Appendices
I — Note on the Results of Excavation
The most celebrated of the controversies connected with Palestine refer to the site of the Temple of Herod and to that of the Holy Sepulchre. I have given an estimate of the results of exploration as affecting both subjects in various works, but since their publication other writers (not the majority) have in some cases reverted to the views which were held before exploration commenced, and which were deduced from literary researches.
The latest work on the subject (Professor Hayter Lewis’ “The Holy Places of Jerusalem,” Murray, 1888), very fully supports the views which I have advocated for the last ten years.
As regards these questions, it is clear that we are now in a position to study them from monumental evidence, which is safer and more convincing than any argument drawn from literary studies. The views now more generally adopted depend almost entirely on the consideration of such monumental evidence, and on study of the rock rather than on the vague and brief accounts of ancient writers.
As regards the Temple, the excavations have proved to us that a great building exists on the site having masonry of the same general character on its east, west, and south walls. The difference in finish of the ancient stones in some parts may most probably be supposed not to indicate any difference of date, but to be due to the work being in some places intended to be seen and in other cases hidden under earth. There is no evidence that any of this masonry is as old as Solomon. It resembles the work at Arak el Emir (second century B.C.), and the Greek style of the Acropolis (sixth century B.C.), and the Roman masonry of Baalbek (second century A.D.). The masons’ marks found by Sir C. Warren, and resembling Phœnician or Aramean letters, do not necessitate the idea that these stones are of Solomon’s age. The old alphabet was still but little changed in Herod’s days.
Various scholars have taken Josephus’ statement, that the Temple was a stadium square—a statement made, writing in Rome, by an author whose measurements are often self-contradictory66—and have thus sought to confine Herod’s Temple to an area 600 feet square in the south-west angle of the Haram. To this theory, which originated with the late Mr. Fergusson, several objections seem to me fatal.
(1.) Josephus, whom they quote, also says that the town-wall of Jerusalem on Ophel, south of the Temple, joined the eastern cloister of the Temple (Wars, V. iv. 2). This wall Sir Charles Warren discovered joining the east wall of the Haram. Thus, according to Josephus himself, the south-east angle of the present Haram was the south-east angle of Herod’s Temple.
(2.) No walls such as are required by these theorists are known inside the Haram, nor is there any break in the south wall at the point where they suppose the S.E. angle to have been.
(3.) There is also the statement by Josephus that the Temple was on the top of the hill, and I have shown by sections published in the Builder (January 25, 1879), that according to their theory foundations of between thirty and ninety feet are inevitably necessary to carry down to the known levels of the rock the heavy base of the great central fane. Writers who treat only of the plan without taking this practical builder’s objection into consideration may not admit the strength of this argument, but to those who have themselves built it should have force, and no ingenuity can escape from the necessity of such foundations. In the same paper I have shown that a plan, placing the Holy House on the present Sakhrah rock, necessitates only three or four feet of foundation in all parts of the Temple area. (See further Conder’s “Handbook to the Bible,” pp. 359-385, and “Tent Work in Palestine,” vol. i. chap, xii., for full details as to the levels).
(4.) The site of Antonia, as described by Josephus, most plainly agrees with the present rock at the north-west corner of the Haram. Such a site for Antonia cannot be reconciled with the theory confining the Temple to a small portion of the Haram.
(5.) These scholars also ignore the very important and detailed account in the Talmud, which cannot be reconciled with the small area in question. This account dates from only about half a century after the time of Josephus, a time when the ruins of the Temple might still be traceable and known to the author. The account gives us every measurement, enabling us to make a plan, and by aid of the number of steps stated—in agreement with Josephus—to calculate the levels of the various courts. My plan, based on these measurements, occurs in the books above quoted and in the Jerusalem volume of the “Memoirs of Western Palestine.” By this restoration we are able to account for the great passages north of the Dome of the Rock, and can identify the gates mentioned in the Talmud with existing gateways.
The theory in question seems to me, therefore, to strain the meaning of one particular statement and to ignore several others equally important by the same author. It declines to accept the outcome of exploration in the recovery of the Ophel wall; and it supposes walls and a rock scarp to exist where no traces are found of such walls and where such a scarp is impossible. It must, therefore, be regarded as the survival of earlier opinion, which will in time give place to the facts clearly indicated by excavation.
As regards the site of the Holy Sepulchre, Mr. Fergusson’s theory may be considered defunct. Professor Hayter Lewis has taken up the argument which I attempted in 1878, and has added further details of architectural criticism. He agrees with others in accepting the historic accounts contained in inscriptions and in Arab chronicles which attribute the Dome of the Rock to Abd el Melek, and he accepts my three propositions:—1st, That older material was re-used in the structure; 2nd, That the outer walls are attributable to the restoration of the building in the ninth century; 3rd, That the Dome of the Chain was the model of the Dome of the Rock. These three propositions were argued in 1878 (“Tent Work in Palestine”).
It is now generally agreed that Constantine’s basilica of the Holy Sepulchre stood on the present site of the church, and there are, of course, many who regard Constantine’s site as of necessity the true one, while other writers have adopted the theory to which I drew attention in 1878, placing Calvary at the present Jeremiah’s Grotto. The main argument against the traditional site is that it must have been within the “second wall,” which was then the outer wall on the north, whereas we learn from the Epistle that “Christ suffered without the gate” (Heb. xiii. 12). It is certain that the position is suspiciously central. Some have tried to draw the second wall so as to exclude the church. The recovery of the rock sections shows how impossible is the line they propose, which is drawn in a valley commanded from outside. The west end of the second wall was discovered in 1886 within a few feet of the point shown as probable on my plan of 1878, and I believe this discovery to be the death-blow to the claims of the traditional site.
II — Index of Old Testament Sites Identified in Palestine
Abana (River), Nahr Barada, flows past Damascus, 33° 32´ N., 36° 20´ E.
Abdon, ’Abdeh, north of Akka, 33° 3´ N., 35° 9´ E.
Abel Beth Maachah, Abl, west of Banias, 33° 15´ N., 35° 34´ E.
Abel Maim, same as preceding.
†Abel Meholah, ’Ain Helweh, 32° 20´ N., 35° 30´ E.
Abel Shittim, Ghor es Seisebân, 31° 50´ N., 35° 35´ E.
†Abez, El Beidah, 32° 43´ N., 35° 9´ E.
Accho, ’Akka, 32° 45´ N., 35° 4´ E.
†Achshaph, Kefr Yasîf, 32° 57´ N., 35° 10´ E.
†Achzib, ’Ain Kezbeh, 31° 41½´ N., 35° E.
Achzib, ez Zîb, 33° 3´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Adadah, ’Ad’adah, 31° 13´ N., 39° 13´ E.
Adam, ed Dâmieh, 32° 6´ N., 35° 32´ E.
Adamah, ed Dâmieh, 32° 45´ N., 35° 27´ E.
†Adami, Admah, 32° 38´ N., 33° 32´ E.
Adasa, ’Adasah, 31° 51´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Adida, Hadîtheh, 31° 58´ N., 34° 57´ E.
Adoraim, Dûra, 31° 31´ N., 35° 1´ E.
Adullam, ’Aid-el-Mâ, 31° 40´ N., 35° E.
Adummim, Tal’at ed Dumm, 31° 49´ N., 35° 21´ E.
Ahlab, El Jish, 33° 1´ N., 35° 26´ E.
†Ai, Haiyân, 31° 55´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Ajalon, Yâlo, 31° 51´ N., 35° 1´ E.
Alemeth, ’Almît, 31° 50´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Almon, same as preceding.
†Amad, El ’Amûd, 33° 2´ N., 35° 8´ E.
Anab, ’Anâb, 31° 24´ N., 34° 56´ E.
Anaharath, En N’aûrah, 32° 37´ N., 35° 23´ E.
Ananiah, Beit Hannîna, 31° 50´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Anathoth, ’Anâta, 31° 49´ N., 35° 15´ E.
†Anem, ’Anîn, 32° 20´ N., 35° 10´ E.
†Aner, perhaps Ellâr, 32° 22´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Anim, El Ghuwein, 31° 21´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Aphek, Fîk, 32° 47´ N., 35° 42´ E.
Ar of Moab, Rabba, 31° 57´ N., 35° 56´ E.
†Arab, Er Rabîyeh, 31° 26´ N., 35° 1´ E.
Arad, Tell ’Arâd, 31° 17´ N., 35° 7´ E.
Arbela, Irbid, 32° 49´ N., 35° 28´ E.
†Archi, ’Ain ’Arik, 31° 55´ N., 35° 8´ E.
Argob (district), El Lejja, 33° N., 36° 20´ E.
Arnon (River), Wâdy Môjib, 31° 28´ N., 35° 34´ E.
Aroer, ’Ar’aîr, 31° 27´ N., 35° 51´ E.
Aroer, ’Ar’arah, 31° 8´ N., 35° E.
Ascalon, ’Askalân, 31° 40´ N., 34° 33´ E.
Ashdod, Esdûd, 31° 45´ N., 34° 39´ E.
Ashdoth Pisgah, ’Ayûn Mûsa, 31° 45´ N., 35° 45´ E.
Ashteroth Karnaim, Tell ’Ashterah, 32° 49´ N., 36° E.
Ataroth, ’Attârus, 31° 35´ N., 35° 42´ E.
†Ataroth Adar, Ed Dârieh, 31° 54´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Azmaveth, Hizmeh, 31° 50´ N., 35° 16´ E.
†Baalath, Bel’aîn, 31° 56´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Baal Hazor, Tell ’Asûr, 31° 59´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Baal Meon, Tell M’aîn, 31° 40´ N., 35° 44´ E.
†Baal Shalisha, Kefr Thilth, 32° 24´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Bahurim, probably ’Almît, see Alemeth, 31° 50´ N., 35° 16´ E.
†Bamoth Baal, probably el Maslûbîyeh, 31° 43´ N., 35° 42´ E.
Bath Zacharias, Beit Skâria, 31° 40´ N., 35° 7´ E.
Beeroth, Bîreh, 31° 54´ N., 35° 13´ E.
Beersheba, Bîr es Seb’a, 31° 14´ N., 34° 47´ E.
Bene Berak, Ibn Ibrâk, 32° 2´ N., 34° 49´ E.
Berachah (valley), Wâdy ’Arrûb, 31° 39´ N., 35° 8´ E.
Beten, El B’aneh, 32° 56´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Beth Eked, Beit Kâd, 32° 28´ N., 35° 21´ E.
Beth Anath, ’Ainîtha, 33° 8´ N., 35° 26´ E.
Beth Anoth, Beit ’Ainûn, 31° 34´ N., 35° 7´ E.
Beth Aram, Tell Râmeh, 31° 49´ N., 35° 38´ E.
Beth Dagon, Beit Dejan, 32° N., 34° 50´ E.
†Beth Dagon, Tell D’aûk, 32° 42´ N., 35° 7´ E.
Bethel, Beitîn, 31° 56´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Beth Emek, ’Amka, 32° 58´ N., 35° 10´ E.
†Beth Gamul, Jemaîl, 31° 30´ N., 35° 55´ E.
†Beth Haccerem, ’Ain Kârim, 31° 46´ N., 35° 10´ E.
Beth Hoglah, ’Ain Hajlah, 31° 49´ N., 35° 30´ E.
Beth Horon, Upper, Beit ’Ur el Fôka, 31° 54´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Beth Horon, Nether, Beit ’Ur et Tahta, 31° 54´ N., 35° 5´ E.
Beth Jeshimoth, ’Ain Suweimeh, 31° 46´ N., 35° 36´ E.
Bethlehem of Judah, Beit Lahm, 31° 41´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Bethlehem, Beit Lahm, 32° 44´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Beth Meon and Beth Baal Meon (see Baal Meon), 31° 40´ N., 35° 44´ E.
Beth Nimrah, Tell Nimrîn, 31° 54´ N., 35° 37´ E.
†Beth Peor, el Mareighât, 31° 39´ N., 35° 42´ E.
Bethshean, Beisân, 32° 30´ N., 35° 30´ E.
Beth Shemesh, ’Ain Shems, 31° 45´ N., 34° 58´ E.
†Beth Shemesh, ’Ain esh Shemstyeh, 32° 23´ N., 35° 31´ E.
†Beth Shemesh, Shemsîn, 32° 58´ N., 35° 26´ E.
Beth Shitta, Shutta, 32° 33´ N., 35° 25´ E.
Beth Tappuah, Tuffûh, 31° 33´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Beth Zur, Beit Sûr, 31° 35´ N., 35° 6´ E.
†Bethulia, Mithilia, 32° 23´ N., 35° 17´ E.
†Bezek, Ibzik, 32° 22´ N., 35° 24´ E.
Bozrah or Bezer, el Buseirah, 30° 50´ N., 35° 37´ E.
Cabul, Kâbûl, 32° 52´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Cain, Yukîn, 31° 30´ N., 35° 9´ E.
Carmel of Judah, Kurmul, 31° 26´ N., 35° 8´ E.
Carmel (Mount), Jebel Kurmul, 32° 45´ N., 35° E.
Cedron, Katrah, 31° 49´ N., 34° 46´ E.
†Charashim (Valley), valley near Hirshah, 31° 50´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Chephar Haammonai, Kefr’Aua, 31° 58´ N., 35° 15´ E.
Chephirah, Kefîreh, 31° 50´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Chesalon, Kesla, 31° 47´ N., 35° 3´ E.
Chesulloth, Iksâl, 32° 41´ N., 35° 19´ E.
†Chezib (see Achzib), ’Ain Kezbeh, 31° 41´ N., 35° E.
Chisloth Tabor, see Chesulloth.
†Choba, El Mekhubby, 32° 21´ N., 31° 25´ E.
†Chozeba, Kûeizîba, 31° 36´ N., 35° 8´ E.
†Chusi, Kûzah, 32° 8´ N., 35° 15´ E.
†Dabbasheth, Dabsheh, 33° N., 35° 16´ E.
Daberath, Debûrieh, 32° 42´ N., 35° 22´ E.
Dan, Tell el Kâdy, 33° 15´ N., 35° 39´ E.
Danjaan, Dâniân, 33° 6´ N., 35° 8´ E.
†Dannah, probably Idhna, 31° 34´ N., 34° 58´ E.
†Debir, Edh Dhâheriyeh, 31° 25´ N., 34° 58´ E.
†Debir, probably Thoghret ed Debr, 31° 49´ N., 35° 21´ E.
Dibon, Dhibân, 31° 29´ N., 35° 48´ E.
†Dimon (Waters of), probably Umm Deineh, 31° 30´ N., 35° 50´ E.
Docus, ’Ain Dûk, 31° 54´ N., 35° 25´ E.
Dor, usually placed at Tantûra, 32° 36´ N., 34° 55´ E.
Dothan, Tell Dôthân, 32° 25´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Dumah, Ed Dômeh, 31° 26´ N., 34° 59´ E.
Ebal (Mount), Jebel Eslâmîyeh, 32° 15´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Edrei, Ed Dr’ah, 32° 40´ N., 36° 5´ E.
†Edrei, Y’ater, 33° 9´ N., 33° 20´ E.
Eglon, ’Ajlân, 31° 34´ N., 34° 43´ E.
Ekrebel, ’Akrabeh, 32° 8´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Ekron, ’Aker, 31° 51´ N., 34° 48´ E.
Elah (Valley), Wâdy es Sunt, 31° 42´ N., 34° 55´ E.
Elealah, El ’Al, 31° 49´ N., 35° 49´ E.
†Eleasa, Il’asa, 31° 54´ N., 35° 6´ E.
†Eleph, Lifta, 31° 48´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Elon Beth Hanan, Beit ’Anân, 31° 51´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Eltekeh, probably Beit Likia, 31° 52´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Emmaus Nicopolis, ’Amwâs, 31° 51´ N., 34° 59´ E.
Endor, Endôr, 32° 38´ N., 35° 23´ E.
Engannim, Jenîn, 32° 28´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Engannim, Umm Jina, 31° 45´ N., 34° 57´ E.
En-Gedi, ’Ain Jidy, 31° 28´ N., 35° 23´ E.
†En-Haddah, Kefr ’Adân, 32° 29´ N., 35° 15´ E.
En-Hazor, Hazîreh, 33° 7´ N., 35° 21´ E.
En Rimmon, Umm er Rumâmîn, 31° 22´ N., 34° 51´ E.
En Rogel, ’Ain Umm ed Deraj, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 14´ E.
En Shemesh, ’Ain Haud, 31° 47´ N., 35° 16´ E.
†En Tappuah, probably Yâsûf, 32° 7´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Ephraim, probably Taiyibeh, 31° 57´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Ephrata, see Bethlehem.
†Eshean, probably Es Sîmia, 31° 26´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Eshtaol, Eshû’a, 31° 47´ N., 35° E.
Eshtemoa, Es Semû’a, 31° 24´ N., 35° 4´ E.
†Etam, ’Aitûn, 31° 29´ N., 34° 55´ E.
†Etam, ’Ain ’Atân, 31° 41´ N., 35° 10´ E.
†Etam (Rock), Beit ’Atâb, 31° 44´ N., 35° 3´ E.
†Ether, probably El ’Atr, 31° 37´ N., 34° 52´ E.
†Gallim, perhaps Beit Jâla, 31° 43´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Gath, probably Tell es Sâfi, 31° 42´ N., 34° 50´ E.
Gaza, Ghuzzeh, 31° 30´ N., 34° 27´ E.
Geba (Gibeah of Saul), Jeb’a, 31° 52´ N., 35° 15´ E.
Geba, Jeb’a, 32° 20´ N., 35° 13´ E.
†Gederah (of Judah), Jedîreh, 31° 50´ N., 34° 57´ E.
†Gederah (of Benjamin), Jedîreh, 31° 52´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Gederoth, probably Katrah, 31° 49´ N., 34° 46´ E.
Gedor, Jedûr, 31° 38´ N., 35° 5´ E.
Gerar, Umm el Jerrâr, 31° 24´ N., 34° 26´ E.
Gerizim (Mount), Jebel et Tôr, 32° 12´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Gezer, Tell Jezer, 31° 51´ N., 34° 55´ E.
†Gibbethon, Kibbieh, 31° 59´ N., 35° E.
†Gibeah (of Judah), Jeb’a, 31° 51´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Gibeah (of Benjamin), Jebî’a, 31° 48´ N., 35° 5´ E.
†Gibeah Phinehas, Awertah, 32° 10´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Gibeon, El Jîb, 31° 51´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Gihon (Upper), same as En Rogel, which see.
Gilboa (Mount), Jelbôn, 32° 28´ N., 35° 25´ E.
Gilgal, Jiljûlieh, 31° 51´ N., 35° 29´ E.
Gilgal, Jiljilia, 32° 2´ N., 35° 13´ E.
Gilgal of the Goim, Jiljûlieh, 32° 10´ N., 34° 56´ E.
†Giloh, probably Jâla, 31° 37´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Gimzo, Jimzû, 31° 56´ N., 34° 56´ E.
Gittah Hepher, El Mesh-hed, 32° 44´ N., 35° 19´ E.
†Hachilah (Hill), Dhahret el Kôlah, 31° 28´ N., 35° 13´ E.
Hammath, El Hammâm, 32° 46´ N., 35° 33´ E.
Hammon, ’Ain Hamûl, 33° 7´ N., 35° 10´ E.
Hammon or Hamoth Dor, same as Hammath.
†Hannathon, Kefr ’Anân, 32° 55´ N., 35° 25´ E.
†Haphraim, Farrîyeh, 32° 37´ N., 35° 7´ E.
†Hareth, Kharâs, 31° 37´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Harod (Well), generally placed at ’Ain Jâlûd, 32° 33´ N., 35° 21´ E.
Harosheth, El Harathîyeh, 32° 43´ N., 35° 6´ E.
†Haruph, probably Kharûf, 31° 38´ N., 35° E.
†Hazar Susah, perhaps Susîn, 31° 23´ N., 34° 20´ E.
Hazezon Tamar, the same as Engedi.
Hazor, near Jebel Hadîreh, 33° 4´ N., 35° 29´ E.
Hazor (of Benjamin), Hazzûr, 31° 50´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Hebron, El Khulîl, 31° 32´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Heleph, probably Beit Lîf, 33° 8´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Helkath, Yerka, 32° 57´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Helkath Huzzurim, probably Wâdy el ’Askar, 31° 52´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Hermon, Jebel esh Sheikh, 33° 24´ N., 35° 47´ E.
Heshbon, Hesbân, 31° 48´ N., 35° 48´ E.
†Hezron, probably Jebel Hadîreh, 30° 51´ N., 34° 50´ E.
Hinnom (Valley), Wâdy Rabâbeh, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 13¼´ E.
†Holon, perhaps Beit ’Alâm, 31° 35´ N., 34° 47´ E.
†Horem, Hârah, 33° 10´ N., 35° 41´ N.
Hormah, see Zephath.
†Horonaim (ascent), probably Wâdy el Ghueir, 31° 46´ N., 35° 38´ E.
†Hosah, El ’Ezîlyah, 33° 11´ N., 35° 15´ E.
Hukkok, Yakûk, 32° 53´ N., 35° 28´ E.
Ibleam, Yebla, 32° 34´ N., 35° 28´ E.
†Ijon, El Khiâm, 33° 19´ N., 35° 36´ E.
Ir Nahash, possibly Deir Nakhkhâs, 31° 37´ N., 34° 55´ E.
Iron, Yarûn, 33° 5´ N., 35° 25´ E.
†Irpeel, Râ-fât, 31° 53´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Ir-Shemesh, same as Beth Shemesh (’Ain Shems).
Jabbok (River), Wâdy Zerka, 32° N., 35° 32´ E.
Jabneel, Yebnah, 31° 51´ N., 34° 44´ E.
†Jabneel, Yemma, 32° 42´ N., 35° 30´ E.
Jamnia, same as Jabneel (Yebnah).
Janoah, Yanûh, 31° 16´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Janohah, Yanûn, 32° 10´ N., 35° 21´ E.
†Janum, Beni Naim, 31° 31´ N., 35° 9´ E.
Japhia, Yâfa, 32° 41´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Japho, Yâfa, 32° 3´ N., 34° 45´ E.
Jarmuth, El Yermûk, 31° 43´ N.
†Jarmuth, Râmeh, 32° 21´ N., 35° 10´ E.
Jattir, ’Attîr, 31° 22´ N., 35° E.
†Jazer, Beit Zer’ah, 31° 50´ N., 35° 51´ E.
†Jearim (Mount), see Kirjath Jearim.
Jebus, see Jerusalem.
Jehosaphat (Valley), Wâdy Sitti Miriam, 31° 46¾´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Jehud, El Yehudîyeh, 32° 2´ N., 34° 53´ E.
Jericho, ’Ain es Sultân, near Erîha, 31° 51´ N., 35° 27´ E.
Jerusalem, El Kuds esh Sherif, 31° 47´ N., 35° 14´ E.
†Jeshanah, ’Ain Sinia, 31° 58´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Jeshimon, the desert west of Dead Sea.
†Jeshua, S’aweh, 31° 22´ N., 34° 59´ E.
†Jethlah, perhaps Beit Tûl, 31° 49´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Jezreel, Zer’in, 32° 33´ N., 35° 19´ E.
Jogbehah, El Jubeihah, 32° 1´ N., 35° 52´ E.
Jokneam, Tell Keimûn, 32° 40´ N., 35° 6´ E.
†Joktheel (of Judah), perhaps Kutlâneh, 31° 50´ N., 34° 53´ E.
Joppa, see Japho.
Jordan (River), Esh Sherî’ah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 32´ E.
Juttah, Yuttah, 31° 27´ N., 35° 5´ E.
Kanah, Kâna, 33° 12´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Kanah (River), Wâdy Kânah, 32° 8´ N., 35° E.
†Kedesh (of Issachar), Tell Abu Kadeis, 32° 33´ N., 35° 13´ E.
†Kedesh (Judges iv. II), Kadîsh, 32° 44´ N., 35° 32´ E.
Kedesh Naphtali, Kades, 33° 7´ N., 35° 31´ E.
Keilah, Kîla, 31° 37´ N., 35° E.
Kenath Nobah, Kanawat, 32° 45´ N., 36° 33´ E.
Kerioth Hezron, perhaps El Kureitein, 31° 21´ N., 35° 7´ E.
Kidron (Valley), Wâdy en Nâr, 31° 46´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Kir (of Moab), Kerak, 31° 10´ N., 35° 45´ E.
Kiriathaim, El Kureiyât, 31° 32´ N., 35° 43´ E.
†Kirjath, Kuriet el ’Anab, 31° 49´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Kirjath Arba, see Hebron.
Kirjath Baal or Kirjath Jearim, ’Erma, 31° 46´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Kishon (River), Nahr el Mukutt’a, 32° 49´ N., 35° 2´ E.
Ladder of Tyrus, Râs en Nakûrah, 33° 7´ N., 35° 6´ E.
†Lachish, perhaps Tell el Hesy, 31° 32´ N., 34° 43´ E.
†Lahmam, probably El Lahm, 31° 34´ N., 34° 53´ E.
Laish, same as Dan.
†Lasharon, Sarôna, 32° 43´ N., 35° 28´ E.
Lebonah, El Lubban, 32° 4´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Lod, Ludd, 31° 57´ N., 34° 54´ E.
†Luhith (ascent), Tal’at el Heith, 31° 45´ N., 35° 44´ E.
Luz, the same as Bethel.
†Luz, El Luweizîyeh, 33° 17´ N., 35° 37´ E.
Maaleh Acrabbim, the slope west of south end of Dead Sea, 31° N., 35° 23´ E.
†Maarath, Beit Ummar, 31° 37´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Machpelah (Cave), the cave under the Hebron Haram.
†Madmannah, Umm Deimneh, 31° 22´ N., 34° 56´ E.
†Madmen, perhaps Umm Deineh, 31° 36´ N., 35° 56´ E.
†Madon, Madîn, 32° 48´ N., 35° 27´ E.
†Mahaneh Dan, Wâdy el Mutluk, 31° 47´ N., 34° 59´ E.
Makkedah, probably El Mughar, 31° 55´ N., 34° 55´ E.
Mamre, near Hebron, 31° 32´ N., 35° 6´ E.
†Manahath, Mâlhah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Maon, M’aîn, 31° 25´ N., 35° 8´ E.
†Maralah, M’alûl, 32° 42´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Mareshah, Mer’ash, 31° 45´ N., 34° 55´ E.
†Mearah, El Mogheirîyeh, 33° 37´ N., 35° 27´ E.
Medeba, Mâdeba, 31° 42´ N., 35° 48´ E.
†Megiddo, Mujedd’a, 32° 28´ N., 35° 28´ E.
Mejarkon (“yellow water”), probably Nahr el ’Aujah, 32° 6´ N., 34° 46´ E.
†Mekonah, probably Mekenna, 31° 46´ N., 34° 51´ E.
Merom (Waters of), Baheiret el Hûleh, 33° 4´ N., 35° 37´ E.
†Meronoth, Marrîna, 31° 38´ N., 35° 7´ E.
Michmash, Mukhmâs, 31° 53´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Michmethah, probably Sahel el Mukhnah, 32° 21´ N., 35° 16´ E.
Migdal-El, Mujeidel, 33° 14´ N., 35° 21´ E.
Migdal Gad, perhaps Mejdel, 31° 40´ N., 34° 35´ E.
†Minnith, perhaps Minyeh, 31° 40´ N., 35° 39´ E.
†Mishal, probably in Wâdy M’aîsleh.
Misrephoth Maim, Surafend, 33° 27´ N., 35° 16´ E.
†Mizpah (or Galeed), probably Sûf, 32° 19´ N., 35° 52´ E.
†Mizpeh, perhaps Sh’afat, 31° 49´ N., 35° 13´ E.
†Mochmur (Brook), Wâdy el Ahmar, 32° 8´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Modin, El Medyeh, 31° 56´ N., 34° 59´ E.
†Mozah, Beit Mizzeh, 31° 49´ N., 35° 9´ E.
Naamah, Naaneh, 31° 52´ N., 34° 52´ E.
†Naarath, probably El ’Aujah et Tahtâni, 31° 57´ N., 35° 28´ E.
†Nahallal, ’Ain Mahil, 32° 43´ N., 35° 21´ E.
†Nehaliel (Valley), probably Wâdy Zerka M’aîn, 31° 36´ N., 35° 34´ E.
†Nasor (Plain), Merj el Ha[d.]îreh, 33° 6´ N., 35° 35´ E.
Neballat, Beit Nebâla, 31° 59´ N., 34° 57´ E.
Nebo (Mount), Jebel Neba, 31° 46´ N., 35° 45´ E.
†Nebo (Ezra xi. 29; Neh. vii. 33), perhaps Nûba, 31° 37´ N., 35° 2´ E.
†Neiel, probably Y’anîn, 32° 54´ N., 35° 12´ E.
†Nekeb, probably Seiyâdeh, 32° 44´ N., 35° 31´ E.
Nephtoah (Waters of), ’Ain ’Atân, 31° 41´ N., 35° 10´ E.
Netophah, Umm Tôba, 31° 44´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Nezib, Beit Nusîb, 31° 36´ N., 34° 59´ E.
Nimrah, Nimrim, Tell Nimrîn, 31° 54´ N., 35° 37´ E.
Nobah, same as Kenath.
Olivet (Mount), Jebel ez Zeit, 31° 47´ N., 35° 14½´ E.
Oho, Kefr ’Ana, 32° 1´ N., 34° 47´ E.
Ophel, the spur south of the Haram at Jerusalem, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 13¾´ E.
Ophni, probably Jufna, 51° 58´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Ophrah (of Benjamin), same as Ephraim.
†Ophrah (of Manasseh), probably Fer’ata, 32° 11´ N., 35° 10´ E.
Parah, Fârah, 31° 50´ N., 35° 18´ E.
†Penuel, probably Jebel Osh’a, 32° 5´ N., 35° 42´ E.
†Peor (Cliff of), probably the peak above ’Ain Minyeh, 31° 40´ N., 35° 40´ E.
†Pirathon, probably Fer’on, 32° 17´ N., 35° 1´ E.
Pisgah (Mount), Râs Siâghah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 43´ E.
Ptolemais, same as Accho.
†Rabbah (of Judah), Rubba, 31° 40´ N., 34° 58´ E.
Rabbath Ammon, ’Ammân, 31° 57´ N., 35° 56´ E.
†Rabbith, Râba, 32° 23´ N., 35° 23´ E.
Rakkath, the same as Tiberias.
†Rakkon, Tell er Rakkeit, 32° 8´ N., 34° 47´ E.
Ramah (of Benjamin), Er Râm, 31° 51´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Ramah (of Naphtali), Er Râmeh, 32° 57´ N., 35° 22´ E.
†Ramah (of Asher), Râmia, 33° 7´ N, 35° 18´ E.
†Ramath Mizpeh, perhaps Remtheh, 32° 37´ N., 35° 59´ E.
†Ramoth, Er Râmeh, 32° 21´ N., 35° 10´ E.
Ramoth Gilead, Reimûn, 32° 16´ N., 35° 50´ E.
Raphon, Râfeh, 32° 36´ N., 1´ E.
Rehoboth, Er Ruheibeh, 31° N., 34° 34´ E.
†Remeth, the same as Ramoth.
Remmon (of Zebulon), Rummâneh, 32° 47´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Rephaim (Valley), El Bukei’a, south of Jerusalem, 31° 46´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Rimmon (of Simeon), Umm er Rumâmîn, 31° 22´ N., 34° 51´ E.
Rimmon (Rock), Rummôn, 31° 56´ N., 35° 18´ E.
River of Egypt, Wâdy el ’Arish, 31° 8´ N., 33° 50´ E.
Salchah, Salkhâd, 32° 31´ N., 36° 39´ E.
Salem (1), same as Jerusalem.
Salem (2) (Gen. xiv. 18), Sâlim, 32° 13´ N., 35° 19´ E.
†Salt (City of), Tell el Milh (“salt hill”), 31° 13´ N., 35° 1´ E.
Salt Sea, the Dead Sea, 31° 30´ N., 35° 30´ E.
Samaria, Sebustieh, 32° 17´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Saphir, Es Sûâfir, 31° 42´ N., 34° 42´ E.
†Sarid, probably Tell Shadûd, 32° 40´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Seythopolis, the same as Bethshean.
†Secacah, perhaps the ruin called Sikkeh (or Dikkeh), 31° 44´ N., 35° 15´ E.
†Sechu, Shuweikeh, 31° 53´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Seir (Mount), the mountains of Petra, 30° 15´ N., 35° 22´ E.
Sela, Petra, now Wâdy Mûsa, 30° 18´ N., 35° 27´ E.
†Sela-ham-Mahlekoth, Wâdy Malâky, 31° 25´ N., 35° 8´ E.
†Seneh (Rock), south bank of Wâdy Suweinît.
Senir, same as Hermon.
Sephelah, the low hills east of Philistia, 31° 45´ N., 34° 55´ E.
Shaalabbin, Selbît, 31° 52´ N., 34° 59´ E.
†Shaaraim, perhaps S’aîreh, 31° 44´ N., 35° 1´ E.
Shalem (Gen. xxxiii. 18), same as Salem (2).
†Shamir, probably Sômerah, 31° 25´ N., 34° 56´ E.
Sharon (Plain), north of Joppa, 32° 30´ N., 35° E.
†Sharuhen, Tell esh Sheri’ah, 31° 23´ N., 34° 41´ E.
Sheba, perhaps Tell es Seb’a, 31° 14´ N., 34° 50´ E.
Shechem, Nâblus, 32° 13´ N., 35° 15´ E.
†Shihon, ’Ayûn esh Sh’aîn, 32° 43´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Shihor Libnath, Nahr Namein, 32° 40´ N., 35° 5´ E.
Shiloh, Seilûn, 32° 3´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Shimron, Semûnieh, 32° 42´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Shittim, see Abel Shittim.
Shunem, Solam, 32° 36´ N., 35° 20´ E.
†Sibmah, Sûmia, 31° 49´ N., 35° 40´ E.
Sidon, Saida, 33° 34´ N., 35° 22´ E.
Siloah, Birket Silwân, 31° 46¼´ N., 35° 13¾´ E.
Sion, the south-west hill of Jerusalem, used in poetry for Jerusalem, or for the Temple Hill, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 13½´ E.
Sirah (Well), ’Ain Sârah, 31° 33´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Sirion, same as Hermon.
Socoh (in the valley), Shûweikeh, 31° 11´ N., 34° 58´ E.
Socoh (in the mountains), Shûweikeh, 31° 24´ N., 35° E.
Sorek (Valley), Wâdy Surâr, 31° 56´ N., 34° 42´ E.
Succoth, Tell Der’ala, 32° 5´ N., 35° 34´ E.
Taanach, T’annuk, 32° 31´ N., 35° 13´ E.
Taanath Shiloh, T’ana, 32° 11´ N., 35° 22´ E.
Tabor (Mount), Jebel et Tôr, 32° 41´ N., 35° 23´ E.
Tappuah (of Judah), Tuffûh, 31° 32´ N., 35° 2½´ E.
Tekoa, Tekû’a, 31° 36´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Thebez, Tubâs, 32° 19´ N., 35° 22´ E.
†Thimnathah, probably Tibneh, 32° N., 35° 6´ E.
Timnah, Tibneh, 31° 44´ N., 34° 56´ E.
†Timnah (of Judah), Tibna, 31° 42´ N., 35° 3´ E.
†Timnath Heres, Kefr Hâris, 32° 7´ N., 35° 9´ E.
†Tiphsah (2 Kings xv. 16), probably Tafsah, 32° 10´ N., 35° 10´ E.
†Tirzah, Teiâsîr, 32° 20´ N., 35° 23´ E.
†Tob (Land), near Taiyibeh, 32° 35´ N., 35° 42´ E.
Tyre, Es Sûr, 33° 16´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Umma, probably ’Alma, 33° 6´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Uzzen Sherah, Beit Sira, 31° 53´ N., 35° 2´ E.
†Zaanaim (Plain), Bessûm, 32° 44´ N., 35° 29´ E.
†Zalmon (Mount), perhaps Jebel Eslamîyeh (Ebal), 32° 10´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Zanoah (1), Zanû’a, 31° 43´ N., 35° E.
Zanoah (2), Zanûta, 31° 22´ N., 34° 59´ E.
Zaphon (Amathi), probably El Hammeh, 32° 41´ N., 35° 40´ E.
Zared or Zered (Valley), Wâdy el Hesy, 31° 5´ N., 35° 28´ E.
Zarephath, Surafend, 33° 27´ N., 35° 19´ E.
†Zareth Shahar, perhaps Zâra, 31° 36´ N., 35° 35´ E.
†Zebulun (Josh. xix. 27), probably Neby Sebelân, 33° 1´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Zemaraim, Es Sumrah, 31° 54´ N., 35° 29´ E.
Zephath, probably the pass Es Sufa, 30° 55´ N., 35° 5´ E.
†Zephathath (Valley), Wâdy Safieh, 31° 37´ N., 34° 55´ E.
†Zereda, Surdah, 31° 57´ N., 35° 12´ E.
Ziddim, Hattîn, 32° 48´ N., 35° 27´ E.
Ziklag, probably ’Asluj, 31° 3´ N., 34° 45´ E.
†Zior, Si’aîr, 31° 35´ N., 35° 8´ E.
Ziph, Tell ez Zîf, 31° 29´ N., 35° 8´ E.
Ziz (Cliff of), Wâdy Hasâsah, 31° 28´ N., 35° 23´ E.
†Zoar, Tell esh Shaghûr, 31° 49´ N., 35° 40´ E.
Zoheleth (stone), Zahweileh, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 14´ E.
†Zophim (Field of), Tal’at es Safa, 31° 45´ N., 35° 46´ E.
Zorah, Sur’ah, 31° 47´ N., 34° 59´ E.
Out of these 422 names of towns, valleys, mountains, streams, and springs in Palestine mentioned in the Old Testament, and now identified on the ground, those marked †, which amount to 144 in all, were discovered by the present author. The more important are described in the text, with the reasons for their identification.
III — Index of New Testament Sites Identified in Palestine
Abilene, region near Abila, 33° 38´ N., 36° 5´ E.
Aceldama, supposed to be Hakk ed Dumm, 30° 46´ N., 35° 13½´ E.
Ænon, Ainûn, 32° 11´ N., 35° 21´ E.
Antipatris, Râs el ’Ain, 32° 7´ N., 34° 55´ E.
Azotus, Esdûd (Ashdod), 31° 45´ N., 34° 39´ E.
†Bethabara, Makhadet ’Abârah, 32° 32´ N., 35° 33´ E.
Bethany, El ’Azirîyeh, 31° 46´ N., 35° 15´ E.
Bethesda (Pool), probably ’Ain Umm ed Deraj (En Rogel).
Bethlehem, Beit Lahm, 32° 42´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Bethphage, perhaps Kefr et Tôr on Olivet, 31° 47´ N., 35° 15´ E.
Bethsaida, probably Ed Dikkeh, 32° 55´ N., 35° 47´ E.
Cæsarea, Kaisârieh, 32° 30´ N., 34° 53´ E.
Cæsarea Philippi, Bâniâs, 32° 18´ N., 35° 41´ E.
Calvary, see Golgotha.
Cana of Galilee, Kefr Kenna, 33° 45´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Capernaum, probably Khurbet Minyeh, 32° 52´ N., 35° 32´ E.
Cedron (Brook), Wâdy en Nar (Kidron), 31° 46´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Chorazin, Kerâzeh, 32° 55´ N., 35° 34´ E.
Damascus, Dimeshk esh Shâm, 33° 32´ N., 36° 18´ E.
Decapolis, a region south-east of Sea of Galilee.
†Emmaus, probably Khamasah, 31° 43´ N., 35° 6´ E.
Ephraim, probably Taiyibeh, 31° 57´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Gaza, Ghuzzeh, 31° 30´ N., 34° 27´ E.
Gennesaret (Lake), Bahr Tubarîya, 32° 45´ N., 35° 35´ E.
†Golgotha, Hill of Jeremiah’s Grotto, 31° 47¼´ N., 35° 13½´ E.
Jacob’s Well, Bîr Y’akûb, 32° 13´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Jericho, near Tullûl Abu el ’Aleik, 31° 52´ N., 35° 25´ E.
Jerusalem, El Kuds, 31° 47´ N., 35° 13½´ E.
Joppa, Yâfa, 32° 3´ N., 34° 45´ E.
Jordan, Esh Sherî’ah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 33´ E.
Lydda, Ludd, 31° 57´ N., 34° 54´ E.
Magdala, Mejdel, 32° 50´ N., 35° 31´ E.
Nain, Nein, 32° 38´ N., 35° 20´ E.
Nazareth, En Nâsrah, 32° 42´ N., 35° 18´ E.
Olivet (Mount), Jebel ez Zeit, 31° 47´ N., 35° 14½´ E.
Ptolemais, ’Akka, 32° 45´ N., 35° 4´ E.
Salim, Sâlim, 32° 13´ N., 35° 19´ E.
Samaria, Sebustieh, 32° 17´ N., 35° 11´ E.
Sarepta, Surafend, 33° 27´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Saron, plain north of Jaffa, 32° 30´ N., 35° E.
Sidon, Saida, 33° 34´ N., 35° 22´ E.
Siloam, Silwân, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 14´ E.
Siloam (Pool), Birket Silwân, west of Siloam village.
Sychar, ’Askar, 32° 13´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Sychem, Nâblus, 32° 13´ N., 35° 17´ E.
Tiberias, Tubarîya, 32° 47´ N., 35° 32´ E.
Tyre, Es Sûr, 33° 16´ N., 35° 11´ E.
The more important of these 47 sites are noticed in the text.
Footnotes
1 The latitudes and longitudes given by Ptolemy (see Reland’s Palestina Illustrata, p. 456-466) are not reliable. Those nearest the coast are the most correct; those farther east are very wild. The little sketch given above sufficiently illustrates this.
2 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. V., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., annotated by Sir C. W. Wilson.
3 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. II., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., 1887.
4 See the Latin edition of Töbler. These are not yet published in English translation.
5 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. III., annotated by Professor Hayter Lewis.
6 Ibid., No. I., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., annotated by Sir C. W. Wilson.
7 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. X., translated and annotated by Rev. J. R. Macpherson, B.D.
8 See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.
9 See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.
10 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. IV., “El Mukaddasi,” translated by Mr. Guy Le Strange, 1886; No. IX., “Nâsir i Khusrau,” by the same translator, 1888.
11 These works, with Jaques de Vitray (1220 A.D.) and Marino Sanuto (1321 A.D.), I studied in the great collection of Latin Chronicles, also containing William of Tyre, by Bongars, called Gesta Dei per Francos, Hanover, 1611.
12 See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.
13 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. VI., annotated by Sir C. W. Wilson.
14 Fetellus in Latin is given by De Vogüé, Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 410. This account was republished by Leo Allatius, under the name of Eugesippus, in the thirteenth century. He dates it 1040, but the true date appears to be 1151-57 A.D.
15 See the Latin version, Töbler’s edition. Neither are yet published in English.
16 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. XI., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A. This, like Fetellus, was recovered in MS. by Leo Allatius.
17 Cartulaire de l’Église du S.S. de Jerusalem, E. de Rosière, Paris, 1849.
18 See E. Rey’s Colonies Franques de Syrie, Paris, 1883. The work, however, remains to be further perfected by aid of the Survey map. I find some 700 places mentioned in all in Western Palestine.
19 Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.
20 E. Carmoly, Itinéraires de La Terre Sainte, Paris, 1847.
21 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. VIII., translated from the old French (edition of Société de l’Orient Latin), by Major Conder, and annotated by him with map of Jerusalem in 1187 A.D.
22 See Chronicles of the Crusades, Bohn’s Series, for both these works. Other accounts of the thirteenth century, which, however, are less valuable, are those by Willibrand of Oldenburgh, Tetmar, Epiphanius of Hagiopolis, and Brocardus.
23 Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. VII.
24 For these two, see Early Travels in Palestine, Bonn’s Series.
25 See the Latin text, Tobler’s edition.
26 The best and most recent translations are by Mr. Guy Le Strange.
27 Early Travels in Palestine, Bonn’s Series.
28 Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine, Jerusalem volume. Tent Work in Palestine, vol. i. chaps. xi., xii. See also Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, Part II. chaps. vii., viii. Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society’s publications; and Picturesque Palestine (edited by Sir C. W. Wilson.)
29 For those who are unfamiliar with the methods of professional surveyors, it is perhaps well here to state distinctly that the professional opinion as to the level of the rock throughout the city and the Temple area does not depend on “imaginary contours,” but on a large number of observations of level. The rock base of the mountains is fixed in seventy-five places throughout the Temple area, and in more than 120 other places in the city by excavations, where it is not seen on the surface. In some of the most important parts long sections were visible in the great reservoirs recently excavated. On the little Ophel spur alone fifty such measurements were taken by Sir Charles Warren, besides the 200 above mentioned. There is thus no doubt in the mind of any one who knows these facts as to the position of the hills and depth and width of the ancient valleys; and the imaginary gully which some theorists have drawn on their maps to suit the requirements of their version of Josephus’ account has decidedly no existence.
The south-east corner of the Temple was the most important to fix, in view of conflicting theories. It was at this corner that the Ophel wall joined the “eastern cloister of the Temple” (Josephus, V. Wars, iv. 2). Sir Charles Warren found this wall joining the east wall of the Haram at the present south-east angle of the Haram, and thus appears to have set the question at rest, if Josephus’ account is to be received. This question is fully treated in Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, pp. 366-368, third edition.
30 The Jewish tradition was first published in “Tent Work in Palestine” in 1878. The account of this question, given by Mr. L. Oliphant in “Haifa,” is abstracted from my later paper in the Jerusalem volume of the Survey Memoirs, published in 1881, and again in 1883, where I have given the Talmudic passages in full. Many other writers have also copied my account since.
31 See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series, p. 86.
32 See the full account in the Memoirs of the Survey, vol. iii.
33 Something of the kind, but better drawn, exists on the walls of the Lady Chapel at Winchester, the work, I believe, of Flemish artists of the fifteenth century, representing the miracles of the Virgin. Those at Mar Marrina are probably not later than the thirteenth century.
34 Judas Maccabæus. Marcus Ward, 1879.
35 This is usually written Nablous, but the accent is on the first syllable.
36 I have published a paper on this subject in the Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement for July 1889.
37 See Memoirs of Palestine Survey, Vol. Special Papers. This chronicle was edited and published by Dr. Neubauer in 1869. The Samaritan Book of Joshua was published by Juynboll in 1848.
38 The following are the Kings said in the Book of Kings to have been buried at Samaria:—Omri, Ahab, Ahaziah (probably), Jehu, Jehoahaz, Joash, Jeroboam II., Menahem (probably).
39 Conder’s Handbook to the Bible (3rd edit.), p. 310.
40 The fallacy of this scheme I pointed out in a well known magazine in 1883. My arguments are also reproduced by Mr. L. Oliphant in “Haifa.”
41 The details of this discovery are recorded in the “Memoirs of the Survey,” vol. ii. pp. 90-99.
42 The question is worked out in detail in the Survey Memoirs. See my note, vol. i. p. 367, and cf. p. 392. The Crusaders called Kefr Kenna the Casale Robert, from its owner.
43 Sinnabris I recovered, in 1872, from a list of ruins kindly prepared by a resident. It was afterwards fixed by the surveyors. The identity of Hippos and Susieh was suggested by Dr. Neubauer in 1868, and the site has been recently discovered by Herr Schumacher.
44 The Druzes took from the older Ismailiyeh sect the words Natek and Asas, which are not Semitic words. They represent the two powers in Nature. The first might be connected with the Mongol word Natagai for the chief deity, and the latter with the word Asa for “god” in the same language.
45 The immorality of the Palestine peasantry, though hidden by their decent manners, is, I have been assured by respectable residents, very great. Their vengeance on women who have gone astray is often very savage. I have visited a cavern in the Judean hills with a deep pit in it, down which such unfortunate women used to be thrown, and I believe there is another in the Lebanon.
46 This theory I put forward in 1883. The late Dr. Birch held the same view. Dr. Isaac Taylor in 1887 published his belief that the Hittites were Mongolians. Mr. G. Bertin, the Akkadian scholar, favours the same conclusion. At the British Association, 1888, Professor Sayce admitted that the general opinion favoured this view.
47 See “Heth and Moab,” chaps, vii., viii.
48 An antiquary familiar with Indian and British stone monuments, writing from Edinburgh, tells me that “cups and smoothed sloping hollows are common enough in Keltic standing-stones. The best I have seen,” he adds, “are the two on the menhirs east and west of the Frodart parish church, Strathpeffer. I think they were swearing-holes, in which the vower placed his fingers, for they are worn as smooth as glass.”
49 See a detailed note, Pal. Expl. Quarterly Statement, January 1885.
50 This curious connection between churches and rude stone monuments, also remarked in Britain and in France, is no doubt explained by Pope Gregory’s letter (Greg. Pap. Epist., xi. 71), advising the early missionaries not to suppress the rites and sanctuaries of the Saxons, but to reconsecrate them to Christian use.
51 The practice has also been noted at Kerlescant in Brittany, at Rollrich, and at Ardmore. There is a similar rite in China of “passing the door” to cure sickness. In Cornwall, the Men-an-tol, or “holed-stone,” near Morvah, is a stone ring two feet in diameter, flanked by two menhirs in a line which passes through the hole.—Dymond, Journal, Brit. Arch. Assoc, June 30, 1877.
52 The following are the principal groups which I drew and measured:—
| El Maslubiyeh, south of Nebo | 150 | examples. |
| El Mareighat, farther south | 150 | ″ |
| El Kurmiyeh, west of Heshbon | 50 | ″ |
| Tell Mataba’ and neighbourhood | 300 | ″ |
| Ammân, in Mount Gilead | 20 | ″ |
In some cases rows of these monuments exist almost touching each other on the hillsides.
53 The Rev. E. B. Savage, writing to me from the Isle of Man, says, “These cup-hollows are used to the present day in remote parts of Norway for making offerings to the spirits of the departed, such as lard, honey, butter, &c.”
54 One of these places visited by Balaam was called Bamoth Baal, and appears to be a hill now covered with dolmens. The word Bamah (plural Bamoth) is rendered “high place,” and is sometimes connected with sepulture (Ezek. xliii. 7; Isaiah liii. 9). Gesenius compares the Greek Bōmos, a sepulchral mound or an altar. On the Moabite Stone the word occurs as meaning the stone itself. It seems probable, therefore, that the Bamoth were rude stone monuments.
55 The height of Mount Nebo is 2643.8 feet above the Mediterranean. The western watershed is from 3000 to 2500 feet above the same level.
56 Sir C. Wilson, however, places these in the Jordan Valley.
57 Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, September 1870, October 1882, April 1883. I find that my copy supplies a few words not in the earlier copies, and is deficient in some letters previously visible.
58 The letters are Greek capitals, written on the stylobate of the southern temple. Pertinax was a Piedmontese. He was prefect of a cohort in Syria during the Parthian war, when he may very well have visited Gerasa. He was afterwards consular legate of Syria, and Emperor from 1st January to 29th March 193 A.D.
59 See Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and Old Testament, pp. 25 and 50. Pinches’ Proc. Bib. Arch. Soc, November 1885.
60 See George Smith’s Account. Quarterly Statement Pal. Expl. Fund, October 1872.
61 The confusion of chronology, due to the hasty identification of this prince with Ahab of Israel, has led scholars of late to replace Sirlai in the Lebanon.
62 The Turkic princes used armorial bearings before they came into use in Europe.
63 Native Syrians state that the Metâwileh (who are of Persian origin) are usually blue-eyed. They inhabit Upper Galilee and the hills east of Sidon.
64 The so-called “Hittite” system. The monuments in this character as yet found in situ occur in Armenia, Asia Minor, and Northern Syria. The most southerly sculpture of the kind yet known was discovered in a mound near Damascus excavated by Sir C. W. Wilson. The earliest found examples were five stones at Hamath, one of which Buckhardt saw. Other examples were discovered at Aleppo, and by George Smith at Carchemish. The system as at present known includes about 130 signs, some fifty of which are very frequently repeated. There is no doubt that these read (like the early Akkadian texts) in lines with syllables arranged in columns. Some of the emblems resemble those found in the earliest examples of other Asiatic systems (Egyptian, Akkadian, and Old Chinese), and by analogy it is probable that each emblem represents a word—noun, verb, or other grammatical form. My reasons for supposing the language to be a Turkic or Mongolic dialect are simple. 1st, The names of Hittites and Hittite cities known to us appear to be in such a dialect; 2nd, the short bilingual agrees with this view; and 3rd, the commonest signs (of which we know the sound through later hieratic forms) can be shown to represent common Mongolic words, such as pronouns and case-endings, &c. Many other suggestions have been made for comparing with Hebrew, Georgian, Armenian, and Egyptian, but in no case has it been shown that these languages supply a key to the sounds or to the bilingual. Take, for instance, the Hittite royal title Tarku. It exists only in the Turanian languages—Turkic Tarkan, Mongol Dargo, Cossack Turughna, Etruscan Tarchu and Tarquin, all meaning “a chief.” The number of words which I have so compared now amounts to a hundred in all, and I believe it places the character of the language on a sound and scientific basis.—See Journal Anthropological Institute, August 1889.
65 Proverbes et Dictons du Peuple Arabe, vol. i. Saida. Carlo Landberg. Leyden, 1883.
66 As an example of the inexactitude of Josephus’ measurements, I may instance the length which he gives for the Samaria colonnade (Ant., XV. viii. 5). He gives 20 furlongs or 12,000 feet, the real length being 5500 feet. Again, he says that the harbour at Cæsarea equalled the Piræus (Ant., XV. ix. 6). The Piræus was twenty times as large as the Cæsarea harbour. He makes the third wall of Jerusalem 8000 yards long, yet he gives the total circuit of the city as 6600 yards long in the same account (Wars, V. iv. 3). He places Gabaoth Saule four miles from Jerusalem in one passage (Wars, V. ii. 1), and nearly double that distance in another (Wars, II. xix. 1), the real distance being 5½ miles. It has long been known that the chronological calculations of Josephus do not agree together, either through his own inaccuracy or through the corruptions of copyists (see the foundation of the Temple in the eighteenth year of Herod, Ant., XV. xi. 1; or in the fifteenth, Wars, I. xxi. 1), and the comparisons which Josephus gives between Jewish and Greek weights in eight different passages do not agree in any one instance. The historian wrote in Rome in 75 and 93 A.D. Such is the accuracy of the author whom a critic like Dr. Robertson Smith is disposed to quote against the results of actual measurements of walls and rock, which are exact within the decimal of a foot. The general statements of Josephus are very valuable, but his measurements are quite unreliable.