älkööt tulko

Infinitives.

I.		tulla
	Transl.	tullakse(ni)
II.		tulle
	Ines.	tullessa
	Instr.	tullen
III.		tuleman
IV.	Nom.	tuleminen
	Part.	tulemista
V.		tulemaisilla(ni)

Participles.

I.	tuleva
II.	tullut

Passive.

Pres.	Aff.	tullaan,
	Neg.	ei tulla
Impf.	Aff.	tultiin
	Neg.	ei tultu
Conc.	Aff.	tultaneen
	Neg.	ei tultane
Comp. Conc.	Aff.	lienee tultu
	Neg.	ei liene tultu
Cond.	Aff.	tultaisiin
	Neg.	ei tultaisi
Cond. Comp.	Aff.	olisi tultu
	Neg.	ei olisi tultu
Opt.	Aff.	tultakoon
	Neg.	älköön tultako

Participles.

I.	tultava
II.	tultu

Present. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

nousen

nousemme

nouset

nousette

nousee

nousevat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en nouse

emme nouse

et nouse

ette nouse

ei nouse

eivät nouse

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

nousin

nousimme

nousit

nousitte

nousi

nousivat

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

en nousnut or noussut12

emme nousneet

et nousnut

ette nousneet

ei nousnut

eivät nousneet

Perfect. Affirmative.

olen nousnut, or noussut, etc.

Negative.

en ole nousnut or noussut, etc.

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

olin nousnut or noussut, etc.

Negative.

en ollut nousnut or noussut, etc.

Concessive. Affirmative.

nousnen or noussen

nousnemme or noussemme

nousnet or nousset

nousnette or noussette

nousnee or noussee

nousnevat or noussevat

Negative.

en nousne or nousse, etc.

Compound Concessive. Affirmative.

lienen nousnut or noussut, etc.

Negative.

en liene nousnut or noussut, etc.

Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

nousisin

nousisimme

nousisit

nousisitte

nousisi

nousisivat

Negative.

en nousisi, etc.

Compound Conditional. Affirmative.

olisin nousnut or noussut, etc.

Negative.

en olisi nousnut or noussut, etc.

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

nouskaamme

nouse

nouskaa

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme nousko

älä nouse

älkää nousko

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

nouseos

nouskoo

nouskoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

ällös nousko

älköön nousko

älkööt nousko

Infinitives.

I.		nousta
	Transl.	noustakse(ni)
II.		nouste
	Ines.	noustessa
	Instr.	nousten
III.		nouseman, etc.
IV.	Nom.	nouseminen
	Part.	nousemista
V.		nousemaisilla(ni)

Participles.

I.	nouseva
II.	nousnut, or noussut

Passive.

Pres.	Aff.	noustaan
	Neg.	ei nousta
Impf.	Aff.	noustiin
	Neg.	ei noustu
Conc.	Aff.	noustaneen
	Neg.	ei noustane
Comp. Conc.	Aff.	lienee noustu
	Neg.	ei liene noustu
Cond.	Aff.	noustaisiin
	Neg.	ei noustaisi
Cond. Comp.	Aff.	olisi noustu
	Neg.	ei olisi noustu
Imp.	Aff.	noustakoon
	Neg.	älköön noustako

Participle.

I.	noustava
II.	noustu

Roots lupata, to promise; kokota, to collect.

Present Indicative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lupaan

lupaamme

lupaat

lupaatte

lupaa

lupaavat

Negative.

Sing.

en lupaa

et lupaa, etc.

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lupasin

lupasimme

lupasit

lupasitte

lupasi

lupasivat

Negative.

en luvannut, etc.

Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

luvannen

luvannemme

luvannet

luvannette

luvannee

luvannevat

Negative.

en luvanne, etc.

Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

lupaisin

lupaisimme

lupaisit

lupaisitte

lupaisi

lupaisivat

Compound tenses.

Perfect. Affirmative.

olen luvannut, etc.

Negative.

en ole luvannut, etc.

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

olin luvannut, etc.

Negative.

en ollut luvannut, etc.

Concessive. Affirmative.

lienen luvannut, etc.

Negative.

en liene luvannut, etc.

Conditional. Affirmative.

olisin luvannut, etc.

Negative.

en olisi luvannut, etc.

Futures. Affirmative.

olen lupaava

II.

olin lupaava

III.

lienen lupaava

IV.

olisin lupaava

Negative.

en ole lupaava, etc.

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

luvatkaamme

lupaa

luvatkaa

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme luvatko

älä lupaa

älkää luvatko

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

luvatkoon

luvatkos

luvatkoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älköön luvatko

ällös luvatko

älkööt luvatko

Infinitives.

I.	luvata
	luvatakse(ni)
II.	luvatessa
	luvaten
III.	lupaama, etc.
IV.	lupaaminen
	lupaamista
V.	lupaamaisilla

Participles.

	lupaava
	luvannut

Passive.

Ind. Pres.	Aff.	luvataan
	Neg.	ei luvata
Imp.	Aff.	luvattiin
	Neg.	ei luvattu
Conc.	Aff.	luvattaneen
	Neg.	ei luvattane
Cond.	Aff.	luvattaisiin
	Neg.	ei luvattaisi
Imp.	Aff.	luvattakaan
	Neg.	älkään luvattako
Opt.	Aff.	luvattakoon
	Neg.	älköön luvattako

Infinitives.

II.	luvattesa
III.	luvattaman

Participles.

Present	luvattava
Past	luvattu

Present Indicative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

kokoan or kokoon

kokoamme or kokoomme

kokoat or kokoot

kokoatte or kokootte

kokoaa or kokoo

kokoavat or kokoovat

Negative.

en kokoa or en kokoo

et kokoa or et kokoo

ei kokoa

Imperfect. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

kokosin

kokosimme

kokosit

kokositte

kokosi

kokosivat

Negative.

en koonnut, etc.

Concessive. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

koonnen (28)

koonnemme

koonnet

koonnette

koonnee

koonnevat

Negative.

en koonne, etc.

Conditional. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

kokoaisin or kokoisin

kokoaisimme or kokoisimme

kokoaisit or kokoisit

kokoaisitte or kokoisitte

kokoaisi or kokoisi

kokoaisivat or kokoisivat

Negative.

en kokoaisi or en kokoisi, etc.

Compound tenses.

Perfect. Affirmative.

olen koonnut (28), etc.

Negative.

en ole koonnut, etc.

Pluperfect. Affirmative.

olin koonnut, etc.

Negative.

en ollut koonnut, etc.

Concessive. Affirmative.

lienen koonnut, etc.

Negative.

en liene koonnut, etc.

Conditional. Affirmative.

olisin koonnut, etc.

Negative.

en olisi koonnut, etc.

Futures. Affirmative.

olen kokoava

II.

olin kokoava

III.

lienen kokoava

IV.

olisin kokoava

Imperative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

kootkaamme

kokoa or kokoo

kootkaa

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älkäämme kootko

älä kokoa or kokoo

älkää kootko

Optative. Affirmative.

Sing.

Plur.

kootkoon

kootkos

kootkoot

Negative.

Sing.

Plur.

älköön kootko

ällös kootko

älkööt kootko

Infinitives.

I.	koota
	kootakse(ni)
II.	kootessa
	kooten
III.	kokoama or kokooma, etc.
IV.	kokoaminen or kokoominen
	kokoamista or kokoomista
V.	kokoamaisilla or kokoomaisilla

Participles.

Present	kokoava or kokoova
Past	koonnut

Passive.

Indic. Pres.	Aff.	kootaan
	Neg.	ei koota
Impf.	Aff.	koottiin
	Neg.	ei koottu
Conc.	Aff.	koottaneen
	Neg.	ei koottane
Cond.	Aff.	koottaisiin
	Neg.	ei koottaisi
Imp.	Aff.	koottakaan
Opt.	Aff.	koottakoon
	Neg.	älköön koottako

Infinitives.

II.	koottaessa
III.	koottaman

Participles.

Present	koottava
Past	koottu

Other examples: root rohkene, to dare.

Pres.	rohkenen, rohkenet, rohkenee
Impf.	rohkenin
Conc.	rohjennen, rohjennet
Cond.	rohkenisin
Imp.	rohkene, rohjetkaa (45)
Inf.	rohjeta, rohjete, rohkenema, rohkenemisen, rohkenemaisillani
Part.	rohkeneva, rohjennut
Pass.	rohjetaan

Root alene, to sink.

Pres.	alenen
Impf.	alenin
Conc.	alennen
Cond.	alenisin
Imp.	alene, aletkaa (45)
Inf.	aleta, alete, alenema, aleneminen, alenemaisellani
Pass.	aletaan

Root syökse, to cast.

Pres.	syöksen
Imp.	syöksin
Conc.	syösnen (1)
Cond.	syöksisin
Imp.	syökse, syöskää
Inf.	syöstä (1), syöste, syöksemä, syökseminen, syöksemäisilläni
Part.	syöksevä, syösnyt
Pass.	syöstään

Root säkenöitse, to glitter.

Pres.	säkenöitsen
Imp.	säkenöitsin
Conc.	säkenöinnen (1 & 44)
Cond.	säkenöitsisin
Imp.	sökenöitse, säkenöitkää
Inf.	säkenöitä (1), säkinöite, säkinöitsemä, säkenöitseminen, säkenöitsemäisilläni.
Part.	säkenöitsevä, säkenöinnyt
Pass.	säkenöitään

Root näke, to see.

Pres.	näen (28), näet, näkee, näemme, näette, näkevät
Inf.	näin, näit, näki, näimme, näitte, näkivät
Conc.	nähnen (41)
Cond.	näkisin
Imp.	näe (28), nähkää (41)
Inf.	nähdä, nähde, näkemä, näkeminen, näkemäisilläni
Part.	näkevä, nähnyt
Pass.	nähdään
Part.	nähty

Reflexive Verbs

Under this name are comprised a great number of verbal forms, formed by adding certain suffixes to the simple transitive root, many of which are not used in ordinary written and spoken Finnish.

A. Reflexive verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes utu, yty, or untu, ynty. For instance, anta, to give, makes antautua or antauntua; teke, to do, tekeytyä or tekeyntyä. The u or y may be assimilated to the last vowel of the root, which gives us forms like antaantua, tekeentyä. These verbs are conjugated quite regularly.

B. This suffix is also found in the shorter form u, y. Antaa, antauta; löytää, to find, löytyä, to be found; muuttaa, to change (act), muuttua, to change oneself.

These verbs generally present some peculiarities in their conjugation.

(1) They usually have the old ending pi in the 3d sing. indicative present; antauupi, but antau is also found.

(2) The imperfect ends in si; antausin, antausit, antausi, etc. This s is the remains of an original t, showing that the termination u is only short for utu.

(3) The same t is preserved in the infinitive and passive—antauta, antautaan.

C. In the Kalevala and the Karelian dialect are found a great quantity of more or less irregular reflexive forms, which are often explained by supposing that the reflexive pronoun itse is added to the verb, and then weakened in various ways to ihe, ite, ik, k, etc. But this explanation is very doubtful.

For example. From muuttaa, to change, comes the form muuttain, I change myself.

	Sing.	Plur.
1.	muuttain	muuttaimme
2.	muuttait	muttaitte
3.	muuttaikse, or muuttaihe	muuttaivat

The termination kse or ihe for the third person sing. is characteristic of these verbs. We also find the termination me for the first person sing., te for the second, and se or set for the third.

The concessive is muuttainnen, and the conditional is muuttaisisin, etc. The imperative and optative muuttaitkaan, muuttaitkoon13.

The Formation of Verbs

Verbs are either primitive, that is to say, they consist of a simple root, to which are added the various modal and personal terminations, or they are derivative, that is to say, besides these terminations some formative syllable is added to the root, such as ta, ele, aise. It is not easy to assign a precise meaning to all of these terminations, particularly to the commoner, which are used in many and not very definite senses.

Simple roots are either transitive or intransitive in their meaning.

Derivative transitive verbs are formed with the following suffixes, which, however, are sometimes also found in verbs of neuter signification.

(1) ta, tä, which must not be confounded with the ta of the first infinitive, is added to verbal roots ending in e, which is rejected.

päästää, to let go, but päästä, intransitive. (N.B. The first verb is for päästätä, the second for pääsetä, so that the t of the latter belongs to the termination of the infinitive, but the t of the latter to the stem). Paksuntaa, to thicken, but paksuta, to grow thick; peljättää, to frighten, but peljätä, to fear; viertää, to roll down, transitive or intransitive, but vierrä only intransitive.

(2) tta, ttä, is added chiefly to roots ending in u or y which are not rejected. Juottaa, to give to drink (juoda, to drink); käyttää, to use (from käydä); menettää, to cause to go or lose (mennä, to go); näyttää, to show (nähdä, to see); tuottaa, to cause to bring, to get (tuoda, to bring); kuolettaa, to kill (kuolla, to die).

(3) utta, yttä, is added mostly to polysyllabic roots: kävelyttää, to make walk; epäilyttää, to make doubt; huomauttaa, to make observed; liikuttaa, to move, trans. (liikkua, intrans.).

Reflexive neuter verbs (vide p. 109) are formed with the following suffixes:—

(1) u or y, added chiefly to dissyllabic roots ending in a and e, which are rejected, and to polysyllables in ta and oitse:—löytyä, to be found, to exist (löytää, to find); tuntua, to be felt (tuntea, to feel); muuttua, to change, intransitive (muuttaa, to change, trans.); täytyä, to be sufficient or necessary (täyttää, transitive); rakastua, to be in love with (rakastaa, to love, transitive); kuulua, to be heard (kuulla, to hear).

(2) untu, ynty, shortened into utu, yty:—antauntua, antautua, or antauta, to give oneself up (antaa, to give); jakauntua, jakaantua, jakautua, or jakauta, to be divided (jakaa, to divide); kääriytyä, to be involved (kääriä); vetäytyä, to retire (vetää).

There is also a suffix pu, py, used to form a few words of intransitive signification:—joupua, to get drunk (juoda, to drink); syöpyä, to eat one’s fill (syödä, to eat); jääpyä, to remain behind (jäädä, to remain); saapua, to arrive (from saada, cf. ‘se rendre’). Luopua, vaipua, and viipyä seem to be formed with the same suffix.

Frequentative verbs are formed with the suffixes ele, ksi, and nta, either separately or combined. It is often hard to determine the exact force of these suffixes. Sometimes they signify a repeated or prolonged action, sometimes they form a kind of verbal diminutive, expressing an action slightly or gently performed, sometimes there is no real difference between the meanings of the original and derived verbs.

(1) ele is added mostly to dissyllabic roots ending in a, which is lost before the suffix. The first infinitive ends in ella, and the verb is conjugated after the third conjugation, e.g. kysellä, to ask often (Russian спрашивать), from kysyä, to ask (Russian спросить); katsella, to observe, or regard, from katsoa, to look; ellellä, to live, from elää; hypellä, to jump (попрыгивать), from hypätä (прыгать).

(2) ksi is added to the dissyllabic roots, especially to those ending in e. a and ä become e before this suffix. kuljeksia, to wander, from kulkea, to go; eleksiä, to live, from elää; anneksia, from antaa, to give.

The termination nta is rarely found alone, but ksenta, ksentele, and ntele occur, and ksele is a frequentative form. Käyskellä, to wander, from käydä, to go; saneskella (поговорить) from sanoa, kuljeskella, from kulkea.

Instantaneous or semelfactive verbs. These, when they have their strict significance, denote an action done once or suddenly, and correspond to Russian forms in -нуть. The terminations which have this sense are—

(1) ahta, added to dissyllabic verbs which lose their last vowel. Kilijahtaa, to give a cry (воскликнуть); liikahtaa (liikkua), to make a movement (двинуться); elähtää, to come to life (but also to live, to grow old).

(2) aise, added to dissyllables in e, i, o, and u, which fall out before the termination. kiljaista, to give a cry; puraista, to give a bite (purra, to bite); halkaista, to split.

Verbal suffixes are also added to nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, the verbs so formed having various meanings which can be easily illustrated from English, where verbs are often formed from substantives or adjectives with or without a suffix being added. In Finnish such derived verbs have been divided into a variety of categories; such as—(1) Instructive, which imply the provision of something with the object denoted by the noun, cf. the English to butter, to arm. (2) Factive, denoting the conversion of something into the object or quality denoted by the original word, cf. English to blacken. (3) Operative, implying the use or action of the substantive, cf. English to drop, to boat. (4) Essive, denoting the existence or activity of something in the capacity of the noun, cf. English to idle.

These classes of verbs are not denoted by special suffixes, but the syllables ta, i, itse, tta, sta are added to form verbs which may have any of these significations.

Ta is added to monosyllables and roots which are susceptible of being closed, likewise to trisyllables ending in ra, la, na. Many of the verbs formed with this affix end in sta; but the s belongs to the root, not to the suffix. Examples—perustaa, to found (perus, a foundation), vaatettaa, to clothe (vaate-); veistää, to cut (veitse, a knife); poistaa, to drive away (pois); yltää, to reach (yli); kumartaa, to bow (kumara); kiirehtää, to hurry (kiire); sairastaa, to be ill (sairas).

This termination sometimes becomes a, the t being lost, e.g. harjata, to comb; kullata, to gild. Here the ta is of course the termination of the infinitive.

Roots ending in eʻ with the aspiration generally suffix ti and not ta, though sometimes both forms are found. The aspiration becomes h before the t, vaatehtia, to clothe; kiirehtiä, to hurry; tervehtiä, to salute, etc.

The termination i is added to dissyllables ending in ä, e, i, and also to such dissyllables ending in a as have o or u as their first vowel, whereas dissyllables in a with a, e, or i for their first vowel, suffix o. This rule is analogous to no. 7, and is prompted by a desire to avoid the repetition of the same in succeeding syllables. In all cases the final vowel of the stem is elided before the termination. Examples—kukkia, to flower (kukka); sotia, to fight (sota); munia, to lay eggs (muna); huolia, to care (huoli); but sanoa, to speak (sana); neuloa, to sew (neula); leipoa, to bake (leipä).

The termination itse is added chiefly to trisyllabic roots, but also to dissyllables. In trisyllabic words the final a and ä of stems always become o and ö before i; in dissyllables the final vowel sometimes undergoes this change and is sometimes rejected. The verbs so formed are conjugated according to conjugation III, so that the infinitive ends in oita for oitse. This termination is closely related to the termination i, so much so that almost all the words formed with it have double forms. For example, from satula, a saddle, is formed either the verbal stem satuloi; infinitive satuloida; present satuloin; or the stem satuloitse; infinitive satuloita; present satuloitsen.

Examples of verbs: iloita, to be glad (ilo); hedelmöitä, to give fruit (hedelmä); askaroita, to work (askere); jumaloita (jumala), to deify; palmikoita, to twine (palmikko).

tta, itta. These terminations are added to monosyllables, to dissyllables ending in i, o (ö), and u (y), and trisyllables in a (ä) (which always changes to o) and e. Dissyllabic and polysyllabic words prefer the termination without i. This suffix is the same as that used to form transitive verbs from intransitive, and a large proportion of the verbs which are derived from nouns by its addition are factitive. Päättää, to finish (päättyä, to end, intransitive); jäättää, to freeze; kirjoittaa, to write; lahjoittaa, to make a present; hyvittää, to use well; syyttää, to accuse; kunnioittaa, to honour.

sta or ista is added generally to dissyllabic stems, whose final vowel is lost before i, though a sometimes becomes o. Metsästää, to hunt; kärjestää, to sharpen; kalastaa, to fish; ylistää, to extol; yhdistää, to unite; äänestää, to express an opinion, to vote.

Another class of verbs are called translative, and express a change to the state denoted by the noun from which the verb is formed.

Such are formed with the following terminations:—

(1) ne is added chiefly to dissyllables, also to trisyllables in ea (eä), whose final a (ä), and sometimes o, changes to e. The verb so formed is conjugated according to the third conjugation, and the syllable ne altogether disappears in the infinitive, which ends in eta. Aleta (present alenen) to sink down; musteta, to become black; lähetä, to draw near; pimetä, to grow dark.

(2) a or ä is added mostly to dissyllabic roots ending in i, which changes to e; if added to roots ending in a, this vowel generally becomes o. It is also added to trisyllables in ea (eä). Soeta, to become blind (sokea).

A small number of verbs are formed from adjectives by the addition of the suffix ksi or ksu, before which a and ä are often changed to e. These verbs, sometimes called censitive, express the light in which something is regarded. Halveksia, to hold cheap (halpa); hyveksiä or hyväksyä, to find good, to approve; pahaksua or paheksia, to find bad, to be angry at; väheksiä or vähäksyä, to find small or despise.

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