Index
An asterisk (*) indicates use of one or more illustrations in connection with reference to which appended.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | L | M |
| N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z |
Acetylene, carbon and hydrogen in, 315.
Acids, 351 ff.; action of, on metals, 351-353*; action of, on cloth, 354*; action of, on nerves of taste, 354-355; distinguished from bases by litmus test, 358-359; neutralization of, by bases, 360-364.
Action and reaction, law of, 77-81*.
Adhesion, 39, 41-44; cohesion, capillary attraction, and, 47.
Air, cooling of, on expanding, 95-96; liquid, 97; heat carried by, by convection, 118-119; absorption of light by, 169; sound produced by vibrations of, 174-181*; pitch due to rapidity of vibrations of, 186; water vapor in, 275-280*; a mixture and not a compound, 309; part taken by, in making automobile go, 344; limewater test for carbon dioxid in, 375.
Air pressure, 10 ff., 14*; height water is forced up by, in vacuum, 19; high and low, 20, 282; winds caused by, 20-21.
Air pump, 14*, 15.
Alcohol, boiling of, 112; distilling, 113*-114.
Alkali, 356; in soap, 357-358.
Alloys, definition of, 310.
Alternating current, defined, 211-212.
Alum crystals, experiment with, 265-266*.
Aluminum, an element, 299.
Alum in water, testing with litmus paper, 359.
Amber, electricity produced by rubbing with silk, 196.
Ammonia, example of a common base, 356; action of, in cleaning cloth, 358; litmus test of, 359; neutralization of acid by, 363.
Ampere, defined, 246.
Analysis, chemical, 370-376.
Aneroid barometer, 285*.
Arc, the electric, 233-240*.
Atoms, description of, 196; electrons and, 197; everything in the world made of, 310-311; in molecules, 311.
Aurora Borealis, cause of, 193.
Automobile, reason for cranking, 210; how made to go, 344-345.
Automobile races, overcoming of centrifugal force in, 75*.
Automobile tires, reason for wearing of, 80; blow-outs of, 348.
Baking powder, chemical change by solution shown by, 349-350; elements of which made, 367-368.
Baking soda, a common base, 356; testing with litmus paper, 359; neutralization of sour milk by, in cooking, 362; carbon dioxid in, 366-367.
Ball bearings, used to diminish friction, 54-55.
Balloon, expansion of, 17-18, 109*; reason for rising of, 26; filling of, with hydrogen, 301-304*.
Barometer, use of, 280-285*.
Bases, substances called, 355-358; litmus test for distinguishing from acids, 358-359; neutralization of, by acids, 360-364.
Batteries, electric, 203-205*; different kinds of, 205*-207*; general principle of all, 206.
Bell, electric battery for ringing, 204-205*; working of electric, 255*.
Bending of light (refraction), 136-141*.
Black, the absence of light, 164.
Bleaching, process of, 326-327.
Blow-out of tire, a real explosion, 348.
Blue-flame heaters, 319.
Blueness of sky, reason for, 169.
Blueprints, making of, 330-331.
Boiling and condensing, 107-115*.
Borax bead test, 371*-372*.
Brass, an alloy, 310.
Bread making, chemical action in, 365.
Breath, cause of visibility of, on cold days, 288, 289*.
Bronze, an alloy, 310.
Burning, explanation of, 308, 312-313.
Calcium chlorid, 114.
Camera, lens of, 143, 148; human eye as a small, 151*-153; explanation of, 327-332.
Capillary attraction, 36*-40; difference between adhesion, cohesion, and, 47.
Carbon, in electric battery, 203-206; resistance of, to electric current, 231; an element, 293, 299; one of chief elements in fuel, 315-316.
Carbon dioxid, in seltzer siphon, 17; produced by joining of carbon with oxygen, 315; combining of water and, by plants, 332-333; releasing of, in baking powder, 349-350; bubbling of, in effervescence, 365-366; in soda water, springs, and baking soda, 366-367; limewater test for, 375-376.
Carbonic acid gas, commercial name for pure carbon dioxid, 365-366.
Cat's hairs, static electricity in, 201.
Caustic soda, a common base, 356.
Center of weight, 30-33*.
Centrifugal force, 5, 72-74; law of, 74-75.
Charcoal, production of, 316.
Charging water with carbon dioxid, 366.
Chemical analysis, 370-376.
Chemical change, and energy, 293 ff.; burning (oxidation), 312-322; caused by heat, 323-325; caused by light, 326-335; caused by electricity, 335-339; energy released by, 340-341; helped by solution, 349-351.
Chemical equations, 297-299.
Chlorine, an element, 299.
Chlorophyll in plants, work of, 332.
Cigar-box telegraph, construction of, 249*, 380-381*.
Circuits, electric, 219-220*; breaking and making, 220-221; connecting in parallel, 221-223*; grounded, 225-229*; short, 240-245*.
Cloth, action of acids on, 354*; action of an alkali on, 356, 357*.
Clouds, how formed, 277-278.
Coal, carbon and hydrogen in, 315.
Cohesion, 39, 44*-49.
Cold, caused by expansion, 94; is the absence of heat, 95, 120.
Color, 161-172*.
Comb, electricity produced by rubbing, 197-198.
Compass, use of, 190-195*.
Complete electric circuits, 219-224*.
Compounds, how elements hide in, 300; definition of, 308-309; mixtures distinguished from, 309-310.
Concave mirrors, 154*, 155*, 157; magnification by, 157; in reflecting telescopes, 157.
Conduction, of heat, 116-118; of electricity, 213-218.
Conductors of electricity, good and poor, 213.
Conduits for electric wires, 237.
Conservation of energy, 57 ff.
Convection, carrying of heat by, 118-119.
Convex lens, 148-149*; in microscope, 155-157*; in telescope, 157.
Cooling from expansion, 94-96.
Coolness at night and in winter, 127-128.
Copper, a good conductor of electricity, 215; an element, 299; nickel plating of, 336-339*; etching of, with acid, 352*-353.
Copper nitrate, salt called, 353.
Cream, separating from milk, by centrifugal force, 75-76.
Crystals, formation of, 265-268.
Cylinder of engine, 344*.
Dead Sea, reason for salt in, 104-105*.
Decay, a kind of oxidation, 313.
Dew, 275; how formed, 287.
Dictaphone, working of, 175, 178, 179*.
Diffusion, 268-274; of light, 158-161.
Direct-current electricity, 211-212.
Distilling of liquids, 112-115*.
Doorbell, electric battery for ringing, 204-205.
"Down," meaning of word, 4.
Drainpipe, cleaning of, with lye, 358.
Dry-cell battery, 206*.
Dust, reason for clinging to walls, 43-44.
Dynamite, 343*; making of, 347.
Dynamo, how electric current is made to flow by, 207*-210*.
Earth, magnetism of, 190-195.
Easy circuit, a short circuit an, 244-245.
Echoes, explanation of, 183-185.
Effervescence, process of, 365; generally due to freeing of carbon dioxid, 367*-368; helped by stirring or shaking, 368.
Elasticity, 82-86; of form distinguished from elasticity of volume, 86-87.
Electrical apparatus, 216-217*, 222-223*; description of, 379-380.
Electric arc, the, 233*-240.
Electric battery, the, 203-206*.
Electricity, magnetism and, 190 ff.; static, 196-202; negative and positive charges of, 198*-200; action of, in thunderstorms, 200-201; flowing, 203 ff.; flowing of, in dynamo, 207-210; alternating and direct-current, 211-212; conduction of, 213*-218; chemical change caused by, 335-339.
Electric lamps, vacuums in, 12*, 317; incandescent, 125; gas-filled, 317.
Electric motors, 256*-257*.
Electrolysis apparatus, 294-295*.
Electromagnets, 247-257*.
Electrons, 193; description of, 197; number of, in negative and in positive charges, 198-200.
Elements, defined, 293; chemists' abbreviations of, 297-299; list of common, 299-300; hiding of, in compounds, 300-301.
Emulsion, defined, 261; difference between solution and, 263.
Energy released by chemical change, 340-341.
Engine, working of cylinder and piston of, 344*.
Ether, carrying of heat and light by, 124-125; light as waves of, 163-164.
Ether waves, 124-125, 163-164.
Evaporating dish, 101*.
Evaporation, 100-106*; part taken by, in formation of clouds, rain, and dew, 277.
Expansion, caused by heat, 88-93; cooling from, 94-96*.
Expansion ball and ring experiment, 91*-92.
Explosions, use of, 342* ff.; automobiles made to go by succession of, 344-345; cause of, 345; shooting of guns caused by, 345-346.
Explosives, manufacture of, 347.
Extension lights, 238.
Eye, lens of, 142; section of, 151*; working of, 151*-153.
Fading, process of, 326-327.
Filament of incandescent lamp, 125.
Fire engines, need of, to force water high, 9.
Fire extinguishers, action of, 317.
Fires, caused by electric arcs, 236; putting out of, by water, 317. See Burning.
Flames, formation of, 318.
Floating, sinking and, 23-28.
Focus of light, 142*-149*.
Fogs, cause of, 288.
Food, light necessary to production of, 332-333.
Force, overcoming of extra motion by, in lever, 63-64*; reason for, of steam, 110.
Forecasters, weather, 282-285.
Form, elasticity of, 86-87.
Freckles, cause of, 327.
Freezing and melting, 96-99.
Friction, 49-55*; electricity produced by, 197-198*.
Frost, 97, 275; explanation of, 287.
Fuel, chief elements in, 315-316.
Fulcrum of lever, 59-60*.
Fuse gap, the, 241*, 379*.
Fuses, short circuits and, 240-245.
Gas, cooling of, on expanding, 94-95; carbon and hydrogen in, 315; used for filling electric lamps, 317-318; will not burn until hot enough, 323-324; an explosion the sudden release of a confined, 348.
Gases, diffusion of, 269-271; as elements, 293-294.
Gas heaters, action of, 319, 321*, 322*.
Gasoline, evaporation of, 103; boiling of, 112; distilled from petroleum, 114; elements of, 315; action of, in making automobiles go, 344-345.
Geysers, cause of, 110.
Glass, a poor conductor of heat, 118; used as insulator of electricity, 215.
Glowworms, reason for glowing of, 341-342.
Gold, an element, 293, 299; plating of, 339.
Gravitation, defined, 3.
Gravity, 1; pull of, opposed to pull of adhesion, 42-43.
Grease, friction diminished by, 53-54; combined with lye to form soap, 357.
Great Salt Lake, reason for salt in, 104-105.
Greeks, early knowledge of electricity possessed by, 196.
Green color of water, reason for, 169-171*.
Grounded circuits, 225-229*.
Gun, shooting of, caused by explosion, 345-346.
Gunpowder, action of, in shooting of a gun, 345-346; how made, 347.
Hail, explanation of, 286.
Heat, a result of friction, 53; is the motion of molecules, 90; not caused by expansion, 94-95; cold is absence of, 95, 120; required to evaporate liquids, 102-103; conduction of, 116-118; carried by air, by convection, 118-119; radiation of, 122-128; of incandescent lamp, 125-126; brought to focus by convex lens, 149; chemical change caused by, 323-325.
Heaters, hot-water, 120*; electric, 230, 232; gas, 319, 321*, 322*.
Heat waves, cause of, 141.
Hydrochloric acid, getting hydrogen from, 301-304; testing for silver with, 373.
Hydrofluoric acid, 351.
Hydrogen, an element, 294, 299; in water, 295-296; experiments with, 301-304*; one of chief elements in fuel, 315-316; part taken by, in burning, 312-319.
Ice, slight friction of, 52*; action of molecules in, on freezing and melting, 96-97; reason for floating of, 98-99.
Incandescence, defined, 125.
Incandescent lamps, 125-126; number of electrons in, 197; working of, 229-232.
Inertia, 66-71; definition of, 70.
Insulators, of heat, 118; of electricity, 213; substances used as, 215.
Iodine, an element, 299; testing with, for starch, 373-374.
Iron, a good conductor of heat, 118; an element, 299.
Irons, electric, 229*, 230, 232.
Iron salt, formed by lemon juice on steel, 353.
Iron ships, reason for floating, 24*-26.
Kerosene, boiling of, 112; distilled from petroleum, 114; carbon and hydrogen in, 315.
Laughing gas, 309.
Lava in volcanoes, 110.
Lead, an element, 299.
Lead pencils, arc light from, 233*-234*.
Leaning Tower of Pisa, 29*-30.
Lemon juice, action of, on silver and on steel, 353; litmus test of, 359.
Lens, of eye, 142, 151*-153; of camera, 143, 149*, 328; convex, 148-149; concave, 149*; in telescope, 157.
Levers, 57-65*.
Light, radiation of, 122, 123*-128; reflection of, 129-135*; refraction of, 136*-141; focus of, 142-149*; brought to focus by convex lens, 149; diffusion of, 158-161*; color a kind of, 162; speed of, 182; chemical change caused by, 326-335; and manufacture of food in plants, 332-333.
Lightning, cause of, 200-201.
Limewater test for carbon dioxid, 375*-376.
Liquid air, 97, 112.
Liquids, absorption of, 36-40; diffusion in, 272.
Litmus paper, experiments with, 358-359.
Litmus test, the, 358-359.
Lye, a common base, 356; experiment with, 356; soap made from, 357; used for clearing out drainpipe, 358; neutralization of, by acids, 363.
Machinery, oiling of, to decrease friction, 53-54.
Magdeburg hemispheres, 15, 16*-17.
Magnetism, 190 ff.
Magneto, of automobile, 210, 211*; of old-fashioned telephone, 210-211.
Magnets, 190-195*.
Magnification, 150-157; by concave mirror, 157.
Magnifying glass, convex lens in, 149; operation of, 150-156*.
Manganese dioxid, an essential in explosives, 347.
Megaphone, working of, 184.
Melting, freezing and, 96-99.
Membrane, diffusion through a, 272.
Mercury, cohesion of, 47-48*; use of, in thermometer, 89*, 90-91; an element, 299.
Mercury-vapor lamps, 167-168*, 172.
Metals, good conductors of heat, 118; good conductors of electricity, 215; as elements, 310; plating of, 336-339*; action of acids on, 351-353.
Microscope, 88; working of, 155-157*.
Mirrors, concave, 154*, 155*, 157.
Mixtures, distinguished from compounds, 309-310.
Molecular attraction, 36 ff.
Molecules, pull of, on each other, 46-47; explanation of, 88-89; heat defined as the motion of, 90; action of, in evaporation, 102-103*; action of, in boiling water, 107; action of, in conduction of heat, 117; action of, in radiation of heat and light, 125; action of, in magnetizing, 194*-195; made up of atoms, 196, 310; mingling of, 259 ff.; action of, in formation of clouds, rain, and dew, 277.
Moon, cause of ring around, 131.
Morse telegraph code, 253.
Motion-picture machines, lenses of, 143, 148.
Motor, the electric, 255-257*.
Mountains, rainfall on, 286-287.
Musical instruments, pitch of, 185-187*, 188; vibrating devices of, 188.
Nail plug, the, 241*, 379*.
Needle, magnetizing of, 192*, 193*-195.
Negative charges of electricity, 198-200.
Neutralization of acids and bases, 360-364.
Niagara Falls, electricity generated by, 210.
Nickel, an element, 299.
Nickel-plating copper, process of, 336-339*.
Night, reason for coolness at, 127-128.
Nitric-acid, etching copper with, 352*-353; action of, on cloth, 354*.
Nitrogen, an element, 299; a non-burning gas, 308; used in electric lamps, 317.
Northern Lights, cause of, 193.
Ocean, why salt, 104-105.
Oil, reason for floating of, 26-27; decreasing of friction by, 53-54; softening due to, 290-292; carbon and hydrogen in crude, 315; why water will not put out burning, 317.
Oil heaters, action of, 319.
Orange, litmus test of, 359.
Osmosis, process called, 272-274.
Osmotic pressure, 272-273*.
Oxidation, 312-322.
Oxygen, an element, 293, 299; an element of water, 295-296; experiments in getting, from two solids, 305-308*; function of, in burning, 308; part taken by, in burning (oxidation), 312-313; released in manufacture of plant food, 333-335; a compound of, an essential in explosives, 347.
Pancakes, made from sour milk, 362.
Paper, carbon and hydrogen in, 315.
Paraffine, production of, 114.
Parallel circuits, 221-223*.
Peat, carbon and hydrogen in, 315.
Pencils, making arc light with, 233*-234*.
Periscope experiment, 134-135*.
Petroleum, gasoline and kerosene distilled from, 114.
Phonograph, working of, 177-178*.
Phosphorescence, cause of, 341-342.
Phosphorus, an element, 300; meaning of name, 341.
Photographs, process of making, 327-332*.
Pitch of sound, explanation of, 185-188*.
Plants, light and the manufacture of food in, 332-333; how oxygen is supplied by, 333-335.
Plating of metals, 336-339*.
Platinum, an element, 300.
Poles, positive and negative, 206-207.
Porcelain, used as insulator, 215.
Positive charges of electricity, 198-200.
Potassium, experiment with, 304.
Potassium chlorate, an essential in explosives, 347.
Precious stones, formation of, 263-264.
Prism, refraction of light by, 136-140*; separation of light into rainbow colors by, 162-163*.
Quicksilver. See Mercury.
Radiation of heat and light, 122*-128.
Radium, an element, 300.
Rain, 275;
cause of, 278-280.
Rainbow, making a, on wall, 162*-163; how formed, 170-171.
Reading glasses, 144*; convex lens in, 150.
Red color of sky at sunset, reason for, 170.
Reflecting telescopes, 157.
Reflection of light, 129-135*.
Refraction of light, 136-141*.
Resistance, electrical, 229-232.
Retina of eye, 151*, 153.
Reverberation of sound, 183-185.
Ring around moon, cause of, 131.
Rock candy, how made, 267.
Rubber, used as insulator, 215.
Rusting of iron, 349.
Safety valves on steam boilers, 347.
Salt, reason for, in sea, 104-105*; a compound, 308; elements of, 310-311; formed by hydrochloric acid and zinc, 351; iron, formed by lemon juice on steel, 353; acids and bases turned to water and, by combining, 361-362.
Salt water, litmus test of, 359.
Samson cells, 204.
Scattering of light (diffusion), 158-161*.
Seesaw, example of a lever, 57-58*.
Seltzer siphon, working of, 17.
Ships, reason for floating, 24*-26.
Shock, electrical, 214-215.
Short circuits and fuses, 240-245.
Silver, an element, 300; plating of, 339; hydrochloric acid test for, 373.
Silver chlorid, formation of, 327.
Sinking and floating, 23-28*.
Siphon, 18*.
Sky, reason why blue, 169; why red at sunset, 170.
Smoke, consistency of, 318-319.
Snow, 275;
formation of, 285-286.
Snowflakes, 97, 286*.
Soap, how made, 357-358.
Soda water, how made, 365-366.
Sodium, experiment with, 304.
Softening due to oil or water, 290-292.
Soil, litmus test of, 359.
Solution, defined, 261; difference between emulsion and, 263; a mixture and not a compound, 309; chemical change helped by, 349.
Sound, cause of, 174; rate of speed, 181-182; action of, in echoes, 183-185*; pitch of, 185-188.
Sour milk, litmus test of, 359; neutralization of, by baking soda, 362.
Sourness, taste of, caused by acids, 353, 354-355.
Spectroscope, use of the, 172.
Spectrum, the, 172.
Spring water, carbon dioxid in, 366.
Stability, 29-34.
Starch, iodine test for, 373-374.
Stars, twinkling of, 141; how to tell of what made, 171-172.
Static electricity, 196-202*.
Steam, reason for force exerted by, 110; geysers and volcanoes caused by, 110; real, not visible, 112 n.
Steel, generally an alloy, 310.
Stereopticons, lenses of, 148.
Storage battery, 206, 207*; action of electricity in, 339.
Stoves, electric, 230, 232.
Street car, electric motor of, 255-257.
Suction pump, 19*.
Sugar, making of, by plants, 332-333; litmus test of, 359.
Sulfur, an element, 300.
Sulfuric acid, action of, on cloth, 354; litmus test of, 359.
Sun, radiation of heat and light from the, 122-128; how to tell of what made, 171-172.
Sunbeams, explanation of, 131.
Sweat glands, function of, 291.
Tanning, process of, 327.
Telegraph apparatus, 247-252*, 380-381*.
Telegraph code, 253.
Telephone, working of, 253-255.
Telescopes, 156*, 157; how made, 157; reflecting, 157.
Temperature, finding the, by reading a thermometer, 90-91.
Thermometer, the, 89*-91*.
Thermos bottle, how made, 126-127*.
Thunder, cause of, 200-201.
Tin, an element, 300.
Tin salt, poisonous, 353.
Toasters, electric, 230, 232.
Tomatoes, use of soda to neutralize acid of, 362-363.
Tungsten, in incandescent lamps, 231.
Tuning-fork experiments, 181*, 186-187*.
Twinkling of stars, cause of, 141.
"Up," meaning of word, 4.
Vacuum, defined, 11; reason for, in electric lamp, 12*, 317; use of, in manufacture of thermos bottles, 126-127*; impossibility of producing sound in, 176-177.
Valves, safety, on boilers, 347.
Vaseline, production of, 114.
Vibrations, of air, 174-181*; pitch due to rapidity of, 186.
Vinegar, litmus test of, 359; neutralization of lye by, 363.
Violin, tuning of, 187.
Volcanoes, cause of, 110; explosions and, 346*.
Volume, elasticity of, 86-87.
Washing soda, a common base, 356; litmus test of, 359.
Water, seeks its own level, 6-10; gurgling of, when poured from bottle, 13; experiment with, to show centrifugal force, 73-74; used for making thermometer, 90*-92; expansion of, when frozen, 98; evaporation of, 100-106; action of, in geysers and volcanoes, 110; absorption of light by, 169-170; as conductor of electricity, 216; use of, for generating electricity, 256-257; softening due to, 290-292; elements of, 294-297; a compound and not a mixture, 308; formed by burning fuel, 316; why fire is put out by, but not burning oil, 317; combining of carbon dioxid and, by plants, 332-333; rusting of iron by, 349; acids and bases turned to salt and, by combining, 361-362.
Wear, a result of friction, 53.
Weather, forecasting of, 282-285.
Weight, center of, 30-33*.
Wet battery, 204-205*.
White, a combination of all colors, 162.
Winds, cause of, 20-21.
Winter, reason for cold in, 127-128.
Wiring for arc lamps, 236-239.
Wood, poor conductor of heat, 118; carbon and hydrogen in, 315.
Yardstick, experiment with, to show leverage, 59*-60.
Yeast, action of, in bread making, 365.
Yellow, in flames, 318.
Yerkes Observatory, telescope of, 156*.
Zinc, in electric battery, 203-206; an element, 300; used for driving hydrogen out of acid, 301, 304.