Bibliography (of References Cited.)
I — General Works
Addis and Arnold: Catholic Dictionary, 2nd edit. London, 1884.
Bailly: Histoire de l’Astronomie Moderne depuis la Fondation de l’Ecole d’Alexandrie, jusqu’ a l’Epoque de 1730. 3 vol. Paris, 1785.
Berry, Arthur: Short History of Astronomy. New York, 1912.
Cajori, Florian: The Teaching and History of Mathematics in the United States. Washington, 1890. (Bureau of Education, No. 3.)
Delambre, J.B.J.: Histoire de l’Astronomie Ancienne. Paris, 1817.
——: Histoire de l’Astronomie du Moyen Age. Paris, 1819.
——: Histoire de l’Astronomie Moderne. Paris, 1821.
De Morgan, Augustus: A Book of Paradoxes. 2 vol. 2nd edit. ed. by David Eugene Smith. Chicago, 1915.
Di Bruno, Joseph Faà: Catholic Belief, or a short and simple exposition of Catholic Doctrine. Author’s American edit. 375th thousand. New York, [1912.]
Jacoby, Harold: Astronomy, a Popular Handbook. New York, 1913.
Janssen, J.: History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages. Trans. by Mitchell and Christie. 2 vol. St. Louis, no date.
Lecky, Wm. E. Hartpole: History of England in the 18th Century. 8 vol. New edit. New York, 1892.
Libri, C.: Histoire des Sciences Mathématiques en Italie depuis la Renaissance des Lettres. 2me édit. 4 vol. Halle, 1865.
Milman, Henry H.: History of Latin Christianity. 8 vol. in 4. New York, 1899.
Owen, John: The Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance. 2nd edit. New York, 1893.
Peignot, G.: Dictionnaire Critique Littéraire et Bibliographique des Principaux Livres Condamnés au Feu, Supprimés on Censurés. 2 vol. Paris, 1806.
Putnam, George Haven: The Censorship of the Church of Rome. 2 vol. New York, 1907.
Rashdall, Hastings: Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. 2 vol. Oxford, 1895.
Smith, David Eugene: Rara Arithmetica. Boston, 1908.
Snyder, Carl: The World Machine: The Cosmic Mechanism. London, 1907.
Stephen, Leslie: History of English Thought in the 18th Century. 2 vol. 3rd edit. New York, 1902.
Taylor, Henry Osborne: The Mediæval Mind. 2nd edit. London, 1914.
Walsh, J.J.: Catholic Churchmen in Science. 2nd series. Philadelphia, 1909.
——: The Popes and Science. Knights of Columbus edit. New York, 1911.
Wegg-Prosser, F.R.: Galileo and his Judges. London. 1889.
Whewell, William: History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time. New edit. revised. 3 vol. London, 1847.
White, Andrew D.: History of the Welfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. 2 vol. New York, 1898.
Windle, B.C.A.: A Century of Scientific Thought and Other Essays. London, 1915.
Young, Charles: Manual of Astronomy. Boston, 1902.
II — Special Works
Allaben, Frank: John Watts de Peyster. 2 vol. New York, 1908.
——: see De Peyster.
Anon: Galileo—The Roman Inquisition: A Defence of the Catholic Church from the Charge of having persecuted Galileo for his philosophical opinions. Reprinted from the Dublin Review with an introduction by an “American Catholic.” Cincinnati, 1844.
Baudrillart, Henri: Jean Bodin et son Temps: Tableau des Théories Politiques et des Idées Economiques au 16me siècle. Paris, 1853.
Bartholmèss, Christian: Jordano Bruno. 2 vol. Paris, 1846.
Berti, Domenico: Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nola. Turin, 1868.
Bertrand, M.J.: Copernic et ses Travaux (Fév. 1864) in Mémoires sur les Mathématiques.
——: Le Procès de Galilée (Oct. 1877), in Eloges Académiques, nouvelle série. Paris, 1902.
——: Notice sur la Vie et les Travaux de Kepler. (Dec. 1863) in Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, XXXV. Paris, 1866.
Betten, Francis S. (S.J.): The Roman Index of Forbidden Books briefly explained for Catholic Booklovers and Students. 4th edit. enlarged. St. Louis, 1915.
Beyersdorf, Robert: Giordano Bruno und Shakespeare. Leipsic, 1889.
Blavatsky, H.P.: The Secret Doctrine. 2 vol. Point Loma, Cal., 1909.
Brewster, David: Martyrs of Science: Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe and Kepler. London, 1874.
Bridges, J.H.: Tycho Brahe, in Contemp. Rev.: 81: 196-213 (Feb. 1902).
Brinton, Daniel G. and Davidson, Thomas: Giordano Bruno, Philosopher and Martyr. Philadelphia, 1890.
Burckhardt, F.: Zur Erinnerungaan Tycho Brahe. Vortrag 23, Oct. 1901, in den Naturforschen der Gesellschaft in Basel. Vol. 13, Basel, 1901.
Chasles, Philarète: Galilei, sa vie, son procès et ses contemporains. Paris, 1862.
Conway, Bertrand L. (C.S.P.): The Condemnation of Galileo. Pamphlet. New York, 1913.
Cumont, Franz: Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. New York, 1912.
Davidson: see Brinton.
De l’Epinois, Henri: Galilée, son procès, sa condemnation, d’après des documents inédits, in Revue des Quest. Hist., III, 68-145. Paris, 1867.
Desdouits, Théophile: La Légende Tragique de Jordano Bruno. Paris, 1885.
Dreyer, J.L.E.: Tycho Brahe: A Picture of Scientific Life and Work in the 16th Century. Edinburgh, 1890.
Eastman, Charles R.: Earliest Predecessors of Copernicus, in Pop. Sci. LVIII: 323-327 (April, 1906).
Fahie, J.J.: Galileo, his Life and Work. London, 1903.
Flammarion, Camille: Vie de Copernic et Histoire de la Découverte du Système du Monde. Paris, 1872.
Frisch: Vita Joannis Kepler in Opera Omnia Kepleri. VIII, 668-1028.
Frith, I.: Life of Giordano Bruno the Nolan. London, 1887.
Graux, Charles: L’Université de Salamanque in Notices Bibliographiques. Paris, 1884.
Haldane, Elizabeth S.: Descartes, his Life and Times. London, 1905.
Heath, Thomas L.: Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus. Oxford, 1913.
Holden, E.S.: Copernicus in Pop. Sci. LXV: 109-131 (June, 1904.)
La Fuente, (Vicente de): Historia de las Universidades... de España. 2 vol. 1884.
Martin, Henri T.: Galilée, les Droits de la Science et la Méthode des Sciences Physiques. Paris, 1868.
McIntyre, J. Lewis: Giordano Bruno. London, 1903.
Monchamp, Georges: Galilée et la Belgique, Essai Historique sur les Vicissitudes du Système du Copernic en Belgique. Saint-Trond, 1892.
Parchappe, Max: Galilée, sa Vie, ses Découvertes et ses Travaux. Paris, 1866.
Prowe, Leopold: Nicolaus Coppernicus, 3 vol.: I and II, Biography, 1883; III, Sources, 1884. Berlin.
R——: Beitrage zur Beantwortung der Frage nach der Nationalität des Nicolaus Copernicus. Pamphlet. Breslau, 1872.
Reusch, F.H.: Der Process Galilei’s und Die Jesuiten. Bonn, 1879.
Robinson, James Howard: The Great Comet of 1680: A Study in the History of Rationalism. Northfield, Minn., 1916.
Schiaparelli, G.V.: Die Vorlaufer des Copernicus im Alterthum, trans. by M. Curtze. Leipsic, 1876.
——: Studj Cosmologici: Opinioni e Ricerche degli Antichi sulle Distance e sulle Grandezze dei Corpi Celesti. Pamphlet. 1865.
Schwilgué, Charles: Description Abregée de l’Horloge Astronomique de la Cathédrale de Strasbourg, 6me édit. Strasbourg, 1856.
Shields, Charles W.: The Final Philosophy. New York, 1877.
Small, Robert: Account of the Astronomical Discoveries of Kepler,—including an historical review of the Systems which had successively prevailed before his time. London, 1804.
Thayer, William Roscoe: Throne-Makers. New York, 1899. Pp. 252-308: Giordano Bruno: his Trial, Opinions and Death.
Walsh, J.J.: An Early Allusion to Accurate Methods in Diagnosis. Pamphlet. 1909.
Warren, William F.: The Earliest Cosmologies. New York, 1909.
Vaughan, Roger Bede: Life and Labours of S. Thomas of Aquin. 2 vol. London, 1871.
Von Gebler, Karl: Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia, trans. by Mrs. Sturge. London, 1879.
Ziegler, Alexander: Regiomontanus, ein geistiger Vorlaufer des Columbus. Dresden. 1874.
III — Sources
A: Pre-Copernican (Chapters I and II)
Archimedes: Arenarius, vol. II in Opera Omnia ed. Heiberg, Leipsic, 1781.
Aquinas, Thomas: Summa Theologica, vol. V in Opera Omnia... cum commentariis... Caietani.... Rome, 1889.
Aristotle: De Mundo, vol. III in Opera Omnia. Paris, 1854.
Augustine: De Civitate Dei, vol. XLI in Migne: Patr. Lat. (Cf. trans. in vol. II in Nicene and Post-Nicene Christian Library. New York, 1903.)
——: De Genesi, vol. XXXIV in Migne: Pair. Lat.
Bacon, Roger: Opus Tertium, vol. I in Opera Quædam Hactenus Inedita, ed. by Brewer. London, 1859.
Capella, Martianus: De Nuptiis Philologiæ et Mercurii et de Septem Artibus Liberalibus, libri novem. Ed. by Kopp. Frankfort, 1836.
Cicero: Academica, ed. by J.S. Reid, London, 1885. (Cf. trans. by Yonge in Bohn Classical Library, London, 1902.)
Clement of Alexander: Stromatum, vol. III in Opera Omnia, Leipsic, 1834 (Cf. trans. by Williams, vol. II in Writings, Edinburgh, 1869.)
Cusanus, Nicolaus: De Docta Ignorantia, and Sermones, in Opera. Basle, [1565.]
Diogenes Laërtius: De Clarorum Philosophorum Vitis, ed. Cobet. Paris, 1878. (Cf. trans. by Yonge in Bohn Classical Library, London, 1909.)
St. Dionysius the Areopagite: De Cœlesti Ierarchia, vol. CXXII in Migne: Patr. Lat.
St. Isidore: De Ordine Creaturarum, vol. LXXXIII in Migne: Patr. Lat.
Lactantius: Divinarum Institutionum, vol. VI in Migne: Patr. Lat. (Cf. trans. by Fletcher, vol. XXI in Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Edinburgh, 1871.)
Lombard, Peter: Sententiæ, vol. CXCII in Migne: Patr. Lat.
Origen: De Principiis, vol. XI in Migne: Patr. Græc. (Cf. trans. vol. X in Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Edinburgh, 1869.)
St. Philastrius: De Hæeresibus, vol. XII in Migne: Patr. Lat.
Philo Judæus: De Mundi Creatione (vol. I), and Quis Rerum Divinarum Hæres (vol. IV) in Opera Omnia, Erlangæ, 1820. (Cf. trans. by Yonge, London, 1854.)
Plato: Timæus, vol. IV in Opera ed. Burnet, Oxford, [1905.] (Cf. trans. by Jowett, vol. III of Dialogues, 3rd edit. revised. New York, 1892).
Plutarch: Moralia, ed. Bernardakis, Teubner, Leipsic, 1893. (Cf. trans. ed. by Goodwin, Boston, 1898.)
Ptolemy, Claudius: Syntaxis Mathematica, vol. I in Opera Quæ Supersunt Omnia, 3 vol., Teubner, Leipsic, 1898. (Cf. trans. into French by Halma, 2 vol., Paris, 1813.)
Sacro Bosco: Libellus de Sphæra, Venice, 1488; Wittenberg, [1537]; Wittenberg, 1545; Paris, 1564; Venice, 1574; Wittenberg, 1578.
Scotus, Joannus: Depositiones super Ierarchias sancti Dionysii, vol. CXXII in Migne: Patr. Lat.
Seneca: Naturalium Quæstionum Libros VIII, ed. Gercke, vol. II in Opera quæ supersunt, Teubner, Leipsic, 1907. (Cf. trans. by Clarke, London, 1910.)
Vitruvius: De Architectura Libri Decem, Teubner, Leipsic, 1867. (Cf. trans. by Gwilt, London, 1880.)
B: Copernican and Post-Copernican
Addison, Joseph: The Spectator, No. 420, vol. IV in Works. New edit. with notes. 6 vol. London, 1811.
Agricola, Georgius Ludovicus: De Systemate Mundi Copernico, Disputatio Astronomica. Pamphlet. Wittenberg, 1665.
Allaben, see Schoepffer.
“Anglo-American”: Copernicus Refuted: or the True Solar System. Pamphlet. Baltimore, 1846.
Bacon, Francis: Philosophical Works. Reprinted from texts and translations of Ellis and Spedding, ed. by Robertson. London, 1905.
Barocio, Francisco: Cosmographia in quatuor libros. Venice, 1585.
Bayle, Pierre: Système Abregé de Philosophie, vol. III in Oeuvres Diverses. 4 vol. The Hague, 1731.
Bodin, Jean: Universæ Naturæ Theatrum in quo rerum omnium effectrices causa et fines contemplantur et continuæ series quinque libris discutiuntur. Frankfort, 1597.
——: Universæ Naturæ Theatrum, trans. into French by François de Fougerolles. Lyons, 1597.
Boscovich, Rogerio Josepho (S.J.): De Determinanda Orbita Planetæ ope catoptricæ. Rome, 1749.
——: Opera Pertinentia ad Opticam et Astronomiam. 5 vol. Bassan, 1785.
Bottrigaro, Hercole: Trattato della Descrittone della Sfera Celeste in Piano di Cl. Tolomeo Tradotto in parlare Italiano. Bologna, 1572.
Brahe, Tychonis: Opera Omnia, sive Astronomiæ Instauratæ Progymnasmata. Frankfort, 1648.
Browne, Thomas: Pseudodoxia Epidemica in Works, ed. by S. Wilkins. 3 vol. London, 1852.
Bruno, Giordano: De Immenso et Innumerabilis, in Opera Latina Conscripta, ed. by Fiorentino. Naples, 1884.
——: La Cena de le Ceneri, in Opere Italiane, ed. by Gentile. Bari, 1907.
Burnet, Thomas: The Sacred Theory of the Earth. 5th Edit., 2 vol. London, 1722.
Burton, Richard: Anatomy of Melancholy. 13th edit. corrected, 2 vol. London, 1827.
Calvin, Jean: Commentaria in Opera Omnia in Corpus Reformatorum, vol. LIX. Brunswick, 1887.
——: Traité ou Avertissement contre l’Astrologie qu’on appelle Judiciaire et autre curiosités qui regnent aujourd’hui au monde, in Oeuvres François, ed. by P.L. Jacob. Paris, 1842.
Canevari, Petro, Giovannelli, Andrea, Giovannelli, Benedicto: De Observationibus Astronomicis. Dissertatio habita in Seminario Romano. Rome, 1742.
Cassini, G.D.: De l’Origine et du Progrès de l’Astronomie et de son usage dans la Géographie et dans la Navigation, in Recueil d’Observations faites en plusieurs voyages par ordre de sa majesté pour perfectionner l’Astronomie et la Géographie, par MM. de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Paris, 1693.
Cavalieri, Bonaventura: Sfera Astronomica, Lettore primario delle Matematiche nello studio di Bologna... cavate da MS. dell’Autore da Antonio Manari. Rome, 1690.
Copernicus, Nicolas: De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium, Libri sex. Nürnberg, 1543.
——: Astronomia Instaurata, Libris sex comprehensa, qui De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium, inscribuntur. Nunc demum post 75 ab obitu authoris annum integritati suæ restituta, notisque illustrata, opera et studio Nicolai Mulerii. Amsterdam, 1617.
——: De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium. Libri Sex. Accedit G.J. Rhetici Narratio Prima, cum Copernici nonnullis Scriptis minoribus nunc primum collectis, ejusque vita. (In Latin and Polish). Warsaw, 1854.
——: De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium, Libri Sex, with Rheticus, George Joachim: Narratio Prima. Thorn, 1873.
——: see also vol. III, Sources, of Prowe: Nicolaus Coppernicus.
Cromer, Martin: De Origine et Rebus Gestibus Polonorum Libri XXX. Tertium ab authore diligenter recogniti. Basel, 1568.
——: Poloniæ, in Res Publicæ sive Status Regni Poloniæ, Lituanæ, Prussiæ, Livoniæ, etc. Diversorum Autorum. Lugd: Batavorum, 1642.
DuBartas, W. deSaluste: The Divine Weeks, trans. by Josuah Sylvester, (1501) ed. by T.W. Haight. Waukesha, Wis. 1908.
De Brisbar, J.: Calendrier Historique... avec un Traité Historique de la Sphère. 2me édit. Leyden, 1697.
De Maupertius: Eléments de Géographie, in Ouvrages Divers. Amsterdam, 1744.
De Premontval, Mme.: Le Méchaniste Philosophe, Mémoir... de la Vie et des Ouvrages du Sr. Jean Piegeon, mathématicien, Membre de la Société des arts, Auteur des premières Sphères mouvantes qui ayent été faites en France, selon l’hypothèse de Copernic. The Hague, 1750.
DePeyster, J.W., Allaben, F.: Algol: The “Ghoul” or “Demon” Star, a Supplement to “The Earth Stands Fast.” Pamphlet. New York, 1900.
Descartes, Réné: Les Principes de la Philosophie, vol. III in Oeuvres ed. by Cousin. II vol. Paris, 1824.
Di Gallo, Marco Antonio Giovanni Gianesimi: Opinione sopra il movimento della Terra e degli Astri. Pamphlet. Bassano, 1771.
Dobell, John (ed.): Hymns. No title-page. Preface dated England, 1806.
Favaro, Antonio: Galileo e l’Inquisizione, Documenti de Processo Galileiano... per la prima volta integralmente pubblicati. Florence, 1907.
Fénelon, F. de S. de la Mothe: Traité de l’existence et des attributs de Dieu, in vol. I, Oeuvres. 3 vol. Paris, 1835.
Ferramosca, Aegidius Leognanus: Positiones suas Physioastronomicas De Sphæra Cœlesti publice Demonstrandas et Propugnandis in Collegio Neapolitano Soc. Jesu. Naples, 1682.
Fienus, Thomas, Fromundus, Liberti: De Cometa Anni 1618, Dissertationes. Ejusdem Thomæ Fieni Epistolica quæstio, An Verum sit Cœlum moveri, et Terram quiescere? London, 1655. Bound with Fromundus: Meteorologicorum.
Fienus, Thomas: Epistolica quæstio. See above.
Fontana, Cajetano: Institutio Physico-Astronomica. Mutinæ, 1695.
Forbes, Duncan: A Letter to a Bishop concerning some important Discoveries in Philosophy and Theology, in Works. Dublin, 1755.
Foscarini, Paolo Antonio: An Epistle Concerning the Pythagorian and Copernican Opinion of the Mobility of the Earth and Stability of the Sun... in which the Authorities of Sacred Scriptures... are reconciled. Written to the Most Reverend Father Sebastiano Fontoni, General of the Order of Carmelites, Jan., 1615, Naples, in Salusbury: Math. Coll., q.v.
Fromondus, Liberti: Ant-Aristarchus sive Orbis-Terræ Immobilis: Liber Unicus in quo decretum S. Congregationis S.R.E. Cardinal, an 1616 adversus Pythagorico-Copernicanos editum defenditur. Antwerp, 1631.
——: Meteorologicorum Libri Sex. Cui accessit in hac ultima Editione Thomæ Fieni et Lib. Fromondi Dissertationes de Cometa Anni 1618, et Clarorum Virorum Judicia De Pluvia Purpurea Bruxelliensis. London, 1656.
——: Vesta, sive Ant-Aristarchi vindex adversus Iac. Lansbergium... in quo Decretum... 1616 et alterum anno adversus Copernicanos terræ motores editum, iterum defenditur. Antwerp, 1634. See also Fienus.
Gadbury, John and Timothy: George Hartgill’s Astronomical Tables. London, 1656.
Galilei, Galileo: Opere, Edizione Nazionale, ed. by Favaro. 20 vol. Florence, 1890-1909.
——: Dialogo sopra i due Massimi sistemi del Monde, Tolemaico, e Copernicano. Florence, 1632. Trans. in Salusbury: Math. Coll., q.v.
——: Lettera a Madama Cristina di Lorena, Granduchessa di Toscana, in vol. V, Opere; trans. in Salusbury: Math. Coll., q.v.
——: Sidereus Nuncius... atque Medicea Sidera, in vol. III, Opere.
Accusation, Condemnation and Abjuration of Galileo Galilei before the Holy Inquisition at Rome, 1633. Pamphlet. London, 1819. See also Favaro.
Gassendi, Petro: Institutio Astronomica juxta Hypothesis quam Veterum quam Copernici ac Tychonis. 3rd edit. Hagæ-Comitum, 1656.
——: Institutio Astronomica.... 5th edit. London, 1675.
——: Institutio Astronomica juxta Hypothesis Tam Veterum quam Recentiorum Cui accesserunt Galileo Galilei; Nuncius Sidereus, et Johannis Kepleri: Dioptrice. 3rd edit. corrected. London, 1683.
——: Vita Tychonis Brahei, Equitis Dani, Astrononum Coryphæi., 2nd edit. corrected. Hagæ-Comitum, 1655.
George, Earl of Macclesfield: Speech in the House of Peers, Mar. 18, 1750. Pamphlet. London, 1751.
Gilbert, William: De Magnete, Magnetis qui corporibus, et de magno magnete tellure Physilogia nova. London, 1600, reprinted Berlin 1892. Trans. by P.F. Mottelay, New York, 1893.
Herbert, George: Man, in English Works ed. by G.H. Palmer, Boston, 1905.
Horne, George: Commentary on Book of Psalms. 2 vol. Oxford, 1784.
——: A Fair, Candid and Impartial State of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinson. Pamphlet. Oxford, 1753.
Hutchinson, John: Moses’s Principia. London, 1724.
Huygens, Christian: The Celestial Worlds discover’d. Trans. from the Latin. London, 1698.
——: Nouveau Traité de la Pluralité des Mondes... traduit du Latin en François par M.D. Amsterdam, 1718.
Index Librorum Prohibitorum... usque 1681, (appendix to June, 1704). Rome, 1704.
—— usque 1711. Rome, 1711.
—— usque 1744. Rome, 1744.
—— usque 1752. Rome, 1752.
—— Benedicti XIV. Rome, 1758.
—— Pii Sexti. Rome, 1786.
—— Pii Septimi. Rome, 1819.
—— editum 1835. Mechlin, 1838.
—— Gregorii XVI. Rome, 1841.
—— Leonis XIII recognitus Pii X. 3rd edit. Rome, 1911.
Justus-Lipsius: Physiologiæ Stoicorum, vol. IV, in Opera Omnia, 4 vols. Vesaliæ, 1674.
Keble, John: Christian Year. Ed. by Lock. London, 1895.
Keill, John: Introductio ad Veram Astronomiam, seu Lectiones Astronomicæ habitæ in Schola Astronomica Academiæ Oxoniensis. Oxford, 1718.
Kepler, Joannis: Opera Omnia, edidit Frisch. 8 vol. Frankfort a.M. 1858-1871.
——: Abstract of the “Introduction Upon Mars”, trans. in Salusbury: Math. Coll., q.v.
——: Tabulæ Rudolphinæ... a Phœnice illo Astronomorum Tychone... primum concepta... 1564... observatioribus siderum... post annum præcipue 1572... Traducta in Germaniam... 1598. Tabulas ipsas... jussu et stipendiis... Imp. Rudolphi. Ulm, 1627.
Kircher, Athanasius (S.J.): Iter Exstaticum Cœleste, enlarged by Gaspare Schotto, S.J. Herbipoli, 1671.
Kromer, see Cromer.
La Galla, Julius Cæsar: De Phœnomenis in Orbe Lunæ Novi Telescopii usu a Gallileo Gallileo. Physica Disputatio. Venice, 1612.
Lambert: Système du Monde. 2me édit. Berlin, 1784.
Lange, J.R.L.: The Copernican System: The Greatest Absurdity in the History of Human Thought. No place, 1901.
Leadbetter, Charles: Astronomy of the Satellites of the Earth, Jupiter and Saturn, grounded upon Sir Isaac Newton’s Theory of the Earth’s Satellites. London, 1729.
Longomontanus, Christianus: Astronomica Danica. Amsterdam, 1640.
Luther, Martin: Tischreden oder Colloquia, ed. by Forstemann. 4 vol. Leipsic, 1846.
Mather, Cotton: The Christian Philosopher, a Collection of the Best Discoveries in Nature with Religious Improvements. London, 1721.
Melancthon, Philip: Initia Doctrinæ Physicæ, 2nd edit. Wittenberg, 1585.
Milton, John: Areopagitica, ed. by Hales. Oxford, 1904.
——: Paradise Lost, in Complete Poetical Works, ed. by Beeching. London, 1911.
Montaigne, Michel E. de: Apologie of Raymond Sebonde, vol. II in Essayes, trans. by Florio. 3 vol. London, 1908.
Moxon, Joseph: A Tutor to Astronomie and Geographie, or an Easie and Speedy Way to know the use of both the Globes, Celestial and Terrestrial. 2nd edit. London, 1670.
Mulerius, Nicolaus: Tabulæ Friscæ Lunæ-Solares quadruplices è fontibus Cl. Ptolemæi, Regis Alfonsi, Nic. Copernici et Tychonis Brahe. Amsterdam, 1611.
Piccioli, Gregorio: La Scienza dei Cieli e dei Corpi Celesti, e loro meravigliosa Posizione, Moto, e Grandezza: Epilogata colle sue Figure quattro più famosi Sistemi dell’Universo Tolemaico, Copernicano, Ticonico, e Novissimo. Colla patente Dimostrazione della quieta di nostra Terra, e che poco più, o meno ci apparisce ella oggidi nella sua superfizie tal quale era avanti l’Universal Diluvio. Verona, 1741.
Pike, Samuel: Philosophica Sacra: or the Principles of Natural Philosophy extracted from Divine Revelation. London, 1753.
Pluche: Histoire du Ciel considéré selon les idées des Poêtes, des Philosophes et de Moïse. 2 vol. Paris, 1739.
Pope, Alexander: Letter in vol. VI, Works, new edit. by Croker and Elwin. London, 1871.
Record, Robert: The Castle of Knowledge. 3rd edit. London, 1596.
Reisch, Gregorius: Margarita Filosofica... trans. into Italian by Gallucci. Venice, 1599.
Rheticus, Georgius Joachim: De Libris Revolutionum ad Joannem Schönerum Narratio Prima, 1539, in Copernicus: De Revolutionibus, Thorn, 1873.
Riccioli, Giovanni Baptista (S.J.): Almagestum Novum, Astronomiam veterem novamque completens Observationibus Aliorum et Propriis, Novisque Theorematibus, Problematibus ac Tabulis promotam. 2 vol. Bologna, 1651.
——: Apologia pro Argumento Physicomathematico contra Systema Copernicanum adiecto contra illud Novo Argumento ex Reflexo motu Gravium Decidentium. Venice, 1669.
Spooner, W.W.: Great Copernican Myth; a Review of Algol by de Peyster and Allaben. Pamphlet. Tivoli, N.Y., 1901.
Salusbury, Thomas: Mathematical Collections and Translations, first tome. London, 1661.
Schoepffer, C.: The Earth Stands Fast, trans. for and ed. by J.W. de Peyster with notes and Supplement by Frank Allaben. Pamphlet. New York, 1900.
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Sindico, Pierre: Refutation du Système de Copernic exposé en dix-sept lettres qui été adressées à feu M. Le Verrier. Paris, 1878.
Spagnio, Andrea: De Motu. Rome, 1774.
Tischner, August: Le Système Solaire se Mouvant. Pamphlet. Leipsic, 1894.
Toland, John: Miscellaneous Works. 2 vol. London, 1747.
Vitali, Hieronymo: Lexicon Mathematicum. Rome, 1690.
Voight, Johann-Henrich: Der Kunstgünstigen Einfalt Mathematischer Raritäten Erstes Hundert: Allen Kunstgünstigen zum lustigen und nutzbaren Gebrauch mit Fleiss und Mühe zusammen geordnet und furgetragen. Hamburg, 1668.
Wesley, John: Sermon, vol. VII in Works. 5th edit. 14 vol. London, 1860.
——: Survey of the Wisdom of God in the Creation, or a Compendium of Natural Philosophy. 3 vol. in 2. 2nd edit. Bristol, 1770.
Whiston, William: A New Theory of the Earth. 4th edit. London, 1725.
Wilkins, G.: The First Book: The Discovery of a New World. 3rd edit. London, 1640.
——: The Second Book: Discourse concerning a New Planet, that ’tis probable our Earth is one of the planets. London, 1640. (Bound with First Book.)
“W.R.”: The New Astronomer, or Astronomy made easy by such instruments that readily shew by Observation the Stars.... London, 1735.
Footnotes
1 The earliest observation Ptolemy uses is an Egyptian one of an eclipse occurring March 21, 721 B.C. (Cumont: 7). [In these references, the Roman numerals refer to the volume, the Arabic to the page, except as stated otherwise. The full title is given in the bibliography at the back under the author’s name.]
2 Warren: 40. See “Calendar” in Hastings: Ency. of Religion and Ethics.
3 For a summary of recent researches, see the preface of Heath: Aristarchus of Samos. For further details, see Heath: Op. cit., and the writings of Kugler and Schiaparelli.
4 See Plutarch: Moralia: De placitas Philosophorum, Lib. I et II, (V. 264-277, 296-316).
5 Diogenes Laërtius: De Vitis, Lib. IX, c. 3 (252).
6 Plato: Timæus, sec. 39 (III, 459 in Jowett’s translation).
7 Aristotle: De Mundo, c. 2 et 6 (III, 628 and 636).
8 Plutarch: Op. cit., Lib. III, c. 2 (V, 303-4).
9 Diogenes Laërtius: De Vitis, Lib. VIII, c. 1, et 8 (205, 225).
10 Diogenes: Op. cit., Lib. VIII, c. 7 (225).
11 Cicero: Academica, Lib. II, c. 39 (322).
12 Plutarch: Op. cit., Lib. II (V. 299-300).
13 Archimedes: Arenarius, c. 1. Delambre: Astr. Anc., I, 102.
14 This is the only account of his system. Even the age in which he flourished is so little known that there have been many disputes whether he was the original inventor of this system or followed some other. He was probably a contemporary of Cleanthes the Stoic in the 3rd century B.C. He is mentioned also by Ptolemy, Diogenes Laërtius and Vitruvius. (Schiaparelli: Die Vorlaufer des Copernicus im Alterthum, 75. See also Heath: Op. cit.)
15 Plutarch: Op. cit.: Bk. III, c. 2 (V, 317-318).
16 The Stoic contemporary of Aristarchus, author of the famous Stoic hymn. See Diogenes Laërtius: De Vitis.
17 Plutarch: De Facie in Orbe Lunæ, (V, 410).
18 Young: 109.
19 Milton: Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII, ll. 82-85.
20 Vitruvius: De Architectura, Lib. IX, c. 4 (220).
21 Martianus Capella: De Nuptiis, Lib. VIII, (668).
22 Ptolemy: Almagest, Lib. I, c. 7, (1, 21-25). Translated in Appendix B.
23 Whewell: I, 239.
24 Whewell: I, 294.
25 Berry: 79.
26 His book De Motu Stellarum, translated into Latin by Plato Tiburtinus (fl. 1116) was published at Nuremberg (1557) by Melancthon with annotations by Regiomontanus. Ency. Brit. 11th. Edit.
27 Vaughan: I, 281.
28 Graux: 318.
29 Graux: 319.
30 Rashdall: II, pt. I, 77.
31 Dict. of Nat. Biog.
32 MSS. of it are extremely numerous. It was the second astronomical book to be printed, the first edition appearing at Ferrara in 1472. 65 editions appeared before 1647. It was translated into Italian, French, German, and Spanish, and had many commentators. Dict. of Nat. Biog.
33 Whewell: I, 277.
34 Blavatski: II, 29, note.
35 Philo Judæus: Quis Rerum Divinarum Hæres. (IV, 7).
36 Clement of Alexandria: Stromatum, Lib. V, c. 14, (III, 67).
37 Origen: De Principiis, Lib. I, c. 7, (XI, 171).
38 Lactantius: Divinarum Institutionum, Lib. III, c. 3 (VI, 355).
39 Ibid: Lib. III, c. 24, (VI, 425-428).
40 Taylor: Mediæval Mind, I, 74.
41 By the will of God the earth remains motionless and stands throughout the age.
42 Augustine: De Civitate Dei, Lib. XVI, c. 9, (41, p. 437).
43 Augustine: De Genesi, II, c. 9, (v. 34, p. 270). (White’s translation).
44 Augustine: Civitate Dei, Lib. V, c. 5, (v. 41, p. 145).
45 Philastrius: De Hæresibus, c. 133, (v. 12, p. 1264).
46 Pseudo-Dionysius: De Cœlesti Ierarchia, (v. 122, p. 10354).
47 Milman: VIII, p. 228-9. See the Paradiso.
48 Isidore of Seville: De Ordine Creaturarum, c. 5, sec. 3, (v. 83, p. 923).
49 Lombard: Sententia, Bk. II, Dist. I, sec. 8, (v. 192, p. 655).
50 Aquinas: Summa Theologica, pt. I, qu. 70, art. 2. (Op. Om. Caietani, V, 179).
51 Roger Bacon: Opus Tertium, 295, 30-31.
52 Ibid: 289.
53 Ibid: 282.
54 Delambre: Moyen Age, 365.
55 Prowe: II, 67-70.
56 Delambre: Moyen Age, 262-272.
57 Delambre: Moyen Age, 272.
58 It has been claimed that Regiomontanus knew of the earth’s motion around the sun a hundred years before Copernicus; but a German writer has definitely disproved this claim by tracing it to its source in Schöner’s Opusculum Geographicum (1553) which states only that he believed in the earth’s axial rotation. Ziegler: 62.
59 Ibid: 62.
60 Delambre: Op. cit.: 365.
61 Janssen: Hist. of Ger., I, 5.
62 Cath. Ency.: “Cusanus.”
63 From Cues near Treves.
64 Cusanus: De Docta Ignorantia, Bk. II, c. 11-12: “Centrum igitur mundi, coincideret cum circumferentiam, nam si centrum haberet et circumferentiam, et sic intra se haberet suum initium et finem et esset ad aliquid aliud ipse mundus terminatus, et extra mundum esset aluid et locus, quæ omnia veritate carent. Cum igitur non sit possibile, mundum claudi intra centrum corporale et circumferentiam, non intelligitur mundus, cuius centrum et circumferentia sunt Deus: et cum hic non sit mundus infinitus, tamen non potest concipi finitus, cum terminis careat, intra quos claudatur. Terra igitur, quæ centrum esse nequit, motu omni carere non potest, nam eam moveri taliter etiam necesse est, quod per infinitum minus moveri posset. Sicut igitur terra non est centram mundi.... Unde licet terra quasi stella sit, propinquior polo centrali, tamen movetur, et non describit minimum circulum in motu, ut est ostensum.... Terræ igitur figura est mobilis et sphærica et eius motus circularis, sed perfectior esse posset. Et quia maximum in perfectionibus motibus, et figuris in mundo non est, ut ex iam dictis patent: tunc non est verum quod terra ista sit vilissima et infima, nam quamvis videatur centralior, quo’ad mundum, est tamen etiam, eadem ratione polo propinquior, ut est dictum.” (pp. 38-39).
65 Riccioli: Alm. Nov., II, 292.
66 Cusanus: Opera, 549: Excitationum, Lib. VII, ex sermone: Debitores sumus: “Est enim oratio, omnibus creaturis potentior. Nam angeli seu intelligentiæ, movent orbes, Solem et stellas: sed oratio potentior, quia impedit motum, sicut oratio Josuæ, fecit sistere Solem.”
67 Di Bruno: 284, 286a; Walsh: An Early Allusion, 2-3.
68 Nicolaus Coppernicus (Berlin, 1883-4; 3 vol.; Pt. I, Biography, Pt. II, Sources), by Dr. Leopold Prowe gives an exhaustive account of all the known details in regard to Copernicus collected from earlier biographers and tested most painstakingly by the documentary evidence Dr. Prowe and his fellow-workers unearthed during a lifetime devoted to this subject. (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.) The manuscript authority Dr. Prowe cites (Prowe: I, 19-27 and footnotes), requires the double p in Copernicus’s name, as Copernicus himself invariably used the two p’s in the Latinized form Coppernic without the termination us, and usually when this termination was added. Also official records and the letters from his friends usually give the double p; though the name is found in many variants—Koppernig, Copperinck, etc. His signatures in his books, his name in the letter he published in 1509, and the Latin form of it used by his friends all bear testimony to his use of the double p. But custom has for so many centuries sanctioned the simpler spelling, that it seems unwise not to conform in this instance to the time-honored usage.
69 Prowe: I, 85.
70 Ency. Brit.: “Thorn.”
71 Prowe: I, 47-53.
72 These facts would seem to justify the Poles today in claiming Copernicus as their fellow-countryman by right of his father’s nationality and that of his native city. Dr. Prowe, however, claims him as a “Prussian” both because of his long residence in the Prussian-Polish bishopric of Ermeland, and because of Copernicus’s own reference to Prussia as “unser lieber Vaterland.” (Prowe: II, 197.)
73 Prowe: I, 73-82.
74 Ibid: I, 111.
75 Ibid: I, 124-129.
76 Ibid: I, 137.
77 Ibid: I, 141-143.
78 Rheticus: Narratio Prima, 448 (Thorn edit.).
79 Prowe: I, 154.
80 Ibid: I, 169.
81 Ibid: I, 174.
82 Ibid: I, 175. This insured him an annual income which amounted to a sum equalling about $2250 today. Later he received a sinecure appointment besides at Breslau. (Holden in Pop. Sci., 111.)
83 Prowe: I, 224.
84 Ibid: I, 308.
85 Ibid: I, 240 and note. Little is known about him today, except that he was primarily an observer, and was highly esteemed by his immediate successors; see Gilbert: De Magnete.
86 Clerke in Ency. Brit., “Novara.”
87 Prowe: I, 249.
88 Prowe: I, 279.
89 Ibid, 294.
90 Ibid: I, 319.
91 Prowe: I, 335-380.
92 Ibid: II, 75-110, 116, 124.
93 Ibid: II, 204-8.
94 Ibid: II, 110.
95 Ibid: II, 144.
96 Ibid: II, 146.
97 Ibid: II, 293-319.
98 Ibid: II, 464-472.
99 Ibid: II, 170-187.
100 Holden in Pop. Sci., 109.
101 Prowe: II, 67-70.
102 Copernicus: De Revolutionibus, Thorn edit., 444. The last two words of the full title: De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium are not on the original MS. and are believed to have been added by Osiander. Prowe: II, 541, note.
103 Ibid: II, 490-1.
104 Copernicus: Dedication, 4. (Thorn edit.)
105 Prowe: II, 503-508.
106 Ibid: II, 64.
107 Ibid: II, 58-9.
108 Rheticus: Narratio Prima.
109 Prowe: II, 56.
110 Copernicus: Dedication, 5-6. See Appendix B.
111 For a translation of this dedication in full, see Appendix B.
In the original MS. occurs a reference (struck out) to Aristarchus of Samos as holding the theory of the earth’s motion. (Prowe: II, 507, note.) The finding of this passage proves that Copernicus had at least heard of Aristarchus, but his apparent indifference is the more strange since an account of his teaching occurs in the same book of Plutarch from which Copernicus learned about Philolaus. But the chief source of our knowledge about Aristarchus is through Archimedes, and the editio princeps of his works did not appear till 1544, a year after the death of Copernicus. C.R. Eastman in Pop. Sci. 68:325.
112 Delambre: Astr. Mod. pp. xi-xii.
113 As the earth moves, the position in the heavens of a fixed star seen from the earth should differ slightly from its position observed six months later when the earth is on the opposite side of its orbit. The distance to the fixed stars is so vast, however, that this final proof of the earth’s motion was not attained till 1838 when Bessel (1784-1846) observed stellar parallax from Königsberg. Berry: 123-24.
114 Commentariolus in Prowe: III, 202.
115 Holden in Pop. Sci., 117.
116 Delambre: Astr. Mod., p. xi.
117 Snyder: 165.
118 Copernicus: Dedication, 3.
119 Prowe: II, 362-7.
120 Ibid: II, 406.
121 Ibid: II, 501.
122 Ibid: II, 517-20.
123 Four other editions have since appeared; at Basel, 1566, Amsterdam 1617, Warsaw 1847, and Thorn 1873. For further details, see Prowe: II, 543-7, and Thorn edition pp. xii-xx. The edition cited in this study is the Thorn one of 1873.
124 Prowe: II, 553-4.
125 Copernicus: De Revolutionibus, I. “To the reader on the hypotheses of this book.”
126 “For it is not necessary that these hypotheses be true, nor even probable, but this alone is sufficient, if they show reasoning fitting the observations.”
127 Kepler: Apologia Tychonis contra Ursum in Op. Om.: I, 244-246.
128 Prowe: II, 251, note.
129 Ibid: II, 537-9.
130 Ibid: II, 273.
131 Ibid: II, 286-7.
132 A second copy was found at Upsala shortly afterwards, though for centuries its existence was unknown save for two slight references to such a book, one by Gemma Frisius, the other by Tycho Brahe. Prowe: II, 284.
133 Ibid: II, 273-4.
134 Prowe: II, 274, note.
135 Prowe: II, 426-440.
136 Ibid: II, 387-405.
137 Ibid: II, 391.
138 Holden in Pop. Sci., 119.
139 Prowe: II, 233-244.
140 Burckhardt: 8.
141 The two standard lives of Tycho Brahe are the Vita Tychonis Brahei by Gassendi (1655) till recently the sole source of information, and Dreyer’s Tycho Brahe (1890) based not only on Gassendi but on the documentary evidence disclosed by the researches of the 19th century. For Tycho’s works I have used the Opera Omnia published at Frankfort in 1648. The Danish Royal Scientific Society has issued a reprint (1901) of the rare 1573 edition of the De Nova Stella.
142 Bridges: 206.
143 Dreyer: 11-84.
144 Gassendi: 2.
145 Dreyer: 13.
146 Gassendi: 9-10.
147 Dreyer: 38-44.
148 Ibid: 84.
149 Ibid: 234-5.
150 Kepler: Tabulæ Rudolphinæ. Title page.
[151] Dreyer: 317-363.
152 As stated in his Book on the Comet of 1577 (pub. 1588).
153 Dreyer: 168-9.
154 Schiaparelli in Snyder: 165.
155 Brahe: Op. Om., pt. I, p. 337.
156 Ibid: 409-410.
157 The Tychonic system has supporters to this day. See chap. v.
158 Dreyer: 181.
159 The authoritative biography is the Vita by Frisch in vol. VIII, pp. 668-1028 of Op. Om. Kep.
160 Frisch: VIII, 718.
161 Delambre: Astr. Mod. 314-315.
162 Frisch: VIII, 999.
163 Ibid: VIII, 696.
164 Ibid: VIII, 699-715.
165 Dreyer: 290-309.
166 Frisch: VIII, 715.
167 Bertrand: p. 870-1.
168 The two laws first appeared in 1609 in his Physica Cœlestis tradita commentarius de motu stellæ martis. (Frisch: VIII, 964.) The third he enunciated in his Harmonia Mundi, 1619. (Ibid: VIII, 1013-1017.)
169 “Cor et animam meam”: Kepler’s expression in regard to the Copernician theory. Ibid: VIII, 957.
170 Ibid: VIII, 838.
171 Ibid: VIII, 742.
172 Kepler: Op. Om., I, 106: Præfatio ad Lectorem.
173 Berry: 210.
174 Berry: 265.
175 Ibid: 359.
176 Jacoby: 89.
177 See before, p. 30.
178 Luther: Tischreden, IV, 575; “Der Narr will die ganze Kunst Astronomiæ umkehren. Aber wie die heilige Schrift anzeigt, so heiss Josua die Sonne still stehen, und nicht das Erdreich.”
179 “Non est autem hominis bene instituti dissentire a consensu tot sæculorum.” Præfatio Philippi Melanthonis, 1531, in Sacro-Busto: Libellus de Sphæra (no date).
180 “Vidi dialogum et fui dissuassor editionis. Fabula per sese paulatim consilescet; sed quidam putant esse egregiam katorthoma rem tam absurdam ornare, sicut ille Sarmaticus Astronomis qui movet terram et figet solem. Profecto sapientes gubernatores deberent ingeniorum petulantia cohercere.” Epistola B. Mithobio, 16 Oct. 1541. P. Melancthon: Opera: IV, 679.
181 “Quamquam autem rident aliqui Physicum testimonia divina citantem, tamen nos honestum esse censemus, Philosophiam conferre ad cœlestia dicta, et in tanta caligine humanæ mentis autoritatem divinam consulere ubicunque possumus.” Melancthon: Initia Doctrinæ Physicæ: Bk. I, 63.
182 Ibid: 60.
183 Ibid: 59-67.
184 Farrar: Hist. of Interpretation: Preface, xviii: “Who,” asks Calvin, “will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit?”
185 Calvin: Oeuvres François: Traité... contre l’Astrologie, 110-112.
186 Calvin: Op. Om. in Corpus Reformatorum: vol. 25, 499-500; vol. 59, 195-196.
187 P. 78-79: “Ce planétaire... represente le système du monde tel qu’il a été expliqué par Copernic.”
188 Schwilgué: p. 15.
189 Ibid: p. 48.
190 Dict. of Nat. Biog.: “Recorde.”
191 Quoted (p. 135), from the edition of 1596 in the library of Mr. George A. Plimpton. See also Recorde’s Whetstone of Witte (1557) as cited by Berry, 127.
192 DuBartas: The Divine Weeks (Sylvester’s trans. edited by Haight): Preface, pp. xx-xxiii and note.
193 Op. cit.: 72.
194 La Fuente: Historia de la Universidades... de España: II, 314.
195 Doc. 86 in Favaro: 130.
196 Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano-Americano de literatura, ciencias y artes (Barcelona, 1898).
197 Quoted in Salusbury: Math. Coll.: I, 468-470 (1661), as a work inaccessible to most readers at that time because of its extreme rarity. It remained on the Index until the edition of 1835.
198 Montaigne: Essays: Bk. II, c. 2: An Apologie of Raymonde Sebonde (II, 352).
199 This book, published at Frankfort in 1597, was translated into French by M. Fougerolles and printed in Lyons that same year. It has become extremely rare since its “atheistic atmosphere” (Peignot: Dictionnaire) caused the Roman Church to place it upon the Index by decree of 1628, where it has remained to this day.
200 Cromer in History of Poland.
201 Cromer in History of Poland.A
A I could not find this reference in either of Martin Kromer’s books; De Origine et Rebus Gestis Polonorum, ad 1511, or in his Res Publicæ sive Status Regni Poloniæ.
202 Bodin: Univ. Nat. Theatrum: Bk. V, sec. 2 (end).
203 Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 663.
204 Justus-Lipsius: Physiologiæ Stoicorum: Bk. II, dissert. 19 (Dedication 1604, Louvain), (IV, 947); “Vides deliria, quomodo aliter appellent?”
205 Berti: 285.
206 McIntyre: 3-15.
207 Four lives of Bruno have been written within the last seventy-five years. The first is Jordano Bruno by Christian Bartholmèss (2 vol., Paris 1846). The next, Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nola by Domenico Berti (1868, Turin), quotes in full the official documents of his trial. Frith’s Life of Giordano Bruno (London, 1887), has been rendered out of date by J.L. McIntyre’s Giordano Bruno (London, 1903), which includes a critical bibliography. In addition, W.R. Thayer’s Throne Makers (New York, 1899), gives translations of Bruno’s confessions to the Venetian Inquisition. Bruno’s Latin works (Opera Latina Conscripta), have been republished by Fiorentino (3 vol., Naples, 1879), and the Opere Italiane by Gentile (3 vol., Naples, 1907).
208 Bartholmèss: I, 134.
209 Libri: IV, 144.
210 McIntyre: 16-40.
211 Bartholmèss: I, 134.
212 Gilbert: De Magnete (London, 1600).
213 Berti: 369, Doc. XIII.
214 McIntyre: 16-40.
215 Bartholmèss: I, 134.
216 Beyersdorf: Giordano Bruno und Shakespear, 8-36.
217 Such passages as Troilus and Cressida: Act I, sc. 3; King John, Act III, sc. 1; and Merry Wives, Act III, sc. 2, indicate that Shakespeare accepted fully the Ptolemaic conception of a central, immovable earth. See also Beyersdorf: op. cit.
218 McIntyre: 68.
219 Ibid: 47-72.
220 See official documents in Berti: 327-395.
221 Bruno: De Immenso et Innumerabilis: Lib. III, cap. 9 (vol. 1, pt. 1, 380-386).
222 Thayer: 268.
223 Berti: 285.
224 Ibid: 282.
225 Fahie: 82-89.
226 Thayer: 299.
227 The publication of A. Favaro’s Galileo e l’Inquisizione: Documenti del Processo Galileiano... per la prima volta integralmente pubblicati, (Firenze, 1907), together with that of the National Edition (in 20 vols.) of Galileo’s works, edited by Favaro (Firenze, completed 1909), renders somewhat obsolete all earlier lives of Galileo. The more valuable, however, of these books are: Martin’s Galilée (Paris, 1868), a scholarly Catholic study containing valuable bibliographical notes; Anon. (Mrs. Olney): Private Life of Galileo, based largely on his correspondence with his daughter from which many extracts are given; and von Gebler’s Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia (trans. by Mrs. Sturge, London, 1879), which includes in the appendix the various decrees in the original. Fahie’s Life of Galileo (London, 1903), is based on Favaro’s researches and is reliable. The documents of the trial have been published in part by de l’Epinois, von Gebler and Berti, but Favaro’s is the complete and authoritative edition.
228 Fahie: 20-40.
229 Ibid: 121.
230 Galileo: Opere, X, 68.
231 ‘The Second Day’ in Salusbury: Math. Coll. I, 110-111.
232 Fahie: 265.
233 Conway: 46-47.
234 Conway: 46-47.
235 Fahie: 77-126.
236 Doc. in Favaro: 13.
237 Fahie: 149.
238 Galileo: Opere, V, 281-288.
239 Doc. in Favaro: 48-49.
240 Doc. in Favaro: 49.
241 Ibid: 38: “amorevole avviso.”
242 Ibid: 46, 47, 51.
243 Ibid: 47.
244 Ibid: 49.
245 Ibid: 43-45, see original in Galileo: Opere, V, 281-285.
246 Doc. in Favaro: 78.
247 Ibid: 61.
248 Ibid: 61.
249 Doc. in Favaro: 61-62.
250 Ibid: 88.
251 Ibid: 80-86.
252 Ibid: 145.
253 Ibid: 16.
254 Doc. in Favaro: 16.
255 Monchamp: 46.
256 Fromundus: De Cometa Anni 1618: chap. VII, p. 68. (From the private library of Dr. E.E. Slosson. A rare book which Lecky could not find. History of Rationalism in Europe, I, 280, note.)
257 In 1620 the Congregation issued the changes it required to have made in the De Revolutionibus. They are nine in all, and consist mainly in changing assertion of the earth’s movement to hypothetical statement and in striking out a reference to the earth as a planet. Doc. in Favaro: 140-141. See illustration, p. 61.
258 Doc. in Favaro: 149.
259 Galileo: Dialogo: To the Reader.
260 Doc. in Favaro: 70.
261 Fahie: 230.
262 Ibid: 240.
263 Doc. in Favaro: 88-89.
264 Ibid: 66.
265 Ibid: 17-18.
266 Galileo: Opere, XV, 26.
267 Doc. in Favaro: 74.
268 Ibid: 75.
269 Ibid: 76.
270 Ibid: 80-81.
271 Ibid: 80-81.
272 Doc. in Favaro: 83.
273 Ibid: 84.
274 Ibid: 85-87.
275 Ibid: 101.
276 Doc. in Favaro: 101.
277 Doc. in Favaro: 146.
278 Ibid: 145.
279 Ibid: 103, 129.
280 Ibid: 134.
281 Milton: Areopagitica: 35.
282 Doc. in Favaro: 135.
283 Ibid: 137.
284 Fahie: 402.
285 Doc. in Favaro: 138; and Fahie: 402.
286 Doc. in Favaro: 101, 103.
287 Ibid: 104-132.
288 Fahie: 325, note.
289 For full statement, see Martin: 133-207.
290 Gebler: 263.
291 See Gebler: 244-247; White: I, 159-167; also Martin.
292 Martin: 136; and Salusbury: Math. Coll. “To the reader.”
293 Galileo: Opere, XV, 25.
294 Putnam: I, 310.
295 De Morgan: I, 98.
296 Martin: 140.
297 Cath. Ency.: “Boscovich.”
298 Doc. in Favaro: 159.
299 Ibid: 30, 31.
300 In Salusbury: Math. Coll.: I, 471-503.
301 Bk. II: sec. 8, §1.
302 Bk. II, ch. 46.
303 Phil. Works: 705.
304 Bk. III.
305 Phil. Works: 684-685.
306 Translated in Appendix C. For criticism, see Monchamp: 58-64.
307 Fromundus: Vesta: Ad Lectorem.
308 Monchamp: 41.
309 Justus-Lipsius: IV, 947.
310 Monchamp: 48.
311 Ibid: 94.
312 Galileo: Opere: XV, 25.
313 Ibid: XIV, 340-341.
314 Monchamp: 107-108.
315 Doc. in Favaro: 120-121, 132, 133.
316 Monchamp: 125, 143.
317 Ibid: 148-149.
318 Ibid: 152-153.
319 Ibid: 182-234.
320 Monchamp: 321.
321 Agricola: Disputatio.
322 Schotto: Organum Mathematicum (1667).
323 Voight: Der Kunstgünstigen Einfalt Mathematischer Raritäten Erstes Hundert. (Hamburg, 1667).
324 Voight: op. cit.: 28.
325 Ibid: 30-31.
326 Longomontanus: Op. cit.: 162.
327 Longomontanus: Op. cit.: 158.
328 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: Præfatio, I, xviii.
329 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 496.
330 Cath. Ency.: “Riccioli,” and Walsh: Catholic Churchmen in Science: 200. (2nd series, 1909.)
331 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; see frontispiece.
332 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; see frontispiece.
333 Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 674-680.
334 Riccioli: Apologia: 2.
335 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 313, 315.
336 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 330-351.
337 Ibid: II, 339-340.
338 Delambre: Op. cit.: I, 677.
339 Ibid: I, 673.
340 Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 290.
341 Riccioli: Op. cit.: II, 304, 309.
342 Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 680.
343 Riccioli: Op. cit.: II, 478 (condensed), 500.
344 Riccioli: Apologia: 4.
345 Ibid: 103.
346 One bit of contemporary opinion on Riccioli and his work has come down to us. A canon at Liège, Réné-François Sluse, wrote asking a friend (about 1670) to sound Wallis, the English mathematician, as to his opinion of the Almagestum Novum, and of this argument based on the acceleration of movement in falling bodies. Wallis himself replied that he thought the argument devoid of all value. The canon at once wrote, “I do not understand how a man as intelligent as Riccioli should think he could bring to a close a matter so difficult [the refutation] by a proof as futile as this.” Monchamp: 165-166.
For a full, annotated list of books published against the Copernican system between 1631-1688, see Martin: Galilée: 386-388.
347 See Moxon: Advice, A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography (1670): 269.
348 Haldane’s Descartes (1905) is the most recent and authoritative account based upon Descartes’s works as published in the Adams-Tannery edition (Paris, 1896. foll.). This edition supersedes that of Cousin.
349 Haldane: 153.
350 Ibid: 158.
351 Descartes: Principes, Pt. III, chap. 13.
352 Haldane: 291.
353 Monchamp: 185, note.
354 Haldane: 292.
355 Ibid: 193, 279.
356 Monchamp: 177-181.
357 Berry quotes (p. 92) a passage from Thomas Digges (d. 1595) with the date 1590: “But in this our age, one rare witte (seeing the continuall errors that from time to time more and more continually have been discovered, besides the infinite absurdities in their Theoricks, which they have been forced to admit that would not confess any mobility in the ball of the Earth) hath by long studye, paynfull practise, and rare invention delivered a new Theorick or Model of the World, shewing that the Earth resteth not in the Center of the whole world or globe of elements, which encircled or enclosed in the Moone’s orbit, and together with the whole globe of mortality is carried round about the Sunne, which like a king in the middst of all, rayneth and giveth laws of motion to all the rest, sphærically dispersing his glorious beames of light through all this sacred celestiall Temple.” Browne also refers to Digges (I, 383).
358 Gilbert: De Magnete, Bk. VI, c. 3-5 (214-228).
359 Johnson: Life, in Browne: I, xvii.
360 Browne: I, 35.
361 Burton: Anatomy of Melancholy, I, 1; I, 66. First edition, 1621; reprinted 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, 1676.
362 Ibid: I, 385, 389.
363 Herbert: II, 315.
364 Milton: Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII, lines 159 et seq.
The great Puritan divine, John Owen (1616-1683), accepts the miracle of the sun’s standing still without a word of reference to the new astronomy. (Works: II, 160.) Farrar states that Owen declared Newton’s discoveries were against the evident testimonies of Scripture (Farrar: History of Interpretation: xviii.), but I have been unable to verify this statement. Owen died before the Principia was published in 1687.
365 Whewell: I, 410.
366 Wilkins: Discourse Concerning a New Planet.
367 Salusbury: Math. Coll.: To the Reader.
368 Whewell: I, 411.
369 One London bookseller in 1670 advertised for sale “spheres according to the Ptolmean, Tychonean and Copernican systems with books for their use.” (Moxon: 272.) In 1683 in London appeared the third edition of Gassendi’s Institutio, the textbook of astronomy in the universities during this period of uncertainty. It too wavers between the Tychonic and the Copernican systems.
370 Dict. of Nat. Biog.: “Keill.”
371 Keill: Introductio ad Veram Astronomiam.
372 Cajori: 29-30.
373 Cajori: 37.
374 Pope: Works, VI, 110.
375 Addison: Spectator, No. 420, (IV, 372-373). An interesting contrast to this passage and a good illustration of how the traditional phraseology continued in poetry is found in Addison’s famous hymn, written a year later:
“Whilst all the stars that round her [earth] burn
And all the planets in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole.
“What though in solemn silence all
Move round this dark terrestrial ball;
What though no real voice nor sound
Amidst their radiant orbs be found;
“In reason’s ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice;
Forever singing, as they shine,
‘The hand that made us is divine’.”
376 Mather: Christian Philosopher, 75, 76.
377 Leadbetter: Astronomy (1729).
378 In de Maupertius: Ouvrages Divers, (at the back).
379 Wesley: Compendium of Natural Philosophy, I, 14, 139.
380 Dobell: Hymns, No. 5, No. 10.
381 Keble: Christian Year, 279.
382 Horne: Fair, Candid, Impartial Statement..., 4.
383 Pike: Philosophia Sacra, 43.
384 Forbes: Letter, (1755).
385 See Wesley: I, 136-7.
386 Dict. of Nat. Biog.: “Hutchinson.”
387 Stephen: Hist. of Eng. Thought: I, 390.
388 Ibid: 391.
389 de Premontval: Le Méchaniste Philosophe, 54, 72. (The Hague, 1750).
390 de Brisbar: Calendrier Historique, (Leyden), 228-233.
391 Bayle: Système Abregé de Philosophie (The Hague, 1731), IV, 394-412.
392 de Maupertius: Eléments de Géographie, xv, 9-14.
393 de Premontval: 123.
394 Ibid: 132.
395 Ibid: 157.
396 Cassini: De l’Origine et du Progrès..., 35.
397 Shields: 59. I have failed to find this reference in Bossuet’s works.
398 Fénelon: Oeuvres, I, 3 and 7.
399 Pluche: Histoire du Ciel: viii, ix, xiii.
400 Cath. Ency.: “Boscovich.”
401 Opera: III (1785).
402 Cited in Monchamp: 335 note.
403 Ibid: 326.
404 Ibid: 330.
405 Fontana: Institutio, II, 32-35.
406 Ferramosca: Positiones...: 19.
407 Piccoli: La Scienza, 4, 7.
408 Spagnio, De Motu, 81.
409 Monchamp: 331.
410 Monchamp: 345.
411 Bailly: II, 132, note.
412 Flammarion: 196-198.
413 Shields: 60.
414 White: I, 159-167.
415 See di Bruno: Catholic Belief, 286a.
416 Riccioli: Apologia, 103.
417 White: I, 165. See the answer by Wegg-Prosser: Galileo and his Judges.
418 Donat: 183.
419 Walsh: Popes and Science, 17.
420 Conway: 48.
421 Anon.: Galileo—the Roman Congregation, 39, 60.
422 De Morgan: I, 172.
423 “Anglo-American”: 5-6.
424 Ibid: 11.
425 De Morgan: II, 335.
426 White: I, 150.
427 Schoepffer: The Earth Stands Fast, title-page, 6-7.
428 Ibid: Supplement by Allaben, 21, 74.
429 Ibid: Note by J.W. de P., 74.
430 De Peyster and Allaben: Algol, preface.
431 Lange: The Copernican System: The Greatest Absurdity in the History of Human Thought.
432 De Peyster and Allaben: Algol, 74.
433 Sindico: Refutation du Système de Copernic....
434 Tischner: Le Système Solaire se Mouvant. (1894).
435 White: I, 151.
436 See translated sections in Appendix C.
437 Robinson: 107.
438 Ibid: 119.
439 See Prowe: Nic. Cop.: III, 128-137.
440 i.e., the 15,000 solar years in which all the heavenly bodies complete their circuits and return to their original positions.
441 Plutarch: Moralia: De Placitis Philosophorum, Lib. III, c. 13 (V. 326).
442 These two sentences the Congregations in 1620 ordered struck out, as part of their “corrections.”
443 As Rabbi David testified on the 19th Psalm [these footnotes are by Bodin].
444 Job: 38.
445 Proverbs.
446 Metaphysics: II. c. 6, de Cœlo. I. c. 6.
447 In his last chapter.
[448] Which is confirmed by Pico of Mirandola: Heptaplus: Bk. V.
449 Enchiridion: cap. 43; Gen.: 2 and 18.
450 On Psalm: Audite cœli.
451 Summa: pt. 1, art. 3, ques. 70.
452 Metaphy. XII.
453 In his commentaries on Book XII of Metaph. where he gives the opinion of Calippus and Eudoxus.
454 Ex. XVIII and following. Philo Judæus in the Allegories.
455 Aristotle: Metaph. II and XII and de Cœlo I.
456 Gen.: 1.
457 Chap. 1 and 10. Exod.: 24.
458 I Kings: 8. Deut.: 28.
459 Psalm 146.
460 According to Maymon: Perplexorum, III.
461 Psalm 147.
462 Psalm 148. Gen. 1 and 7.
463 Also in Psalm 67 and 123.
464 Psalm 92.
465 Exod. 24. Ezek. 1, 10.
466 Isa. 6.
467 Isa. 6. Ezek. 1 and 10. Zach. 4. Exod. 24, 25.
468 Maleficium quidam, i.e., some evil-power. Job 5.
469 Augustine against Faustus wrote that vanity is not produced from the dust, nor evil from the earth.
470 Job 41 and 49. Isa. 54. Ezek. 31.
471 Isa. 54.
472 Isa. 45.
473 Job 34.
474 Feyens probably refers here to Francesco Patrizzi, who was an enemy of the peripatetics and a great supporter of platonism. He died in 1597 at Rome, where Clement VIII had conferred on him the chair of philosophy.
475 Joshua X: 13-14.
476 Ecclesiastes I: 4.