A History of Social Thought

Chapter XXVIII The Dissemination of Sociological Thought

Despite its youth, inchoateness, and naïveté, sociological thought is exerting a vital influence in the world. It is giving a new rating to all the established values of life, undermining some, strengthening others, and creating still others.

The chief values in sociological thought are that it constitutes the center of all worth while thought; it gives balance and proportion to thinking in any field; it defies race prejudice and social intolerance; it smites selfish living; it rivets attention to the essentially human values; it stimulates personal development in harmony with group and societary welfare. At the same time, it postulates group advancement, not upon paternalistic or autocratic grounds, but upon a constructive projection of personalities that harmonizes with unselfish group service.

For centuries genuine social thinking was confined largely to a few of the intellectually élite. These few lived, and did even their social thinking, in a more or less isolated way. It was not until the first decades of the last centuries that social thought began to be scientific in character, that is, became sociological. Sociological thinking, however, was isolated and uncorrelated for many years. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, sociology began to develop a considerable body of thinkers and to create a new morale. There were many disagreements that tended to break the new science asunder. The opening decades, however, of the twentieth century witnessed a development of sociological thought that was followed by the establishment of the teaching of sociology as a profession.

With the rise of professional sociologists, the dissemination of socialized thought became noteworthy. For a long time sociology was considered only as a post-graduate study. In the last few years, however, sociology has been making its way downward in college and university curricula, until it is being widely taught to college freshmen and sophomores. In this connection there is a variety of textbooks that have been written to meet the needs of beginning students. There are some teachers who would introduce sociology through anthropological studies, beginning with the origin of man. Others would give a survey or prospectus of social institutions, processes, and problems.XXVIII-1 Still others would deal only with social problems. Then there are those persons who would build a text-book around a central theme, tracing it through social relationships. For advanced work in sociological thought there is a variety of treatises dealing with systems at once profound, complex, and fundamental.

For high schools, the technique of sociological teaching is in the beginning stages. The importance in high schools of social science teaching is generally recognized, but there has been great difficulty in effecting an agreement among the various social science branches. Some high school teachers prefer a “social problems” course, although the demand is growing for a “social science” course, extending throughout the year, dividing the time more or less evenly between economics, sociology, and civics. There are other high school teachers who contend that sociology can be taught best in a general “citizenship” course. One of the specific difficulties is that the high school curriculum is full, and that the representatives of none of the established courses are willing to see the subjects in which they are interested crowded out. Another difficulty is the power which the self-culture and self-development concepts possess. The equal importance of the social culture and social development concepts is being recognized, but with amazing slowness.

In the grades the teaching of sociology is gaining ground. In the sense that there is an advanced group of mathematical studies for university men and women and an elemental mathematics for the grades, so there is advanced sociology, and also an elemental sociology centering around the activities of the primary groups, such as the family, play, neighborhood, and school groups. A child who is old enough to learn to obey is old enough to begin elemental sociology, in fact, when he learns to obey, he is already beginning to experience the meaning of a social, if not a sociological concept. Simple social studies are being prepared for the grades, even beginning with the first grade.

The dissemination of sociological thought is a practical question to which in the last score of years special attention has been given. The universities and colleges began to establish chairs of sociology in the closing decade of the last century. The movement has acquired a remarkable momentum in the United States. Normal schools and high schools have adopted the movement. Many churches are promulgating a socialized gospel. Literature is gradually assuming an appreciation of the sociological viewpoint.

From the social proverbs of primitive man to a treatise such as Ross’ Principles of Sociology, with its admirable analysis of significant societal processes, such as equalization, domination, individuation, socialization—this is the main span of social thought. Social thought began in the simplest form of observations about social relationships between individual and individual, between chieftain and tribal member, between master and servant. It experienced various stages of denunciation of social wrongs. It produced perspectives of perfect societies. It moved profoundly forward in the form of social philosophies. Now it is proceeding either as the investigator of new social facts, or the psychological interpreter of these facts in terms of social processes. It is assuming a scientific procedure, although a portion of the results of its undertakings finds expression in social philosophy. It is beginning to formulate sociological laws. It is inaugurating a technique for preventing the maladjustments that produce social evils; it is establishing a teaching technique. Although the masses of the human race are beginning to feel blindly the meaning of social values, they have not yet been able to make their highest social aspirations rationally articulate. Until that time comes, democracy will remain an experiment, and world progress a toy of autocratic forces.

A history of social thought is essentially a review of an irregular but positive acceptance of social values. Individual after individual, leader after leader, profession after profession, group after group, have felt and accepted the challenge of the sociological viewpoint. They have changed from living selfishly to living socially. They have even given up the ideal of service for self advancement, setting up in its place the ideal of service for the welfare of others. In so doing and living they have found expansion of personality and contributed to the advancement of society. Since the days of Comte in particular, the social sciences have been increasing in variety and scope until they number a score or more, and sociological influence has been widening until the related sciences are inviting sociology, which is the scientific study of group phenomena, to define their objectives for them. In fact, sociological concepts are permeating the farthermost reaches of personal living and societal control. A history of social thought is a history of the socializing of human attitudes and interests, presaging a human society in which personal achievement and group progress are equally and supremely sought.

Footnotes

CHAPTER II
II-1	W. I. Thomas, Source Book for Social Origins, University of Chicago Press, 1909, p. 161.
II-2	Daniel Crawford, Thinking Black, Doran, 1913.
II-3	E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, Melbourne, 1883, 1:339.
II-4	A. M. Howitt, The Organisation of Australian Tribes, p. 452.
CHAPTER III
III-1	Boulak Papyrus, trans. by Griffith, p. 5340, La Moral Egyptienne.
III-2	“The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep,” trans. by Gunn, Wisdom of the East Series.
III-3	Code of Hammurapi, Sect. 196.
III-4	Ibid., Sect. 198.
III-5	Ibid., Sect. 229.
III-6	Shoo King, 27:3.
CHAPTER IV
IV-1	C. F. Kent, The Social Teachings of the Prophets and Jesus, Scribner, 1917, p. 4.
IV-2	Exodus, 3:7, 8.
IV-3	Amos, 2:6, 7, 8; 3:10; 4:1, 2; 5:7, 15; 6:4.
IV-4	Isaiah, 1:23.
IV-5	Isaiah, 3:14, 15.
IV-6	Micah, 3:2, 3.
IV-7	Jeremiah, 22:13, 15, 17 (Modern Reader’s Bible).
IV-8	Louis Wallis, Sociological Study of the Bible, University of Chicago Press, 1912, Ch. VII.
IV-9	Hosea, 4:11; 9:11, 16.
IV-10	Exodus, 20:12.
IV-11	Proverbs, 20:20.
IV-12	Proverbs, 12:4.
IV-13	Proverbs, 29:15.
IV-14	Isaiah, 5:11.
IV-15	Proverbs, 20:1.
IV-16	Proverbs, 31:7.
IV-17	Exodus, 21:13; I Kings, 1:50; 2:28.
IV-18	Job, 31.
IV-19	Amos, 9:7.
IV-20	Isaiah, 9:5; cf., Kent, The Social Teachings of the Prophets and Jesus, p. 112.
CHAPTER V
V-1	Hesiod, Work and Days, trans. by A. W. Mains, Oxford, 1908.
V-2	The Works of Hesiod, Callimachus and Theognis, trans. by Banks, Bohn’s Classical Library, p. 227.
V-3	Botsford and Sihler, Hellenic Civilization, p. 64.
V-4	George Rawlinson, translator, History of Herodotus, 4 vols.
V-5	Plutarch’s Pericles, revised by Clough, 1:234 ff.
V-6	Botsford and Sihler, op. cit., p. 340.
V-7	On Air, Water and Places in the Genuine Works of Hippocrates, trans. by Adams, Vol. I.
V-8	Plato I, 338 C. All references to Plato’s Dialogues in this chapter or in later chapters are to Jowett’s translation.
V-9	Adela M. Adam, Plato, Moral and Political Ideals, p. 10.
V-10	The reader will find in Will Durant’s Philosophy and the Social Problem, Ch. I, a unique although ideocentric interpretation of Socrates.
V-11	Laws, 738.
V-12	The beginning student of Plato’s social thought should first read the Republic, especially V 472 A to VII 541 B.
V-13	Republic, 369 B.
V-14	Ibid., 370 B.
V-15	Ibid., 373.
V-16	Laws, 803.
V-17	Statesman, 308.
V-18	Ibid., 307.
V-19	Ibid., 297.
V-20	Republic, 398 E, 412.
V-21	Laws, 731, 732.
V-22	Republic, 412.
V-23	Statesman, 303.
V-24	Republic, 525; cf. Laws, 818.
V-25	Ibid., 537, 539, 540.
V-26	Ibid., 413.
V-27	Ibid., 416.
V-28	Ibid., 416, 417.
V-29	Ibid., 457 C, 464 C.
V-30	Ibid., 414, 415.
V-31	Ibid., 415.
V-32	Loc. cit.
V-33	Ibid., 460 C, 461 C.
V-34	Statesman, 310
V-35	Laws, 773.
V-36	Statesman, 310.
V-37	Republic, 422 A; Laws, 744, 745.
V-38	Republic, 421.
V-39	Ibid., 550 D, E; Laws, 742, 791.
V-40	Republic, 550.
V-41	Ibid., 550 C.
V-42	Ibid., 556.
V-43	Loc. cit.
V-44	Ibid., 552 D.
V-45	Ibid., 552 E.
V-46	Laws, 744, 745.
V-47	Ibid., 729.
V-48	Loc. cit.
V-49	Republic, 377, 401.
V-50	Laws, 772.
V-51	Statesman, 294.
V-52	Ibid., 300.
V-53	In books, IX-XII.
V-54	Laws, 934.
V-55	Ibid., 862 ff.
V-56	Ibid., 936.
V-57	Ibid., 955.
V-58	Republic, 455, 456; Laws, 805.
V-59	Republic, 451.
V-60	Ibid., 475 A; Laws, 814.
V-61	Laws, 759.
V-62	Ibid., 929, 930.
V-63	Republic, 457 A; Laws, 795 ff, 813 ff, 830 ff.
V-64	Ibid., 410.
V-65	Ibid., 441.
V-66	Ibid., 498 B.
V-67	Ibid., 518.
V-68	Ibid., 536.
V-69	Ibid., 425; Laws, 643.
V-70	Republic, 537.
V-71	Laws, 729.
V-72	Republic, 435 ff.
V-73	Laws, 903.
V-74	Republic, 545–549.
V-75	Ibid., 550, 551.
V-76	Loc. cit.
V-77	Ibid., 555.
V-78	Ibid., 564.
V-79	Ibid., 339; Laws, 714.
CHAPTER VI
VI-1	Ethics, trans. by Welldon, II, 2.
VI-2	Politics, trans. by Jowett, I, 2.
VI-3	Loc. cit.
VI-4	Ibid., II, 3.
VI-5	Ibid., II, 5.
VI-6	Loc. cit.
VI-7	Ibid., II, 7; VII, 10.
VI-8	Ibid., II, 4.
VI-9	Ibid., I, 4.
VI-10	Ibid., III, 7.
VI-11	Ibid., III, 15.
VI-12	Ibid., V, 8; VII, 2.
VI-13	Ibid., II, 8.
VI-14	Ibid., V, 8.
VI-15	Ibid., IV, 11.
VI-16	Ibid., V, 7.
VI-17	Ibid., IV, 11.
VI-18	Ibid., II, 6.
VI-19	Loc. cit.
VI-20	Ibid., II, 9.
VI-21	Ibid., II, 12.
VI-22	Ibid., V, 1.
VI-23	Ibid., VII, 14.
VI-24	Loc. cit.
VI-25	Ibid., VII, 4.
VI-26	Ibid., VII, 11.
VI-27	Ibid., VII, 15.
VI-28	Ibid., VII, 16.
VI-29	Ibid., I, 12.
VI-30	Ibid., VII, 16.
VI-31	Ibid., VIII, 2.
VI-32	Ibid., VIII, 3.
VI-33	Ibid., VIII, 4.
VI-34	Ibid., VIII, 5.
CHAPTER VII
VII-1	Lucretius, Dererum natura, trans. by Muno, in Bohn’s Libraries, V. 335 ff., 778 ff.
VII-2	De officiis, trans. by Edmonds, Bohn’s Libraries, I, XVII, XIV; De republica, trans. by Younge, Bohn’s Libraries, I, XXV-XXVI, XIV.
VII-3	Dialogues, VII, 9.
VII-4	Thoughts, trans. by Long, VII, 31.
VII-5	Ibid., VI, 7.
VII-6	Ibid., VIII, 59.
VII-7	Ibid., IX, 23.
VII-8	Ibid., VI, 42.
VII-9	Ibid., XII, 36.
VII-10	Seneca, Dial., IX, 4.
VII-11	Ibid., VII, 20.
VII-12	On Anger.
VII-13	Loc. cit.
VII-14	Epictetus, Discourses, Book I, Ch. XVIII.
VII-15	Matthew, V, 44.
VII-16	Thoughts, VII, 22.
VII-17	Romans, XII, 17.
VII-18	Thoughts, VII, 26; III, 7.
VII-19	Seneca, On a Happy Life.
VII-20	Loc. cit.
CHAPTER VIII
VIII-1	Luke 17:20, 21.
VIII-2	Luke 13:34.
VIII-3	Matt. 12:48; Mark 3:34.
VIII-4	Matt. 13:31, 32; Mark 4:30; Luke 13:18, 19.
VIII-5	Luke 6:36.
VIII-6	Matt. 5:23; Matt. 18:15; Luke 6:41, 42.
VIII-7	Matt. 5:44, 46; Luke 6:20, 35.
VIII-8	Matt. 28:20; 24:14.
VIII-9	John 12:43; Matt. 6:5.
VIII-10	Matt. 4:8.
VIII-11	Luke 9:48; Mark 10:14; Matt. 18:1.
VIII-12	Matt. 25:31–46.
VIII-13	Mark 9:41; Matt. 10:42.
VIII-14	Luke 6:30; 3:11.
VIII-15	Matt. 23:23–33.
VIII-17	John 2:13–17; Matt. 21:12, 13; Mark 11:15–17; Luke 19:45, 46.
VIII-18	Mark 11:18; Luke 19:47.
VIII-19	Matt. 15:4; 19:19.
VIII-20	Mark 10:7, 8; Matt. 19:5.
VIII-21	Mark 9:42.
VIII-22	Matt. 19:21.
VIII-23	John 12:8; Mark 14:7; Matt. 26:11.
VIII-24	Luke 12:16–21.
VIII-25	Luke 13:14; Matt. 12:2, 10–13.
VIII-26	Mark 2:27; 3:4.
VIII-27	Matt. 10:34–39.
VIII-28	Luke 12:49–53.
VIII-29	John 18:10; Matt. 26:50–56.
VIII-30	Matt. 5:39.
VIII-31	Luke 2:13, 14.
VIII-32	Acts 15:9; 10:28; Galatians, 3:28.
VIII-33	Romans 8:16; 32.
VIII-34	I. Corinthians, Ch. 13.
VIII-35	Galatians 5:13; Romans 12:10.
VIII-36	Galatians 6:2; 6:10; Acts 20:35.
VIII-37	Romans 8:35–39; 12:17; Ephesians 1:21; 2:4; 3:17, 18.
VIII-38	Romans 12:4–8; cf. I. Corinthians 12:12.
VIII-39	Romans 14:7.
VIII-40	Ephesians 5:22–23; Colossians 3:18, 19; I. Corinthians 11:9, 19; I Corinthians 11:9.
VIII-41	I. Timothy 6:7–10; 17, 18.
VIII-42	James 1:26, 27.
VIII-43	Revelation, Ch. 21.
CHAPTER IX
IX-1	B text, Passus VIII. The manuscripts of Pier’s Ploughman number over forty and fall into three sets: A, B, and C.
CHAPTER X
X-1	The Utopia of Sir Thomas More, Bell and Sons, London, edited by George Simpson in Bohn’s Classical Libraries, 1910, p. 75.
X-2	Ibid., p. 104.
X-3	Ibid., p. 111.
X-4	Ibid., p. 153.
X-5	Ibid., pp. 84, 93.
X-6	Ibid., pp. 135, 84.
X-7	Ibid., p. 93.
X-8	Ibid., p. 97.
X-9	Ibid., p. 92.
X-10	Ibid., p. 88.
X-11	Ibid., p. 90.
X-12	Ibid., p. 96.
X-13	Ibid., p. 110, cf. Bacon, The New Atlantis in Ideal Commonwealths, Collier, 1901, p. 125.
X-14	Ibid., p. 131.
X-15	Ibid., p. 93.
X-16	Ibid., p. 115.
X-17	Ibid., p. 117, cf. Campanella, The City of the Sun, in Ideal Commonwealths, Collier, 1901, p. 157.
X-18	Ibid., p. 174.
X-19	Ibid., p. 95.
X-20	Ibid., p. 101.
X-21	Ibid., p. 175.
X-22	Ibid., p. 174.
X-23	Ibid., pp. 153 ff.
X-24	Ibid., p. 154.
X-25	Ibid., p. 103.
X-26	Ibid., pp. 140, 141.
X-27	Ibid., p. 67.
X-28	Bacon, The New Atlantis in Ideal Commonwealths, Collier, 1901, pp. 135 ff.
X-29	Bellamy, Looking Backward, Grosset and Dunlap, 1898, p. 57.
X-30	Ibid., p. 88.
X-31	Ibid., p. 89.
X-32	Ibid., p. 67.
X-33	Ibid., p. 192.
X-34	Ibid., pp. 220 ff.
X-35	Ibid., pp. 287 ff.
X-36	H. G. Wells, Anticipations, Mankind in the Making, and A Modern Utopia. See A Modern Utopia, Scribner, 1905, pp. 5, 11.
CHAPTER XI
XI-1	Machiavelli, The Prince, Routledge, London, n.d., p. 53.
XI-2	Ibid., pp. 104, 105.
XI-3	Ibid., p. 71.
XI-4	Ibid., p. 77.
XI-5	Hobbes, Leviathan, Putnam, 1904, Ch. XIII.
XI-6	Locke, Two Treatises on Government, Routledge, n.d., p. 18.
XI-7	Ibid., p. 193.
XI-8	Ibid., p. 199.
XI-9	Ibid., p. 315.
XI-10	Rousseau, Contrat social, Garnier, Paris, p. 240.
XI-11	Ibid., p. 246.
XI-12	Ibid., p. 249.
XI-13	John Winthrop in Selections from Early American Writers, 1607–1800, edit. by W. B. Cairns, Macmillan, 1910, p. 52.
XI-14	A Treatise of Human Nature, edit. by Selby-Bigge, Oxford, 1896, II:777, 114, 140, 150.
XI-15	Ibid., p. 534.
XI-16	Ibid., p. 546.
XI-17	Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Putnam, 1904, II:114.
XI-18	Ibid., II:83.
XI-19	Ibid., II:143.
XI-20	Ibid., II:203.
XI-21	Ibid., I:80.
XI-22	Ibid., I:81.
XI-23	Ibid., II:203–207.
XI-24	Ibid., I:11.
XI-25	Kant, Theory of Ethics, trans. by Abbott, p. 9.
XI-26	Hegel, Philosophy of Right, trans. by Dyde, Part III, p. 150.
XI-27	W. G. Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, Harper, 1920, p. 12.
XI-28	Ibid., p 25.
XI-29	Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XV.
CHAPTER XII
XII-1	Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Putnam, 1901, I:81.
XII-2	Ibid., p. 147.
XII-3	An Essay on the Principle of Population, eighth edit., Reeves and Turner, 1878, p. 1; cf. W. S. Thompson, Population: A Study in Malthusianism, Columbia University, 1915, Ch. I.
XII-4	Ibid., p. 2.
XII-5	Ibid., p. 8.
XII-6	Ibid., p. 9.
XII-7	Ibid., p. 13.
XII-8	Ibid., p. 371.
XII-9	Ibid., p. 402.
XII-10	Ibid., p. 416.
XII-11	Ibid., p. 437.
XII-12	Ibid., p. 481.
XII-13	T. N. Carver, Essays in Social Justice, Harvard University Press, 1915, Ch. XIV.
XII-14	Cf. W. S. Thompson, Population: A Study in Malthusianism, Columbia University Studies, 1915.
CHAPTER XIII
XIII-1	Auguste Comte, Positive Philosophy, trans. by Martineau, Vol. I, pp. x, xi.
XIII-2	Ibid., p. xi.
XIII-3	Ibid., p. xv.
XIII-4	Ibid., Vol. III, p. 13.
XIII-5	Ibid., Vol. I, p. 26.
XIII-6	Ibid., p. 27.
XIII-7	Ibid., p. 34.
XIII-8	Ibid., p. 35.
XIII-9	Ibid., p. 36.
XIII-10	Ibid., p. 41.
XIII-11	Ibid., pp. 27 ff.
XIII-12	Ibid., p. 149.
XIII-13	Ibid., p. 153, 154.
XIII-14	Ibid., Vol. II, p. 30.
XIII-15	Ibid., p. 219.
XIII-16	Ibid., p. 175.
XIII-17	Ibid., p. 176.
XIII-18	Ibid., p. 180.
XIII-19	Ibid., p. 193.
XIII-20	Ibid., p. 234.
XIII-21	Ibid., p. 292.
XIII-22	Ibid., p. 287.
XIII-23	Ibid., p. 286.
XIII-24	Ibid., p. 300.
XIII-25	Ibid., Vol. III, p. 320.
XIII-26	Comte, Positive Polity, London, 1871, I:1.
CHAPTER XIV
XIV-1	Proudhon, What Is Property? Twentieth Century Press, 1908.
XIV-2	Rodbertus, Overproduction and Crises, Scribner, 1906
XIV-3	Lassalle, Science and the Workingman, Kerr, 1903.
XIV-4	Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Kerr, 1902.
XIV-5	Marx, Capital, trans. by Moore and Aveling, Kerr, 1909, I:673 ff., 834 ff.
XIV-6	Kropotkin, Mutual Aid; a Factor of Evolution, Doubleday, Page, 1902.
XIV-7	Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Doubleday, Page, 1916, p. 9.
XIV-8	Ibid.
XIV-9	Ibid., pp. 286, 287.
XIV-10	Ibid., p. 342.
XIV-11	Ibid., p. 339.
CHAPTER XV
XV-1	Jean Bodin, The Six Bookes of A Commonwealth, trans. by R. Knoles, London.
XV-2	H. T. Buckle, History of Civilisation in England, Appleton, 1874, 2 vols., I:14.
XV-3	Ibid., p. 29.
XV-4	Ibid., p. 31.
XV-5	Ibid., p. 32.
XV-6	Ibid., p. 33.
XV-7	Ibid., p. 36.
XV-8	Ibid., pp. 44 ff.
XV-9	Ibid., p. 52.
XV-10	Ibid., p. 85.
XV-11	Ibid., p. 95.
XV-12	Ibid., p. 96.
XV-13	Ibid., p. 99.
XV-14	Ellen Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, Holt, 1911, p. 635.
XV-15	See Ellsworth Huntington, Civilization and Climate, Yale University Press, 1915.
XV-16	W. Z. Ripley, Races in Europe, Appleton, 1899, p. 571.
CHAPTER XVI
XVI-1	Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, Appleton, 1904, pp. 229 ff.
XVI-2	Herbert Spencer, First Principles, Appleton, 1900, Section III-145.
XVI-3	Spencer, Principles of Sociology, Appleton, 1914, I:596, 597.
XVI-4	Ibid., p. 84.
XVI-5	Ibid., Part II, Ch. II.
XVI-6	Ibid., pp. 457 ff.
XVI-7	Ibid., Part II, Ch. VI-IX.
XVI-8	Ibid., p. 592.
XVI-9	John Fiske, Destiny of Man, Houghton Mifflin, 1904, p. 12.
XVI-10	John Fiske, Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, Houghton Mifflin, 1874, Part II, pp. 340 ff.
XVI-11	Ibid., pp. 360 ff.
XVI-12	Ibid., pp. 303 ff.
XVI-13	Paul von Lilienfeld, Gedanken über die Socialwissenschaft der Zukunft, II, pp. viii ff.
XVI-14	Lilienfeld, Pathologie Sociale, 1904.
XVI-15	J. S. Mackensie, Outlines of Social Philosophy, Macmillan, 1918, p. 14.
XVI-16	Ibid., p. 65.
XVI-17	Ibid., p. 243 ff.
CHAPTER XVII
XVII-1	Lester F. Ward, Dynamic Sociology, Appleton, 1911, Vol. I, pp. XXV ff.
XVII-2	Ibid., p. 22.
XVII-3	Ibid., pp. 22, 23.
XVII-4	Ibid., pp. 56, 57.
XVII-5	Ibid., p. 60; Ward, Pure Sociology, Macmillan, 1914, p. 4.
XVII-6	Lester F. Ward, Applied Sociology, Ginn, 1906, pp. 5 ff.
XVII-7	Dynamic Sociology, Vol. I, p. 72.
XVII-8	Ibid., p. 143.
XVII-9	Ibid., p. 320.
XVII-10	Ibid., pp. 408, 409.
XVII-11	Ibid., p. 464.
XVII-12	Ibid., p. 452.
XVII-13	Ibid., p. 467.
XVII-14	Ibid., p. 474.
XVII-15	Ibid., p. 486.
XVII-16	Ibid., p. 497.
XVII-17	Ibid., p. 516.
XVII-18	Ibid., pp. 518 ff.
XVII-19	Ibid., p. 520.
XVII-20	Ibid., Vol. II, p. 341.
XVII-21	Ibid., Vol. I, p. 520.
XVII-22	Ibid., p. 522.
XVII-23	Ibid., p. 541.
XVII-24	Ibid., p. 583.
XVII-25	Ibid., p. 579.
XVII-26	Ibid., p. 594.
XVII-27	Ibid., pp. 606 ff.
XVII-28	Ibid., p. 615.
XVII-29	Pure Sociology, p. 403.
XVII-30	Dynamic Sociology, Vol. I, p. 641.
XVII-31	Pure Sociology, Ch. XV.
XVII-32	Ibid., p. 420.
XVII-33	Lester F. Ward, Psychic Factors of Civilisation, Ginn, 1906, Ch. XXXIV.
XVII-34	Dynamic Sociology, Vol. I, pp. 669, 670.
XVII-35	Ibid., pp. 473, 474.
XVII-36	Pure Sociology, p. 438.
XVII-37	Ibid., pp. 457 ff.
XVII-38	Ibid., p. 469.
XVII-39	Ibid., pp. 231 ff.
XVII-40	Ibid., p. 237.
XVII-41	Ibid., pp. 79 ff.
XVII-42	Lester F. Ward, “Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics,” Amer. Jour. of Sociology, 18; 737–54.
CHAPTER XVIII
XVIII-1	H. F. Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age, Scribner, 1918, Ch. I.
XVIII-2	W. G. Sumner, Folkways, Ginn, 1907, p. 43.
XVIII-3	Ibid., p. 13.
XVIII-4	Ibid., p. 266.
XVIII-5	Ibid., pp. 343, 362.
XVIII-6	Ibid., p. 378.
XVIII-7	W. I. Thomas, Sex and Society, p. 51.
XVIII-8	Ibid., p. 182.
XVIII-9	Ibid., p. 41.
XVIII-10	Ibid., p. 40.
XVIII-11	Ibid., p. 41.
XVIII-12	Ibid., p. 54.
XVIII-13	Ibid., p. 61.
XVIII-14	Ibid., p. 65.
XVIII-15	Ibid., Ch. II.
XVIII-16	Ibid., p. 76.
XVIII-17	Ibid., p. 201.
XVIII-18	Ibid., p. 418; cf. W. I. Thomas, Sex and Society, University of Chicago Press, 1907, pp. 201–220.
XVIII-19	Ibid., p. 629.
XVIII-20	A. G. Kellor, Societal Evolution, Macmillan, 1915.
XVIII-21	Edward Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Macmillan, 1906, I:159.
XVIII-22	Ibid.
XVIII-23	Ibid., p. 160.
XVIII-24	Ibid., Vol. II. p. 740.
XVIII-25	Ibid., II:745.
XVIII-26	L. T. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, Holt, 1919, p. 1.
XVIII-27	Ibid., p. 2.
XVIII-28	Ibid.
XVIII-29	Ibid., p. 43; cf. Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory, Lemcke, 1911, pp. 128 ff.
XVIII-30	Ibid., p. 60.
XVIII-31	Ibid., p. 64.
XVIII-32	Social Evolution and Political Theory, p. 148.
XVIII-33	Morals in Evolution, pp. 130, 71.
XVIII-34	William Wundt, Elements of Folk Psychology, trans. by Schaub, Macmillan, 1916, p. 1.
XVIII-35	Ibid., p. 478.
XVIII-36	Ibid., p. 514.
XVIII-37	Ibid., p. 515.
XVIII-38	Ibid., p. 516.
XVIII-39	Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man, Macmillan, 1911, p. 102.
XVIII-40	Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory, p. 39.
XVIII-41	W. I. Thomas, Source Book for Social Origins, University of Chicago Press, 1909, p. 18.
XVIII-42	Ibid., p. 20.
XVIII-43	Ibid., p. 14.
XVIII-44	Thomas, Sex and Society, p. 51.
XVIII-45	Thomas and Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, University of Chicago Press, 1918, I:22.
CHAPTER XIX
XIX-1	Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius, Macmillan, 1914.
XIX-2	Inquiries into the Human Faculty, Dutton, 1908.
XIX-3	See C. W. Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, Funk and Wagnalls, 1914, pp. 1 ff.
XIX-4	Karl Pearson, The Grammar of Science, Black, 1911, p. 1.
XIX-5	Ibid., p. 6.
XIX-6	See Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, Ch. II.
XIX-7	See C. B. Davenport, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Holt, 1911.
XIX-8	See Popenoe and Johnson, Applied Eugenics, Macmillan, 1918.
XIX-9	Ibid., p. 213.
XIX-10	Ibid., pp. 218, 231.
XIX-11	Ibid., Ch. XVI.
XIX-12	Ibid., p. 381.
XIX-13	Ibid., p. 380.
XIX-14	Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, p. 65.
XIX-15	Popenoe and Johnson, op. cit., p. 387.
XIX-16	Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory, Lemcke, 1911, p. 45.
XIX-17	Popenoe and Johnson, op. cit., p. 292.
CHAPTER XX
XX-1	Ludwig Gumplowicz, Der Rassenkampf, Innsbruck, 1883, p. 64.
XX-2	Gumplowicz, Grundriss der Sociologie, tr. by Moore, 1885, p. 134.
XX-3	Gumplowicz, Sociologie und Politik, p. 94.
XX-4	Friedrich Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, New York, 1897, p. 46.
XX-5	Nietzsche, The Will to Power, 1889, pp. 90, 269, 660 ff.
XX-6	S. N. Patten, A Theory of Social Forces, 1896, Ch. IV.
XX-7	T. N. Carver, Essays in Social Justice, Harvard University Press, 1915, pp. 30, 34.
XX-8	Ibid., p. 46.
XX-9	Ibid., pp. 49, 50.
XX-10	Ibid., p. 56.
XX-11	Ibid., p. 77.
XX-12	Op. cit.
XX-13	T. N. Carver, Principles of Political Economy, Ginn, 1919, pp. 37 ff. Also see Essays in Social Justice, p. 86.
XX-14	Essays in Social Justice, p. 86.
XX-15	Ibid., p. 108.
XX-16	Principles of Political Economy, p. 43.
XX-17	J. Novicow, War and its Alleged Benefits, trans. by Seltzer, Holt, 1911.
XX-18	E. A. Ross, Principles of Sociology, Century, 1920, p. 167.
XX-19	Ibid., p. 183.
XX-20	Ibid., pp. 207, 206.
CHAPTER XXI
XXI-1	Cf. S. H. Swinny, “Giambatista Vico,” Sociological Review, Jan. 1914, pp. 50–57.
XXI-2	Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid; a Factor in Evolution, Doubleday, Page, 1902, p. 3.
XXI-3	Ibid., p. VII; cf. Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops, Putnam, 1901, Ch. 1.
XXI-4	“The State; Its Historic Role,” London, 1898—reproduced in Man or the State by W. R. Browne, Huebsch, 1919, p. 21.
XXI-5	Gustav Ratzenhofer, Die sociologische Erkenntniss, Leipzig, 1898, Sect. 22; see A. W. Small. General Sociology, University of Chicago Press, 1905, Ch. XIII.
XXI-6	Soziologie, Leipzig, 1907, pp. 13–17.
XXI-7	Die sociologische Erkenntniss, p. 233.
XXI-8	Albion W. Small, General Sociology, ibid., p. 196.
XXI-9	Ibid., pp. 433 ff.
XXI-10	Ibid., pp. 201 ff.
XXI-11	Ibid., p. 217.
XXI-12	Ibid., p. 325.
XXI-13	Ibid., pp. 389, 390.
XXI-14	Between Eras, From Capitalism to Democracy, Inter-Collegiate Press, 1913, Ch. XXIII.
XXI-15	E. A. Ross, Principles of Sociology, Century, 1920, p. 121.
XXI-16	Ibid., p. 135.
XXI-17	The Function of Socialization in Social Evolution, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1916.
XXI-18	Ross, op. cit., pp. 257 ff.
XXI-19	Ibid., p. 395.
XXI-20	Ibid., p. 405.
XXI-21	L. T. Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory, Lemcke, 1911, p. 127.
XXI-22	C. H. Cooley, Social Process, Scribners, 1918, p. 38.
CHAPTER XXII
XXII-1	David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, edit. by Selby-Bigge, Oxford, 1896, p. 363.
XXII-2	Ibid., p. 362.
XXII-3	Ibid., pp. 499, 500.
XXII-4	Ibid., p. 521.
XXII-5	Ibid., pp. 575 ff.
XXII-6	Ibid., p. 535.
XXII-7	Gabriel Tarde, The Laws of Imitation, tr. by Parsons, Holt, 1903, p. XVII.
XXII-8	Ibid., p. 59.
XXII-9	Ibid., p. 146.
XXII-10	Ibid., p. 74.
XXII-11	Ibid., p. 78.
XXII-12	Ibid., p. 87.
XXII-13	Ibid., p. 114.
XXII-14	Ibid., p. 39.
XXII-15	Ibid., p. 141 ff.
XXII-16	Ibid., p. 213; cf. Tarde, Social Laws, trans. by Warren, Macmillan, 1907, p. 65.
XXII-17	The Laws of Imitation, p. 225.
XXII-18	Ibid., p. 111.
XXII-19	Ibid., p. 14.
XXII-20	Ibid., p. 288.
XXII-21	Ibid., pp. 341 ff.
XXII-22	Ibid., p. 369.
XXII-23	Ibid., p. 30.
XXII-24	Social Laws, p. 132.
XXII-25	Laws of Imitation, p. 169.
XXII-26	Social Laws, p. 195.
XXII-27	Ibid., p. 204.
XXII-28	Ibid., p. 171; cf. Tarde, La logique sociale, Paris, 1898, Ch. IV.
XXII-29	Laws of Imitation, p. 87.
XXII-30	Ibid., p. 138.
XXII-31	Ibid., p. 344.
XXII-32	Ibid.,
XXII-33	Ibid., p. 387.
XXII-34	E. A. Ross, Social Psychology, Macmillan, 1908, p. viii.
XXII-35	M. M. Davis, Jr., Psychological Interpretations of Society, Longmans, Green, 1909.
XXII-36	Tarde, L’opinion et la foule, Paris, 1901, pp. 177 ff. Cf. Sighele, Psychologic des sectes, Paris, 1898, pp. 45 ff.
XXII-37	F. H. Giddings, Principles of Sociology, Macmillan, 1896, p. 17.
XXII-38	Ibid., pp. 71, 126 ff.
XXII-39	Ibid., pp. 101 ff. Cf. Giddings, Descriptive and Historical Sociology, Macmillan, 1911, Ch. III.
XXII-40	Principles of Sociology, p. 109; Descriptive and Historical Sociology, pp. 157 ff.
XXII-41	Principles of Sociology, p. 138.
XXII-42	Ibid., pp. 141 ff.
XXII-43	Ibid., pp. 147 ff.
XXII-44	Descriptive and Historical Sociology, p. 541. Cf. Giddings, Inductive Sociology, Macmillan, 1914, Part III.
XXII-45	American Journal of Sociology, Vol. XXV, p. 387.
XXII-46	Ibid., p. 388.
XXII-47	J. M. Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations, Macmillan, 1906, p. 15.
XXII-48	Ibid., p. 18.
XXII-49	Ibid., pp. 529 ff.
CHAPTER XXIII
XXIII-1	C. H. Cooley, Social Organization, Scribner, 1909, p. 5.
XXIII-2	C. H. Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order, Scribner, 1902, p. 3.
XXIII-3	Ibid., p. 5.
XXIII-4	Ibid., pp. 152 ff.
XXIII-5	Social Organization, ibid., p. 11.
XXIII-6	Ibid., p. 12.
XXIII-7	Ibid., p. 26.
XXIII-8	Ibid., p. 28.
XXIII-9	Ibid., p. 37.
XXIII-10	Ibid., p. 61.
XXIII-11	Ibid., p. 63.
XXIII-12	Ibid., p. 80.
XXIII-13	Ibid., p. 103.
XXIII-14	Ibid., p. 121.
XXIII-15	Cooley, Social Process, Scribner, 1918, pp. 68 ff.
XXIII-16	Social Organization, ibid., Chs. XVIII, XXV-XXVII.
XXIII-17	Ibid., p. 320; cf. Social Process, 297 ff.
XXIII-18	Introduction to Social Psychology, Luce, 1914, pp. 23 ff.
XXIII-19	Ibid., pp. 268, 322, 279.
XXIII-20	E. A. Ross, Principles of Sociology, Century, 1920, Chs. XXXIV, XXXV. Cf. Ross, Social Control, Macmillan, 1910, Chs. VII, VIII.
XXIII-21	Social Control, ibid., pp. 49 ff.
XXIII-22	Ibid., Chs. X ff.
XXIII-23	Ibid., pp. 257 ff.
XXIII-24	Ibid., pp. 411 ff.
XXIII-25	Ibid., Ch. XXXI.
XXIII-26	Ross, Social Psychology, Macmillan, 1908, Ch. II.
XXIII-27	Ibid., p. 70. Cf. McDougall, Introduction to Social Psychology, ibid., Ch. IV.
XXIII-28	Ross, Social Psychology, Ch. XVIII.
XXIII-29	See Chapter XVIII of this book.
XXIII-30	Ross, Principles of Sociology, Ch. XLII.
XXIII-31	Ibid., Ch. XXXVI.
XXIII-32	Ibid., Ch. XXXVIII.
XXIII-33	Ibid., pp. 549 ff.
XXIII-34	Ibid., p. 564.
XXIII-35	Ibid., p. 590.
XXIII-36	Ibid., p. 626.
XXIII-37	Ibid.
XXIII-38	Ibid., p. 632.
XXIII-39	Ibid., p. 652.
XXIII-40	Ibid., p. 653.
XXIII-41	Ibid., p. 693.
XXIII-42	Graham Wallas, The Great Society, Macmillan, 1914, p. 11.
XXIII-43	Ibid., p. 276.
XXIII-44	Ibid., p. 319.
XXIII-45	Ibid., p. 368.
XXIII-46	C. A. Ellwood, Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, Appleton, 1912, Ch. IX.
XXIII-47	Ibid., p. 100.
XXIII-48	Ibid., p. 117.
XXIII-49	G. H. Mead, “Social Consciousness and the Consciousness of Meaning,” Psychological Bulletin, VII: 405.
XXIII-50	Ellwood, Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, p. 153. Cf.Introduction to Social Psychology, p. 149.
XXIII-51	Ellwood, Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, p. 138.
XXIII-52	Ellwood, Introduction to Social Psychology, p. 149.
XXIII-53	Ibid., p. 147.
XXIII-54	Ibid., p. 151.
XXIII-55	Ibid., p. 170.
XXIII-56	Ellwood, The Social Problem, Macmillan, 1919, p. 2.
XXIII-57	Ibid., p. 4.
XXIII-58	E. C. Hayes, Introduction to the Study of Sociology, Appleton, 1915, p. 586.
XXIII-59	Ibid.
XXIII-60	Ibid., pp. 586 ff.
XXIII-61	Ibid., pp. 664 ff.
XXIII-62	Ibid., p. 669.
XXIII-63	T. Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class, Macmillan, 1912, p. 31.
XXIII-64	Ibid., p. 169.
XXIII-65	Ibid., p. 68.
XXIII-66	Ibid., p. 38.
XXIII-67	Veblen, The Instinct of Workmanship, Macmillan, 1914, p. 349.
XXIII-68	The Theory of the Leisure Class, p. 15.
XXIII-69	Ibid., p. 17.
XXIII-70	Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XII, p. 2.
XXIII-71	Ibid., p. 27.
XXIII-72	Ibid., p. 59.
XXIII-73	Ibid., p. 68.
XXIII-74	Ibid., p. 3.
XXIII-75	Ibid., p. 6.
XXIII-76	Ibid., p. 10.
CHAPTER XXIV
XXIV-1	For example, see C. R. Henderson, Modern Methods of Charity, Macmillan, 1904.
XXIV-2	See Webb, The Prevention of Destitution, Longmans, Green, 1912.
XXIV-3	See Devine, Misery and its Causes, Macmillan, 1913; also Devine, The Principles of Relief, Macmillan, 1904.
XXIV-4	Also, see Amos G. Warner, American Charities, Crowell, 1919, 3rd. edit.
XXIV-5	Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Doubleday, Page, 1916.
XXIV-6	Lombroso, Crime, Its Causes and Remedies, Little, Brown, 1911.
XXIV-7	Wines and Lane, Punishment and Reformation, Crowell, 1919, Ch. X.
XXIV-8	T. M. Osborne, Society and Prisons, Yale University Press, 1916.
XXIV-9	Burleigh and Bierstadt, Punishment, Holt, 1916.
XXIV-10	See G. B. Mangold, Problems of Child Welfare, Macmillan, 1914.
XXIV-11	A. W. Small, Between Eras, From Capitalism to Democracy, Inter-Collegiate Press, 1913.
XXIV-12	See W. H. Beveridge, Unemployment, Longmans, Green, 1912.
XXIV-13	George Elliott Howard, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, University of Chicago Press, 1904.
XXIV-14	Edward Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, Macmillan, 1902.
XXIV-15	A. W. Calhoun, A Social History of the American Family, Clark, 1917–1919.
XXIV-16	Helen Bosanquet, The Family, Macmillan, 1915.
XXIV-17	Willystine Goodsell, A History of the Family as a Social and Educational Institution, Macmillan, 1915.
XXIV-18	Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery, Doubleday, Page, 1901.
XXIV-19	W. E. B. DuBois, Darkwater, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920.
XXIV-20	Peter Roberts, The Problem of Americanization, Macmillan, 1920.
XXIV-21	J. K. Hart, Community Organization, Macmillan, 1920.
XXIV-22	M. C. Elmer, Technique of Social Surveys, World Co., Lawrence, Kansas, 1917.
CHAPTER XXV
XXV-1	Democracy and Education, Macmillan, 1916, p. 6.
XXV-2	Ibid., p. 16.
XXV-3	Ibid., p. 19.
XXV-4	Ibid., pp. 26, 27.
XXV-5	Ibid., p. 41.
XXV-6	Cf. ibid., p. 416.
XXV-7	See M. V. O’Shea, Social Development and Education, Houghton Mifflin, 1909; David Snedden, Sociological Determination of Objectives in Education, Lippincott, 1921; W. R. Smith, Educational Sociology, Macmillan, 1917; Irving King, Social Aspects of Education, Macmillan, 1912; also King, Education for Social Efficiency, Appleton, 1913; F. R. Clow, Principles of Sociology with Educational Applications, Macmillan, 1920; G. H. Betts, Social Principles of Education, Scribner, 1913; S. T. Dutton, Social Phases of Education, Macmillan, 1907.
XXV-8	Smith, Educational Sociology, p. 669.
XXV-9	Snedden, American Journal of Sociology, 25:132 ff.; see also, Snedden, Sociological Determination of Objectives in Education, Lippincott, 1921, p. 15.
XXV-10	Snedden, Sociological Determination of Objectives in Education, p. 94.
XXV-11	Ibid., pp. 97, 107.
XXV-12	Ibid., pp. 109, 267.
XXV-13	Ibid., p. 228.
CHAPTER XXVI
XXVI-1	Gladden, Social Facts and Forces, Putnam, 1897, p. 37.
XXVI-2	Ibid., p. 152.
XXVI-3	Ibid., p. 81.
XXVI-4	Ibid.
XXVI-5	Gladden, Social Salvation, Houghton Mifflin, 1902, p. 14.
XXVI-6	Ibid., p. 7.
XXVI-7	Ibid., p. 136; cf. Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel, Macmillan, 1918, pp. 8, 91.
XXVI-8	Strong, The New Era, Baker and Taylor, 1893, p. 121.
XXVI-9	Ibid., p. 124.
XXVI-10	Ely, Social Aspects of Christianity, Crowell, 1889, p. 17.
XXVI-11	Ibid., p. 65.
XXVI-12	Ibid., p. 73.
XXVI-13	See Peabody, Jesus Christ and the Social Question, Macmillan, 1900.
XXVI-14	See Mathews, The Social Teachings of Jesus, Macmillan, 1897; The Church and the Changing Order, Macmillan, 1907; The Gospel and the Modern Man, Macmillan, 1910.
XXVI-15	See Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis, Macmillan, 1913; Christianizing the Social Order, Macmillan, 1912; A Theology for the Social Gospel, Macmillan, 1918.
XXVI-16	See Batten, The Social Task of Christianity, Revell, 1911.
XXVI-17	See Ward, The New Social Order, Macmillan, 1919.
XXVI-18	See H. A. Atkinson, The Church and the People’s Play, Pilgrim Press, 1915.
XXVI-19	See John Ryan, Distributive Justice, Macmillan, 1910; and Social Reconstruction, Macmillan, 1920.
XXVI-20	See Charles Stelzle, The Workingman and Social Problems, Revell, 1903.
XXVI-21	See Religion in Social Action, Dodd, Mead, 1913.
XXVI-22	Christianity and the Social Crisis, supra, p. xiii.
XXVI-23	Ibid., p. 145.
XXVI-24	Ibid., p. 147.
XXVI-25	Ibid., p. 149.
XXVI-26	Ibid., pp. 201 ff.
XXVI-27	Ibid., p. 33.
XXVI-28	Ibid., p. 91.
XXVI-29	Ibid., p. 74.
XXVI-30	Ibid., p. 342.
XXVI-31	Ibid., p. 386.
XXVI-32	Christianizing the Social Order, p. 1.
XXVI-33	Ibid., p. 2.
XXVI-34	Ibid., p. 125.
XXVI-35	Ibid., p. 320.
XXVI-36	Ibid., pp. 113, 114.
XXVI-37	Ibid., pp. 121, 122.
XXVI-38	A Theology for a Social Gospel, pp. 4, 5, 48.
XXVI-39	Ibid., p. 182.
XXVI-40	“Social Reconstruction,” Nat’l Catholic War Council, Washington, 1919, p. 22.
XXVI-41	Loc. cit.
XXVI-42	Ibid., p. 24.
XXVI-43	Ward, The New Social Order, p. 74.
XXVI-44	Ibid., p. 112.
XXVI-45	Ibid., p. 114.
XXVI-46	Ibid., p. 121.
XXVI-47	Ibid., p. 125.
XXVI-48	Loc. cit.
XXVI-49	Ibid.
XXVI-50	Ibid., p. 143.
XXVI-51	Ibid., p. 159.
XXVI-52	Ibid., p. 287.
XXVI-53	Ibid., p. 363.
XXVI-54	Ibid., p. 21.
XXVI-55	Ibid., p. 25.
XXVI-56	Coe, Psychology of Religion, University of Chicago Press, 1916, p. xiv.
XXVI-57	Coe, A Social Theory of Religious Education, Scribner, 1917, pp. 59, 58.
CHAPTER XXVII
XXVII-1	De Greef, Introduction a la Sociologie, Paris, 1911, T. I., pp. 189, 202.
XXVII-2	General Sociology, pp. 718 ff.
XXVII-3	Ibid., p. 442.
CHAPTER XXVIII
XXVIII-1	Blackmar and Gillin’s Outlines of Sociology is one of the best textbooks in sociology.