The Home of the Blizzard

Appendix I

The Staff

The Ship’s Officers

J. K. Davis Master of S. Y. ‘Aurora’ and Second-in
          Command of the Expedition.
 J. H. Blair First Officer during the later stages of the Expedition.
 P. Gray Second Officer.
 C. P. de la Motte Third Officer.
 F. J. Gillies Chief Engineer.

Macquarie Island Party
G. F. Ainsworth	Leader: Meteorologist.
L. R. Blake	Geologist and Cartographer.
H. Hamilton	Biologist.
C. A. Sandell	Wireless Operator and Mechanic.
A. J. Sawyer	Wireless Operator.

Main Base Party
Dr. D. Mawson	Commander of the Expedition.
Lieut. R. Bage	Astronomer, Assistant Magnetician and
Recorder of Tides.
C. T. Madigan	Meteorologist.
Lieut. B. E. S. Ninnis	In charge of Greenland dogs.
Dr. X. Mertz	In charge of Greenland dogs.
Dr. A. L. McLean	Chief Medical Officer, Bacteriologist.
F. H. Bickerton	In charge of air-tractor sledge.
A. J. Hodgeman	Cartographer and Sketch Artist.
J. F. Hurley	Official Photographer.
E. N. Webb	Chief Magnetician.
P. E. Correll	Mechanic and Assistant Physicist.
J. G. Hunter	Biologist.
C. F. Laseron	Taxidermist and Biological Collector.
F. L. Stillwell	Geologist.
H. D. Murphy	In charge of Expedition stores.
W. H. Hannam	Wireless Operator and Mechanic.
J. H. Close	Assistant Collector.
Dr. L. A. Whetter	Surgeon.

Western Base Party

F. Wild Leader.
 A. D. Watson Geologist.
 Dr. S. E. Jones Medical Officer.
 C. T. Harrisson Biologist.
 M. H. Moyes Meteorologist.
 A. L. Kennedy Magnetician.
 C. A. Hoadley Geologist.
 G. Dovers Cartographer.

In addition to these were the following gentlemen who accompanied the Expedition for a portion of the time only or who joined later.

S. N. Jeffryes Wireless Operator, who relieved
          W. H. Hannam during 1913.
 E. R. Waite (Curator, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch),
          Biologist, first Sub-Antarctic cruise of
          ‘Aurora’.
 Professor T. T. Flynn (Hobart University), Biologist, second
          Sub-Antarctic cruise of ‘Aurora’.
 J. van Waterschoot Marine Artist, second Antarctic cruise of
   van der Gracht ‘Aurora’.
 Captain James Davis Whaling authority, second Antarctic cruise of ‘Aurora’.
 C. C. Eitel Secretary, second Antarctic cruise of ‘Aurora’.
 N. C. Toucher, and later Served in the capacity of Chief Officer
    F. D. Fletcher on the ‘Aurora’ during the earlier voyages.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

Signatures of members of the land parties in Antarctica and at Macquarie Island

[Accounts of the members of the expedition, in alphabetical order.]

G. F. AINSWORTH, thirty** years of age, single, was born in Sydney, New South Wales. His services were loaned to the expedition by the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau, Melbourne. For a period of two years he acted as leader of the Macquarie Island Party, carrying out the duties of Meteorologist. In the summer of 1913-1914 he visited the Antarctic during the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’.

R. BAGE, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in Engineering of Melbourne University and a lieutenant in the Royal Australian Engineers. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land) and leader of the Southern Sledging Party, he remained in the Antarctic for two years. During the first year he was in charge of chronometers, astronomical observations and tidal records, and throughout the second year continued the magnetic work and looked after stores.

F. H. BICKERTON, F.R.G.S., twenty-two years of age, single, was born at Oxford, England. Had studied engineering: joined the Expedition as Electrical Engineer and Motor Expert. A member of the Main Base Party and leader of the Western Sledging Party, he remained in the Antarctic for two years, during which time he was in charge of the air-tractor sledge, and was engineer to the wireless station. For a time, during the second year, he was in complete charge of the wireless plant.

J. H. BLAIR, twenty-four years of age, single, was born in Scotland. For five years he served with the Loch Line of Glasgow as apprentice and third mate. As second mate he joined A. Currie and Company, of Melbourne, in the Australian-Indian trade, reaching the rank of first mate, in which capacity he acted during the final Antarctic cruise of the ‘Aurora’ in the summer of 1913-14.

L. R. BLAKE, twenty-one years of age, single, was born in England, but had lived for many years in Queensland previous to joining the Expedition. Before accompanying the Macquarie Island Party as Geologist and Cartographer, he obtained leave from the Geological Survey Department, Brisbane. He visited the Antarctic during the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’ in the summer of 1913-1914.

J. H. Close, F.R.G.S., forty years of age, married, was born in Sydney, New South Wales. During the South African War he saw active service in Rhodesia, and at the time of the Expedition’s departure was a teacher of physical culture at Sydney. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land) and of several sledging parties, he spent two summers and one winter in the Antarctic.

P. E. CORRELL, nineteen years of age, single, was a student in Science of the Adelaide University. He joined the Expedition as Mechanician and Assistant Physicist. He was a member of the Main Base Party accompanying the Eastern Coastal Party during their sledging journey. He spent three summers and one winter in the Antarctic, acting as colour photographer during the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’.

J. E. DAVIS, twenty-eight years of age, single, was master of the ‘Aurora’ and Second-in-Command of the Expedition. Born in Ireland and educated in England, he served his apprenticeship on the Liverpool owned sailing-ship, ‘Celtic Chief’, obtaining his certificate as second mate before joining the barque ‘Westland’ trading between England and New Zealand. His next post was that of second officer on the training ship ‘Port Jackson’, following which he joined Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Expedition (1907-1909) as chief officer of the ‘Nimrod’, acting subsequently as master. Throughout the whole period of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914) Captain J. K. Davis commanded the ‘Aurora’ during five cruises.

G. DOVERS, twenty-one years of age, single, of Sydney, New South Wales, was completing his term for Licensed Surveyor in the service of the Commonwealth Government when he joined the Expedition. He was in the Antarctic for two summers and one winter, being stationed with the Western Party (Queen Mary Land). A member of several sledging parties, he acted as Cartographer to the party which reached Gaussberg.

F. J. GILLIES, thirty-five years of age, single, was born at Cardiff, Wales. He served his apprenticeship as an engineer on the steamers of John Shearman and Company and P. Baker and Company of Cardiff. For six years previous to joining the Expedition he was in the Indian trade. Throughout the five cruises of the ‘Aurora’ between 1911 and 1914 F. J. Gillies was Chief Engineer.

P. GRAY, twenty-two years of age, single, was born and educated in England. He served on the ‘Worcester’ as cadet captain for eighteen months and as apprentice on the ‘Archibald Russell’, of Glasgow, and in the New Zealand Shipping Company. In 1909 he entered the Peninsula and Oriental Company and reached the rank of third officer, joining the Australasian Antarctic Expedition as second officer of the ‘Aurora’. Throughout five cruises, from 1911 to 1914, he served in this capacity.

H. HAMILTON, twenty-six years of age, single, was born at Napier, New Zealand. Graduate of the Otago University. Besides being employed on the New Zealand Geological Survey, he acted as Entomological Collector to the Dominion Museum at Wellington. A member of the Macquarie Island Party, of which he was the Biologist for two years, H. Hamilton visited the Antarctic during the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’ in the summer of 1913-1914.

W. H. HANNAM, twenty-six years of age, single, was of Sydney, New South Wales, and joined the Expedition in charge of the arrangements for a wireless telegraphic system. He was in the Antarctic at the Main Base (Adelie Land) for two summers and a winter, and was successful in transmitting wireless messages for a short time during 1912 through Macquarie Island to Australia, assistant magnetician for a time.

C. T. HARRISSON, forty-three years of age, married, was born in Hobart, Tasmania. For many years previous to joining the Expedition he had done illustrative and artistic work and had been engaged on a survey and in botanical and other scientific observations on the west coast of Tasmania. Stationed with the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) he acted as Biologist and Artist, accompanying F. Wild on his main eastern journey and several other sledging parties.

C. A. HOADLEY, twenty-four years of age, single, was a graduate in Mining Engineering of Melbourne University. A member of F. Wild’s Western Party (Queen Mary Land), he took part in several sledging journeys and was Geologist of the party who explored westwards to Gaussberg.

A. J. HODGEMAN, twenty-six years of age, single, was born at Adelaide, South Australia. For four years he was an articled architect, and for five years a draughtsman in the Works and Buildings Department, Adelaide. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land), he took part in several sledging journeys, and throughout two years in the Antarctic acted in the capacity of Cartographer and Sketch Artist, as well as that of Assistant Meteorologist.

J. G. HUNTER, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in Science of Sydney University, New South Wales. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land) he carried on the work of Biologist during two summers and one winter; and in the same capacity accompanied the ‘Aurora’ in her final summer cruise 1911-1914.

J. F. HURLEY, twenty-four years of age, single, was of Sydney, New South Wales. He had been the recipient of many amateur and professional awards for photographic work before joining the Expedition. At the Main Base he obtained excellent photographic and cinematographic records and was one of the three members of the Southern Sledging Party. He was also present on the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’.

S. N. JEFFRYES, twenty-seven years of age, single, of Towoomba, Queensland, was a qualified operator of the Australasian Wireless Company. During the second year (1913) he took W. H. Hannam’s place in charge of the wireless plant, wintering at the Main Base (Adelie Land).

S. E. JONES, twenty-four years of age, single, was a graduate in Medicine of Sydney University, New South Wales. A member and Medical Officer of F. Wild’s Western Base (Queen Mary Land), he took part in several sledging journeys during 1912 and was leader of the party who explored westward to Gaussberg.

A. L. KENNEDY, twenty-two years of age, single, was a student in Science of Adelaide University, South Australia. Receiving special tuition, he acted as Magnetician at the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) during the year 1912. He was a member of several sledging parties and accompanied F. Wild on his main eastern journey as Cartographer.

C. F. LASERON, twenty-five years of age, single, had gained a Diploma in Geology at the Technical College, Sydney, New South Wales, and for some years was Collector to the Technological Museum. At the Main Base (Adelie Land), during 1912, he acted as Taxidermist and general Collector, taking part, as well, in sledging journeys to the south and east of Winter Quarters.

C. T. MADIGAN, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in Science (Mining Engineering) of Adelaide University, South Australia. Through the courtesy of the Trustees of the Rhodes Scholarship, the necessary leave to accompany the Expedition was granted just as he was on the eve of continuing his studies at Oxford University. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land) he acted as Meteorologist for two years, and during the second year (1913) was also in charge of the Greenland dogs. An important journey in the spring and one to the east in the summer were made under his leadership, and the Party, left in Adelie Land in 1913, was to have been under his charge, but for my return.

D. MAWSON, thirty years of age, single, was the Organiser and Leader of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition and was, previous to it, a member of Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Antarctic Expedition of 1907-1909, being one of the party under Professor David which reached the South Magnetic Pole. A graduate in Science and Engineering of Sydney and Adelaide Universities, he had filled for some time the post of Lecturer in Mineralogy and Petrology at the Adelaide University. The only survivor of a party sledging to the east from the Main Base in the summer of 1912-1913.

A. L. McLEAN, twenty-six years of age, single, was a graduate in Arts and Medicine of Sydney University; New South Wales. He acted as Chief Medical Officer at the Main Base (Adelie Land) and carried out observations in Bacteriology and Physiology during the first year. In 1913 (the second year) he was Biologist, Ice-Carrier and Editor of the ‘Adelie Blizzard’. He took part in a sledging journey along the eastern coast in the summer of 1912-1913.

X. MERTZ, twenty-eight years of age, single, of Basle, Switzerland, was a graduate in Law of the Universities of Leipzig and Berne. Prior to joining the Expedition he had gained the Ski-running Championship of Switzerland and was an experienced mountaineer. At the Main Base (Adelie Land) he was assisted by B. E. S. Ninnis in the care of the Greenland dogs. On January 7, 1913, during a sledging journey, he lost his life, one hundred miles south-east of Winter Quarters.

C. P. DE LA MOTTE, nineteen years of age, single, of Bulli, New South Wales, had early training at sea on the barque ‘Northern Chief’ of New Zealand, obtaining his certificate as second mate in March 1911. During the eight months prior to joining the Expedition he served as fourth officer on the S.S. ‘Warrimoo’ of the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand. Throughout the five cruises of the ‘Aurora’ between 1911 and 1914, C. P. de la Motte was third officer with the Ship’s party.

M. H. MOYES, twenty-five years of age, single, of Koolunga, South Australia, was a graduate in Science of Adelaide University. With the Western Base Party (Queen Mary Land) he acted as Meteorologist and took part in several sledging journeys in the autumn and spring of 1912. During the summer of 1912-1913, through an unavoidable accident, he was left to carry on work alone at Winter Quarters for a period of nine weeks.

H. D. MURPHY, thirty-two years of age, single, of Melbourne, one-time Scholar in History of Oxford University. At the outset he was to have been leader of a third Antarctic Base which was eventually amalgamated with the Main Base (Adelie Land). Here he had charge of the stores and during the early summer of 1912 was leader of the Southern Supporting Party.

B. E. S. NINNIS, twenty-three years of age, single, was educated at Dulwich, England, and entered His Majesty’s Army, having a commission as Lieutenant in the Royal Fusiliers prior to joining the Expedition in London. At the Main Base (Adelie Land) he was assisted by X. Mertz in the care of the Greenland dogs. On December 14, 1912, while on a sledging journey, he lost his life by falling into a crevasse three hundred miles east of Winter Quarters.

C. A. SANDELL, twenty-five years of age, single, of Surrey, England, studied electrical engineering for some years and then came to Australia in 1909 and entered the Commonwealth Branch of Telephony. Having a practical knowledge of wireless telegraphy he joined the Expedition as a Wireless Operator and Mechanic and was stationed with the Macquarie Island Party for two years. After the departure of A. J. Sawyer in August 1913, he was in complete charge of the wireless station. C. A. Sandell visited the Antarctic during the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’ in the summer of 1913-1914.

A. J. SAWYER, twenty-six years of age, single, was born in New Zealand. Having had considerable experience in wireless telegraphy, he joined the Expedition as an operator from the Australasian Wireless Company. At the Macquarie Island Station he was chief wireless until August 1913, when on account of illness he returned to New Zealand.

F. L. STILLWELL, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in Science of Melbourne University, Victoria. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land) he acted as Geologist. F. L. Stillwell was leader of two sledging parties who did detail work for about sixty miles along the coast eastward of Winter Quarters.

A. D. WATSON, twenty-four years of age, single, was a graduate in Science of Sydney University, New South Wales. A member of the Western Base Party (Queen Mary Land) he acted as Geologist. A. D. Watson took part in several sledging journeys, accompanying F. Wild in his main eastern trip during the summer of 1912-1913.

E. N. WEBB, twenty-two years of age, single, was an Associate of Civil Engineering of Canterbury University College, and, for the five months previous to joining the Expedition, carried out magnetic observations under the Carnegie Institute of Washington, U.S.A. At the Main Base (Adelie Land) E. N. Webb was Chief Magnetician, accompanying the Southern Sledging Party.

L. A. WHETTER, twenty-nine years of age, single. He graduated at Otago University, New Zealand, and joined the Expedition as Surgeon, acting in that capacity at the Main Base (Adelie Land) during 1912. He accompanied a sledging party which explored to the westward of Winter Quarters.

F. WILD, thirty-eight years of age, single, was Leader of the Western Base Party (Queen Mary Land). He joined the Merchant Service in 1889 and the Navy in 1900, served on an extended sledge journey during the National Antarctic Expedition (Capt. R. F. Scott) of 1901-1904, and was one of the Southern Party of Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Expedition from 1907-1909. During the Australasian Expedition he opened up a new tract of country—Queen Mary Land.

I desire to make special mention of the Ship’s Party who faced the rigorous conditions of Antarctica and the stormy Southern Ocean, during five separate voyages, with a cheerfulness and devotion to duty which will always stand to their lasting credit. In regions of heavy pack-ice and sudden blizzard winds, Captain Davis piloted the Ship safely through many situations of extreme danger. In a report to me on the work of the Ship he writes an appreciative note:—

“I wish to draw particular attention to the loyal way in which the officers and men of the ‘Aurora’ supported me. Messrs. Toucher, Fletcher, Blair, Gray, de la Motte, and Gillies, in their respective positions, carried out the duties assigned to them with ability and cheerfulness, often under very trying conditions.

“Mr. Gillies not only looked after the engines but assisted materially in the deep-sea work by the invention of a new form of sounding driver which was used successfully during the various cruises of the ‘Aurora’.

“The Chief Officer was in charge of the stores and equipment of the Expedition on board the vessel, in addition to his ordinary executive duties. Messrs. Toucher, Fletcher and Blair served in this capacity on different voyages.

“Mr. P. Gray, as Second and Navigating Officer, and Mr. C. P. de la Motte, as Third Officer, acted capably and thoroughly throughout the Expedition.” APPENDIX II

Scientific Work

It should be remarked that there is no intention of furnishing anything more than a suggestion of the general trend of the scientific observations of the Expedition. The brief statement made below indicates the broad lines on which the work was conducted and in some cases the ground which was actually covered. It may thus give the general reader a clue to the nature of the scientific volumes which will serve to record permanently the results amassed during a period of more than two years.

Terrestrial Magnetism

1.

Field Work.

(a) Dip determinations were made at Macquarie Island, on the eastern and southern journeys from the Main Base (Adelie Land) and on a short journey from the Western Base (Queen Mary Land).

(b) Declination by theodolite observations was determined at Macquarie Island and at intervals on all sledging journeys in the Antarctic.

(c) Rough observations of magnetic variation were made daily on the ‘Aurora’ during her five cruises.

2.

Station Work.

(a) Regular magnetograph records were kept at the Main Base (Adelie Land) for a period of eighteen months. A system of term days for quick runs was also followed; Melbourne, Christchurch, and other stations co operating. In connexion with the magnetograph work, Webb conducted regular, absolute observations throughout the year 1912. Bage continued the magnetograph records for a further six months in 1913, observed term days, and took absolute observations.

(b) At the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) Kennedy kept term days in the winter, using a magnetometer and dip-circle.

Biology

1.

Station Collections.

(a) At Macquarie Island, Hamilton worked for two years amongst a rich fauna and a scanty but interesting flora. Amongst other discoveries a finch indigenous to Macquarie Island was found.

(b) In Adelie Land, Hunter, assisted by Laseron, secured a large biological collection, notwithstanding the continuous bad weather. Dredgings from depths down to fifty fathoms were made during the winter. The eggs of practically all the flying birds known along Antarctic shores were obtained, including those of the silver-grey petrel and the Antarctic petrel, which were not previously known; also a variety of prion, of an unrecorded species, together with its eggs.

(c) At the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) eggs of the Antarctic and other petrels were found, and a large rookery of Emperor penguins was located; the second on record. Harrisson, working under difficulties, succeeded in trapping some interesting fish on the bottom in two hundred and fifty fathoms of water.

2.

Ship Collections.

(a) A collection made by Mr. E. R. Waite, Curator of the Canterbury Museum, on the first Sub-Antarctic cruise.

(b) A collection made by Professor T. T. Flynn, of Hobart, on the second Sub-Antarctic cruise.

(c) A collection made by Hunter, assisted by Hamilton, in Antarctic waters during the summer of 1913-1914. This comprised deep-sea dredgings at eleven stations in depths down to one thousand eight hundred fathoms and regular tow-nettings, frequently serial, to depths of two hundred fathoms. Six specimens of the rare Ross seal were secured. A large collection of external and internal parasites was made from birds, seals and fish.

Geology

(a) A geological examination of Macquarie Island was made by Blake. The older rocks were found to be all igneous. The Island has been overridden in comparatively recent times by an ice-cap travelling from west to east.

(b) Geological collections at the Main Base. In Adelie Land the rocky outcrops are metamorphic sediments and gneisses. In King George V Land there is a formation similar to the Beacon sandstones and dolerites of the Ross Sea, with which carbonaceous shales and coaly strata are associated.

(c) Stillwell met with a great range of minerals and rocks in the terminal moraine near Winter Quarters, Adelie Land. Amongst them was red sandstone in abundance, suggesting that the Beacon sandstone formation extends also throughout Adelie Land but is hidden by the ice-cap. A solitary stony meteorite was found by a sledging party lying on the ice of the plateau.

(d) In the collections made by Watson and Hoadley at the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) gneisses and schists were ascertained to be the predominant types.

(e) A collection of erratics was brought up by the deep-sea trawl in the course of dredgings in Antarctic waters.

Glaciology

(a) Observations of the pack-ice, coastal glaciers and shelf-ice from the ‘Aurora’ during her three Antarctic cruises.

(b) Observations of the niveous and glacial features met with on the sledging journeys from both Antarctic bases.

Meteorology

(a) Two years’ observations at Macquarie Island by Ainsworth

(b) Two years’ observations in Adelie Land by Madigan.

(c) One year’s observations in Queen Mary Land by Moyes.

(d) Observations by the Ship on each of her five voyages.

(e) Observations during the many sledging journeys from both
       Antarctic Bases.

Bacteriology, etc.

In Adelie Land, McLean carried out many months of steady work in Bacteriology, Haematology and Physiology.

Tides

Self-recording instruments were run at Macquarie Island by Ainsworth and at Adelie Land by Bage.

Wireless and Auroral Observations

A very close watch was kept upon auroral phenomena with interesting results, especially in their relation to the “permeability” of the ether to wireless waves.

Geographical Results

1. The successful navigation by the ‘Aurora’ of the Antarctic pack ice in a fresh sphere of action, where the conditions were practically unknown, resulting in the discovery of new lands and islands.

2. Journeys were made over the sea-ice and on the coastal and upland plateau in regions hitherto unsurveyed. At the Main Base (Adelie Land) the journeys aggregated two thousand four hundred miles, and at the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) the aggregate was eight hundred miles. These figures do not include depot journeys, the journeys of supporting parties, or the many miles of relay work. The land was mapped in through 33 degrees of longitude, 27 degrees of which were covered by sledging parties.

3. The employment of wireless telegraphy in the fixation of a fundamental meridian in Adelie Land.

4. The mapping of Macquarie Island.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS]

A Section of the Antarctic Plateau from the Coast to a Point Three Hundred Miles Inland, along the Route followed by the Southern Sledging Party (Adelie Land)

A Section across the Antarctic Continent through the South Magnetic Pole from the D’Urville Sea to the Ross Sea; Compiled from Observations made by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907-1909) and by the Australian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914)

Oceanography

1. By soundings the fringe of the Antarctic Continent as well as the Continental Shelf has been indicated through 55 degrees of longitude.

2. The configuration of the floor of the ocean southward of Australia and between Macquarie Island and the Auckland Islands has been broadly ascertained.

3. Much has been done in the matter of sea-water temperatures and salinities.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS]

A Section of the Floor of the Southern Ocean between Tasmania and King George V Land

A Section of the Floor of the Southern Ocean between Western
 Australia and Queen Mary Land

APPENDIX Ill

An Historical Summary**

1775. James Cook circumnavigated the Globe in high southern latitudes, discovering the sub-antarctic island of South Georgia. He was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle.

1819. William Smith, the master of a merchant vessel trading between Montevideo and Valparaiso, discovered the South Shetland Islands.

1819. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, despatched in command of an Expedition by the Emperor, Alexander I of Russia, with instructions to supplement the voyage of Captain Cook, circumnavigated the Antarctic continent in high southern latitudes. The first discovery of land south of the Antarctic Circle was made, namely, Peter I Island and Alexander I Land (also an island), in the American Quadrant of Antarctica.

1820. Nathaniel Palmer, master of an American sealing-vessel, sighted new land to the south of the South Shetland Islands. It seems clear that he was the first to view what is now known as the Palmer Archipelago (1820-21).

1823. James Weddell, a British sealer, sailing southward of the Atlantic Ocean, reached 74 degrees 15’ south latitude in the American Quadrant, establishing a “farthest south” record.

1830. John Biscoe, a whaling master of the British firm of Enderby Brothers, sailed on a voyage circumnavigating the Antarctic Regions. Enderby Land was discovered south of the West Indian Ocean in the African Quadrant of Antarctica. This was apparently a part of the Antarctic continent. New land was also met with to the south of America and charted as Graham’s Land, Biscoe Island and Adelaide Island.

Kemp, a sailing master of Enderby Brothers, extended Biscoe’s discoveries shortly after by the report of land east of, and adjacent to, Enderby Land.

Neither of these discoveries has yet been proved, though Enderby Land (Biscoe) undoubtedly exists.

1839. John Balleny, another of Enderby’s whaling captains, discovered the Balleny Islands within the Antarctic Circle, in the Australian Quadrant of Antarctica, and gave a vague description of an appearance of land to the westward. This has been charted on maps, without adequate evidence, as Sabrina Land.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

Antarctic Land Discoveries Preceding 1838

Note. This and the two following maps of the series illustrate land discoveries only. In cases where the existence of land once reported has since been disproved no record at all is shown

1837. Jules Sebastian Cesar Dumont D’Urville, was despatched by King Louis Philippe of France for the prosecution of scientific researches on a voyage round the World. His cruise in the Antarctic resulted in the charting of Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land to the south of America (American Quadrant) and the discovery of a portion of the Antarctic continent, named Adelie Land, southward of Australia (Australian Quadrant).

1838. Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, in accordance with a bill passed by Congress, set out on an exploring expedition to circumnavigate the World. His programme included the investigation of the area of the Antarctic to the south of Australia—the Australian Quadrant. The squadron composing this American expedition first visited the Antarctic regions in the American Quadrant, and then proceeded eastward round to the Australian Quadrant from which, after a long cruise, they returned, reporting land at frequent intervals in the vicinity of the Antarctic Circle between longitudes 157 degrees 46’ E. and 106 degrees 19’ E. He shares with D’Urville the full honour of the discovery of Adelie Land. Some of the supposed landfalls known to be non-existent.

1839. James Clark Ross proceeded south in charge of a scientific expedition fitted out by the Admiralty at the instance of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and approved of by the Royal Society. His aim was to circumnavigate the Antarctic regions and to investigate the Weddell Sea. The geographical results were fruitful; the Ross Sea, the Admiralty Range and the Great Ice Barrier were discovered and some eight hundred miles of Antarctic coastline were broadly delineated.

1844. T. E. L. Moore was detailed by the Admiralty to supplement the magnetic work of Ross and to explore to the southward of Africa and of the Indian Ocean, but no additions were made to geographical knowledge.

1872. Eduard Dallmann, whilst engaged in whaling with a German steamer to the southward of America, added some details to the map of the Palmer Archipelago but did not go further south than 64 degrees 45’ S. Iatitude.

1874. The ‘Challenger’ scientific expedition, under the command of George Strong Nares, in the course of their voyage from the Cape to Australia during the circumnavigation of the World penetrated within the Antarctic Circle in longitude 78 degrees 22’ E.

1892. A fleet of four Scottish whalers cruised through the north western part of the Weddell Sea. Scientific observations were made by W. S. Bruce and others, but no geographical discoveries were recorded.

1892. C. A. Larsen, master of a Hamburg whaler, added important details to the geography of the American Quadrant of Antarctica on the western side of the Weddell Sea.

1894. Evensen, master of another Hamburg whaler, brought back further information of the American Quadrant on the Pacific Ocean side.

1895. H. J. Bull organized a whaling venture and with Leonard Kristensen, master of the ship, revisited the Ross Sea area where a landing was made at Cape Adare (Australian Quadrant). This was the first occasion on which any human being had set foot on the Antarctic continent.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

Antarctic land Discoveries Preceding 1896 (A. J. Hodgeman)

1897. Adrien de Gerlache sailed from Belgium on a scientific exploring expedition to the American Quadrant. Important additions were made to the map, but the ship became frozen into the pack-ice and drifted about for a whole year south of the Antarctic Circle. The members of this expedition were the first to experience an Antarctic winter. Antarctic exploration now entered upon a new era.

1898. Carstens Egeberg Borchgrevink led an expedition, fitted out by Sir George Newnes; its objective being the Ross Sea area. Further details were added to the map, but the most notable fact was that the expedition wintered at Cape Adare, on the mainland itself. The Great Ross Barrier was determined to be thirty miles south of the position assigned by Ross in 1839.

1898. Chun of Leipsig, in charge of the ‘Valdivia’ Expedition, carried out oceanographical researches far to the south, in the vicinity of Enderby Land (African Quadrant), though he did not come within sight of the continent.

1901. Robert Falcon Scott, in command of the ‘Discovery’ Expedition, organised by the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society with the co-operation of the Admiralty, in accordance with a scheme of international endeavour, passed two winters at the southern extremity of the Ross Sea and carried out many successful sledging journeys. Their main geographical achievements were: the discovery of King Edward VII Land; several hundred miles of new land on a “farthest south” sledging journey to latitude 82 degrees 17’ S.; the discovery of the Antarctic plateau; additional details and original contributions to the geography of the lands and islands of the Ross Sea.

1901. A German national expedition, led by Erich von Drygalski, set out for the region south of the Indian Ocean. After a small party had been stationed on Kerguelen Island, the main party proceeded south close to the tracks of the Challenger. They came within sight of Antarctic shores but were frozen into the pack-ice for a whole year. Kaiser Wilhelm II Land was discovered close to the junction between the Australian and African Quadrants.

1901. A Swedish national expedition, planned and led by Otto Nordenskjold, wintered for two years on Snow Hill Island in the American Quadrant, and did much valuable scientific work.

1902. William Speirs Bruce organized and led a Scottish expedition to the Weddell Sea, southward of the Atlantic Ocean. The party effected notable oceanographic researches and wintered at the South Orkney Islands, but were foiled in their attempt to penetrate the pack-ice. During the second season, conditions were more favourable and the ship reached Coats Land in 74 degrees 1’ S. Iatitude.

1903. Jean Charcot organized and led a French expedition to the American Quadrant and there added many details to the existing chart.

1907. Ernest Henry Shackleton organized and led a British expedition with the main object of reaching the South Geographical Pole. His party wintered at Cape Royds, McMurdo Sound, and two main sledging parties set out in the early summer. E. H. Shackleton’s party ascended the Antarctic plateau and penetrated to within ninety seven geographical miles of the South Pole, discovering new land beyond Scott’s “farthest south.” T. W. Edgeworth David’s party reached the South Magnetic Polar Area, filling in many details of the western coast of McMurdo Sound.

1908. Jean Charcot organized and led a second French expedition to extend the work accomplished in 1903 in the American Quadrant. He was successful in discovering new land still further to the south. Loubet, Fallieres and Charcot Lands, towards and beyond Alexander I Land, were added to the map of Antarctica.

1910. Roald Amundsen organized an expedition for scientific research in the vicinity of the North Pole but changed his plans, eventually heading for the South Pole. The expedition wintered on the Ross Barrier near King Edward VII Land, from which point he set out and attained the South Geographical Pole, mapping in new land on the way. Another party visited King Edward VII Land.

1910. Robert Falcon Scott led a second Antarctic expedition, the main object of which was to reach the South Geographical Pole. The principal party wintered near his old winter quarters at Hut Point, McMurdo Sound. A second party was landed at Cape Adare. Scott reached the Pole soon after the Norwegian Amundsen, but he and his party perished on the return journey. Other parties added details to the map of Victoria Land. Oates Land was sighted from the ship to the westward of Cape Adare in the Australian Quadrant.

1910. A Japanese expedition sailed to the Ross Sea, but on account of the lateness of the season was forced to turn back without landing. The winter was spent at Sydney, New South Wales. Next year a summer visit was made to the South, but no additional land discoveries were made.

1911. A German expedition, led by Wilhelm Filchner, proceeded to the Weddell Sea; the South Pole being its objective. The party succeeded in reaching further south in that region than any previous navigators and discovered new land, to be named Prince Luitpold Land. They were driven northwards amongst the pack in a blizzard and spent the winter frozen in south of Coats Land.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

A Map of the Antarctic Regions as Known at the Present Day
 1915

APPENDIX IV

Glossary

Oceanography. The study of the ocean, including the shape and character of its bed, the temperature and salinity of the water at various depths, the force and set of its currents, and the nature of the creatures and plants which haunt its successive zones.

Neve. [n,e acute, v, e acute] The compacted snow of a snow-field; a stage in the transition between soft, loose snow and glacier-ice.

Sastrugi. The waves caused by continuous winds blowing across the surface of an expanse of snow. These waves vary in size according to the force and continuity of the wind and the compactness of the snow. The word is of Russian derivation (from zastruga [sing.], zastrugi [pl.] ), denoting snow-waves or the irregularities on the surface of roughly-planed wood.

Ice-foot. A sheath of ice adhering along the shores of polar lands. The formation may be composed of attached remnants of floe-ice, frozen sea-spray and drift-snow.

Nunatak. An island-like outcrop of rock projecting through a sheet of enveloping land-ice.

Shelf-ice. A thick, floating, fresh water ice-formation pushing out from the land and continuous with an extensive glacier. Narrow prolongations or peninsulas of the shelf-ice may be referred to as ice-tongues or glacier-tongues.

Barrier is a term which has been rather loosely applied in the literature of Antarctic Exploration. Formerly it was used to describe a formation, which is mainly shelf-ice, known as the Great Ross Barrier. Confusion arose when “Barrier” came to be applied to the seaward ice-cliff (resting on rock) of an extensive sheet of land-ice and when it was also employed to designate a line of consolidated pack-ice. Spelt with a small “b” the term is a convenient one, so long as it carries its ordinary meaning; it seems unnecessary to give it a technical connotation.

Blizzard. A high wind at a low temperature, accompanied by drifting, not necessarily falling snow.

Floe or Floe-ice. The comparatively flat, frozen surface of the sea intersected by cracks and leads (channels of open water).

Pack or Pack-ice is a field of loose ice originating in the main from broken floe, to which may be added material from the disintegration of bergs, and bergs themselves.

Brash or Brash-ice. Small, floating fragments of ice—the debris of larger pieces—usually observed bordering a tract of pack-ice.

Bergschrund has been “freely rendered” in the description of the great cleft between the lower part of the Denman Glacier and the Shackleton Shelf-Ice (Queen Mary Land). In a typical glacier, “the upper portion is hidden by neve and often by freshly fallen snow and is smooth and unbroken. During the summer, when little snow falls, the body of the glacier moves away from the snow-field and a gaping crevasse of great depth is usually established, called a ‘Bergschrund’, which is sometimes taken as the upper limit of the glacier” (“Encyclopaedia Britannica”).

Sub-Antarctica. A general term used to denote the area of ocean, containing islands and encircling the Antarctic continent, between the vicinity of the 50th parallel of south latitude and the confines of the ice-covered sea.

Seracs are wedged masses of icy pinnacles which are produced in the surface of a glacier by dragging strains which operate on crevassed areas. A field of such pinnacles, jammed together in broken confusion, is called serac-ice

The following colloquial words or phrases occurring in the narrative were largely determined by general usage: To depot = to cache or to place a stock of provisions in a depot; drift = drift-snow; fifty-mile wind = a wind of fifty miles an hour; burberry = “Burberry gabardine” or specially prepared wind-proof clothing; whirly (pi. whirlies) = whirlwind carrying drift-snow and pursuing a devious track; night-watchman = night-watch; glaxo = “Glaxo” (a powder of dried milk); primus = primus stove used during sledging; hoosh = pemmican and plasmon biscuit “porridge”; tanks = canvas bags for holding sledging provisions; boil-up = sledging meal; ramp = bank of snow slanting away obliquely on the leeward side of an obstacle; radiant = an appearance noted in clouds (especially cirro-stratus) which seem to radiate from a point on the horizon

The following appended list may be of biological interest:

Birds Aves

Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri King penguin Aptenodytes patagonica Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae Royal penguin Catarrhactes schlegeli Victoria penguin Catarrhactes pachyrynchus Gentoo or Rockhopper penguin Pygoscelis papua

Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans Mollymawk or Black-browed albatross Diomedea melanophrys Sooty albatross Phoebetria fuliginosa Giant petrel or nelly Ossifraga gigantea MacCormick’s skua gull Megalestris maccormicki Southern skua gull Megalestris antarctica Antarctic petrel Thalassoeca antarctica Silver-grey petrel or southern fulmar Priocella glacialoides Cape pigeon Daption capensis Snow petrel Pagodroma nivea Lesson’s petrel Oestrelata lessoni Wilson petrel Oceanites oceanicus Storm petrel Fregetta melanogaster Cape hen Majaqueus oequinoctialis Small prion or whale bird Prion banksii Crested tern Sterna sp. Southern black-backed or Dominican gull Larus dominicanus Macquarie Island shag Phalacrocorax traversi Mutton bird Puffinus griseus Maori hen or “weka” Ocydromus scotti

Seals	Pinnipedia
Sea elephant Sea-leopard Weddell seal Crab-eater seal Ross seal	Macrorhinus leoninus Stenorhynchus leptonyax Leptonychotes weddelli Lobodon carcinophagus Ommatophoca rossi
Whales and Dolphins	Cetacea
Rorqual, finner, or blue whale Killer whale	Balaenoptera sibbaldi Orca gladiator

APPENDIX V

Medical Reports

Western Base (Queen Mary Land)

by S. E. Jones, M.B., CH.M.

There was a very marked absence of serious illness during the whole period of our stay at the Base. After the ‘Aurora’ left Adelie Land on January 19, 1912, for her western cruise, an epidemic of influenza broke out. It should be noted that one case occurred on the voyage south from Hobart, and then an interval of almost a month occurred before the infection spread. An interesting feature of the outbreak was the fact that the recovery of those who were convalescing, when we arrived at Queen Mary Land, was much more rapid than was the case with those whose convalescence occurred on the Ship.

By the careful use of snow-goggles during the summer, snow-blindness was practically prevented, and such cases as occurred yielded quickly when zinc and cocaine tablets were used and the eyes obtained rest. An undoubted factor in the causation of snow-blindness is the strain caused by the continual efforts at visual accommodation made necessary on dull days when the sun is obscured, and there is a complete absence of all light-and-shade contrast.

Although frostbites were frequent during the winter months, immediate attention to the restoration of circulation prevented the occurrence of after-effects, so that no one suffered the loss of any more tissue than the superficial epithelium. The nose, ears, fingers and toes were the parts which suffered first.

Our supplies of food were excellent in point of view of variety. Some tinned onions were responsible for several mild attacks of poisoning, but these were not used after our first experience. There was no sign of scurvy in any form.

Hoadley, on one occasion, had an unpleasant experience. He was alone in the hut sleeping one night when he awoke to find the room filled with smoke. On going outside he found that the chimney had become blocked with snow; as the fire was banked, the hut was filled with the gases from the imperfect combustion of the coal. It was three or four days before Hoadley recovered from his experience, having marked symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.

On my return from the Western Depot journey I found that Wild was suffering from an attack of herpes zoster. The illness came on while he was out sledging, and he suffered severely from the pain and irritation.

Beyond a few cases of minor illness, and one or two accidents, there was nothing of serious moment to report.

Main Base (Adelie Land)

by A. L. McLean, M.B., CH.M., B.A.

Throughout the whole period of the Expedition—from December 2, 1911, to February 26, 1914—the health of the expedition was remarkably good. Undoubtedly Antarctica has a salubrious climate, and it is simply because one returns in a measure to the primitive that such an ideal result is obtained.

The first thing to resist is the cold, and additional clothing is the first and adequate means to such an end. No one needs to be specially inured to a rigorous climate. If he has a normal circulation he immediately reacts to a new set of temperature conditions, and in a few weeks may claim to be acclimatized. Most of the members of the expedition were Australians, so that the change of latitudes was rather abrupt but none the less stimulating and healthful.

Appetite for food had suddenly a new piquancy, hard manual work was a pleasure in a novel and wonderful environment, the intellect and imagination were quickened and the whole man embodied the mens sana in corpore sano. That is why illness was practically unknown for more than two years; and, further, it may be said with partial truth that in the high sense of physical and mental fitness he possessed for a time, lies the explanation of the proverbial desire of an explorer to return to the ice-lands.

Regular monthly examinations of the blood were made from the date of leaving Hobart in December 1911 until October 1912, with an interval of about nine weeks between the first and second examinations. The haemoglobin or red colouring-matter went up with a leap and then very steadily increased in amount during the winter months in Adelie Land. The blood pressure became slightly more marked, the weight increased, but as one might have expected, the resistance to ordinary civilized germs was decreased. With regard to weight, the maximum amount gained by a single individual during a period of eight weeks was almost two stones, and every one became heavier by as much as ten pounds. As clinical evidence of the loss in immunity may be quoted the epidemic of influenza to which Dr. S. E. Jones referred. As well, it was noted that several members had attacks of “boils” during the voyage southward; in Adelie Land during 1912 there were two instances of acute abscesses on the fingers (whitlows) and one jaw abscess. It appears as if, with its new and unbounded energy of function, the body attempts to throw oft its waste products. Then, too, experimental observations of opsonic index pointed towards the lowering of resistance, and, by the way, it was rather a remarkable fact that after a few months in Adelie Land, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus—a common germ in civilization-could not be cultivated artificially from the throat, nose or skin, of six individuals from whom monthly bacteriological cultures were made.

Within the Hut, at a temperature which ranged from 40 degrees to 45 degrees F., the number of micro-organisms continuously increased, if the exposure of agar plates at regular intervals (by night) gave a true indication. The organisms were staphylocci albi, bacilli, yeasts, and moulds; the latter overgrowing the plate after it had been for forty eight hours in the incubator.

Frostbites were common, but, perhaps for that reason, were not regarded seriously. No one suffered permanent harm from being frost-bitten, though in several cases rather extensive blisters formed and nails and skin were lost.

Whilst the Hut was being built, minor casualties often occurred; the common remedy being to cover the injured part with a small piece of gauze surrounded by adhesive tape; for open wounds will not heal when exposed to the cold. The Greenland dogs had small accidents and ailments which often required treatment.

On sledging journeys snow-blindness was an affection which sooner or later caught every one in an unguarded moment. That moment was when he ceased to use goggles if the light were at all trying to his eyes. Prevention came first, and then the “zinc and cocaine” cure.

Adelie Land can only be regarded as an intolerable country in which to live, owing to the never-ceasing winds. Usage and necessity helped one to regard the weather in the best possible light; for the sake of a few hours of calm which might be expected to occasionally intervene between the long spells of the blizzards. It is, therefore, with regret and some diffldence that I speak of the illness of Mr. S. N. Jeffryes, who took up so conscientiously the duties of wireless operator during the second year (1913); but upon whom the monotony of a troglodytic winter life made itself felt. It is my hope that he is fast recovering his former vigour and enthusiasm.**

So many miles of sledging were done at both Antarctic Bases in a climate which is surely without a parallel in the history of polar travelling, the Ship was so often in jeopardy during her three main cruises to the South, that we feel the meagre comment should be made on our providential return to civilization with the loss of two comrades whose memory will ever be imperishable to each one of us.

Finance

A General reference was made to the finances of the expedition in the Introduction. Here is an extended statement which, more fully amplified with a detailed list of donations, will be again published when additional funds have been raised to pay off the debit balance and establish equilibrium.

GRANTS AND DONATIONS

AUSTRALIA, January 1911: L

Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, L1000; R. Barr Smith (South Australia), L100; Hugh Denison (Sydney), L1000; Samuel Hordern (Sydney), L1000 (subsequently increased to L2500)........................... 4,000

LONDON, June 1911:

S. Hordern (Sydney), L1500 (second donation); Roderick Murchison (Melbourne), L1000; W. A. Horn (South Australia), L1000; Lord Strathcona, L1000; Eugene Sandow, L1050; Imperial Government, L2000; Royal Geographical Society, L500; Lionel Robinson (Sydney), L250; C. D. Mackellar, L150; G. P. Doolette, L150; G. Buckley, L150; Lord Denman, L100; Madame Melba (Melbourne), L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100 (later increased to L200); Daily Mail,L100; Messrs. Bullivants L100, &c., aggregating an additional L593.. 9,843

AUSTRALIA, October 1911:

Sydney: Government grant, L7000; collected by L. Professor David, L50; ‘Sydney Morning Herald’, L100; Professor David’s own donation and lecture proceeds, L100............... 7,250

Melbourne: Government grant, L6000; collected by
 Professor Masson, L70............... 6,070

Adelaide: Government grant, L5000; collected by
 Mr. Piper, L250 (including Angus L100, Simpson L85,
 Scarfe L50).................... 5,250

Hobart: Government grant, L500; collected, L55... 555
 Commonwealth grant 5,000
          ________
          24,125

Carried forward...... 37,968

LONDON, 1913: Brought forward...... 37,969

Sir Lucas Tooth, L1000 (Sydney); Imperial Treasury, L1000; Royal Geographical Society, L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100; Lady Scott, L100; Commander Evans, L100; other members of Scott Expedition and general subscriptions, L227....... 2,627

Australia, 1913:

Commonwealth grant, L5000; collected by Professor David
 (approximately), L50...................... 5,050

Australia, 1914:

Collected by Professor Masson (approximately), L80; G. J. R. Murray (Adelaide), L100; Sir Samuel Way, L50..... 230

Collected in London, 1914.................... 10

Total moneys donated L45,885

Assets realized and added to the fund:

Sale of photos and newspaper articles, L490; sale of ship and materials, L3699; lectures, films, &c., L726..... 4,915

Bills Owing...... 5,932 5,932

Assets to be realized:
          L

In hand.................. 560
 Owing.................. 340
 Anticipated sale of gear......... 570
          ——
        1,470

Debit balance............. 4,462
Total cost** of Expedition........... 56,732

There is therefore a deficit of L4462 to be made up by the royalty on the sale of the book, lectures, donations, &c., and the cost of the publication of the scientific results, which will be approximately L8000, has yet to be defrayed.

Then there were valuable contributions of coal, particularly by Mr. J. Brown of Newcastle (N.S.W.), Mr. H. D. Murphy (Melbourne), and the Lithgow Collieries Company. APPENDIX VII

Equipment

Clothing

With regard to the clothing, the main bulk was of woollen material as supplied by Jaeger of London. This firm is unexcelled in the production of camel’s-hair garments and has supplied most polar expeditions of recent years with underclothing, gloves, caps, and the like. From the same firm we also secured heavy ski-boots, finnesko-crampons, and the blankets which were used at Winter Quarters at both Antarctic Bases. Some of the Jaeger woollens were damaged by sea water on the voyage from London to Australia and were replaced by Eagley goods; an Australian brand, which proved very satisfactory. The Ship’s Party were outfitted with Kaipoi woollens (New Zealand).

Outer garments were made up to our design from Jaeger fleece by tailors in Hobart. The suit consisted of a single garment, to be worn with combination underclothing, and was calculated to meet the requirements of a severe climate.

An over-suit of wind-proof material, which may be worn when required, is a necessary adjunct to woollen clothing. Such a suit should have the additional properties of being light, strong, not readily absorbing moisture, and not affected by the cold. Burberry gabardine was found to possess all these properties, and two complete suits were made up for each man. One suit consisted of three pieces, whilst the other was made of two; the blouse-jacket and helmet of the latter being combined.

Furs, which were obtained from Norway, were restricted to sleeping bags, finnesko or fur-boots, and wolfskin mitts (Lapland).

The outfit of clothing for the party at Macquarie Island and on the Ship, respectively, differed from that used in the Antarctic. Warmer temperatures and wet conditions had to be taken into account, and so rubber boots, oilskins, and rubberized materials were provided as outer coverings.

Food

The food-stuffs were selected with at least as much consideration as was given to any of the other requisites. The successful work of an expedition depends on the health of the men who form its members, and good and suitable food reduces to a minimum the danger of scurvy; a scourge which has marred many polar enterprises. Thus our provisioning was arranged with care and as a result of my previous experience in the Antarctic with Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Expedition.

A summary which may be of possible use to future expeditions is appended below:

In the matter of canned meats we had some six tons of the excellent Australian article supplied by the Sydney Meat Preserving Company, Ramornie Meat Company (N.S.W.), Baynes Brothers (Brisbane), and the Border (rabbit) Preserving Company of South Australia. For use on the Ship three tons of salt beef and pork served to replenish the “harness cask,” largely obtained in Melbourne from Cook and Sons.

For a ton of sauces and pickles we were indebted to Brand and Company (London) and to Mason and Company (London).

Of course fresh meat was consumed as far as possible; a number of live sheep being taken by the ‘Aurora’ on each cruise. Some of these were killed and dressed after reaching 60 degrees south latitude and supplied our two Antarctic Bases with the luxury of fresh mutton about once a week throughout a year.

One ton of preserved suet came from the firms of Hugon (Manchester) and Conrad (Adelaide).

Almost all our bacon and ham, amounting to well over one ton, was of the Pineapple Brand (Sydney), and to the firm which supplied them we are indebted alike for the quality of its goods and for its generosity.

Soups in endless variety, totalling two tons, came chiefly from the Flemington Meat Preserving Company (Melbourne).

Fours tons of canned fish were supplied by C. & E. Morton (London).

Variety in vegetables was considered important. We decided to reduce the amount of dried vegetables in favour of canned vegetables. About six and a half tons of the latter in addition to one ton of canned potatoes were consumed; from Laver Brothers (Melbourne) and Heinz (Pittsburgh). There were one and a half tons of dried vegetables. In addition, large quantities of fresh potatoes and other vegetables were regularly carried by the ‘Aurora’, and many bags of new and old potatoes were landed at the Main Base. In the frozen condition, the former kept satisfactorily, though they were somewhat sodden when thawed. The old potatoes, on the other hand, became black and useless, partly owing to the comparatively high temperature of the ship’s hold, and in part to the warmth of the sun during the first few weeks in Adelie Land.

Canned fruits, to the extent of five tons, were supplied by Jones Brothers (Hobart) and Laver Brothers (Melbourne). This stock was eked out by some two and a half tons of dried fruits, chiefly from South Australia.

The management of Hartley (London) presented us with two tons of jam, and James Keiller and Son (London) with one ton of marmalade.

Of the twelve tons of sugar and half a ton of syrup consumed, all were generously donated by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Sydney).

For milk we were provided with two tons of Glaxo (a dry powder) which was used at the land bases, and a ton and a half of Nestle’s condensed variety for use on the ship.

Three tons of cereal meals, largely from Parsons (Sydney), were consumed.

As one might have expected, the amount of flour used was enormous. In the thirteen tons of this commodity from Colman (London) there were three varieties, self-rising, plain, and wheatmeal flour, encased in stout metal linings within strong, well-finished cases of a convenient size. Until required, the cases of flour were used to solidify the break-wind on the southern side of the Hut.

Bird and Company (Birmingham) more than satisfied our needs in the matter of baking powder, custard powder, jelly crystals, and the like.

There was over half a ton of fancy biscuits of excellent quality and great variety, for which we were indebted to Jacob and Company (Dublin), Arnott Brothers (Sydney), and Patria Biscuit Fabriek (Amsterdam). “Hardtack,” the name by which a plain wholemeal biscuit of good quality, made by Swallow and Ariell (Melbourne) was known, constituted the greater part of the remaining two and a half tons of ordinary biscuits. “Hardtack” was much appreciated as a change from the usual “staff of life”—soda bread.

For sledging we had secured one ton of biscuits specially prepared by the Plasmon Company (London) containing 30 per cent. of plasmon. These, together with one ton of pemmican and half a ton of emergency ration prepared by the Bovril Company (London), are specially referred to in the chapter on sledging equipment.

Butter was an important item; the large stock of two and a half tons coming from the Colac Dairying Company (Melbourne). The butter was taken fresh in fifty-six lb. blocks, packed in the usual export cases. On the ‘Aurora’ it was carried as deck-cargo, and at the Main Base was stacked in the open air on the southern side of the Hut. At the end of the second year (1913) it was still quite good; a fact which speaks well for the climate as a refrigerator. Of Australian cheese we used half a ton, and this was supplied in forty-pound blocks.

The firm of Messrs. Cadbury, well known for their cocoa and eating chocolate, supplied us with these commodities, and receive our unqualified praise for the standard of the articles and the way in which they were packed. The total consumption was one ton of cocoa and half a ton of chocolate.

The three-quarters of a ton of tea was donated by “Te Sol” (Guernsey) and Griffiths Brothers (Melbourne). In both cases the articles were well packed and much appreciated. Half a ton of coffee was used, partly supplied from London and partly donated by Griffiths Brothers.

Rose’s (London) lime juice, as an antiscorbutic, was mainly reserved for consumption on the Ship. This lime juice was much in favour as a beverage.

Other supplies, taken in bulk, and for which we are indebted to the manufacturers, are: one ton of Cerebos Salt, half a ton of Castle salt, one ton of Sunlight Soap, our complete requirements in toilet soap from Pears, candles from Price, matches from Bryant and May including special sledging vestas, and dried milk from the Trufood Company.

Sweets, which were used for dessert and on special occasions, were presented by the firms of Fuller and Batger of London, and by Farrah of Harrogate, &c. There were also small quantities of aerated waters, ales, wines, and whisky for each Base.** At the Main Base, at least, there was no demand for whisky until penguin omelettes became fashionable.

The smokers were well provided for by a generous donation of Capstan tobaccos, cigarettes and cigars from the British American Tobacco Company in London. At a later date, when our Macquarie Island party was formed, the Sydney branch of the same firm met our added needs with the same generosity.

There are many other items which have not yet found a place in this summary which cannot be acknowledged severally, but for which we are none the less grateful. Mention is made of the following: Horlick’s Malted Milk, Neave’s Health Diet, Brown and Polson’s Cornflour, International Plasmon Company’s Plasmon chocolate and Plasmon powder, Bovril and lime juice nodules manufactured by Bovril Limited, Colman’s Mustard and Groats, Flemington Meat Company’s desiccated soups, Seager’s meats, Nestle’s nut-milk chocolate, Escoffier’s soups, &c.

The cooking range which served us well for two years in the Hut at Adelie Land was from J. Smith and Wellstood (London); others were presented by Metters (Adelaide).

The total supply of foods purchased and donated aggregated quite one hundred tons, exclusive of packing. Much of this was assembled in London. In Australia the Government Produce Department of Adelaide rendered valuable assistance.

TABLE OF FOOD-SUPPLIES FOR A TWELVE-MAN BASE

The following are the food requirements for a party of twelve men wintering in the Antarctic. It is our own store list, with slight modifications where these are found desirable. The figures are based on the supposition that unlimited quantities of seal and penguin meat can be had on the spot, and, furthermore, are ample for a second year’s requirements should the party be unavoidably detained. The fare during the second year might be somewhat less varied, but would otherwise be sufficient. Health was, of course, the first consideration in this selection, but economy was also studied. The quantities are stated in pounds weight.

lbs. Meats, tinned—Corned beef, 216; roast beef, 72; roast mutton, 72; boiled mutton, 72; Irish stew, 216; assorted meats, 168, including mutton cutlets, haricot mutton, ox tail, ox tongue, sausages, and brawn; sheep’s tongues, 288; special meats, 192, including rabbit, hare, duck, fowl, and turkey................... 1296

Live sheep—16 sheep to be dressed south of 60 degrees S. latitude (weight not included)

Suet, tinned—400......................... 400

Bacon and Ham—Bacon in sides, packed in salt, 250; ham, 250... 500

Fish, tinned—Salmon, 360; haddocks, 96; kippered herrings, 216; herrings in tomato sauce, 72; fresh herrings, 72; sardines, 300; cods’ roe, curried prawns, &c., 72.............., 1188

Soups, assorted tinned, 1152.................. 1152

Vegetables, fresh, in wooden cases—new potatoes, 1200; onions, 3601560 Tinned—potatoes, 864; onions, 216; peas, 450; French beans, 450; spinach, 360; cabbage, 144; beetroot, 288; carrots, 288; parsnips, 144; turnips, 108; celery, 144; leeks, 72; champignons, 144; Boston baked beans, 144; tomatoes, 288..................... 3240

Cereals and Dried Vegetables, &c.—Split peas, 112; lentils, 56; marrowfat peas, 56; haricot beans, 56; barley, 72; rice, 252; tapioca, 144; semolina, 56; macaroni, 56; rolled oats, 648; cornflour, 156........................ 1664

Flour, including plain, wholemeal, and self-rising...... 4480 Biscuits, &c.—Plasmon wholemeal, 1344; plain wholemeal, 560; assorted sweet, 560; cake tinned, 224; plum pudding, 224.... 1712

Fruit, tinned in syrup—peaches, 288; pears, 288; plums, 288; apricots, 288; pineapples, 288; apples, 288; gooseberries, 216; cherries, 216; mulberries, 48; strawberries, 48; red currants, 48; black currants, 48; raspberries, 48............... 2400

Dried fruits—Prunes, 112; apples, 112; peaches, 56; nectarines, 56; apricots, 56; raisins seeded, 224; currants, 112; figs, 224; dates, 112; candied peel, 56.................. 1120

Sweets, &c.—Eating chocolate (chiefly for sledging) 504; assorted sweets, 168; crystallized fruits, 56; assorted nuts, 84..... 812

Milk—as dried powder, 2400................... 2400

Butter—in 56 lb. export cases, 1456.............. 1456

Cheese—in original blocks or tins, 240............. 240

Cocoa, Tea, and Coffee—Cocoa, 576; tea, 288; coffee, 288.... 1152

Sugar, Jam, &c.—Sugar, 3584; jam, 1456; marmalade, 448; honey, 576; syrup, 288..................... 6352

Sauces, Pickles, &c.—Tomato sauce, 180; Worcester sauce, 135; sweet pickles, 162; mango chutney, 81; assorted pickles (first quality) 216; vinegar, 210............... 984

Cooking requisites—Baking powder (in addition to that in selfrising flour) 56; sodium bicarbonate, 1; ground mixed spice, 3; ground ginger, 4; whole cloves, 1; nutmegs, 2; assorted essences, 10; desiccated cocoanut, 12; mixed dried herbs, 2; dried mint, 6; dried parsley, 1; onion powder, 9; curry powder, 30; mustard, 30; black pepper, 12; white pepper, 12; table salt, 784.......... 975

Soap, &c.—Soap, 448; soda, 168................. 616

(16 tons approx.) 35,699

Note. These weights are exclusive of packing. When high southern latitudes can be reached within three weeks, fresh eggs may be taken with advantage, preferably unfertilized, but care should be taken to freeze them as soon as possible, and not to allow them to thaw again until required for use. It is advisable to take small quantities of whisky, ale, wines and lime juice. Matches, candles, soap, and other toilet requirements, kerosene and fuel are not reckoned with here, appearing in a more general stores’ list. Certain medical comforts, such as malted milk and plasmon, may also be included.

Medical Equipment

The medical equipment consisted of a complete outfit of Burroughs and Wellcome’s drug’s, dressings, &c., and Allen and Hanbury’s surgical instruments. Sets, varying in character with particular requirements, were made up for the Ship and for each of the land parties. Contained within the fifty-five boxes was a wonderful assortment of everything which could possibly have been required on a polar expedition. There was in addition a set of Burroughs and Wellcome’s medicines for the treatment of dogs.

Scientific Equipment

The scope of our projected scientific work necessitated extensive purchases, and these were amplified by loans from many scientific bodies and individuals.

Instruments for surveying and navigation were loaned by the Royal Geographical Society and by the Admiralty, while many theodolites, chronometers, and half-chronometer watches were manufactured to order.

An assortment of oceanographical gear was generously supplied through H. S. H. The Prince of Monaco, from the Institut Oceanographique of Monaco. Dr. W. S. Bruce made similar donations and supervised the construction of our largest deep-sea dredge. The three-thousand fathom tapered steel cables and mountings, designed to work the deep-water dredges, were supplied by Messrs. Bullivant. Appliances were also loaned by Mr. J. T. Buchanan of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition and by the Commonwealth Fisheries Department. The self-recording tide-gauges we employed were the property of the New South Wales Government, obtained through Mr. G. Halligan.

The taxidermists’ requirements, and other necessaries for the preservation of zoological specimens, were for the most part purchased, but great assistance was rendered through Professor Baldwin-Spencer by the National Museum of Melbourne and by the South Australian Museum, through the offices of Professor Stirling. Articles of equipment for botanical work were loaned by Mr. J. H. Maiden, Director of the Botanical Gardens, Sydney.

A supply of heavy cameras for base-station work and light cameras for sledging was purchased; our stock being amplified by many private cameras, especially those belonging to F. H. Hurley, photographer of the Expedition. Special Lumiere plates and material for colour photography were not omitted, and, during the final cruise of the ‘Aurora’, P. E. Correll employed the more recent Paget process for colour photography with good results.

The programme of magnetic work was intended to be as extensive as possible. In the matter of equipment we were very materially assisted by the Carnegie Institute through Dr. L. A. Bauer. An instrument was also loaned through Mr. H. F. Skey of the Christchurch Magnetic Observatory. A full set of Eschenhagen self-recording instruments was purchased, and in this and in other dispositions for the magnetic work we have to thank Dr. C. Chree, Director of the National Physical Laboratory, and Dr. C. C. Farr of University College, Christchurch. Captain Chetwynd kindly assisted in arrangements for the Ship’s compasses.

Two complete sets of Telefunken wireless apparatus were purchased from the Australasian Wireless Company. The motors and dynamos were got from Buzzacott, Sydney, and the masts were built by Saxton and Binns, Sydney. Manilla and tarred-hemp ropes were supplied on generous terms by Melbourne firms (chiefly Kinnear).

The meteorological instruments were largely purchased from Negretti and Zambra, but a great number were loaned by the Commonwealth Meteorological Department (Director, Mr. H. A. Hunt) and by the British Meteorological Office (Director, Dr. W. N. Shaw).

For astronomical work the following instruments were loaned, besides transit-theodolites and sextants: a four-inch telescope by the Greenwich Observatory through the Astronomer Royal: a portable transit-theodolite by the Melbourne Observatory through the Director, Mr. P. Baracchi; two stellar sidereal chronometers by the Adelaide Observatory through the Astronomer, Mr. P. Dodwell.

The apparatus for bacteriological and physiological work were got in Sydney, in arrangements and suggestions for which our thanks are due to Dr. Tidswell (Microbiological Laboratory) and Professor Welsh, of Sydney University.

Artists’ materials were supplied by Winsor and Newton, London, while the stationery was partly donated by John Sands, Limited, Sydney

Geological, chemical, and physical apparatus were all acquired at the instance of the several workers.

Adjuncts, such as a calculating machine, a typewriter, and duplicator were not forgotten.**

**Through the offices of Mr. C. A. Bang we are indebted to “De Forenede Dampskibsselskab,” of Copenhagen, for the transport of the dogs from Greenland.

Apart from the acquisition of the instruments, there were long preparations to be made in the arrangement of the scientific programme and in the training of the observers. In this department the Expedition was assisted by many friends.

Thus Professor W. A. Haswell (Biology), Professor T. W. Edgeworth David (Geology), and Mr. H. A. Hunt (Meteorology), each drew up instructions relating to his respective sphere. Training in astronomical work at the Melbourne Observatory was supervised by Mr. P. Baracchi, Director, and in magnetic work by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institute (Director, Dr. L. A. Bauer). Further, in the subject of magnetics, we have to thank especially Mr. E. Kidston of the Carnegie Institute for field tuition, and Mr. Baldwin of the Melbourne Observatory for demonstrations in the working of the Eschenhagen magnetographs. Professor J. A. Pollock gave us valuable advice on wireless and other physical subjects. At the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr. Hedley rendered assistance in the zoological preparations. In the conduct of affairs we were assisted on many occasions by Messrs. W. S. Dun (Sydney), J. H. Maiden (Sydney), Robert Hall (Hobart), G. H. Knibbs (Melbourne),and to the presidents and members of the councils of the several Geographical Societies in Australia—as well, of course, as to those of the Royal Geographical Society, London.

In conclusion, the proffered, disinterested help, of all the above and many other friends contrived to make our scientific equipment well-nigh complete and eminently up-to-date. INDEX

Abrasion effects of drift snow,
 Abruzzi expedition 1900, rations
 Absolute Hut, the
 Acetylene Corporation, London, (note)
 Adare, Cape
 Adelaide Island
.........University
 ‘Adelie Blizzard’
........Land;
          the main base at; glaciation of; hurricanes of; Wilkes’
          account of; the Hut; drifts; wireless installation at;
          clothing for; Empire Day in; temperatures
 Admiralty Range
 Aerial Cove, depot
 Aeroplane sledge. See Air-tractor sledge
 Ainsworth, G F.,
         “Life on Macquarie Island;” “A Land of Storm and Mist,”
         “Through Another Year;” picked up by the ‘Aurora’,
         the home journey; account of
 Air-tractor sledge, the;
 Aladdin’s Cave;
 Albatross
 Alden, Cape,
 Alexander I Island,
 Alexandra, Queen
 Allen and Hanbury, Messrs.
 Alligator Nunatak.
 ‘Amakura’, the
 American expedition under Wilkes
........ Quadrant, the, accessibility; whaling industry in
 Amundsen, Captain; sledging dogs presented by
..........dog
 Anchor Rock
 Anemobiagraph, the
 Anemometers
 Anemones, preservation of
 Angas Mr. C.
 “Annie Hill,”
 Antarctic theory of distribution of flora
 Antarctica, history of discovery
 ‘Anthology of Australian Verse, An’
 Anthony, Messrs., of Melbourne
 ‘Archibald Russell’, the
 Arnott Bros., Messrs.
 Asia, Southern, wind velocities
 ‘Astrolabe’, D’Urville’s journey in the
 Astronomer Royal, the
 Astronomical Hut, the
 “Atmospherics,”
 Auckland Islands
 ‘Aurora’, the S.Y. plan and section; adaptation and fitting out;
    from Macquarie Island to Adelie Land; the first ice; landing of
    cargo at main base; new lands; food carried by the; return of the;
    observations secured on the; deep-sea soundings; at Macquarie Island;
    arrival at Port Lyttleton; at Melbourne; second deep-sea cruise;
    departure from Hobart, Christmas; visit to the main base, Adelie Land;
    reception by Wild; relief of Wild’s party; arrival in Hobart; papers
    brought by the; stores laid at Caroline Cove; visits to Macquarie
    Island; at Dunedin; leaves Hobart on Southern trip to bring back the
    two parties; wireless communication with; the Homeward Cruise; list
    of ship’s officers
.........Peak
 Auroral phenomena
 Australasian Association for Advancement of Science,
 Australian ensign hoisted
 Avalanche Rocks
 Avalanches,~
 Azimuth Hill;
        memorial cross on

Bacteriology, work of the expedition,
 Bage, R., at the main base; work at the hut; the tide-gauge;
    transit house; food experiences; search for the dogs;
    with the Southern Sledging Party; return to the hut;
    on building a tent; snow-blindness; return to Aladdin’s Cave;
    note left by, at Cathedral Grotto; return from the south;
    visit to the ‘Aurora’; the relief expedition; winter work;
    wireless work; magnetograph records; the home journey;
     account of
 Baldwin, Mr.
 Baldwin-Spencer, Professor
 Balleny Islands
      John
 Bang, C. A. (note)
 Baracchi, Mr. P.
 Barometer, movements of the
 “Barrier,” the, at the Winter Quarters
 “Barrier-formations,”
 Barron, Lady
........Sir Harry
 Barr-Smith, Mount
......Mr. Robert
 Basilisk, dog
 Bass Strait
 Bates, Mr. D. C.; request for weather reports
 Batger, Messrs.
 Bauer, Dr. L. A.
      Mr., Sealer at Macquarie Island
 Baynes Bros., Messrs.

“Beaufort scale” of wind-pressure
 Belgian Antarctic expedition
 Bellingshausen, expedition of 1821
 “Benzine Hut,”
 Bergschrund
 Betli, dog
 Bickerton, F. H., at main base; work at the hut; erection of the wireless installation; food experiences; “bus driver”;
    the air-tractor sledge; the Western sledging expedition;
    on tent pitching; his birthday; the relief party; winter work
    at the hut; wireless work; dredge constructed by; the home journey;
    account of
 Biology, work of the expedition
 Bird & Coy, Messrs.
 Birds, Antarctic, weight in relation to wing areas
 Birthday Camp
 Biscoe Island
........John, work
 Bishop and Clerk, islet
 Black Sunday
 Blair, J. H., Chief Officer on the ‘Aurora’
 Blake, Cape
...... L R., work on Macquarie Island; visit to Sandy Bay;
          accident to; visits to Lusitania Bay; photographs taken by
          visits to the ‘Aurora’; specimens obtained; sheepkilling;
          the home journey; account of
 Blizzard, puppy
.........the
 ‘Blizzard, The’, poem
 Blood-pressure, observations by McLean,
 “Blue Billys,”
 “Board-sliding,”
 Bollons, Captain
 Borchgrevinck
 Borda, Cape
 Border (Rabbit) Preserving Coy.
 Bovril Coy., the
 Brand & Coy., Messrs.
 Bridge-playing at Western Base
 Bristow, Captain
 British Antarctic expedition
 British Expedition
 British Meteorological Office
 “Brothers (The),”
 Brown, Mr. John
 Brown & Polson, Messrs.
 Bruce, Dr. W. S.
........Rise
 Bruni Island
 Bryant & May, Messrs.
 Buchanan, Mr. J. Y.;
..........S. Y.
 Buckley, Mr. G.
 Budd Land;
 Buenos Ayres
 Bull, H. J.
 Bullivant, Messrs.
 Burberry, the
 Burroughs & Wellcome, Messrs.
 Buzzacott, Messrs.

Cadbury, Messrs.
 Camp Cove
 Campbell & Sons, Messrs.
 Camping
 “Cannonading,”
 Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
 Cape Town
 Carbohydrates, definition of the term (note)
 Cardiff to Hobart, the journey
 Carnegie Institute
 Carnley Harbour
 Caroline Cove, Macquarie Island
 Carr, Cape
 Caruso, dog
 Castor, dog
 Cat, wild
 Catch Me Cave
 Cathedral Grotto, the
 ‘Challenger’ expedition
 Charcot, Jean
.........Land
 Chetwynd, Captain
 Chocolate as barter
 Chree, Dr. C.,
 Christchurch, New Zealand
...........Magnetic Observatory
 ‘Christmas Carol, A’
...........Day, Dr. Mawson’s; with the Southern Sledging Party;
          Madigan’s account; with Bickerton’s party; at Hobart;
          with Wild’s party; with S. E. Jones’s party;
          Ainsworth’s account; on the homeward journey
 Chun, Professor, of Leipsic
 Close, J. H., at Main Base; at Aladdin’s Cave; journey to the West;
       and the Near Eastern Party; journey to Commonwealth Bay;
       return from the East; back to Australia; account of
 Clothing for the expedition
 Clyde, wreck of the
 Coal-supply, difficulties of
 Coats Land
 Cocoa, value of,
 Colac Dairying Coy.
 Colman, Messrs.
 Colonel, dog
 Colonial Sugar Refining Coy.
 Commonwealth Bay
.............Fisheries Department
.............Meteorological Department
.............Weather Bureau, reports to
 Cormorant. See Shag
 Compass, variations of the; the bearing of the sun and the magnetic needle compared
 Conrad, Messrs.
 Cook, Captain James
 Copenhagen
 Coronae, lunar
 Correll, P. E., at Main Base; and the tide-gauge;
          production of ‘The Washerwoman’s Secret;
          the Eastern Coastal Party; at Horn Bluff,
          the search party; return to Australia;
          photographs taken by; the homeward journey;
          account of
.........Nunatak
 Cote Clarie
 Crampons, use of
 Crippen, dog
 Crown Fuel Company, briquettes

‘Daily Graphic’
.......’Mail’
 Dallman, Eduard
 Danish Geographical Society
 Darwin, Charles
 David Island
......Professor T. W. Edgeworth
 Davis, Captain J. K., appointment; arrival at Hobart; work of stowage;
        the journey to Macquarie Island; voyage in the Nimrod;
        at Macquarie Island; events on board; narrative quoted; return
        of the ‘Aurora’; his decision regarding Wild’s party; “The Ship’s
        Story”; mission to London; visits to Macquarie Island;
        the homeward cruise; account of
.......Captain James, of Hobart, joins the ‘Aurora’; efforts to recover ship’s lost chain; account of
.......Sea
 “DeadBeat Gully,”
 Deakin, Hon. Alfred
 Declination of the magnetic needle
 Decouverte, Cape
 Delay Point
 Denison, Cape;
..........Mr. Hugh
 Denman Glacier, the
........Lord, messages to Antarctica; Finance
 Denny, Mr., visit to Macquarie
 D’Entrecasteaux Channel
 Depot Bay
 Depots maintained by the New Zealand Government
 Derwent River, the;
 Dietetics
 Disappointment Island
 ‘Discovery’, voyage of the
...........Cape
 Dixson Island
        Mr. Hugh
 Dodwell, Mr. P.
 Dogs for the expedition, journey to Hobart; at the hut; harness for the;
       food for the; at Aladdin’s Cave; with the sledging parties;
       the lost; used for food; presented to the ‘Aurora’ by Amundsen;
       with the Western Party; pups; quarrels
 Dolerite (note)
 Dominion Meteorological Office
 Doolette, Mr. G. P.
 Dovers, G., member of Wild’s party; depot-laying party formed;
          surveying work; at Haswell Island; account of
 ‘Drake’, H.M.S., wireless communication with
 Drift gauge, a
 Drift snow; abrasion effects of; electrical effects of
 Drygalski Island (note)
..........Professor;
 Ducks
 Dun, W.S.
 ‘Dundonald’, barque
 Dunedin
 D’Urville Sea;

‘Eagle’ Cave
........schooner, wreck
 Earthquake shocks at Macquarie Island
 Eastern Barrier
........Coastal Party, formation; account of, by Madigan;
         instruments cached by
 Eclipse, lunar,
 Eitel, Mr. C. C.
 Elder, Mr.
.......Mount
 ‘Eliza Scott’, the
 Empire Day, at the Western Base; on Adelie Land
 ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’, use of
 ‘Endeavour’, the
 Enderby Island
........Land
 Equinox, effects of the
 Equipment of the expedition
 Erebus Cove
 “Erratics,”
 Esperance, Port
 Esquimaux, dogs of the; method with snow-blindness,
 Euphausia
 Evans, Commander
 Evensen, work of

Farr, Dr. C. C.
 Fallieres Land
 ‘Fantome’, H.M.S.
 Far-Eastern Party, the; the return of
 Farrah, Messrs.
 Fats, definition of term, (note)
 “Feather Bed” terrace
 Fiala, quoted
 Figure of Eight Island
 Filchner, Wilhelm
 Finance of the expedition
 Finnesko footwear
 Fisher, Hon. Andrew,
........wireless message to
 Fishing
 Fix, dog
 Flag depot
 Flagstaff Point, Carnley Harbour
 Flemington Meat Preserving Coy.
 Fletcher, F. D.
 Flora, Antarctic, theories concerning
 ‘Flying Fish’, the
........Fox, working of the
 Flynn, Professor T. T.
 Foehn effect
 Food, for sledging journey, dietetics; rations; items;
       table of supplies
 Fram, dog
......voyage of the
 Franklin, dog
 Freshfield, Cape
 Fuller, Messrs.
 Fusilier, dog

Gadget, dog
 Gamage, Messrs (note)
 ‘Gauss’, expedition of the
 Gaussberg
 Geographical results of the expedition
 Geological work of the expedition
 George, dog
........V, King, wireless message to,
 Georgia, South;
 Gerlache, Adrien de
..........Cape
 German Scientific Expedition; expedition of 1902, see Gauss
 Gillies, F., chief engineer of the ‘Aurora’
.........Nunataks
 Ginger, dog
......Bitch, dog,
 Glacier, the continental,
 Glacier-ice, structural composition
 Glacier-tongues
 Glaciology, work of the expedition
 Glaxo
 Gloves
 Goggles for snow-blindness
 Golf at Western Base
 Gracht, Mr. Van Waterschoot van der
 ‘Grafton’, wreck of the
 Graham’s Land
 Gramophone Coy., London, (note)
 Grampuses
 Grandmother, dog
 Gray, Cape
......P., second officer ‘Aurora’
 Great Australian Bight
.....Britain, Antarctic Expeditions
.....Ross Barrier;
 Greely expedition of 1882
 Green Valley
 Greenland, dogs from
..........pup
 Greenwich Observatory
 Griffiths Brothers, Messrs.
 “Grottoes (The),” the hut at the Western Base, building; return of the sledging party; entrance and tunnels; the igloo;
          clearing the tunnels; return of the Western depot party;
          preparations for the Eastern summer journey; return of Wild;
          distances from; return of Jones’s party; the flagstaff
 Guano deposits
 Gulls, Dominican or black backed
.......skua

Haines, Mr., taxidermist
 Haldane, dog
 Hall, Robert
 Halligan, Mr. G.
 Hamilton, H., life at Macquarie Island; visits to Sandy Bay;
          biological work; reception of the ‘Aurora’;
          erection of the tide gauge; a dinghy for; visits to
          Lusitania Bay; photographs by; home journey; account of
.........Mount
 Hangar
 Hannan, W. H., at Main Base; work at the hut; wireless work;
          the drift gauge; as magnetician; working of the air-tractor
          sledge; the wireless at Winter Quarters; return to Australia;
          account of
 Harbour Board, Hobart
 Harness, sledging,
 Harrisson, C. T.; member of Wild’s party; visit to the capsized berg, account; Hippo depot; meteorological work at The Grottoes;
          included in the Eastern summer journey; winch contrived by;
          account
 Hartley, Messrs.
 Hasselborough Bay
..............Captain
 Haswell Island
............Professor W. A.
 Hedley, Mr. C.
 Heinz, Messrs.
 Helen Glacier
 Henderson, Professor G. C..
 Henderson Island
 Hens, Cape
 ‘Hinemoa’, rescue by
 ‘Hints to Travellers’
 Hippo Nunatak
 Hoadley, C. A., member Wild’s party; party to lay depot formed;
          main western journey starting November; geological work;
          at Haswell Island; account
 Hobart
 Hodgeman, A. J., at Main Base; work at hut; Near Eastern Party;
          the cairn; return to the hut; journey of the Near Eastern
          Party; trip to Aladdin’s Cave; on tent-pitching; investigation
          of snow ramp; the relief party; winter work at the hut;
          journey to Mount Murchison; the home journey; map of Mackellar
          Islets; account of
 Holliman, Captain,
 Holman, Hon., W. A.
 Hoosh
 Hordern, Mr. Samuel
 Horlick, Messrs.
 Horn Bluff
 “Horn Bluff,” by C. T. Madigan
 Horn, Mr. W. A.
 Hoyle, pup
 Hugon, Messrs.
 Hunt, Mount
......Mr. H. A.
 Hunter, Cape
........J. G., at Main Base; biological work; parasitology;
          sledging; production of ‘The Washerwoman’s Secret’;
          the Southern Supporting Party; expansion of the cave;
          return from the south; return to Australia; arrival
          with the ‘Aurora’; fishing;the homeward journey;
          account of
 “Huntoylette,”
 Hurley, J. F., Main Base; camera work; observations; rescue of the dogs;
          production of ‘The Washerwoman’s Secret; the Southern
          Party; the cairn;pitching tent; “Lot’s Wife”;
          the ‘Christmas Carol’; snow-blindness; return from the
          south; arrival with the ‘Aurora’; sledging
 Hurricane-walking
 Hut, the Main Base, temperature; tunnels; the nightwatchman’s duty
......Point, McMurdo Sound
 Hutchinson, sealer of Macquarie Island

Ice, Arctic and Antarctic compared; the first; pack-ice; bergs;
        structural composition
 “Ice floods,”
 “Ice islands,”
 Ice-shafts, digging of
 “Icing-ship,”
 ‘Illustrated London News’
 Insect hunting

Jack, dog
 Jackson, Port
 Jacob & Coy., Messrs.
 Jaeger fleece
 Japanese Antarctic expedition
 Jappy, dog
 Jeffreys Deep
 Jeffryes, S. N., wireless operator
 ‘Jessie Nichol’, wreck
 John Bull, dog
 Johnson, dog
 Joinville Island
 Jones, Dr. S. E., autopsy on the dogs; member of Wild’s party; party formed to lay a depot on September; Wild’s instructions to; main western journey starting November; “Linking up with Kaiser Wilhelm Land,” account by; discovery of Antarctic petrels; view of Drygalski Island; account of; medical report for Western Base
........Bros., Messrs.
 Journalists’ Association
 Joyce, Mr. E., delivery of the dogs;
 Judge and Clerk, islet of; soundings
 Junction Corner

Kaiser Wilhelm I Land, linking up with, account by Dr. S. E. Jones
 Kangaroo Island
 Keiller, Messrs. James & Son
 Kelp
 Kembla, Port
 Kemp, work of
 Kennedy, [A. L.] member of Wild’s party; attempted trip with Wild for the minimum thermometer; Eastern summer journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; observations; account of
 Kerguelen Island
 Kidston, Mr. E.
 King Edward V Land
.....George V Land, naming of; map
 King’ Birthday, at Western Base
................Island
 Kinsey, Mr. J. J.
 Kite, work with
 Knibbs, G. H.
 Knox Land
 Kristensen, Leonard

Lake-ice
 Lamp, a non-magnetic
 Lampwick, uses of
 Larson, C. A.
 Laseron, C. F., Main Base; biological work; collection of petrel skin; at Aladdin’s Cave; production of The ‘Washerwoman’s
          Secret’; the Southern Supporting Party; recording
          Webb’s observations; expansion of the Cave; journey
          to Commonwealth Bay December 9; collection of eggs
          and birds; return from the east; back to Australia;
          account of
 Lassie, dog
 Lever Brothers, Messrs.
 Lewis, Sir Elliott
 Lithgrow Colleries
 “Lot’s Wife,”
 Loubet Land
 Louis Phillippe Land
 Lucas Sounding-machine
 Lucas-Tooth, Sir Robert
 Ludowici, Messrs. (note)
 Lusitania Bay;
..........the, sealing boat
 Lyttleton, Port, arrival of the ‘Aurora’

“M. H. S. Championship,” the start
 Mac, dog
 McClintock, expedition of 1850; rations
 Mackay, Dr. F. A.
 Mackellar Islet
 Mackellar Library
..........the Hon.C.D.
 McLean, Dr. A. L., autopsy on the dogs; at Main Base; electrical observations; lines on ‘The Blizzard’; erection of the wireless; observations regarding seals; at
          Aladdin’s Cave; blood-pressure, observations;
          at Cathedral Grotto; expedition of the Eastern Coastal
          Party; snow-blindness; at Horn Bluff; photographs taken
          by; return of; the relief expedition; winter work at
          the Hut; founding of ‘The Adelie Blizzard’; on illness
          of Jeffryes; a wind episode; dredging operations;
          biological specimen; the home journey; account;
          medical report for Main Base
 McMurdo Sound, wind velocities, chart; the Scott expedition
 Macquarie Island, the base at; “Life on Macquarie Island,” by G. F.
          Ainsworth; “A Land of Storm and Mist,” by G. F. Ainsworth;
          “Through Another Year,” by G. F. Ainsworth;
          Macquarie Island Party, list of
 Madigan, C. T., at Main Base; meteorological observations; at the Hut;
          electrical observation; spring exploits; journey to the
          west, September 1912; sledging; the Eastern Coastal Party;
          return to the Hut; his account of the expedition of the
          Eastern Coastal Party; “Horn Bluff and Penguin Point” by;
          depot of; visit to the ‘Aurora’; care of the dogs; winter
          work at the Hut; journey to Mount Murchison; the home
          journey; account
...........Nunatak
 Magnetic Flat, the
.........meridian
.........needle, use for steering purposes
.........Pole, North
.........Pole, South, observations regarding the; Bage’s search for;
          chart
 Magnetograph House; work of the magnetician
 Magnetometer, the
 Maiden, Mr. J. H.
 Main Base, Adelie Land, visit of the ‘Aurora’; wireless installation at
...........Base Party, list of; return of members to Australia
 Maori cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris)
......hens, see Wekas
 Martelli, Mr., assistant harbourmaster, Hobart
 Mary, dog
......Queen, message to Antarctica
 Mason Coy., Messrs.
 Masson Island
.......Professor, efforts to raise funds,
 Mawson, Dr., plans for the expedition; party of
 Medical equipment for the expedition
........reports
 Melba, Mme.
 Melbourne, arrival of the ‘Aurora’; wireless calls; time signals from
...........Observatory
 Memorial cross on Azimuth Hill
 Men, choice of, for a polar campaign
 Mertz, Dr. Xavier, appointment; at Hobart, care of the dogs; at Main
          Base; meteorological observations; skiing; cooking;
          at Aladdin’s Cave; journey to the southeast, September 11;
          the Far Eastern Party; the return journey; illness and
          death; Bage’s parting from; meeting with the Eastward
          Coastal Party; Captain Davis’s inquiries after; message
          to his relatives; account of
........Glacier
........Glacier-tongue
 Meteorology, work of the expedition; meteorological chart for April
          1913
 Meteorite found
 Midsummer Day, temperature
 Midwinter Day at Western Base
 Mikkel, dog
 Mill, Dr. H. R., “Siege of the South Pole,”
.........Rise
 Minerals of Adelie Land
 Mitts
 Mollymawk rookery
 Monaco, Prince of
 Monagasque trawl
 Monkey, dog
 Moore, T. E. L.
 ‘Morning Herald’, Sydney
 Morton, Messrs. C. & E.
 Motte, C. P de la
 Moyes, M. H., member of Wild’s party; account of
 Moraine, terminal, Adelie Land
 ‘Morning’, the, British expedition,
 Murchison, Mount;
...........Mr. Roderick
 Murphy, H. D., at Main Base; erection of the wireless installation;
          at Aladdin’s Cave; journey to the southeast September 11;
          observations; formation of the Southern Supporting Party;
          return to the Hut; composition of party at Cathedral
          Grotto; return from the south; visit to the ‘Aurora’;
          return to Australia; account of
 Murphy, H. D. (senior)
 Murray, G. J. H.
 Mutton birds

Nansen, expedition in the ‘Fram’; ‘Farthest North’; use of the primus stove,
........dog
 Nares, Captain G. S.
 National Museum, Melbourne
.........Physical Laboratory, London
 Near Eastern Party
 Neave, Messrs.
 Negretti & Zambra, Messrs.
 Nestle, Messrs.
 Neve
 New Zealand, depots maintained by; flora of, theories regarding
 Newnes, Sir George
 Nightbirds
 ‘Nimrod’, the, voyages;
 Ninnis Glacier
.......Lieut. B. E. S., appointment; care of the dogs; at the Main Base;
          clothing artifices; spring exploits; journey
          to the southeast, September 11; the Far Eastern
          Party; his death in the crevasse; Bage’s parting
          from; flag planted by; Captain Davis’s inquiries
          after; message to his relatives; account of
 “Nodules (The),”
 Nordensyold, Otto
 North, Cape
.......East Bay;
.......End
.......Head
 Northcliffe Glacier
 North’s Land
 Notothenia
 “Nuggets (The)”

Oates Land
 Observation Point
 Oceanography, results of expedition
 Oil, seal, methods of the sealers
 Organ Pipe Cliffs

Pack-ice;
 Palmer Archipelago
.......Nathaniel
 Parisitology
 Parsons, Messrs.
 Parties for sledging, arrangement
 Patria Biscuit Fabriek
 Partridge & Twiss, Messrs.
 Pavlova, dog
 ‘Peacock’, the;
 Peary, dog
 Pemmican
 Penguin Hill
 “Penguin Point,” by C. T. Madigan
 Penguin rookeries;
 Penguins
........Adelie
........an Albino Penguin
........Emperor
........Gentoo
........King
........Royal
........Victoria,
 Pennant Hills
 ‘Perseverance’, the
 Peter I Island
 Petrel Rookeries
 Petrels
........Antaretic
........Giant
........Lesson’s
........Silver-grey or Southern Fulmar
........Snow
........Wilson
 Petrol, amount carried
 Pianoforte Berg
 “Piecrust”
 Pigeons, Cape
 Piper, Mr.
 Plasmon
 Pollock, Professor J. A.
 ‘Porpoise’, the
 Posadowsky Bay
 Possession Nunataks
 Primmer, Mr.
 Primus heater, the
 Prince Luitpold Land
 Prion Banksii
 Proteins, value of
 “Puffometer,” the
 Punch

Quarantine Station, Hobart
 Queen Mary Land
 Queen’s Wharf, Hobart

Rabbits
 ‘Rachel Cohen’, the
 Ramornie Meat Coy.
 Rations, daily polar; for the Far Eastern Party; for the sledge journey from the Western Base
 Rats
 Reid, Sir George,
......Glacier
 Robinson, Lionel
......Bay
......anemometer, the
 “Rock Flour,”
 Rocks, effect of wind and rain on
.......igneous
 Rose Island
.....Messrs.
 Ross Barrier
......dog
......Expedition
......Port
......Sea, the
 Royal Company Island
......Geographical Society.
 Royds, Cape
 Russian Antarctic Expeditions

Sabrina Land
 ‘Sabrina’, the
 Sails, value of
 St. Elmo’s fire
 St. Vincent’s Gulf
 Sames & Coy.
 Sandell, C. A., Wireless work at Macquarie Island; cooking; lantern made by; visit to the ‘Aurora’; erection of the tide-gauge; sheepkilling; as barber; an accident to;
          telephone installed by; lamp made by; the home journey;
          account of
 Sandow, dog
........Mr. Eugene
 Sandy Bay, Hobart
...........Enderby Island
...........Macquarie Island
 “Sarcophagus,” the
 Sastrugi
 Sawyer, A. J., wireless operator at Macquarie Island; visits to the
          ‘Aurora’; erection of the tide-gauge; leaves Macquarie
          Island; visit to the ‘Tutanekai; account of
 Saxton & Binns, Messrs.
 Scarfe, Mr.
 Scientific equipment for the expedition,
...........work of the expedition
 ‘Scotia’, the
 Scott, Captain, work of; voyage of the ‘Discovery; voyage in the
          ‘Terra Nova’; rations allowed by; stay in Antarctica;
          at McMurdo Sound; the disaster to; on Macquarie Island,
........Islands
........Lady
........the dog
 Scott Expedition Staff
 Scottish Antarctic Expedition
 Sea, temperature, effect of snow on
 Sea bears
 Sea-elephants; rookeries of the
 Seager, Messrs.
 Sea-ice
 Sea-leopards
 Sealers of Macquarie Island; methods of the
 Sea-lions
 Seals
......Crabeater
......Fur
......Hair
......Ross
......Weddell
 Sewing-machine, Wild’s need of a
 Shack, the
 Shackleton Expedition
...........Ice-Shelf, the; establishment of the Western Base on;
          winter and spring on; Western Party blocked on,
          Wild’s narrative; the ‘Aurora’ at
...........the dog
 Shags
 Shaw, Dr. W. N.
 Shelf-ice
 Shell Brand benzine and Shell kerosene
 Shoe Island
 “Shuteye,” practice of
 Signatures of members of land parties
 Simpson, Mr.
 Skeats, Professor E., examination of the meteorite
 Skey, Mr. H. F.
 Skiing
 Sledge, the air-tractor
 Sledging; preparation of equipment; wood for sledges; harness for;
          a load; camping
 Smith & Wellstood, Messrs.
.......William, work of
 Snow, temperatures
 Snow-blindness
 Snow drift, electrical effects
 Snow gauges
.....Hill Island
 Soundings, Lucas automatic sounding machine
 South Australian Museum
......Orkney Islands
......Shetland Islands
 Southern Cross Depot, declination of the needle at
.........Ocean
.........Party; instruments cached by
.........Supporting Party,
 ‘Sphere’, the
 Spratt, Messrs., care of the dogs
 Steel Trucks Ltd.
 Stewart Island (New Zealand)
 Stillwell, F. L., at Main Base; geological researches; map of Winter
          Quarters; records; production of ‘The Washerwoman’s
          Secret’; finding an albino penguin; the Near Eastern
          Party; his sledge; pitching tent; journey of the Near
          Eastern Party; the search party; return to Australia;
          account of
...........Island
 Stirling, Professor
 Storm Bay
 Strathcona, Lord
............Mount
 Sun, the midnight; display of rings and arcs
 Suva, wireless station
 Swallow & Ariell, Messrs.
 Sweep, dog
 Swiss Confederation Day
.......the dog
 Switzerland, the dog.
 Sydney, Wilkes’s expedition started from; Cathedral of; wood from;
          the harbour; wireless communication with
........Meat Preserving Coy.
 ‘Sydney Morning Herald’, donation

Tasman Sea
 Tasmania, hospitality of; soundings
 Taylor, Mr. Allen
 “Te Sol,”
 Tea
 Temperature, Foehn effect; in Adelie Land
 Tent-pitching; Bickerton on
 ‘Terebus and Error in Eruption’
 Termination Ice Tongue
............Land
 Terns
 ‘Terra Nova’, Scott’s voyage
 Terrestrial magnetism, work of the expedition
 “The Steps”
 Theodolite, use of the
 Tich, dog
 Tide-gauge, Bage’s; use on Macquarie Island
 Tides, work of the expedition
 Tidswell, Dr.
 Tiger, dog
 Tooth, Sir R. Lucas
.......Lady Helen—see Helen Glacier
 ‘Toroa’, s.s.
 Totten’s Land
 Toucher, N. C.
 Transit House
 Trawl, Monagasque
 Trawling, experiences of the ‘Aurora’
 Tussock grass
 ‘Tutanekai’, the, relief of Macquarie Island

‘Ulimaroa’, s.s., the
 Umbrella aerial, use of the
 Union Jack, hoisting the
 University College, Christchurch
 Urville, Dumont D’, expedition under
.........the dog

‘Valdivia’ expedition
 “Veranda Club”
 Verran, Hon. J.
 Vickers & Coy., Messrs.
 Victoria Land
 Vincennes, the

Waite, Mr. E. R. ‘Washerwoman’s Secret, The’ “Watersky,” Watkins, Lieut., aviator Watson, A. D., at the Western Base; attempted trip with Wild for the minimum thermometer; preparation for the Eastern summer journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; fall into a crevasse..........Bluff Watt, Hon. W. Way Archipelago..............map......Sir Samuel Weather, the, as a conversational subject Webb, E. N., at Main Base; care of the dogs; work at the Magnetograph House; photo-work; magnetic ice-cave of; his first camp; formation of the Southern Sledging Party; observations of the needle; use of the theodolite; building a break-wind; the toasts on Christmas Day; sighting Aladdin’s Cave; return from the south; return to Australia; account of Weddell, James, work.........Sea Wekas Wellington, Mount.............wireless communication with Welsh, Professor Western Base, the party at; winter and spring at the; establishment and adventures by F. Wild; the geological shaft; “The Glacier Tongue”; Wild’s party blocked on the Ice Shelf; linking up with Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, account by Dr. S. E. Jones; medical reports from West Point Western Sledging Party ‘Westralia’, s.s., Whalebirds Whales Whetter, Dr. L. A., at Main Base; the “Toggle King”; journey to the west; the Western Party; meteorological work; preparations for the air-tractor sledge trip; his birthday; on tent pitching; investigations of a snow ramp; return; return to Australia; account of “Whirlies,” Wild, Frank, the work at Hobart; working of the “flyingfox”; incidents on board; leader of the Western Base; the winter station on the ice shelf; rations for the expedition; arrangements with the ‘Aurora’; return to Aladdin’s Cave; his party at Western Base; relief of; reception of the ‘Aurora’; winter and spring; land mapped out by; blocked on the ice shelf, narrative Wilkes, discoveries of; charts; Knox Land, Wilkes’s Land Willesden-drill, tents Williamstown, Victoria Wind, velocities Winds, Bay of Winsor & Newton, Messrs. Winter quarters, Adelie Land.............Stillwell’s map Wireless Hill, establishment of the station;.........installation range, in the Antarctic; report of Captain Davis; messages received by Hannam on the ‘Aurora’; messages from, and to, Adelie Land; effect of ice on intensity of waves; work of the expedition; telefunken apparatus Worms, parasitical, in fish

‘Zelee’, the
 Zip, the dog
 Zoological investigations

Notes

** The ages refer to the date of joining the Expedition and are but approximate.

** For this compilation reference has been largely made to Dr. H. R. Mill’s “The Siege of the South Pole.” Several doubtful voyages during the early part of the nineteenth century have been omitted.

** With the advent of summer, Jeffryes became normal, but unfortunately suffered a temporary relapse upon his return to Australia.—D. M. APPENDIX VI

** An estimate of the cost of the expedition should also take account of donations in kind, which, as can be gathered, were numerous. Facilities offered by harbour boards and valuable assistance extended in the matter of docking and repairing the ‘Aurora’, particularly in the case of the State of Victoria, and to a less extent in New South Wales.

** * Donated by Schweppes, Kopke, Burgoyne, and others.

** Acceptable donations of various articles were made by the firms of Ludowici, Sydney; Allen Taylor, Sydney; Sames and Company, Birmingham; Gamage, London; Gramophone Company, London; the Acetylene Corporation, London; Steel Trucks Ltd., &c.