Bibliography
I
Chronological Table of Advice to Travellers, 1500-1700
1561. Gratarolus, Guilhelmus. Authore Gratarolo Guilhelmo, philosopho et medico, De Regimine Iter Agentium, vel equitum, vel peditum, vel navi, vel curru rheda... viatoribus et peregrinatoribus quibusque utilissimi libri duo, nunc primum editi. Basileæ, 1561.
1570-1. Cecil, William, Lord Burghley: Letter to Edward Manners, Earl of Rutland, among State Papers, Elizabeth, 1547-80, vol. lxxvii. No. 6.
1574. Turlerus, Hieronymus. De Peregrinatione et agro neapolitano, libri II. scripti ab Hieronymo Turlero. Omnibus peregrinantibus utiles ac necessarii; ac in corum gratiam nunc primum editi. Argentorati, anno 1574.
1575 —— The Traveiler of Jerome Turler, divided into two bookes, the first conteining a notable discourse of the maner and order of traveiling oversea, or into strange and foreign countries, the second comprehending an excellent description of the most delicious realme of Naples in Italy; a work very pleasant for all persons to reade, and right profitable and necessarie unto all such as are minded to traveyll. London, 1575.
1577. Pyrckmair, Hilarius. Commentariolus de arte apodemica seu vera peregrinandi ratione. Auctore Hilario Pyrckmair Landishutano. Ingolstadii, 1577.
1577. Zvingerus, Theodor. Methodus apodemica in eorum gratiam qui cum fructu in quocunq; tandem vitæ genere peregrinari cupiunt, a Theod. Zvingero. Basiliense typis delineata, et cum aliis tum quatuor præsertim Athenarum vivis exemplis illustrata. Basileæ, 1577.
1578. Bourne, William. A booke called the Treasure for traveilers, devided into five parts, contayning very necessary matters for all sortes of travailers, eyther by sea or by lande. London, 1578.
1578. —— A Regiment for the Sea, containing verie necessarie matters for all sortes of men and travailers: netyly corrected and amended by Thomas Hood. London, 1578.
1578. Lipsius, Justus. De ratione cum fructu peregrinandi, et præsertim in Italia. (In Epistola ad Ph. Lanoyum.) Justi Lipsii Epistolæ Selectæ: fol. 106. Parisiis, 1610.
1580. Sidney. Sir Philip Sidney to his brother Robert Sidney when he was on his travels; advising him what circuit to take; how to behave, what authors to read, etc. In Letters and Memorials of State, collected by Arthur Collins. London, 1746.
1587. Pighius (Stephanus Vinandus). Hercules Prodicius, seu principis juventutis vita et peregrinatio. Ex officina C. Plantini. Antverpiæ, 1587.
1587. Meierus, Albertus. Methodus describendi regimes, urbes et arces, et quid singulis locis proecipue in peregrinationibus homines nobiles ac docti animadvertere, observare et annotare debeant. Per M. Albertum Meierum. Helmstadii, 1587.
1589. —— Certaine briefe and speciall instructions for gentlemen, merchants, students, souldiers, marriners... employed in services abroad or anie way occasioned to converse in the kingdomes and governementes of forren princes. London, 1589. (Translation by Philip Jones.)
1592. Stradling, Sir John. A Direction for Travailers taken out of Justus Lipsius and enlarged for the behoofe of the right honorable Lord, the young Earle of Bedford, being now ready to travell. London, 1592.
1595. Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex (or Bacon?). Harl. MS. 6265, p. 428. Profitable instructions, for Roger Manners, Earl of Rutland.
1595 (?). Davison, William (Secretary of Queen Elizabeth.) Harl. MS. 6893. Instructions for Travel.
1598. Loysius, Georgius. G. Loysii Curiovoitlandi Pervigilium Mercurii, quo agitur de præstantissimis peregrinantis virtutibus,... Curiæ Variscorum, 1598.
1598. Dallington, Sir Robert. A Method for Travell, shewed by taking the view of France as it stoode in the yeare of our Lord, 1598. N.D., London, printed by Thomas Creede.
c. 1600. A True Description and Direction of what is most worthy to be seen in all Italy. Anon., N.D. Harleian Miscellany, vol. v. No. 128.
1604. Pitsius, Joannes, Ioannis Pitsii Anglii Sacræ Theologiæ Doctoris de Peregrinatione libri septem. Dusseldorpii, 1604.
1605 (?). Neugebauer, Salomon. Tractatus de peregrinatione... historcis, ethicis, politicisque exemplis illustratus... cum indice rerum et exemplorum. Basileæ.
1606. Palmer, Thomas. An Essay of the Meanes how to make our Travailes into forraine Countries the more profitable and honourable. London, 1606.
1608. Ranzovinus, Henricus Count. Methodus apodemica seu peregrinandi perlustrandique regiones, urbes et arces ratio... (With a dedication by Tob. Kirchmair.) Argentinæ, 1608.
1609. Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke. A Letter of Travell, to his cousin Greville Varney. (In Certaine Learned and Elegant Works of the Right Honorable Fulke, Lord Brooke. London, 1633.)
1611. Kirchnerus, Hermannus. An Oration made by Hermannus Kirchnerus... concerning this subject; that young men ought to travell into forraine countryes, and all those that desire the praise of learning and atchieving worthy actions both at home and abroad. (In Coryat’s Crudities, London, 1611.)
1616. Sincerus, Iodocus. Itinerarium Galliæ, ita accommodatum, ut eius ductu mediocri tempore tota Gallia obiri, Anglia et Belgium adiri possint; nec bis terve ad eadem loca rediri oporteat; notatis cuiusque loci, quas vocant, deliciis. Lugduni, 1616.
1617. Moryson, Fynes. Of Travel in General; Of Precepts for Travellers. (In the Itinerary of Fynes Moryson. Ed. Glasgow, 1907.)
1622. Peacham, Henry. The Compleat Gentleman. 1634 Ed., reprinted in Tudor and Stuart Library by Clarendon Press, with introduction by G.S. Gordon. Oxford, 1906.
1625. Bacon, Francis. Of Travel. In Works. Ed. James Spedding. London, 1859.
1631. Erpenius, Thomas. De Peregrinatione Gallica utiliter instituenda Tractatus. Lugduni Batavorum, 1631.
1633. Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex. Profitable Instructions: Describing what speciall Observations are to be taken by Travellers in all Nations, States and Countries; Pleasant and Profitable. By the three much admired, Robert, Late Earl of Essex, Sir Philip Sidney and Secretary Davison. London, 1633.
1637. Wotton, Sir Henry. Letter of Instruction to John Milton, about to travel. In Life and Letters, ed. by Pearsall Smith. Oxford, 1907.
1639. Le Voyage de France, Dresse pour l’instruction et commodité tant des François, que des Estrangers. Paris, 1639. (Du Verdier.)
1642. Howell, James. Instructions for Forreine Travell, Shewing by what cours, and in what compasse of time, one may take an exact Survey of the Kingdomes and States of Christendome, and arrive to the practicall knowledge of the Languages, to good purpose. London, 1642.
1652. Evelyn, John. The State of France as it stood in the IXth yeer of this present Monarch, Lewis XIIII. Written to a Friend by J. E. London, 1652. (Discussion of travel in the preface.)
1653. Zeiler, Martin. Fidus Achates qui itineris sui socium... non tantum de locorum... situ, verum etiam, quid in plerisque spectatu... dignum occurrat... monet... Nunc e Germanico Latinus factus a quodam Apodemophilo.... Ulmæ, 1653.
1656. Osborn, Francis. Travel, in Advice to a Son. Ed. E. A. Parry. London, 1896.
1662. Howell, James. A New English Grammar, whereunto is annexed A Discours or Dialog containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugall which may serve for a direction how to travell through both Countreys. London, 1662.
c. 1665. Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon. A Dialogue concerning Education in A Collection of Several Tracts. London, 1727.
1665. Gerbier, Balthazar, Knight; Master of the Ceremonies to King Charles the First. Subsidium Peregrinantibus or An Assistance to a Traveller in his Convers... directing him, after the latest Mode, to the greatest Honour, Pleasure, Security, and Advantage in his Travells. Written to a Princely Traveller for a Vade Mecum. Oxford, 1665.
1670: Lassels, Richard: The Voyage of Italy or a Compleat Journey through Italy.... With Instructions concerning Travel; by Richard Lassels, Gent., who travelled through Italy Five times, as Tutor to several of the English Nobility and Gentry. Never before Extant. Newly printed at Paris and are to be sold in London by John Starkey. 1670.
1670. —— A Letter of Advice to a young Gentleman Leaving the University, concerning his behavior and conversation in the World, by R(ichard) L(assels). Dublin, 1670.
1671. Leigh, Edward. Three Diatribes or Discourses; First of Travel, or a Guide for Travellers into Foreign Parts; Secondly, of Money or Coyns; Thirdly, of Measuring the Distance betwixt Place and Place. London, 1671.
1678. Gailhard, J. (Who hath been Tutor Abroad to severall of the Nobility and Gentry.) The Compleat Gentleman: or Directions for the Education of Youth as to their Breeding at Home and Travelling Abroad. London, 1678.
1693. Locke, John. Some Thoughts concerning Education. Fourth Edition. London, 1699.
1688. A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family, now in his Travels beyond the Seas: for his more safe and profitable conduct in the three great Instances, of Study, Moral Deportment and Religion. In three parts. By a True Son of the Church of England. London, 1688.
1688. Carr, Will, late Consul for the English Nation in Amsterdam. Remarks of the Government of severall Parts of Germaniæ, Denmark... but more particularly the United Provinces, with some few directions how to Travell in the States Dominions. Amsterdam, 1688.
1690. —— The Travellers Guide and Historians Faithful Companion. [London? 1690?]
1695. Misson, Maximilian. A New Voyage to Italy: With a description of the Chief Towns... Together with Useful Instructions for those who shall Travel thither. Done into English, and adorn’d with Figures. 2 vols. London, 1695.
II
Travels, Memoirs, Letters and Biographies, 1500-1700, Used in the Foregoing Chapters
Ascham, Roger. Works. Ed. Giles. London, 1865.
Aubrey, John. Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries; and Lives of Eminent Men. London, 1813.
D’Aunoy, Marie Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse. Relation du Voyage D’Espagne. A La Haye, 1691.
—— The Ingenious and Diverting Letters of the Lady... Travels into Spain. 2nd Ed. London, 1692.
Belvoir MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Report; Appendix, Part IV. MSS. of the Duke of Rutland preserved at Belvoir Castle.)
Bercherus, Gulielmus. Epitaphia et Inscriptiones Lugubres. A Gulielmo Berchero cum in Italia, animi causa, peregrinaretur, collecta. Excusum Londini, 1566.
—— The Nobility of Women. Ed. Warwick Bond for Roxburghe Club, 1904. (Written 1559.)
Bisticci, Vespasiano da. Vite di Uomini Illustri del secolo XV. in Collezione di Opere inediti o rare. Firenze, 1859.
Bodley, Sir Thomas. Life, Written by Himself. Privately reprinted for John Lane. London, 1894.
Boorde, Andrew. The First Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, made by Andrew Boorde, of Physycke Doctor; also A Compendyous Regyment, or a Dyetary of Helth, made in Montpelier, compyled by Andrew Boorde, of Physycke Doctour. Ed. F.J. Furnivail, for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series, IX.-X. London, 1869-70.
Botero, Giovanni. The Travellers Breviat, or an historicall description of the most famous kingdomes in the world. Translated into English. London, 1601.
—— A Treatise, concerning the causes of the magnificencie and greatness of cities,... now done into English by Robert Peterson of Lincolnes Inne, Gent. London, 1606.
—— Relations of the Most Famous Kingdoms and Common-weales through the world.... London, 1608. (Translated by Robert Johnson.)
Bourdeille, Pierre de, Seigneur de Brantome. Memoires, *... Contenans les Anecdotes de la Cour de France, sous les Rois Henri II., François II., Henri III. et IV. A. Leyde, 1722.
Boyle, Robert. Works. Vol. i. (Life) and v. (Letters). London, 1744.
Breton, Nicholas. Works. Ed. A.B. Grosart. London, 1879.
—— Grimello’s Fortunes, with his Entertainment in his Travaile. London, 1604.
Browne, Sir Thomas. Works. Ed. Simon Wilkin. London, 1836. (Vol. i., containing Life and Correspondence.)
Burnet, Gilbert. Some Letters containing an account of what seemed most remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, etc. (Written to the Hon. Robert Boyle.) Printed 1687.
—— Three Letters concerning the Present State of Italy, written in the year 1687. Printed 1688.
Camden, William. History or Annals of England. In A Complete History of England. Vol. ii. 1706.
Carew, George. A Relation of the State of France, with the Character of Henry IV. and the Principal Persons of that Court. Printed by Thomas Birch. London, 1749.
Cavendish, George. Life of Thomas Wolsey (written c. 1557). Printed by William Morris at the Kelmscott Press, 1893.
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle. Life of... William Cavendishe, Duke of Newcastle. London, 1667.
—— Life of... the Duke of Newcastle, to which is added “The True Relation of my Birth, Breeding and Life.” Ed. C.H. Firth. London, 1906.
Caxton, William. Dialogues in French and English. Ed. from text printed about 1483, by Henry Bradley, for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series, lxxix. London, 1900.
Chapman, George. Monsieur d’Olive, in The Comedies and Tragedies of George Chapman. 3 vols. London, 1873.
Clenardus, Nicolaus. Epistolarum Libri Duo. Antverpiæ, ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1566.
Collectanea: First Series. Ed. C.R.L. Fletcher, for the Oxford Historical Society. Vol. v. Oxford, 1885.
Contarini, Gaspar. The Commonwealth and Government of Venice, written by the Cardinall Gaspar Contareno, and translated out of Italian into English by Lewes Lewkenor, Esquire, London, 1599.
Coryat, Thomas. Coryat’s Crudities hastily gobled up in five moneths travells in France, Savoy, Italy, Rhetia, commonly called the Grisons country, Helvetia alias Switzerland, some parts of high Germany and the Netherlands; newly digested in the hungry aire of Odcombe in the county of Somerset, and now dispersed to the nourishment of the travelling members of this kingdome. London, 1611. Reprint by James Maclehose & Sons. Glasgow, 1905.
Dallington, Robert. A Survey of the Great Dukes State of Tuscany in the yeare of our Lord 1596. Printed for Edward Blount at London, 1605.
Description Contenant les Antiquitez, fondations et singularitez des plus celebres Villes, Chasteaux et Places remarquables du Royaume de France, avec les choses plus memorables advenues en iciluy (par F. Des Rues). Constance, 1608.
Dudithius, Andreas. Vita Reginaldi Poli. Venetiis, 1558.
Erasmus, Desiderius. Opera Omnia. Lugduni Batavorum, 1703. (Tomus Tertius qui complectitur epistolas.)
—— Modus Orandi Deum. Basileæ, 1524.
—— Familiarium Colloquiorum Des. Erasmi Roterodami Opus. Basileæ, 1542.
Evelyn, John. Diary and Correspondence. Ed. William Bray. London, 1906.
Fénélon, De La Mothe. Correspondance Diplomatique. Tome Sixième. Paris et Londres, 1840.
Ferrar, Nicholas. Two Lives: By his Brother John and by Doctor Jebb. Ed. J.E.B. Mayor. 1855.
Florio, Giovanni. Florio, His Firste Frutes: which yeelde familiar speech, merie Proverbes, wittie Sentences, and golden sayings. Also a perfect Induction to the Italian and English tongues as in the Table appeareth.... Imprinted by Thomas Dawson for Thomas Woodcocke. London, 1578.
—— Florios Second Frutes to be gathered of twelve Trees, of divers but delightsome tastes to the tongues of Italians and Englishmen.... London, 1591.
France: The Survey or Topographical Description of France; with a new Mappe.... Collected out of sundry approved authors; very amply, truly and historically digested for the pleasure of those who desire to be thoroughly acquainted in the state of the kingdome and dominion of France. London, 1592.
—— The View of France. Printed by Symon Stafford. London, 1604.
Fuller, Thomas. The Church-History of Britain from the Birth of Jesus Christ untill the year MDCXLVIII. Endeavoured by Thomas Fuller. London, 1655.
—— History of the Worthies of England. 2 vols, London, 1811.
Gascoigne, George. The Posies. Ed. J.W. Cunliffe. Cambridge University Press, 1907.
Gerbier, Balthazar. The Interpreter of the Academie for Forrain Languages and all Noble Sciences and Exercises. 1648.
—— The First Lecture of an Introduction to Cosmographie: being a Description of all the World. Read Publiquely at Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy. London, 1649.
—— Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Project for an Academy Royal in England. No. XXI. in Collectanea Curiosa. Oxford, 1781.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. Queene Elizabethes Achademy. Ed. by F.J. Furnivall for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series VIII. London, 1869.
Goodall, Baptist. The Tryall of Travell. London, 1630.
Googe, Barnaby. Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonettes. 1563.
—— The Zodiake of Life written by... Pallingenius... newly translated into Englishe verse by Barnabe Googe. London, 1565.
Greene, Robert. Greene’s Mourning Garment, The Carde of Fancie, and Mamillia; in Life and Complete Works in Prose and Verse. 12 vols. Ed. A.B. Grosart for the Huth Library, 1881-83.
Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke. Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney.... Written by... his Companion and Friend. London, 1652.
—— Life of Sir Philip Sidney. Tudor and Stuart Library. Oxford, 1907.
Guide des Chemins, pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrées du Royaume de France, avec les noms des Fleuves et Rivieres qui courent parmy lesdicts pays. Paris (1552). (Par C. Estienne.)
Hall, Arthur. A Letter sent by F.A. touching the proceedings in a private quarrell and unkindnesse between Arthur Hall and Melchisedich Mallerie, Gentleman, to his very friend L.B. being in Italy. (Printed in Antiqua Anglicana, vol. i. London, 1815.)
Hall, Edward. Life of Henry VIII. Reprint with an introduction by Charles Whibley. London, 1904.
Hall, Joseph. Quo Vadis? A Just Censure of Travell as it is undertaken by the Gentlemen of our Nation. London, 1617. Reprinted in Works. Ed. P. Wynter, for the Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1863.
Hamilton, le Comte Antoine. Memoires du Comte de Grammont. Nouvelle Edition Augmentée de Notes et Eclairissements necessaires par M. Horace Walpole. Imprimée a Strawberry Hill, 1772.
Harleian Miscellany, vol. ii. A Late Voyage to Holland, with brief Relations of the Transactions at the Hague: also Remarks on the Manners and Customs, Nature and Comical Humours of the People.... Written by an English Gentleman, attending the Court of the King of Great Britain. 1691.
—— Vol. iii. A Relation of such things as were observed to happen in the journey of the Rt. Hon. Chas. Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral of England, his Highness’s Ambassador to the King of Spain. By Robert Treswell, Esq., Somerset-Herald. 1605.
Harrison, William. A Description of England in Holinshed’s Chronicles. Ed. by L. Withington, with introduction by F.J. Furnivall. Camelot Series. (1876?)
Hatfield MSS. Calendar of MSS. of the Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., preserved at Hatfield House.
Hentznerus, Paulus. Itinerarium Germaniæ, Galliæ, Angliæ, Italiæ. Norinbergæ, 1612.
Herbert, Edward, Lord, of Cherbury. Satyra Secunda, of Travellers from Paris. To Ben Jonson. In Occasional Verses of Edward Lord Herbert, Baron of Cherbury. London, 1665.
—— Autobiography. Ed. Sidney Lee. London, 1907.
Heylyn, Peter. A Full Relation of two Journeys; the one into the Mainland of France, the other into some of the adjacent Ilands. London, 1656.
——France Painted to the Life by a Learned and Impartial Hand. The Second Edition. London, 1657.
Hoby, Thomas. The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby. Written by Himself, 1547-1564. Ed. Edgar Powell for Camden Society, Third Series, vol. iv. 1902.
—— The Book of the Courtier. Introduction by Walter Raleigh in Tudor Translations. Ed. W.E. Henley. Vol. xxiii. London, 1900.
Howard, James. The English Mounsieur. London, 1674.
Howell, James. Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ. The Familiar Letters of James Horvell. Ed. J. Jacobs. 1892 (first edition 1645).
——A Survey of the Signorie of Venice, of her admired policy and method of government,... with a cohortation to all Christian Princes to resent her dangerous condition at present. London, 1651.
Information for Pilgrims unto the Holy Land, c. 1496. Ed. E. Gordon Duff. London, 1893.
Jonson, Ben. Works. Ed. Gifford. 11 vols. 1875.
La Noue, François de. Discours politiques et militaires. Basle, 1587.
Leland, John. Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis. Oxonii ex Theatro Sheldoniano, 1709.
Lemnius, Levinus. A Touchstone of Complexions. Englished by T. Newton. (1576.)
Lewkenor, Samuel, Gentleman. A Discourse not altogether unprofitable nor unpleasant for such as are desirous to know the situation and customs of forraine cities without travelling to see them; containing a Discourse of all those Citties wherein doe flourish at this day priveleged Universities. London, 1600.
Lloyd, David. State-Worthies. London, 1766.
Locke, John. Life and Letters, with extracts from his journals and common-place books; by Lord King. London, 1858.
Lismore Papers: Ed. A.B. Grosart. First Series, vol. v.; Second Series, Vols. iv. and v. 1886.
Lyly, John. Euphues and his Ephæbus, in Euphues; The Anatomy of Wit, in Works. Ed. R. Warwick Bond. Oxford, 1902.
Markham, Gervase. A Discourse of Horsemanshippe. London, 1593.
—— The Gentlemans Academie; or The Booke of Saint Albans;... reduced into a better method by G.M. London, 1595.
Marston, John. Works. Ed. A.H. Bullen. London, 1887.
—— Scourge of Villainie. London, 1598.
Milton, John. Defensio secunda pro Populo Anglicano, contra Alexandrum Morum Ecclesiasten. Amstelodami, 1798. (Opera Omnia Latina.)
Montfaucon, Bernard de. The Travels of the Learned Father Montfaucon from Paris thro Italy (in 1698-9), Made English from the Paris Edition. London, 1712.
Munday, Anthony. The English Romayne Life Written by A. Munday, sometime the Popes Schollar in the Seminarie among them. London, 1590.
Munster, Sebastian. Cosmographiæ universalis Libri VI. Basileæ, 1550.
Nash, Thomas. Works. Ed. Grosart. 6 vols. 1883-5.
—— The Unfortunate Traveller, or The Life of Jacke Wilton. London, 1594.
Negri, Cesare. Nuove Inventioni di Balli: Opera vaghissima di Cesare Negri Milanese detto il Trombone, famoso e eccellente Professore di Ballare. Milano, 1604.
North, The Hon. Roger. Lives of the Norths, together with the Autobiography of the Author; Ed. A. Jessopp. London, 1890.
Original Letters Illustrative of English History... from autographs in the British Museum. With notes by Henry Ellis, Keeper of MSS. in the British Museum. London, 1844.
Overbury, Sir Thomas. Sir Thomas Overbury, His Wife, with additions of New Newes, and divers more Characters (never before annexed) written by himself and other learned gentlemen. The tenth impression augmented. London, 1618.
——Sir Thomas Overbury, his Observations in his Travailes upon the State of the XVII. Provinces as they stood Anno Dom. 1609. [London], 1626.
Owen, Lewis. The Running Register: Recording a True Relation of the State of the English Colledges, Seminaries and Cloysters in all forraine parts. London, 1626.
Pace, Richard. Richardi Pacei invictissimi regis angliæ primarii secretarii, eiusque apud Elvetios oratoris, De Fructu qui ex Doctrina percipitur, liber. In Inclyta Basilea (1517).
Paulet, Sir Amias. Copy-Book of Sir Amias Paulet’s Letters written during his Embassy to France, A.D. 1577. From MS. in the Bodleian, edited by O. Ogle for the Roxburghe Club. 1866.
Penn, William. An Account of W. Penn’s Travails in Holland and Germany Anno MDCLXXVII. For the Service of the Gospel of Christ, by way of Journal. Containing also Divers Letters and Epistles unto several Great and Eminent Persons whilst there. London, 1694.
Pilgrim-Book of the Ancient English Hospice attached to the English College at Rome from 1580-1656, and Diary of the same college 1578-1773, printed by Henry Foley in Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, vol. vi.
Pluvinel, Antoine. Le Maneige Royal ou lon peut remarquer le defaut et la perfection du chevalier, en tous les exercices de cet art, digne de Princes, fait et pratiqué en l’instruction du Roy par Antoine Pluvinel son Escuyer Principal, Conseiller en son Conseil d’Estat, son Chambellan ordinaire, et Sous-Gouverneur de sa Majesté. Le tout gravè et representé en grandes figures de taille douce par Crispian de Pas, Flamand, à l’honneur du Roy, et à la memoire de Monsieur de Pluvinel. Paris, 1624.
Raymond, John. Il Mercurio Italico, Communicating a Voyage made through Italy in the yeares 1646 and 1647 by J.R., Gent. London, 1648.
Réaux, Tallemant des. Historiettes. Paris, 1834.
Sandys, George. A Relation of a Journey begun An. Dom. 1610. Foure Bookes, Containing a description of the Turkish Empire of Aegypt, of the Holy Land, of the Remote Parts of Italy, and the Ilands adjoyning. London, 1615.
Schottus, Franciscus. Itinerarii Italiæ Rerumque Romanarum libri tres a Franc. Schotto I.C. ex antiquis novisque scriptoribus, iis editi qui Romam anno Iubileii sacro visunt. Ad Robertum Bellarminum S.R.E. Card. Ampliss. Antverpiæ, ex officina Plantiniana, apud Joannem Moretum. Anno sæculari Sacro, 1600.
Shirley, James. Dramatic Works and Poems. Ed. A. Dyce. 6 vols. London, 1833.
Sidney, Sir Philip. Correspondence with Hubert Languet, collected by S.A. Pears. London, 1845.
Smith, Richard. Sloane MS. 1813, containing the Journal of R. Smith, Gentleman, who accompanied Sir Edward Unton on his travels into Italy in 1563.
Spelman, William. A Dialogue or Confabulation between two travellers which treateth of civile and pollitike gouvernment in dyvers kingdomes and contries. MS. c. 1580, edited by J.E.L. Pickering. London, 1896.
Stanhope, Philip, Second Earl of Chesterfield. Letters to several celebrated Individuals of the time of Charles II., James II., William III. and Queen Anne, with some of their replies. London, 1829.
State Papers, Domestic, 1547-80. Vols. xviii.-xx. passim, in the Public Record Office, London. (For correspondence of Sir William Cecil with his son Thomas Cecil in Paris.)
Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the text of 1603 and edited by C.L. Kingsford. Oxford, 1908.
Strype, John. Life of the Learned Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State of King Edward the Sixth, and Queen Elizabeth. Oxford, 1820.
——Annals of the Reformation. Oxford, 1824.
——Life of Edmund Grindal. Oxford, 1821.
——Life of Sir John Cheke. Oxford, 1821.
Talbot MSS., in the College of Arms, London. Vol. P. fol. 571. (For correspondence of Gilbert Talbot in Italy in 1570.)
Taylor, John. All the Works of John Taylor the Water Poet. Being Sixty-Three in number, collected into one volume by the Author. London, 1630.
Temple, Sir William. Observations upon the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673.
Thomas, William. The Historie of Italie, a boke excedyng profitable to be redde; because it intreateth of the estate of many and divers commonweales, how they have been, and now be governed. 1549.
——The Pilgrim, A Dialogue on the Life and Actions of King Henry the Eighth. Ed. J.A. Froude. London, 1861.
Warner, William. Pan his Syrinx, Compact of seven Reedes; including in one, seven Tragical and Comicall Arguments. London (1584).
Webbe, Edward. Travailes (1590). Ed. E. Arber. London, 1868.
Weldon, Sir Anthony. The Court and Character of King James: Written and Taken by Sir A. W.(eldon). London, 1650.
Wey, William. Itineraries of William Wey, Fellow of Eton College, to Jerusalem, A.D. 1458 and A.D. 1462; and to Saint James of Compostella, A.D. 1456: from the MS. in the Bodleian. Printed for the Roxburghe Club. London, 1857.
Whetstone, George. A Remembrance of the wel imployed life and goodly end of George Gaskoigne Esquire, who deceased at Stalmford in Lincolneshire the 7 of October 1577. The reporte of Geor. Whetstone Gent. an eye witness of his Godly and charitable end in this world. Imprinted at London for Edward A(?)ggas, dwelling in Paules Churchyard and are there to be solde. [1577.]
Wilson, Thomas. The Arte of Rhetorique, for the use of all such as are studious of Eloquence, sette forth in English, by Thomas Wilson. 1553.
——Reprint of 1560 edition, edited by G.H. Mair for the Tudor and Stuart Library. Oxford, 1909.
Winwood Memorials. Memorials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I., collected from the Original Papers of the Rt. Hon. Sir Ralph Winwood, Kt. 3 vols. London, 1725.
Wood, Anthony à. Athenæ Oxonienses. Ed. Bliss. London, 1820.
III
Critical or Other Works Which Have Been Useful in This Study
Addison, Joseph. Remarks on Several Parts of Italy... in the years 1701, 1702, 1703. London, 1705.
——A Letter from Italy to the Right Honourable Charles, Lord Halifax, by Mr Joseph Addison, 1701. Printed London, 1709.
Andrich, I.A. De Natione Anglica et Scotia Iuristarum universitatis Patavinæ ab an. MCCXXII. P. Ch. N. usque ad an. MDCCXXXVIII. præfatus est Blasius Brugi. Patavii excudebant fratres Gallina MDCCCXCII.
Avenel, Le Vicomte G. D’. La Noblesse française sous Richelieu. Paris, 1901.
Babeau, Albert. Les Voyageurs en France Depuis la Renaissance j’usqu’ a La Révolution. Paris, 1885.
Bapst, Edmund. Deux Gentilshommes-Poetes de la Cour de Henry VIII. Paris, 1891.
Baretti, Joseph. An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy: with Observations on the mistakes of some travellers with regard to that country. London, 1768.
——An Appendix to the Account of Italy, in answer to Samuel Sharp, Esq London, 1769.
Bear-Leaders, The: or Modern Travelling stated in a proper Light, in a Letter to the Rt. Honorable the Earl of... London, 1758.
Beckmann, Johann. Litteratur der älteren Reisebeschreibungen. Gottingen, 1808.
——Physikalisch-ökonomische Bibliothek vorinn von den neuesten Büchern, welche die Naturgeschichte, Naturlehre und die Land-und Stadtwirthschaft betreffen, zuverlässige und volständige Nachrichten ertheilet werden, von Johann Beckmann... ordentl. Profess. der ökonomischen Wissenschaften. 21 Band. Gottingen, 1802.
Berchtold, Count Leopold. An Essay to direct and extend the Inquirie of Patriotic Travellers; with further Observations on the Means of preserving the Life, Health, and Property of the inexperienced in their Journies by Land and Sea. Also a Series of Questions, interesting to Society and Humanity, necessary to be proposed for Solution to Men of all Ranks and Employments and of all Nations and Governments, comprising the most serious Points relative to the Objects of all Travels. London, 1789.
Birch, Thomas. The Court and Times of James the First. London, 1848.
—— The Court and Times of Charles the First. London, 1848.
—— Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth from 1581 till 1603, from the papers of Anthony Bacon, Esq. London, 1754.
—— Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. London, 1760.
Bonnaffé, Edmund. Voyages et Voyageurs de la Renaissance. Paris, 1895.
Bourciez, Eduard. Les Moeurs Polies et la Littérature de Cour sous Henri II. Paris, 1886.
Burgon, J.W. Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham. London, 1839.
Carte, Thomas. Life of James, Duke of Ormond. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.
Congreve, William. Comedies. 2 vols. London, 1895.
Coriat Junior (Sam Paterson, Bookseller). Another Traveller: or Cursory Remarks and Critical Observations made upon a Journey through Part of the Netherlands in the latter end of the Year 1766. 2 vols. London, 1767.
Cust, Mrs Henry. Gentlemen Errant. London, 1909.
Devereux, W.B. Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex. 2 vols. London, 1853.
Dodd, Charles. Church History of England from the Commencement of the Sixteenth Century to the Revolution in 1688. Ed. by Rev. M.A. Tierney. 4 vols. London, 1841.
Einstein, Lewis. The Italian Renaissance in England. Columbia University Press, New York, 1902.
Feuillerat, Albert. John Lyly. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910.
Fielding, Henry. Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. Ed. by Austin Dobson. Chiswick Press, 1892.
Foote, Samuel. Dramatic Works. 4 vols. London, 1783.
Gibbon, Edward. Autobiography. Ed. by John Murray, with an introduction by the Earl of Sheffield. London, 1896.
Gray, Thomas. Gray and His Friends; Letters and Relics in great part hitherto unpublished. Ed. by D.C. Tovey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1890.
——Letters of Thomas Gray. Ed. by D.C. Tovey. 2 vols. London, 1900.
Jöcher, Christian Gottlieb. Gelehrten-Lexicon. Leipsig, Delmerhorst and Bremen, 1750-87.
Jusserand, J.J. Les Sports et Jeux D’exercice dans L’ancienne France. Paris, 1901.
Knight, Samuel. The Life of Dr John Colet. Oxford, 1823.
Lodge, Edmund. Illustrations of British History. 3 vols. London, 1791.
Mathew, A.H. The Life of Sir Tobie Matthew, by his kinsman. London, 1907.
Maugham, H. Neville. The Book of Italian Travel. London, 1903.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. Letters and Works. Ed. by her great-grandson Lord Wharncliffe, with additions by W. Moy Thomas. 2 vols. London, 1893.
Nares, Edward. Memoirs of Lord Burghley. 3 vols. 1831.
Nicolas, Sir Harris. Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton, K.G. London, 1847.
Nolhac, Pierre De. Erasme en Italie. Paris, 1898.
Nugent, Thomas. The Grand Tour. 4 vols. London, 1778.
Physikalisch-ökonomischer Bibliothek, XXI. Vide Beckmann, Johann.
Pinkerton, John. Voyages and Travels. Vol. 17. London, 1814.
Poole, R., Doctor of Physick. A Journey from London to France and Holland; or the Traveller’s Useful Vade Mecum.... Wherein is also occasionally contained many Moral Reflections and Useful Observations. London, 1746.
——The Beneficient Bee; or Traveller’s Companion, containing Each Day’s Observations in a Voyage from London to Gibraltar... interspersed with many useful Observations and occasional Remarks. London, 1753.
Rashdall, H. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 1895.
Rye, W.B. England as seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First. London, 1865.
Sauval, Henri. Histoire et Recherches des Antiquités de la Ville de Paris. Paris, 1724.
Seebohm, Frederic. The Oxford Reformers. London, 1887.
(Seward, William.) Anecdotes of Some Distinguished Persons, chiefly of the Present and two Preceding Centuries. 5 vols. London, 1796.
Sharp, Samuel. Letters from Italy, describing the Customs and Manners of that Country in the years 1765-1766. To which is annexed, an Admonition to Gentlemen who pass the Alps in their Tour through Italy. London, 1767.
—— A View of the Customs, Manners, Drama, etc., of Italy as they are described in The Frustra Letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English written by Mr Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy written by Mr Sharp. London, 1768.
Smith, Edward. Foreign Visitors in England. London, 1889.
Smollett, Tobias. Works. Ed. W.E. Henley. London, 1899.
Stanhope, Philip Dormer, Earl of Chesterfield. Letters to his Son. Published by Mrs Eugenia Stanhope from the originals now in her possession. 2 vols. London, 1774.
Thicknesse, Philip. Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French Nation in a Series of Letters in which that Nation is vindicated from the Misrepresentations of some Late Writers. London, 1766.
The Travellers. A Satire. London, 1778.
Verney, Margaret. Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Commonwealth, 1650-1660. Vol. iii. London, 1894.
Voltaire (Francis Marie Arouet). Lettres Philosophiques. Ed. by Gustave Lanson. Paris, 1909.
Walpole, Horace, Fourth Earl of Orford. Letters. Ed. by Peter Cunningham. 9 vols. London, 1891.
Footnotes
1. Ben Jonson, Cynthia’s Revels, Act i. Sc. I.
2. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, i. 110, note.
3. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, i. 110, note.
4. In c. 1498, 1515, and 1524.
5. Itineraries of William Wey. Printed for the Roxburghe Club from the original MS. in the Bodleian Library, 1857, pp. 153-154.
6. Familiarium Colloquiorum Opus. Basileæ, 1542. De utilitate colloquiorum, ad lectorem.
7. Ibid. De votis tentere susceptis, fol. 15.
8. Ibid. Ad lectorem.
9. Lord Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, i. 95.
10. G. Cavendish, Life of Wolsey. Kelmscott Press, 1893.
11. Opera (MDCCIII.), Tom. iii., Ep. xcii. (Annæ Bersalæ, Principi Verianæ).
12. “Quid cælum, quos agros, quas bibliothecas, quas ambulationes, quam mellitas eruditorum hominum confabulationes, quot mundi lumina... reliquerim.” Ep. cxxxvi.
13. Ep. mclxxv.
14. Opera (MDCCIII.) Tom. ix. 1137.
15. Ep. ccclxiii.
16. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. iv., Part I., No. 4.
17. Richard Pace, De Fructu qui ex Doctrina Percipitur (1517), p. 27.
18. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. i. 65. Archbishop Cranmer to Henry VIII.
19. Becatelli, Vita Reginaldi Poli. Latin version of Andreas Dudithius, Venetiis, 1558.
20. MS. Cotton, Nero, B. f. 118.
21. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. i. 54.
22. Wood’s Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss.
23. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. ix., No. 101.
24. J.S. Brewer, Reign of Henry VIII., vol. i. 117-147.
25. Bapst, Edmond, Deux Gentilshommes-Poetes de la cour de Henry VIII., Paris, 1891, pp. 26, 60.
26. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. ii., Part I., No. 2149.
27. Ibid., vol. xi., No. 60; vol. xv., No. 581.
28. D. Lloyd, State Worthies, vol. i. 105.
29. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. v. p. 751.
30. Camden, History of England.
31. In the First Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, 1547.
32. Hall’s Life of Henry VIII., ed. Whibley, 1904, vol. i. 175.
33. The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, ed. Powell, 1902, pp. 18, 37.
34. Ascham’s Works, ed. Giles, vol. i., Part II., p. 265.
35. I refer to the death of Bucer and P. Fagius. Strype (Life of Cranmer, p. 282) says that when they arrived in England in the month of April they “very soon fell sick: which gave a very unhappy stop to their studies. Fagius on the fifth of November came to Cambridge, and ten days afterwards died.”
36. Taming of the Shrew, Act I. Sc. ii.
37. Coryat’s Crudities, ed. 1905, p. 17.
38. Ed. 1591, p. 91.
39. Works, ed. Grossart, ix. 139. In which the father of Philador, among many other admonitions, forestalls Sir Henry Wotton’s famous advice to Milton on the traveller’s need of holding his tongue: “Be, Philador, in secrecy like the Arabick-tree, that yields no gumme but in the darke night.”
40. Jöcher, Gelehrten-Lexicon, 1751, and Zedler’s Universal-Lexicon.
41. Clarendon Press ed. 1909, p. 29.
42. G. Gratarolus, De Regimine Iter Agentium, Some insight into the trials of travel in the sixteenth century may be gained by the sections on how to endure hunger and thirst, how to restore the appetite, make up lost sleep, ward off fever, avoid vermin, take care of sore feet, thaw frozen limbs, and so forth.
43. Methodus Apodemica, Basel, 1577, fol. B, verso.
44. Paul Hentzner, whose travels were reprinted by Horace Walpole, was a Hofmeister of this sort. The letter of dedication which he prefixed to his Itinerary in 1612 is a section, verbatim, of Pyrckmair’s De Arte Apodemica.
45. De Arte Apodemica, Ingolstadii, 1577, fols. 5-6.
46. Hercules Prodicius, seu principis juventutis vita et peregrinatio, pp. 131-137
47. Jöcher, Gelebrten-Lexicon, under Zwinger.
48. Zwinger, Methodus Apodemica, fol. B, verso.
49. Ad. Ph. Lanoyum, fol. 106, in Justi Lipsii Epistole Selecta, Parisiis, 1610.
50. A Direction for Travailers, London, 1592.
51. “Methodus describendi regiones, urbes, et arces, et quid singulis locis præcipue in peregrinationibus homines nobiles ac docti animadvertere observare et annotare debeant.” Meier was a Danish geographer and historian, 1528-1603.
52. G. Loysii Curiovoitlandi Pervigilium Mercurii. Curiæ Variscorum, 1598. (Nos. 17, 20, 23, 27.)
53. Op. cit., No. 109.
54. Translated by Thomas Coryat in his Crudities, 1611. He must have picked up the oration in his tour of Germany; but nothing which appears to be the original is given among the forty-six works of Hermann Kirchner, Professor of History and Poetry at Marburg, as cited by Jöcher, though the other “Oratio de Germaniæ perlustratione omnibus aliis peregrinationibus anteferenda,” also translated by Coryat, is there listed.
55. Turler, The Traveiler, p. 12.
56. Kirchner in Coryat’s Crudities, vol. i. 131.
57. Turler, op. cit., p. 48.
58. Lipsius, Turler, Kirchner.
59. Turler, The Traveiler, p. 47.
60. Turler, op. cit., p. 107.
61. Methodus Apodemica, p. 26.
62. An Essay of the Meanes how to make our Travailes in forraine Countries the more profitable and honourable. London, 1606.
63. London, 1578.
64. Sidney, Letter to his brother, 1580.
65. Profitable Instructions. Written c. 1595. Printed 1633.
66. Profitable Instructions, 1595, Harl. MS. 6265, printed in Spedding’s Letters and Life of Bacon, vol. ii. p. 14. Spedding believes these Instructions to be by Bacon.
67. State Papers, Domestic Elizabeth, 1547-80, vol. lxxvii., No. 6.
68. Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Report, App. IV., January 31, 1571.
69. Life, Written by Himself, Oxford, 1647.
70. Devereux, Lives and Letters of the Devereux, vol. ii. 233.
71. Birch, Life of Prince Henry of Wales, App. No. XII.
72. Life and Letters, by Pearsall Smith, vol. i. 246.
73. Op. cit.
74. Talbot, MSS. in the College of Arms, vol. P, fol. 571.
75. Davison’s Poetical Rhapsody. I. Biographical Notice, p. xxiii.
76. Sloane MS. 1813.
77. State Papers, Domestic, 1547-80, vols. xviii., No. 31; xix., No. 6-52 passim; xx., No. 1-39 passim.
78. Direction for Travailers.
79. Stowe’s Annals, p. 600.
80. Works, ed. Giles, vol. i., Pt. ii., Epis. cxvi.
81. Op. cit.
82. Fox-Bourne’s Life of Sidney, p. 91.
83. Op. cit.
84. Thomae Erpenii, De Peregrinatione Gallica, 1631, pp. 6, 12.
85. Copy-Book of Sir Amias Poulet’s Letters, Roxburghe Club, p. 89.
86. Letter-Book, p. 16.
87. Letter-Book, p. 89.
88. Poems of Thomas Carew, ed. W.C. Hazlitt, 1870. Pp. xxiii.-xxx.
89. T. Birch, Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p. 218.
The embarrassments of an ambassador under these circumstances are hardly exaggerated, perhaps, in Chapman’s play, Monsieur D’Olive, where the fictitious statesman bursts into a protest:
“Heaven I beseech thee, what an abhominable sort of Followers have I put upon mee:... I cannot looke into the Cittie, but one or other makes tender his good partes to me, either his Language, his Travaile, his Intelligence, or something: Gentlemen send me their younger Sonnes furnisht in compleat, to learn fashions, for-sooth: as if the riding of five hundred miles, and spending 1000 Crownes would make ’am wiser then God meant to make ’am.... Three hundred of these Gold-finches I have entertained for my Followers: I can go in no corner, but I meete with some of my Wifflers in there accoutrements; you may heare ’am halfe a mile ere they come at you, and smell ’am half an hour after they are past you: sixe or seaven make a perfect Morrice-daunce; they need no Bells, their Spurs serve their turne: I am ashamed to traine ’am abroade, theyle say I carrie a whole Forrest of Feathers with mee, and I should plod afore ’am in plaine stuffe, like a writing Schole-maister before his Boyes when they goe a feasting.”
90. Strype, Life of Sir Thomas Smith, p. 119.
91. The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, 1547-1564, ed. Powell, p. 27.
92. Spelman, W., A Dialogue between Two Travellers, c. 1580, ed. by Pickering for the Roxburghe Club, 1896, p. 42.
93. Gratarolus, De Regimine iter agentium, 1561, p. 19.
94. Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. i. p. 69.
95. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 10th May 1909.
96. Florio, Second Frutes, p. 95.
97. Sloane MS., 1813, fol.7.
98. Article on the third Lord North in the Dictionary of National Biography.
99. T. Wright, Queen Elizabeth, vol. i. p. 316.
100. Sir Thomas Overbury, An Affectate Traveller, in Characters.
101. Dieppe.
102. Thomas Nash, Pierce Pennilesse, in Works, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. 27.
103. Nash, The Unfortunate Traveller, in Works, ed. Grosart, v. 145.
104. Roger Ascham, The Scholemaster, ed. Mayor, pp. 84-85.
105. William Harrison, A Description of England, ed. Withington, p. 8.
106. Ascham, op. cit., p. 86.
107. Robert Greene, Repentance, in Works, ed. Grosart, xii. 172; John Marston, Certaine Satires, 1598; Satire II., p. 47.
108. Ascham, op. cit., p. 77.
109. James Howell, Letters, ed. Jacobs, p. 69.
110. William Thomas, The Historic of Italie, 1549, p. 2.
111. Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, Written by Himself, ed. Powell, p. 10.
112. William Thomas, op. cit. p. 2.
113. Fynes Moryson, An Itinerary, etc., Glasgow ed. 1907, i. 159.
114. Ibid.
115. Thomas Hoby, op. cit. pp. 14, 15.
116. William Thomas, op. cit. p. 85.
117. Robert Greene, All About Conny-Catching. Works, x. Foreword.
118. Epistola de Peregrinatione in De Eruditione Comparanda, 1699, p. 588.
119. Turler, The Traveller, Preface, and pp. 65-67.
120. The Unton Inventories, ed. by J.G. Nichols, p. xxxviii.
121. Sir Robert Dallington, State of Tuscany, 1605, p. 64.
122. Arthur Hall, Ten Books of Homer’s Iliades, 1581, Epistle to Sir Thomas Cicill.
123. Nicholas Breton: A Floorish upon Fancie, ed. Grosart, p. 6.
124. Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth, ii. 205.
125. “A letter sent by F.A. touching the proceedings in a private quarrel and unkindnesse, between Arthur Hall and Melchisedech Mallerie, Gentleman, to his very friend L.B. being in Italy.” (Only fourteen copies of this escaped destruction by order of Parliament in 1580. One was reprinted in 1815 in Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana, from which my quotations are taken.)
126. St Paul’s Cathedral, the fashionable promenade.
127. Cooper’s Athenae Cantabrigienses, i. 381.
128. Life and Travels of Thomas Hoby, Written by Himself, p. 19, 20.
129. Bercher, Ded. to Queen Elizabeth, in The Nobility of Women, 1559, ed. by W. Bond for the Roxburghe Club, 1904.
130. Ibid. Introduction by Bond, p. 36.
131. D.N.B. Article by Sir Sidney Lee.
132. Hist. MSS. Commission, 12th Report, App. Part IV. MSS. of the Duke of Rutland, p. 94.
133. Ibid.
134. E. Lodge, Illustrations of British History, ii. 100. (Gilbert Talbot to his father, the Earl of Shrewsbury.)
135. Hatfield MSS. (Calendar), ii. 83.
136. Ibid., ii. 129.
137. Ibid., ii. 114.
138. Hatfield MSS. (Calendar), ii. 129.
139. Ibid., p. 131.
140. Ibid., p. 144.
141. See “Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert,” 28th Oct. 1578, in Collin’s Sidney Papers, i. 271.
142. In A Method for Travell, c. 1598, Fol. C.
143. John Stowe, Annales, ed. 1641, p. 868.
144. Ibid.
145. Gabriel Harvey, Letter-Book, Camden Society, New Series, No. xxxiii. p. 97.
146. Stowe, Annales, ed. 1641, p. 867.
147. Ibid., p. 869.
148. Harrison’s Description of England, ed. Withington, p. 111.
149. T. Birch, Court and Times of James I., i. 191.
150. E. Lodge’s Illustrations of British History, ii. 228.
151. Harleian Miscellany, vol. v. pp. 400-401.
152. Leland, J., De Scriptoribus Britannicis, vol. i. 482.
153. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1562, Nos. 1069 and 1230.
154. E. Nares, Memoir of Lord Burghley, vol. iii. p. 513.
155. Lambeth MSS., No. 647, fol. iii. Printed in Spedding’s Letters and Life of Bacon, vol. i. p. 110.
156. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603-1610, p. 634.
157. Quoted in Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, ed. by L. Pearsall Smith, vol. ii. p. 462.
158. Fuller, The Church-History of Britain, ed. 1655, book x. p. 48. The alleged reason for Mole’s imprisonment, Fuller says, was that he had translated Du Plessis Mornay, “his book on the Visibility of the Church, out of French into English; but besides, there were other contrivances therein, not so fit for a public relation” (supra, p. 49).
159. Fourth Baron Wentworth of Nettlestead and first Earl of Cleveland, 1591-1667, who became a Royalist general in the Civil War. At the time of Wotton’s letter (1609) he was completing his education abroad after residence at Oxford. See Dictionary of National Biography, which does not, however, mention his foreign tour.
160. He was at once “reconciled” to the Church of Rome, entered the Society of the Jesuits, and “died a most holy death,” in 1626, while filling the office of Confessor of the English College at Rome. H. Foley, Records of Society of Jesus, vi. p. 257, cited in Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, i. p. 457, note.
161. Second Lord Harington of Exton, 1592-1614; the favourite friend and companion of Henry, Prince of Wales. A rare and godly young man. For an account of him, and for his letters from abroad, in French and Latin, to Prince Henry, see T. Birch’s Life of Prince Henry.
162. “One Tovy, an ‘aged man,’ late master of the free school, Guildford.” Dictionary of National Biography, article on Sir John Harington, supra.
163. Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, i. 456-7.
164. S.R. Gardiner, History of England, iii. 191.
165. H. Foley, Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, London, 1882, Series ii. p. 253.
166. Ibid.
167. Foley, op. cit., p. 256. The facts are confirmed by the report of the English Ambassador at Valladolid, 17th July 1605, O.S., printed in the Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. p. 95.
168. Fynes Moryson, Itinerary, ed. 1907, vol. iii. pp. 390-1.
169. Such as Dr Thomas Case of St John’s in Oxford, whom Fuller reports as “always a Romanist in his heart, but never expressing the same till his mortal sickness seized upon him” (Church History, book ix. p. 235).
170. Gardiner, History of England, vol. v. pp. 102-3. The same wavering between two Churches in the time of James I. is exemplified by “Edward Buggs, Esq., living in London, aged seventy, and a professed Protestant.” He “was in his sicknesse seduced to the Romish Religion.” Recovering, a dispute was held at his request between two Jesuits and two Protestant Divines, on the subject of the Visibility of the Church. “This conference did so satisfie Master Buggs, that renouncing his former wavering, he was confirmed in the Protestant truth” (Fuller, Church History, x. 102).
171. Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. 109.
172. The Earl of Nottingham, Ambassador Extraordinary in 1605.
173. Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. 76.
174. Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. 109.
175. Fynes Moryson, Itinerary, vol. i. p. 260.
176. Such was the case of Tobie Matthew, son of the Archbishop of York, converted during his travels in Italy. This witty and frivolous courtier came home and faced the uproar of his friends, spent a whole plague-stricken summer in Fleet arguing with the Bishops sent to reclaim him, and then was banished. After ten years he reappeared at Court, as amusing as ever, the protégé of the Duke of Buckingham. But under the mask of frippery he worked unsleepingly to advance the Church of Rome, for he had secretly taken orders as a Jesuit Priest. See Life of Sir Tobie Matthew, by A.H. Mathew, London, 1907.
177. Davison’s Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, 1826, vol. i. p. vi.
178. Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. ii. 482.
179. Quo Vadis, A Just Censure of Travel, in Works, Oxford, vol. ix. p. 560.
180. Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. i. 70, note.
181. A Method for Travell shewed by taking the view of France, As it stoode in the yeare of our Lord, 1598.
182. Wood records such a state of mind in John Nicolls, who, in 1577 left England, made a recantation of his heresy, and was “received into the holy Catholic Church.” Returning to England he recanted his Roman Catholic opinions, and even wrote “His Pilgrimage, wherein is displayed the lives of the proud Popes, ambitious Cardinals, leacherous Bishops, fat bellied Monks, and hypocritical Jesuits” (1581). Notwithstanding which, he went beyond the seas again (to turn Mohometan, his enemies said), and under threats and imprisonment at Rouen, recanted all that he had formerly uttered against the Romanists.—Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, i. p. 496.
183. Understood: “for in the pulpit, being eloquent, they,” etc.
184. In volume iii. of his Itinerary (reprint by the University of Glasgow, 1908), preceded by an Essay of Travel in General, a panegyric in the style of Turler, Lipsius, etc., containing most points of previous essays in praise of travel, and some new ones. For instance, in his defence of travel, he must answer the objection that travellers run the risk of being perverted from the Church of England.
185. Itinerary, iii. 411.
186. Ibid., i. 304.
187. Ibid., i. 78-80.
188. Ibid., i. 399.
189. Ibid., iii. 389.
190. Itinerary, iii. 400.
191. Ibid., iii. 388.
192. Ibid., iii. 387.
193. Ibid., iii. 375.
194. Itinerary, iii. 411.
195. Ibid., iii. 413.
196. See Ben Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, Act II. Sc. i.: “I do intend this year of jubilee coming on, to travel, and because I will not altogether go upon expense I am determined to put forth some five thousand pound, to be paid me five for one, upon the return of myself, my wife, and my dog from the Turk’s court in Constantinople.” Also the epigram of Sir John Davies in Poems, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. p. 40:
“Lycus, which lately is to Venice gone,
Shall if he doe returne, gaine three for one.”
197. Volpone: or the Fox, Act II. Sc. i.
198. Ibid., Act III. Sc. v.
199. The whole letter is printed in Pearsall Smith’s Collection, vol. ii. p. 382.
200. Pearsall Smith’s Collection, vol. ii. p. 364 (in another letter of advice on foreign travel).
201. Defensio secunda, in Opera Latina, Amstelodami, 1698, p. 96.
202. Quo Vadis? A Just Censure of Travel as it is undertaken by the Gentlemen of our Nation, London, 1617.
203. 19th September 1614. Quoted in C. Dodd’s Church History of England, ed. Tierney, vol. iv. Appendix, p. ccxli.
204. Master of Ceremonies to James I.
205. The Reformed Travailer, by W.H., 1616, fol. A 4, verso.
206. Charles II.
207. Ellis, Original Letters, 1st Series, iii. 288.
208. The Scholemaster, ed. Mayor, p. 53.
209. The Compleat Gentleman, 1634 (reprint 1906), p. 33.
210. Cited in G. D’Avenel, La Noblesse française sous Richelieu, p. 52.
211. Ibid., pp. 41-2.
212. Balade, “Les chevaliers ont honte d’étudier” (OEuvres Complètes, tome iii. p. 187).
213. De la Nouë, Discours Politiques et Militaires, 1587, p. 111.
214. De la Nouë, op. cit., pp. 118-22. Court and Times of Charles I., vol. ii. pp. 89, 187.
215. A Method for Travell. Shewed by taking the view of France. As it stood in the yeare of our Lord, 1598.
216. By James Howell.
217. Supra, note (1).
218. A Survey of the Great Dukes State of Tuscany. In the yeare of our Lord, 1596.
219. The View of France, fol. X.
220. The View of France, fol. H 4, verso.
221. William Thomas, The Pilgrim, 1546.
222. Survey of Tuscany, p. 34.
223. A Method for Travell, Fol. B 4, verso.
224. The first edition of The View of Fraunce was printed anonymously in 1604 by Symon Stafford: When Thomas Creede brought out another edition, apparently in 1606, Dallington inserted a preface “To All Gentlemen that have Travelled,” and A Method for Travell, consisting of eight unpaged leaves, and a folded leaf containing a conspectus of A Method for Travell.
225. As the use of Latin waned, a knowledge of modern languages became increasingly important. The attitude of continental gentlemen on this point is indicated by a Spanish Ambassador in 1613, to whom the Pope’s Nuncio used a German Punctilio, of speaking Latin, for more dignity, to him and Italian to the Residents of Mantua and Urbino. The Ambassador answered in Italian, “and afterwards gave this reason for it: that it were as ill a Decorum for a Cavalier to speak Latin, as for a Priest to use any other Language.” (Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 446).
226. Fynes Moryson had a great deal to say on this subject. In particular, he instances the Germans as reprehensible in living only with their own countrymen in Italy, “never attaining the perfect use of any forreigne Language, be it never so easy. So as myselfe remember one of them, who being reprehended, that having been thirty yeeres in Italy hee could not speake the Language, he did merrily answer in Dutch: Ah lieber was kan man doch in dreissig Jahr lehrnen? Alas, good Sir, what can a man learne in thirty yeeres?” (Itinerary, vol. in. p. 379).
227. A Method for Travell, B 4, verso.
228. Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p. 286.
229. Amias Paulet to Elizabeth, Jan. 31, 1577. Cal. State Papers, Foreign.
230. By Cesare Nigri Milanese detto il trombone, “Famose e eccellente Professori di Ballare.” Printed at Milan, 1604.
“In twenty manere coude he trippe and dance
After the schole of Oxenforde tho,
And with his legges casten to and fro.”
The Milleres Tale, 11. 142-4.
232. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. iii. p. 214.
233. Ibid., 1st Series, vol. iii. pp. 138-9.
234. A Method jor Travell, fol. B 4, verso.
235. Historiettes, ed. Paris, 1834, tome 1er, p. 72.
236. So counted the Pope’s Legate in 1596. Cited by Jusserand, in Sports et Jeux D’Exercise dans L’ancienne France, p. 252.
237. A View of France, fol. V, verso.
238. Jusserand, op. cit., p. 241. Cited from Thomassin’s Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l’Eglise, 1725, tome iii. col. 1355.
239. The View of France, T 4, verso, V, verso.
240. Fol. C.
241. Every Man in his Humour, Act IV. Sc. v.
242. Touchant les Duels, ed. 1722, p. 79.
243. “If in the Court they spie one in a sute of the last yeres making, they scoffingly say, ‘Nous le cognoissons bien, il ne nous mordra pas, c’est un fruit suranne.’ We know him well enough, he will not hurt us, hee’s an Apple of the last yeere” (The View of France, fol. T 4).
244. Instructions for Forreine Travell, 1642.
245. Op. cit., pp. 65-70.
246. Ibid., pp. 181, 188.
247. Op. cit., pp. 193-5.
248. Ibid., p. 51.
249. “The Great Horse” is the term used of animals for war or tournaments, in contradistinction to Palfreys, Coursers, Nags, and other common horses. These animals of “prodigious weight” had to be taught to perform manoeuvres, and their riders, the art of managing them according to certain rules and principles. See A New Method... to Dress Horses, by William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, London, 1667.
250. Histoire et Recherches des Antiquités de la Ville de Paris, par H. Sauval, Paris, 1724, tome ii. p. 498.
251. Les Antiquitez de la Ville de Paris. Paris 1640, Livre second, p. 403.
252. Probably the son of Sir John Puckering, Lord Keeper in 1592-1596.
253. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. iii. pp. 220-1.
254. Archeologia, vol. xxxvi. pp. 343-4.
255. Collectania, First Series, ed. for the Oxford Historical Society (vol. v.) by C.R.L. Fletcher, p. 213.
256. See Archeologia, xxi. p. 506. Gilbert’s and La Nouë’s dreams were of academies like Vittorino da Feltre’s—not Pluvinel’s.
257. Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. p. 276.
258. Ibid., pp. 280-2.
259. The Interpreter of the Academic for Forrain Languages, and all Noble Sciences, and Exercises, London, 1648.
260. Evelyn’s Diary, 9th August 1682.
261. Ibid., 18th December 1684.
262. Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. pp. 309-13.
263. Ibid., p. 319.
264. Le Maneige Royal, ou l’on peut remarquer le defaut et la perfection du chevalier, en tous les exercices de cet art, digne de Princes, fait et pratique en l’instruction du Roy par Antoine Pluvinel son Éscuyer principal, Conseiller en son Conseil d’Éstat, son Chambellan ordinaire, et Sous-Gouverneur de sa Majesté. Paris, 1624.
265. Opening words of An Apologie for Poetrie, ed. 1595.
266. Historiettes, vol. i. p. 89 of ed. 1834. Marguerite of Valois compared M. de Souvray, the governor of Louis XIII., to Chiron rearing Achilles. Contemporary satire said that M. de Souvray “n’avoit de Chiron que le train de derrière.”
267. Henri Sauval, op. cit., p. 498.
268. A Dialogue concerning Education, in Tracts, London, 1727, p. 297. We must allow for the fact that English university men did not approve of the French ambition to elevate the vernacular, or of their translation of the classics, or of any displacement of Latin from the highest place in the ambitions of anyone with pretentions to learning. See also Evelyn, State of France, p. 99.
269. Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. p. 325.
270. Written to John Aubrey, between 1685-93. Quoted in Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. p. 295.
271. Ravaisson, Archives de la Bastille, Paris, 1866, tome i. p. 263; cited in Sports et Jeux d’Exercice, p. 377.
272. Thomas Carte, Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iii. p. 635.
273. Addit. MS. 19253 (British Museum).
274. Memoires du Comte de Grammont, Strawberry Hill, 1772.
275. In The Compleat Gentleman, 1622.
276. Nicolaus Clenardus Latomo Suo S.D., Epistole, Antverpiæ, 1566, pp. 20-4, passim. See p. 234 for the historic incident of the drinking cup, broken by Vasæus, and so impossible to replace, after a search through the whole Spanish village, that the rest of the party were obliged to drink out of their hands. As to expenses, Clenardus scoffs at the poets who sing of “Auriferum Tagum.” “Aurum auferendum” would better express it, he found.
277. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 38.
278. Ibid.
279. James Howell, A Discours or Dialog, containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugall which may serve for a direction how to travell through both Countreys, London, 1662.
280. Relation du Voyage d’Espagne, a la Haye, 1691 (translated in 1692 under the title of “The Ingenious and Diverting Letters of the Lady —— Travels into Spain”).
281. Comtesse d’Aunoy, op. cit., p. 99.
282. Reprinted in The Life of Sir Tobie Matthew, by A.H. Mathew, p. 115.
283. By James Howell, 1662.
284. Howell’s Letters, ed. Jacobs, p. 168.
285. Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 264.
286. Tracts: (A Dialogue concerning Education), 1727, p. 340.
287. The Perambulation of Spain, p. 29.
288. See Les Delices de la Hollande, Amsterdam, 1700, pp. 9, 25; Sir William Brereton, Bart., Travels in Holland, the United Provinces, England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1634-1635, ed. Hawkins, for the Chatham Society, 1844; William Carr, Gentleman, The Traveller’s Guide and Historian’s Faithful Companion, London, 1690.
289. William Seward, Anecdotes of Some Distinguished Persons, London, 1796, vol. ii. p. 168.
290. Lord King, The Life and Letters of John Locke, with Extracts from his Journals and Common-place Books, London, 1858, vol. ii. pp. 5, 50, 71.
291. The Harleian Miscellany, vol. ii. p. 592.
292. Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands, London, 1693, p. 188.
293. Coriat Junior, Another Traveller, London, 1767, p. 152.
294. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence, ed. Bray, London, 1906, p. 38.
295. Ibid., p. 29. Also John Raymond, Il Mercurio Italico, London, 1648, p. 95.
296. Coriat Junior, op. cit., p. 152.
297. R. Poole, Doctor of Physick, A Journey from London to France and Holland; or, the Traveller’s Useful Vade Mecum, London, 1746.
298. Sir Thomas Browne, Works, ed. Wilkin, vol. i. p. 91.
299. Martin Lister’s Travels in France, in John Pinkerton’s Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1809, vol. iv. pp. 2, 21.
300. Nicholas Ferrar, Two Lives, by his brother John and by Doctor Jebb, ed. J.E.B. Mayor, London, 1855.
301. State of France, 1652, pp. 78, 105. A Character of England, 1659, pp. 45, 49.
302. Advice to a Young Gentleman Leaving the University, by R.(ichard) L.(assels), 1670.
303. Sir Thomas Browne, Works, ed. by Wilkin, vol. i. pp. 3-14, passim.
304. Advice to a Son, ed. 1896, p. 63.
305. Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, ed. Firth, 1886, p. 309.
306. Prefatory Letter, The State of France, 1652, fol. B.
307. Ibid., fol. B 3.
308. The Voyage of Italy, Paris, 1670. A Preface to the Reader concerning Travelling.
309. Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. 312.
310. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1561-2, pp. 632, 635.
311. Davison’s Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. p. xi.
312. “That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow well: so that he be such a one that hath some entrance into the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen in the country where they go: what acquaintances they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little” (Essays: Of Travel).
313. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1651-2, No, 51. It will be seen from the above letter that fear of a change in their son’s religion was still a very real one in the minds of parents. See also A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family, Now in his Travels beyond the Seas. By a True Son of the Church of England, London, 1688. The writer hopes that above all things the young man may return “A well-bred Gentleman, a good Scholar, and a sound Christian.”
314. “Newly printed at Paris, and are to be sold in London, by John Starkey, 1670.” Lassels, a Roman Catholic, passed most of his life abroad. He left Oxford for the College of Douay. See D.N.B.
315. The Voyage of Italy, Preface to the Reader.
316. Op. cit., Preface to the Reader.
317. Thomas Carte, Life of James, Duke of Omond, vol. iv. p. 632. “He passed several months in a very cheap country, and yet the bills of expenses sent over by the governor were higher than those which used to be drawn by Colonel Fairfax on account of the Earl of Derby, when he was travelling from place to place, and appeared in all with so much dignity.”
318. Anthony Weldon, Court and Character of King James, London, 1650, p. 92.
319. Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 226.
320. Ben Jonson, Conversations with Drummond, ed. Sidney, 1906, pp. 34-5.
321. Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iv. pp. 487-90.
322. Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p, 285.
323. Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iv. p. 667.
324. Advice to a Son, p. 72.
325. A. Collins, Letters and Memorials of State, vol. i. p. 271. (Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert Sidney, after Earl of Leicester.)
326. Davison’s Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. pp. viii.-xi.
327. Sir Henry Wotton; Life and Letters, ed. Pearsall Smith, vol. i. p. 233 (note 1).
328. Davison’s Poetical Rhapsody, pp. viii., xi.
329. Itinerary, vol. iii. p. 374.
330. A Method for Travell, fol. G.
331. Instructions for Forreine Travel, p. 51.
332. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. p. 24.
333. The Voyage of Italy; Preface to the Reader, fol. B 4.
334. The State of France, 1652. Folio B.
335. Robert Boyle, Works, 1744, vol. i. p. 7.
336. Lismore Papers, 1st Series, vol. v. pp. 78, 80.
337. Ibid., 112.
338. It was a common custom at this time to marry one’s sons, if a favourable match could be made, before they went abroad.
339. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 95.
340. On Nov. 23rd, 1610, Carleton, the Ambassador at Venice, wrote to Salisbury that his son was ill at Padua. “He finds relish in nothing on this side the mountains, nor much in anything on this side the sea; his affections being so strangely set on his return homeward, that any opposition is a disease.” Cranborne’s tutor, Dr Lister, wrote to Carleton in December: “Sir, we must for England, there is no resisting of it. If we stay the fruit will not be great, the discontent infinite. My Lord is going to dinner, this being the first meal he eateth.” (State Papers, 1610. Cited in Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, ed. Pearsall-Smith, vol. i. p. 501.)
341. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 98.
342. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 234.
343. Ibid., p. 171.
344. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.
345. Ibid., p. 103.
346. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.
347. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 99.
348. In March 1640. This fact, and his appearance in the Lismore Papers, are not mentioned in the Dictionary of National Biography.
349. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 113.
350. Ibid., p. 235.
351. Ibid., p. 234.
352. Ibid., pp. 232-3.
353. She became one of the mistresses of Charles II. With her daughter, Charlotte Boyle, otherwise Fitzroy, she is buried in Westminster Abbey. (Cockayne’s Peerage, under Viscount Shannon.)
354. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 19-24.
355. Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 72, 97, 121.
356. Three Diatribes or Discourses, London, 1671.
357. The Compleat Gentleman, London, 1678.
358. The Compleat Gentleman, p. 3.
359. Albert Babeau, Les Voyageurs en France, Paris, 1885, p. 175.
360. M. Adrien Delahaute, Une Famille de Finance an XVIII. Siècle, vol. i. p. 434.
361. George Sandys, A Relation of a Journey begun in An. Dom. 1610, London, 1615.
362. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence, ed. Bray, London, 1906, vol. i. p. 77.
363. Ibid., p. 78.
364. Balthazar Gerbier, Subsidium Peregrinantibus, Oxford, 1665.
365. Letter to his Son, Feb. 22, 1748.
366. Ibid., Oct. 2, O.S., 1747.
367. Letter to his Son, Oct. 9, O.S., 1747.
368. Lausanne was where Edward Gibbon received the education he considered far superior to what could be had from Oxford. When he returned to England, after four years, he missed the “elegant and rational society” of Lausanne, and could not love London—“the noisy and expensive scene of crowds without company, and dissipation without pleasure.”
369. Letter to his Son, April 12, O.S., 1749.
370. Ibid., Sept. 22, O.S., 1749.
371. Ibid., Sept. 5, O.S., 1749.
372. Letter to his Son, Nov. 8, O.S., 1750.
373. Letter to his Son, May 10, O.S., 1748.
374. Letter to his Son, April 30, O.S., 1750.
375. Letters from Paris, Sept. 22, 26; Oct. 3, 6, 1765.
376. A Character of England, As it was lately presented in a Letter to a Noble Man of France, London, 1659.
377. See Voltaire, Lettres Philosophiques, tome ii. p. 272, ed. Gustave Lanson, Paris, 1909.
“The merest John Trot in a week you shall see
Bien poli, bien frizé, tout à fait un Marquis.”
(Samuel Foote, Dramatic Works, vol. i. p. 47.)
The Hon. James Howard, The English Mounsieur, London, 1674; Sir George Etherege, Sir Fopling Flutter, Love in a Tub, Act III. Sc. iv.
The Abbe le Blanc on visiting England was very indignant at the representation of his countrymen on the London stage: he describes how, “Two actors came in, one dressed in the English manner very decently, and the other with black eye-brows, a riband an ell long under his chin, a big peruke immoderately powdered, and his nose all bedaubed with snuff. What Englishman could not know a Frenchman by this ridiculous picture?... But when it was found that the man thus equipped, being also laced down every seam of his coat, was nothing but a cook, the spectators were equally charmed and surprised. The author had taken care to make him speak all the impertinences he could devise.... There was a long criticism upon our manners, our customs and above all, our cookery. The excellence and virtues of English beef were cried up; the author maintained that it was owing to the quality of its juice that the English were so courageous, and had such a solidity of understanding which raised them above all the nations of Europe” (E. Smith, Foreign Visitors In England, London, 1889, pp. 193-4).
379. Samuel Foote, Dramatic Works, vol. i. p. 7.
380. Ibid.
“Let Paris be the theme of Gallia’s Muse
Where Slav’ry treads the Streets in wooden shoes.”
(Gay, Trivia.)
382. Joseph Addison, A Letter from Italy, London, 1709.
383. Samuel Johnson, London: A Poem.
384. Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, Letters to his Son, London, 1774; vol. ii. p. 123; vol. iii. p. 308.
385. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, A Dialogue concerning Education, in A Collection of Several Tracts, London, 1727.
386. Ibid., Dialogue of The Want of Respect Due to Age, pp. 295-6.
387. John Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education, London, 1699, pp. 356-7, 375-7.
388. John Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education, London, 1699, pp. 356-7, 375-7.
389. Ibid.
390. As Cowper says in The Progress of Error:
“From school to Cam or Isis, and thence home:
And thence with all convenient speed to Rome.
With reverend tutor clad in habit lay,
To tease for cash and quarrel with all day:
With memorandum-book for every town,
And every post, and where the chaise broke down.”
Foote’s play, An Englishman in Paris, represents in the character of the pedantic prig named Classick, the sort of university tutor who was sometimes substituted for the parson, as an appropriate guardian.
391. The Bear-Leaders, London, 1758.
392. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu met many of these pairs at Rome, where she writes that, by herding together and throwing away their money on worthless objects, they had acquired the title of Golden Asses, and that Goldoni adorned his dramas with “gli milordi Inglesi” in the same manner as Molière represented his Parisian marquises (Letters, ed. Wharncliffe, London, 1893, vol. ii. p. 327).
393. William Congreve, The Way of the World, Act III. Sc. xv.
394. Philip Thicknesse, Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French Nation, London, 1766, p. 3.
395. Thomas Gray the poet.
396. Horace Walpole, Letters, ed. Cunningham, London, 1891, vol. i. p. 24.
397. Thomas Gray, Letters, ed. Tovey, Cambridge University Press, 1890, pp. 38, 44, 68.
398. James Howell, Instructions for Forraine Travell, p. 25 (Arber Reprint).
399. Ibid., Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ, ed. Jacobs, 1892, vol. i. p. 95.
The Renaissance traveller had little commendation for a land that was not fruitful, rich with grains and orchards. A landscape that suggested food was to him the fairest landscape under heaven. Far from being an admirer of mountains, he was of the opinion of Dr Johnson that “an eye accustomed to flowery pastures and waving harvests is astonished and repelled by this wide extent of hopeless sterility” and that “this uniformity of barrenness can afford very little amusement to the traveller” (Works, ed. 1787, vol. x. p. 359).
400. Itinerarii Italiæ Rerumq. Romanorum libri tres a Franc. Schotto I.C. ex antiquis novisque Scriptoribus iis editi qui Romam anno Iubileii sacro visunt. Ad Robertum Bellarminum S.R.E. Card. Ampliss. Antverpiæ. Ex officina Plantiniana apud Joannem Moretum. Anno sæcularii sacro, 1600.
Thomas Cecil in Paris in 1562 studied the richly illustrated Cosmographia Universalis of Sebastien Munster (pub. Basel 1550) which gave descriptions of “Omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, res gestæ, mutationes.”
Sir Thomas Browne recommends to his son in France in 1661 Les Antiquities de Paris “which will direct you in many things, what to look after, that little time you stay there” (Works, ed. Wilkin, 1846, vol. i. p. 16).
401. Such as: (a) La Guide des Chemins: pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrees du Royaume de France. Avec les noms des Fleuves et Rivieres qui courent parmy lesdicts pays. A. Paris (n.d.) (1552?).
(b) Deliciæ Galliæ, sive Itinerarium per universam Galliam. Coloniæ, 1608.
(c) Iodoci Sinceri Itinerarium Galliæ, Ita accomodatum, ut eius ductu mediocri tempore tota Gallia obiri, Anglia et Belgium adire possuit: nec bis terve ad eadum loca rediri oporteat: De Burdigala, Lugduni, 1616.
(d) Le Voyage de France Dresse pour l’instruction et commodite tant des Francais que des Estrangers. Paris, chez Olivier de Varennes, 1639.
402. Maximilian Misson, A New Voyage to Italy; Together with Useful Instructions for those who shall Travel thither, 2 vols., London, 1695.
403. Count Leopold Berchtold, An Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of Patriotic Travellers, London, 1789.
404. Mission, op. cit., vol. ii. p. 335.
405. See Hearne’s Collections, vol. viii., being vol. I. of publications of The Oxford Historical Society, pp. 118, 133, 201, for the account of an assault by six highwaymen upon two gentlemen with their servants on the way from Calais, in September 1723. Defoe wrote a tract on the subject, and it was treated in Boyer’s Political State, and in other periodicals of the time.
406. Letters from Italy, to which is annexed, An Admonition to Gentlemen who pass the Alps, London, 1767, pp. 44, 65, 172, 306.
407. Henry Fielding, The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon.
408. Tobias Smollett, Works, ed. 1887, p. 709.
409. Roger Ascham, Works, ed. Giles, London, 1865, vol. i. part ii. p. 253.
410. All the Works of John Taylor the Water Poet, being sixty-three in number, collected into one volume by the Author, London, 1630. See p. 76, Three Weekes, three Dayes, and three Houres Observations from London to Hamburgh in Germanie... dedicated to Sr. Thomas Coriat, Great Brittaines Error, and the World’s Mirror, Aug. 17, 1616.
411. Coryal’s Crudities, Glasgow, 1905, vol. i. pp. 216, 226, 255; vol. ii. pp. 57, 176.
412. Hermannus Kirchnerus in Coryat’s Crudities, vol. ii. p. 74.