II Glossary of Ainu Words, Many of Which Are Found in Geographical Names in Yezo and the Kurile Islands43
A.
A = (a suffix).
Apa = an open space, a doorway.
Aikap = impossible, impassable.
Ambe = that is.
An = to be.
Aota = near.
Apta = rain.
Apun = gently.
At = a tree.
Atsu = barren, naked.
B.
Bets, or pets, pet = river.
Be, or pe = pestilential water.
But, or put = mouth of a river.
C.
Cha = old.
Cha cha = very old.
Chip = fish.
Chippe = a canoe, a boat.
Chup = the sun.
E.
Erimu = a rat.
Etoko = formerly, in front of.
Etu = a cape.
F.
Fu = bare.
Fun = green.
Fure = red (also pronounced Hure).
Frishiko = old.
H.
Haru = grass.
Hattara = a deep pool in a watercourse.
Hure = a bad smell.
Hure = red.
I.
I = a suffix for “a place.”
Ibe = to feed.
Ichan = a canal made by salmon in river-beds to lay their, spawn.
Ikam = against.
Iwa = stone, a rock.
Itapk = word, story.
Iwashi (Japanese) = sardine.
Iwao = sulphur.
K.
Kama = cliffs, rocks, to go over.
Kamui = great, wonderful, ancient.
Kap = bark of a tree.
Kara = to take, to make.
Kashi = towards.
Kerimba = a berry.
Kene = an alder tree.
Kem = blood.
Kenashi = a meadow.
Keshup = head.
Kesh = towards the west.
Ki = rushes.
Kim = mountain.
Kinna = mat.
Kinna = reeds.
Kinna = grass.
Kiri = to know.
Kitai = mountain.
Koi = the waves of the sea.
Kochi = level.
Kombo = sea-weed.
Koro = to possess, to have.
Kotan = a village, a place.
Kotcha = in front of.
Ku = a bow.
Kuano = straight.
Kume = black, very dark.
Kuru, or guru = a person.
M.
Ma = to swim, deep.
Mak = behind.
Makta = away.
Mata = winter.
Meak = female.
Mean = cold.
Mo = tranquil.
Mon = small, tranquil.
Mom = to flow like a river.
Moire = slow.
Moi = a bay, a sheltered bend in a river where the water is quiet.
Moshiri, or mushir = island, country, place, land.
Moshiri Kes = the east.
Moshitte-chu-pok = north.
Moshiri pok = west.
Moshitte-chu-pka = south.
Mun = grass.
N.
Na = again.
Na = bigger, or smaller (also sign of comparative).
Nai, or Nae = a rivulet, a small stream.
Nai yau = a tributary stream.
Nak = where.
Nam = cold, as water, as ice.
Naoak = yet more shallow.
Ne = together, where, and, also, which, &c.
Neatka = also, again.
Nen = who.
Neto = where.
Ni = wood, or tree.
Nikam = leaves of a tree.
Nibeshi = name of a tree (probably Tilia).
Nikap = bark of a tree.
Nipek = a fire, a flame.
Nisei = valley.
Nisusu = scenery, panorama, view.
Nitat = swampy ground, a swamp, a lagoon.
Nitai = a forest.
Nitt = a thorn.
Nitek = branches of trees.
Nituman = trunk of a tree.
Nobori = mountain.
No = (meaningless ending of words).
Noshike = middle.
Noshihike = half.
Nupka = a forest.
Nup = a treeless plain.
Nup = a deep silent pool in a river.
Nuburi = mountain.
Nupuru = turbid (as water).
Nupuri = a mountain (volcano).
Nutap = the projecting part of a river bend.
O.
O = a meaningless prefix, sometimes used as an adjective.
Oara = one.
Oboso = to pass through (as water).
Oak = shallow—not deep.
Oha = empty.
Ohoho = deep.
Okai = at a place.
Okai = a male.
Okari = around.
Oakau = to hide.
Oakan = a male.
Omanne = to go.
Oma = to be inside.
Onne = large, old, great.
Opattek = a volcanic eruption.
Opeka = straight.
Oro = to be in.
Oropak = as far as.
Oshima = to go in.
Oshimak = behind.
Ota = sand.
Otaru = sandy.
Opke = a spear.
Ot = in, inside, into.
Oya = another.
Oushike = a place.
Oyapk = away, abroad.
Oyapk moshiri = away, country (foreign country).
P.
Pa = smoke.
Pa = east-end of villages.
Pai = bushes.
Pakne = as far as.
Panke = lower.
Paru = the mouth.
Pase = heavy.
Patek = only.
Pe = pestilential water, bad water, not good to drink.
Pei = something.
Pene = inland.
Pet, pets, bets = river.
Pet bena = source of a river.
Pet samo = bank of a river.
Petsamata = by the side of a river.
Pet put = the mouth of a river.
Pet-urara = a stream.
Pet yao = an affluent.
Pet-ka-shu = to wade a river.
Penke = upper.
Pinni = ash-tree.
Pinne = male.
Piuta = sand (coarse).
Pipa = a spring of fresh water.
Pira = a bank, a cliff.
Piri = a wound.
Pirika = pretty, good, well, all-right.
Pishita = sea-beach.
Pita = to untie, to undo.
Pitara = a dry place in a river-bed.
Po = a small thing.
Pon = small.
Poi-shuma = pebbles, stones.
Poka = only.
Popke = hot, steaming (also Topke).
Poro = large.
Pui = a hole.
Puri = natural, very, usual.
Put, Putu (corrupted into Buto by the Japanese) = the mouth of a river.
R.
Rai = death.
Rakka = seal.
Rahuru = a fog.
Ram = low.
Ran = to descend (a mountain).
Rangu = a kind of tree.
Rarumani = a kind of tree (Taxus cuspidata).
Re = three.
Repun = to go, in the sea, surrounded by water.
Repun moshiri = an island.
Rera = wind.
Retara = white.
Ri = high.
Rikkin = to ascend.
Riri = a wave.
Riri-shiye-tuye = ebb tide.
Riri-ya = flow tide.
Roru = at the head.
Ru = a road, a track, a pathway
Rui = to burn.
Rukoppe = where roads cross.
Rui = great, big.
Rubeshipe = a ravine.
Rupne = large.
S.
Sapk = summer.
Sak = without.
Sama = by the side of.
San = to descend.
Sara, Saru = a grassy plain.
Sat = dry.
Sattek = shallow water.
Sesek = hot.
Seta = dog.
Shep = broad.
Shi = high.
Shibe = autumn salmon.
Shiki = a kind of tall grass.
Shiko = a view, a sight.
Shimon = on the right-hand side.
Shimoye = to shake, to move.
Shenai = a large river.
Shirari = a cliff, mass of loose texture.
Shirau = a horse-fly.
Shiretu = a cape.
Shiri = land.
Shiruturu = a small island in a river.
Sho = so.
Shoi = a hole.
Shum = foam.
Shuma = a stone.
So = a waterfall.
Shupun = a kind of fish.
Shusu = a willow tree.
T.
Ta = to, towards, to take, to cut.
Taanni = on this side.
Taksep = a rock.
Tapne = short.
Tanne = long.
Tap kop = an isolated hill.
Tat = Birch-tree (Betula).
To, or ko = a lake, a swamp.
Toambe = that.
Toi = earth.
Tokap = day, light.
Tomari = a harbour, a sheltered place.
Top = scrub bamboo.
Tope = Acer—a kind of tree.
Tukara, also Tokari = sea-otter.
Tunni = Quercus dentata.
Tureshi = to ascend.
Turep = a plant, the roots of which are eaten by the Ainu.
U.
U = a suffix to indicate a place.
Uhui, also Ouye = a fire.
Uhui nobori = a volcano.
Un = a particle denoting that something is to be found at a place.
Upas = snow.
Ush = a bay.
Ush = a gulf.
Ush = a locative particle.
Uta = a master.
Utka = the rapids of a river.
W.
Wa = from.
Wakka = water.
Wen = bad.
Y.
Ya = land.
Yai = danger.
Yaikap = awkward.
Yam = cold, a chestnut.
Yuk = a deer.
Yutta = greatest.
Footnotes
1 Nobori, mountain, volcano; bets, river, stream.
2 Shirao, horse-fly; i, a suffix meaning a place.
3 To, lake, swamp; mak, behind; oma, inside; i, a suffix meaning a place, or “a place behind which a hidden swamp is found.”
4 Yu, springs; huts, mouth of river.
5 Horo, large; hut, huts, put, the mouth of a river.
6 Small Japanese dinner tables.
7 At-pets—Elm-tree river (at, elm-tree; pets, river).
8 Nii-pak-pets—also called Nakap-pets. Nii, a wood; pak, under; na, more; kap, bark of tree.
9 Shibe-gari-pets—Salmon-trout river.
10 Ikan, a canal made by salmon on river-beds to lay their spawn; tai thick.
11 Poro, large; nam, cold; bets, river.
12 Moyoro. Moy, a bay; oro, to be in.
13 Onnito. Onni or Onne, great, large; to, lake, swamp.
14 Bitatannuki. Bita, to undo; tannu, long; ki, rushes, reeds.
15 Pero or Pira, cliff; Hune, Hun, a particle indicating the existence of something at a place.
16 Toy, earth; o, (?) i, a place; pets, river.
17 To, lake, swamp; buts, mouth of a river. O, a meaningless prefix; puts, mouth of a river.
18 Rev. John Batchelor, ‘The Ainu of Japan,’ chap. xx.
19 U, place; par, mouth; pe, undrinkable water; nai, stream; Upar-penai, a place at the mouth of a stream of undrinkable water.
20 Me, in front; mu, sheltered spot in a river; ro, track; puto, mouth of river; Memuro-puto, track in front of a sheltered spot at the mouth of a river.
21 Otto, into; i, a place; nai, stream; Ottoinnai, a place in a stream.
22 Nitumap, open trunk of a tree.
23 Ni, wood; piri, wound; bets, river.
24 Puro, great; ke, I; nashpa, deafening noise.
25 Ke, I; nashpa, deafening noise.
26 Beppo or pet put, at the mouth of a river.
27 Nesan, a corruption of annesan.
28 Ko, lake; shto, man. Ko is probably a corruption of the Ainu word to, a lake or a swamp, and it is used by the Japanese of Yezo for “lake,” instead of the word “numa.”
29 The correct name and pronunciation is Shimushir.
30 The opposite coast of Nippon can be seen plainly from Hakodate.
31 The Japanese always begin their meals with sweets.
32 Shimushir, High Island.
33 Urup, name given to a kind of salmon.
34 Krafto, Ainu word for Sakhalin.
35 Poro, large; nai, stream.
36 Sometimes also pronounced Krafto.
37 The only attempt at animal representation is the small bear-head in chiefs’ crowns.
38 Nipesh: a kind of hemp.
39 Kotan, village, place, site; kara, to make, build; kamui, the man, ancient, strength.
40 Chisei, house, dwelling, hut; kara, make; also, have.
41 Teine, wet; pokna, under; moshiri, earth, place, island.
42 Vol. X., Part II., §6.
43 The vowels to be pronounced as in Italian.