Appendices
I — The Provinces of France
Up to 1789, there were thirty-three great governments making up modern France, the twelve governments created by Francis I. being the chief, and seven petits gouvernements as well.
In the following table the grands gouvernements of the first foundation are indicated in heavy-faced type, those which were taken from the first in italics, and those which were acquired by conquest in ordinary characters.
| NAMES OF GOVERNMENTS | CAPITALS | |
| 1. | Ile-de-France | Paris. |
| 2. | Picardie | Amiens. |
| 3. | Normandie | Rouen. |
| 4. | Bretagne | Rennes. |
| 5. | Champagne et Brie | Troyes. |
| 6. | Orléanais | Orléans. |
| 7. | Maine et Perche | Le Mans. |
| 8. | Anjou | Augers. |
| 9. | Touraine | Tours. |
| 10. | Nivernais | Nevers. |
| 11. | Berri | Bourges. |
| 12. | Poitou | Poitiers. |
| 13. | Aunis | La Rochelle. |
| 14. | Bourgogne (duché de) | Dijon. |
| 15. | Lyonnais, Forez et Beaujolais | Lyon. |
| 16. | Auvergne | Clermont. |
| 17. | Bourbonnais | Moulins. |
| 18. | Marche | Guéret. |
| 19. | Guyenne et Gascogne | Bordeaux. |
| 20. | Saintonge et Angoumois[A] | Saintes. |
| 21. | Limousin | Limoges. |
| 22. | Béarn et Basse Navarre | Pau. |
| 23. | Languedoc | Toulouse. |
| 24. | Comté de Foix | Foix. |
| 25. | Provence | Aix. |
| 26. | Dauphiné | Grenoble. |
| 27. | Flandre et Hainaut | Lille. |
| 28. | Artois | Arras. |
| 29. | Lorraine et Barrois | Nancy. |
| 30. | Alsace | Strasbourg. |
| 31. | Franche-Comté ou Comté de Bourgogne | Besançon. |
| 32. | Roussilon | Perpignan. |
| 33. | Corse | Bastia. |
[A] Under Francis I. the Angoumois was comprised in the Orléanais.
The seven petits gouvernements were:
1. The ville, prévôté and vicomté of Paris.
2. Havre de Grâce.
3. Boulonnais.
4. Principality of Sedan.
5. Metz and Verdun, the pays Messin and Verdunois.
6. Toul and Toulois.
7. Saumur and Saumurois.
II — The Ancient Provinces of France
III
| THE PRINCIPAL PAYS AND PAGI OF BRITTANY | |
| Pays d’Alet | Ille et Vilaine |
| Pays de Briere | Loire Infr. |
| Cornouailles | Finistère. |
| Le Desert | Ille et Vilaine. |
| Dinannois | Côtes du Nord. |
| Pays de Dol | Côtes du Nord. |
| Pays de Grève | Côtes du Nord. |
| Léonais | Finistère. |
| Nantais | Loire Infr. |
| Rennois | Ille et Vilaine. |
| Pays de Vannes | Morbihan. |
IV
| COUNTS AND DUKES OF BRITTANY | |
| Nominoë | 824 |
| Erispoë | 851 |
| Salomon | 857 |
| Pasqueten and Gurvaud | 874 |
| Alain I. | 877 |
| Gurmailhon | 907 |
| Juhael Béranger | 930 |
| Alain II. (Barbe Torte) | 937 |
| Drogon | 952 |
| Hoël I. | 953 |
| Guerech | 980 |
| Conan I. | 987 |
| Geoffroy I. | 992 |
| Alain III. | 1008 |
| Conan II. | 1040 |
| Hoël II. | 1066 |
| Alain Fergent | 1084 |
| Conan III. | 1112 |
| Eudes and Hoël III. | 1148 |
| Geoffroy II. | 1156 |
| Constance and Arthur | 1171 |
| Pierre Mauclerc and Alix | 1186 |
| Jean I. | 1213 |
| Jean II. | 1237 |
| Arthur II. | 1286 |
| Jean III. | 1305 |
| Charles de Blois | 1312 |
| Jean IV. de Montfort | 1341 |
| Jean V. | 1365 |
| François I. | 1399 |
| Pierre II. | 1450 |
| Arthur III. | 1457 |
| François II. | 1458 |
| Duchess Anne, who married Charles VIII. and afterward Louis XI. of France, | 488-1513 |
V — The Metric System
METRICAL AND ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Mètre = 39.3708 in. = 3.231. 3 ft. 3 1-2 in. = 1.0936 yard.
Square Mètre (mètre carré) = 1 1-5th square yards (1.196).
Are (or 100 sq. mètres) = 119.6 square yards.
Cubic Mètre (or Stere) = 35 1-2 cubic feet.
Centimètre = 2-5ths inch.
Kilomètre = 1,093 yards = 5-8 mile.
10 Kilomètres = 6 1-4 miles.
100 Kilomètres = 62 1-10th miles.
Square Kilomètre = 2-5ths square mile.
Hectare = 2 1-2 acres (2.471).
100 Hectares = 247.1 acres.
Gramme = 15 1-2 grains (15.432).
10 Grammes = 1-3d oz. Avoirdupois.
15 Grammes = 1-2 oz. Avoirdupois.
Kilogramme =2 1-5th lbs. (2.204) Avoirdupois.
10 Kilogrammes = 22 lbs. Avoirdupois.
Metrical Quintal = 220 1-2 lbs. Avoirdupois.
Tonneau = 2,200 lbs. Avoirdupois.
Litre = 0.22 gal. = 1 3-4 pint.
Hectolitre = 22 gallons.
ENGLISH AND METRICAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Inch = 2.539 centimètres = 25.39 millimètres.
2 inches = 5 centimètres nearly.
Foot = 30.47 centimètres.
Yard = 0.9141 mètre.
12 yards = 11 mètres nearly.
Mile =1.609 kilomètre.
Square foot = 0.093 mètre carré.
Square yard = 0.836 mètre carré.
Acre = 0.4046 hectare = 4,003 sq. mètres nearly.
2 1-2 acres = 1 hectare nearly.
Pint = 0.5679 litre.
1 3-4 pint = 1 litre nearly.
Gallon = 4.5434 litres = 4 nearly.
Bushel = 36.347 litres.
Oz. Troy = 31.103 grammes.
Pound Troy (5,760 grains) = 373.121 grammes.
Oz. Avoirdupois = 8.349 grammes.
Pound Avoirdupois (7,000 grains) = 453.592 grammes.
2 lbs. 3 oz. = kilogramme nearly.
100 lbs. = 45.359 kilogrammes.
Cwt. = 50.802 kilogrammes.
Ton = 1,018.048 kilogrammes.
VI
Sketch Map of Circular Tour in Brittany. Fares from Rennes, 65 francs, 1st class; 50 francs, 2d class.
Itinerary: Rennes, Saint-Malo-Saint-Servan, Dinard, Saint-Brieuc, Guingamp, Lannion, Morlaix, Roscoff, Brest, Quimper, Douarnenez, Pont-l’Abbé, Concarneau, Lorient, Auray, Quiberon, Vannes, Savenay, Le Croisic, Guérande, Saint-Nazaire, Pont-Château, Redon, Rennes.
VII
VIII
By day the signals showing the depth of water—in mètres—at the harbour entrance are shown by balls or small balloons; at night these are replaced by lanterns. (See top diagram.) The flag signals of the other diagrams explain themselves.
IX
THE PRINCIPAL PARDONS OF BRITTANY
DEPARTMENT OF FINISTÈRE
Plougastel-Daoulas.—Easter Monday, the Monday of Pentecôte, 29th June, and 15th August.
Pont l’Abbé.—25th March, Monday of Pentecôte, 3d Sunday of July, 4th Sunday of September.
Concarneau.—(Ste. Guénolé) First Sunday in May, (Sainte Croix) 14th September, (Pardon du Rosaire) First Sunday in October.
Bannalec.—Ascension Day.
Quimperlé.—Trinity Sunday, second Sunday of May, last Sunday of July, third Sunday in September.
Quimperlé.—Easter Monday.
Rumengal.—Trinity Sunday.
Loctudy.—Sunday following 11th May, and 2d Sunday of August.
Pont Aven.—Second Sunday of May and third Sunday of September.
Saint Jean du Doigt.—23d and 24th June.
Roscoff.—Mid-June and 15th August.
Camaret (Fête de la Pêche et Bénédiction de la Mer).—Third Sunday in June.
Locronan (Petite Troménie every year; Grande Troménie every six years).—Second Sunday of July.
Rosporden.—Second Sunday in July.
Le Folgoët.—15th August, and 7th and 8th September.
Quimper.—15th, 16th, and 17th August.
Huelgoat.—Three days—first Sunday of August.
Ste. Anne de la Palude.—Saturday evening and last Sunday of August.
Scaër.—Last Sunday of August.
Audierne.—Last Sunday of August.
Penmarc’h (Pardon du Rosaire).—First Sunday of October.
DEPARTMENT OF THE MORBIHAN
St. Gildas de Rhuis.—29th of January.
Auray.—(Ouverture du Pardon de St. Anne) 7th March, (Principal Pardon) 25th and 26th of July.
Locminé.—Three days from the Sunday nearest 27th June.
Ste. Barbe en Faouët.—Last Sunday of June.
St. Fiacre près le Faouët.—Fourth Sunday in July.
Locmariaquer.—Second Sunday in September.
Pontivy.—Second Sunday in September.
Carnac.—Third Sunday in September, (Pardon of St. Cornely) the Sunday nearest the 14th September.
Pont Scorff.—Third Sunday in September.
Le Faouët.—First Sunday in October.
X
A BRIEF LIST OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PREFIXES OF PLACE-NAMES IN BRITTANY, WITH THEIR DEFINITIONS
Bod, Bot.—A place surrounded by a wood. Bodilis, Botsorhel.
Bras, Bré.—High, elevated. Braspart, Brelevené.
Conc.—A harbour or bay. Concarneau, le Conquet.
Car.—A manor or château. Carhaix.
Coat.—A wood or forest. Coatascorn, Coatreven.
Crug.—Amid the rocks. Cruguel.
Faou.—A place planted with oaks. Le Faouët.
Guic.—Bourg. Guichen (old bourg).
Hen.—Old. Henvie, Henpont.
Ker or Kaer.—Manor, château. Kerlouan, Kervignac.
Lan.—Church or consecrated spot. Lannion, Lanildut.
Les, Lis.—Court or jurisdiction. Lesneven, Lezardrieux.
Loc.—Oratoire or hermitage. Locmaria.
Méné.—Mountain. Méné Bré.
Mor.—The sea. Morbihan (la petite mer).
Pen.—Promontory summit or extremity. Penmarc’h, Paimbœuf (par corruption).
Plé, Pleu, Plo, Plou, Plu.—Parish. Pléhédel, Pleudihen, Plouha.
Poul.—Hole or basin. Pouldergat.
Ros.—Hill or slope. Roscoff, Rosporden.
Tref, Tré.—Part of a parish. Trégastel, Trémelior.
XI
THE BRETON TONGUE IN BRITTANY TO-DAY[B]
| DÉPARTEMENT | INDIVIDUALS UNDERSTANDING ONLY BRETON | INDIVIDUALS UNDERSTANDING BRETON AND FRENCH |
| Côtes du Nord | 145,000 | 150,000 |
| Finistère | 352,000 | 302,000 |
| Morbihan | 182,700 | 190,000 |
[B] This table takes no cognizance of those speaking French only and not Breton, whilst the three departments given are those only in which the knowledge of the Breton tongue is in excess of that in other parts.
It is a regrettable fact that the Morbihan has the greatest number of illiterates of any of the departments of France. Among a hundred conscripts for the army, often thirty or forty are classed as illiterate, while in Finistère and the Côtes du Nord, the number falls to thirty or less, and in Ille et Vilaine to less than twenty.