Variation and Distribution in the Malayan Papilionidae

Arrangement and Geographical Distribution of the Malayan Papilionidæ

Although the species of Papilionidæ inhabiting the Malayan region are very numerous, they all belong to three out of the nine genera into which the family is divided. One of the remaining genera (Eurycus) is restricted to Australia, and another (Teinopalpus) to the Himalayan Mountains, while no less than four (Parnassius, Doritis, Thais, and Sericinus) are confined to Southern Europe and to the mountain-ranges of the Palæarctic region.

The genera Ornithoptera and Leptocircus are highly characteristic of Malayan entomology, but are uniform in character and of small extent. The genus Papilio, on the other hand, presents a great variety of forms, and is so richly represented in the Malay islands, that more than one-fourth of all the known species are found there. It becomes necessary, therefore, to divide this genus into natural groups before we can successfully study its geographical distribution.

Owing principally to Dr. Horsfield’s observations in Java, we are acquainted with a considerable number of the larvæ of Papilios; and these furnish good characters for the primary division of the genus into natural groups. The manner in which the hinder wings are plaited or folded back at the abdominal margin, the size of the anal valves, the structure of the antennæ, and the form of the wings are also of much service, as well as the character of the flight and the style of coloration. Using these characters, I divide the Malayan Papilios into four sections, and seventeen groups, as follows:—

Genus Ornithoptera.

a. Priamus-group. Black and green. b. Pompeus-group. Black and yellow. c. Brookeanus-group.

Genus Papilio.

A. Larvæ short, thick, with numerous fleshy tubercles; purplish. a. Nox-group. Abdominal fold in ♂ very large; anal valves small, but swollen; antennæ moderate; wings entire, or tailed: includes the Indian Philoxenus-group. b. Coon-group. Abdominal fold in ♂ small; anal valves small, but swollen; antennæ moderate; wings tailed. c. Polydorus-group. Abdominal fold in ♂ small, or none; anal valves small or obsolete, hairy; wings tailed or entire. B. Larvæ with third segment swollen, transversely or obliquely banded; pupa much bent. Imago with abdominal margin in ♂ plaited, but not reflexed; body weak; antennæ long; wings much dilated, often tailed. d. Ulysses-group. e. Peranthus-group. Protenor-group (Indian) is somewhat intermediate between these, and is nearest to the Nox-group. f. Memnon-group. g. Helenus-group. h. Erectheus-group. i. Pammon-group. k. Demolion-group. C. Larvæ subcylindrical, variously coloured. Imago with abdominal margin in ♂ plaited, but not reflexed; body weak; antennæ short, with a thick curved club; wings entire. l. Erithonius-group. Sexes alike, larva and pupa something like those of P. Demolion. m. Paradoxa-group. Sexes different. n. Dissimilis-group. Sexes alike; larva bright-coloured; pupa straight, cylindric. D. Larvæ elongate, attenuate behind, and often bifid, with lateral and oblique pale stripes, green. Imago with the abdominal margin in ♂ reflexed, woolly or hairy within; anal valves small, hairy; antennæ short, stout; body stout. o. Macareus-group. Hind wings entire. p. Antiphates-group. Hind wings much tailed (swallow-tails). q. Eurypylus-group. Hind wings elongate or tailed.

Genus Leptocircus.

making, in all, twenty distinct groups of Malayan Papilionidæ.

The first section of the genus Papilio (A) comprises insects which, though differing considerably in structure, have much general resemblance. They all have a weak, low flight, frequent the most luxuriant forest districts, seem to love the shade, and are the objects of mimicry by other Papilios.

Section B consists of weak-bodied, large-winged insects, with an irregular wavering flight, and which, when resting on foliage, often expand the wings, which the species of the other sections rarely or never do. They are the most conspicuous and striking of eastern Butterflies.

Section C consists of much weaker and slower-flying insects, often resembling in their flight, as well as in their colours, species of Danaidæ.

Section D contains the strongest-bodied and most swift-flying of the genus. They love sunlight, and frequent the borders of streams and the edges of puddles, where they gather together in swarms consisting of several species, greedily sucking up the moisture, and, when disturbed, circling round in the air, or flying high and with great strength and rapidity.

In the following Table I have arranged all the Malayan Papilionidæ in what appears to me their most natural succession, and have exhibited their distribution in twenty-one columns of localities, extending from the Malay peninsula, on the north-west, to Woodlark Island, near New Guinea, on the south-east. The double line divides the Indo-Malayan from the Austro-Malayan region; and those islands which form natural zoological groups are connected by brackets.

Table showing the Distribution of the Malayan Papilionidæ.
			Indo-Malayan Region.					Austro-Malayan Region.
		Ornithoptera.	Malacca.	Sumatra.	Borneo.	Java.	Philippines.	Celebes.	Lombock.	Timor.	Gilolo.	Batchian.	Bouru.	Ceram.	Banda.	Goram.	Ké Island.	Aru Islands.	Mysol.	Waigiou.	New Guinea.	New Ireland.	Woodlark Isl.
	a.	Priamus-group.												1
1		Priamus, L.												1
2		Poseidon, Db.																1	1	1	1		1
3		Crœsus, Feld.									1	1
4		Tithonus, De Haan.																			1
5		Urvilliana, Guér.																				1
	b.	Pompeus-group.
6		Remus, Cr.						1			1			1
7		Helena, L.						1					1	1							1v
8		Leda, Wall.						1
9		Pompeus, Cr.	1	1	1	1			1
10		Nephereus, G. R. G.					1
11		Magellanus, Feld.					1
12		Criton, Feld.									1	1
13		Plato, Wall.								1
14		Haliphron, Bd.						1
15		Amphrisius, Cr.	1		1	1
	c.	Brookeana-group.
16		Brookeana, Wall.		1	1
		Papilio.
A.	a.	Nox-group.
17		Nox, Sw.	1			1
18		Noctis, Hew.			1
19		Erebus, Wall.	1		1
20		Varuna, White	1
21		Semperi, Feld.					1
	b.	Coon-group.
22		Neptunus, Guér.	1		1
23		Coon, Fab.		1	1	1
	c.	Polydorus-group.
24		Polydorus, L.										1	1	1			1	1
25		Leodamas, Wall.																	1		1
26		Diphilus, Esper	1			1	1
27		Antiphus, Fab.		1	1	1	1		1
28		Polyphontes, Bd.						1			1	1
29		Annæ, Feld.					1
30		Liris, Godt.								1
B.	d.	Ulysses-group.
31		Ulysses, L.												1
32		Penelope, Wall.																1		1	1
33		Telegonus, Feld.									1	1
34		Telemachus, Mont.																					1
	e.	Peranthus-group.
35		Peranthus, Fab.				1			1
36		Pericles, Wall.								1
37		Philippus, Wall.										1		1
38		Macedon, Wall.						1
39		Brama, Guér.	1	1
40		Dædalus, Feld.					1
41		Blumei, Bd.						1
42		Arjuna, Horsf.		1	1	1
	f.	Memnon-group.
43		Memnon, L.		1	1	1			1
44		Androgeus, Cr.	1
45		Lampsacus, Bd.				1
46		Priapus, Bd.		1	1	1
47		Emalthion, Hübn.					1
48		Deiphontes, Wall.									1	1
49		Deiphobus, L.											1	1
50		Ascalaphus, Bd.						1
51		Ænomaus, Godt.								1
	g.	Helenus-group.
52		Severus, Cr.									1	1	1	1				1
53		Pertinax, Wall.						1
54		Albinus, Wall.																			1
55		Phæstus, Bd.																			1
56		Helenus, L.		1		1
57		Hecuba, Wall.						1
58		Iswara, White	1		1
59		Hystaspes, Feld.					1
60		Araspes, Feld.					1
61		Nephelus, Bd.	1	1	1
	h.	Pammon-group.
62		Pammon, L.	1
63		Theseus, Cr.		1	1	1			1	1
64		Alphenor, Cr.					1	1					1	1
65		Nicanor, Wall.									1	1
66		Hipponous, Feld.					1
67		Ambrax, Bd.																	1		1
68		Ambracia, Wall.																		1
69		Epirus, Wall.																1
70		Dunali, Montr.																					1
	i.	Erectheus-group.
71		Ormenus, Guér.														1	1	1		1
72		Pandion, Wall.																	1		1
73		Tydeus, Feld.									1	1
74		Adrastus, Wall.													1
75		Gambrisius, Cr.											1	1
76		Amphytrion, Cr.						1
77		Euchenor, Guér.															1	1		1	1
78		Godartii, Montr.																					1
	k.	Demolion-group.
79		Demolion, Cr.	1	1	1	1
80		Gigon, Wall.						1
	l.	Erithonius-group.
81		Erithonius, Cr.	1				1			1							1
	m.	Paradoxa-group.
82		Paradoxa, Zink.		1	1	1
83		Ænigma, Wall.	1	1	1
84		Caunus, Westw.		1	1
85		Astina, Westw.				1
86		Hewitsonii, Westw.			1
	n.	Dissimilis-group.
87		Echidna, De Haan.								1
88		Paëphates, Westw.					1
	o.	Macareus-group.
89		Veiovis, Hew.						1
90		Encelades, Bd.						1
91		Deucalion, Bd.						1
92		Idæoides, Hew.					1
93		Delessertii, Guér.	1
94		Dehaanii, Wall.	1		1	1
95		Leucothoë, Westw.	1
96		Macareus, Godt.	1		1	1
97		Stratocles, Feld.					1
98		Thule, Wall.																		1	1
	p.	Antiphates-group.
99		Antiphates, Cr.	1	1	1	1
100		Euphrates, Feld.					1
101		Androcles, Bd.						1
102		Dorcus, De Haan.						1
103		Rhesus, Bd.						1
104		Aristæus, Cr.										1		1
105		Parmatus, G. R. G.																1		1
	q.	Eurypylus-group.
106		Codrus, Cr.						1			1	1	1	1				1		1
107		Melanthus, Feld.					1
108		Empedocles, Fab.			1	1
109		Payeni, Bd.			1	1
110		Sarpedon, L.	1	1	1	1					1	1	1	1				1			1
111		Miletus, Wall.						1
112		Wallacei, Hew.										1						1
113		Bathycles, Zink.	1		1	1
114		Eurypylus, L.									1	1	1	1							1
115		Jason, Esp.	1	1	1	1
116		Telephus, Wall.						1
117		Ægistus, L.									1	1		1			1	1
118		Agamemnon, L.	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1			1	1	1	1	1
119		Rama, Feld.	1	1
		(? Arycles, Rd.)
		Leptocircus.
120		Meges, Zink.	1			1
121		Curtius, Wall.						1
122		Decius, Feld.					1
123		Curius, Fab.				1
	Totals:—
		Ornithoptera	2	2	3	2	2	4	1	1	3	2	1	3		1	1	1	1	1	3	1	1
		Papilio	22	19	26	23	17	19	5	7	11	15	9	13	1	2	4	12	4	8	11		4
		Leptocircus	1			2	1	1
		Species in each island	25	21	29	27	20	24	6	8	14	17	10	16	1	3	5	13	5	9	14	1	5
		Total	45				20	24	12		27							27
			Sixty-one, Indo-Malayan Region.						Seventy-two, Austro-Malayan Region.

The exceeding richness of the Malayan region in these fine insects is seen by comparing the number of species found in the different tropical regions of the earth. From all Africa only 33 species of Papilio are known; but as several are still undescribed in collections, we may raise their number to about 40. In all tropical Asia there are at present described only 65 species, and I have seen in collections but two or three which have not yet been named. In South America, south of Panama, there are 120 species, or about the same number as I make in the Malayan region; but the area of the two countries is very different; for while South America (even excluding Patagonia) contains 5,000,000 square miles, a line encircling the whole of the Malayan islands would only include an area of 2,700,000 square miles, of which the land-area would be about 1,000,000 square miles. This superior richness is partly real and partly apparent. The breaking up of a district into small isolated portions, as in an archipelago, seems highly favourable to the segregation and perpetuation of local peculiarities in certain groups; so that a species which on a continent might have a wide range, and whose local forms, if any, would be so connected together that it would be impossible to separate them, may become by isolation reduced to a number of such clearly defined and constant forms that we are obliged to count them as species. From this point of view, therefore, the superior number of Malayan species may be considered as apparent only. Its true superiority is shown, on the other hand, by the possession of three genera and twenty groups of Papilionidæ against a single genus and eight groups in South America, and also by the much greater average size of the Malayan species. In most other families, however, the reverse is the case, the South American Nymphalidæ, Satyridæ, and Erycinidæ far surpassing those of the East in number, variety, and beauty.

The following list, exhibiting the range and distribution of each group, will enable us to study more easily their internal and external relations.

Range of the Groups of Malayan Papilionidæ.

Ornithoptera.

1. Priamus-group. Moluccas to Woodlark Island. 2. Pompeus-group. Himalayas to New Guinea (Celebes, maximum). 3. Brookeana-group. Sumatra and Borneo.

Papilio.

4. Nox-group. North India, Java, and Philippines. 5. Coon-group. North India to Java. 6. Polydorus-group. India to New Guinea and Pacific. 7. Ulysses-group. Celebes to New Caledonia. 8. Peranthus-group. India to Timor and Moluccas (India, max.). 9. Memnon-group. India to Timor and Moluccas (Java, max.). 10. Helenus-group. Africa and India to New Guinea. 11. Pammon-group. India to Pacific and Australia. 12. Erechtheus-group. Celebes to Australia. 13. Demolion-group. India to Celebes. 14. Erithonius-group. Africa, India, Australia. 15. Paradoxa-group. India to Java (Borneo, max.). 16. Dissimilis-group. India to Timor (India, max.). 17. Macareus-group. India to New Guinea. 18. Antiphates-group. Widely distributed. 19. Eurypylus-group. India to Australia.

Leptocircus.

20. Leptocircus-group. India to Celebes.

This Table shows the great affinity of the Malayan with the Indian Papilionidæ, only three out of the nineteen groups ranging beyond, into Africa, Europe, or America. The limitation of groups to the Indo-Malayan or Austro-Malayan divisions of the archipelago, which is so well marked in the higher animals (see ‘Journal of Linnean Society,’ vol. iv. 172, and ‘Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,’ 1863, p. 230), is much less conspicuous in insects, but is shown in some degree by the Papilionidæ. The following groups are either almost or entirely restricted to one portion of the Archipelago:—

Indo-Malayan Region.

Nox-group.
Coon-group.
Macareus-group (nearly).
Paradoxa-group.
Dissimilis-group (nearly).
Brookeanus-group.
Leptocircus (genus).

Austro-Malayan Region.

Priamus-group.
Ulysses-group.
Erechtheus-group.

The remaining groups, which range over the whole archipelago, are, in many cases, insects of very powerful flight, or they frequent open places and the sea-beach, and are thus more likely to get blown from island to island. The fact that three such characteristic groups as those of Priamus, Ulysses, and Erechtheus are strictly limited to the Australian region of the archipelago, while five other groups are with equal strictness confined to the Indian region, is a strong corroboration of that division which has been founded almost entirely on the distribution of Mammalia and Birds.

If the various Malayan islands have undergone recent changes of level, and if any of them have been more closely united within the period of existing species than they are now, we may expect to find indications of such changes in community of species between islands now widely separated; while those islands which have long remained isolated would have had time to acquire peculiar forms by a slow and natural process of modification.

An examination of the relations of the species of the adjacent islands will thus enable us to correct opinions formed from a mere consideration of their relative positions. For example, looking at a map of the archipelago, it is almost impossible to avoid the idea that Java and Sumatra have been recently united; their present proximity is so great, and they have such an obvious resemblance in their volcanic structure. Yet there can be little doubt that this opinion is erroneous, and that Sumatra has had a more recent and more intimate connexion with Borneo than it has had with Java. This is strikingly shown by the mammals of these islands—very few of the species of Java and Sumatra being identical, while a considerable number are common to Sumatra and Borneo. The birds show a somewhat similar relationship; and we shall find that the group of insects we are now treating of tells exactly the same tale. Thus:—

Sumatra	21 sp.	20 sp. common to both islands;
Borneo	29 sp.
Sumatra	21 sp.	11 sp. common to both islands;
Java	27 sp.
Borneo	29 sp.	20 sp. common to both islands;
Java	27 sp.

showing that both Sumatra and Java have a much closer relationship to Borneo than they have each other—a most singular and interesting result when we consider the wide separation of Borneo from them both, and its very different structure. The evidence furnished by a single group of insects would have had but little weight on a point of such magnitude if standing alone; but coming as it does to confirm deductions drawn from whole classes of the higher animals, it must be admitted to have considerable value.

We may determine in a similar manner the relations of the different Papuan Islands to New Guinea. Of thirteen species of Papilionidæ obtained in the Aru Islands, five were also found in New Guinea, and eight not. Of nine species obtained at Waigiou, five were New Guinea, and four not. The five species found at Mysol were all New Guinea species. Mysol, therefore, has closer relations to New Guinea than the other islands; and this is corroborated by the distribution of the birds, of which I will only now give one instance. The Paradise Bird found in Mysol is the common New Guinea species, while the Aru Islands and Waigiou have each a species peculiar to themselves.

The large island of Borneo, which contains more species of Papilionidæ than any other in the archipelago, has nevertheless only two peculiar to itself; and it is quite possible, and even probable, that one of these may be found in Sumatra or Java. The last-named island has also two species peculiar to it; Sumatra has not one, and the peninsula of Malacca only one. The identity of species is even greater than in birds or in most other groups of insects, and points very strongly to a recent connexion of the whole with each other and the continent. But when we pass to the next island (Celebes), separated from them by a strait not wider than that which divides them from each other, we have a striking contrast; for with a total number of species less than either Borneo or Java, no less than eighteen are absolutely restricted to it. Further east, the large islands of Ceram and New Guinea have only three species peculiar to each, and Timor has five. We shall have to look, not to single islands, but to whole groups, in order to obtain an amount of individuality comparable with that of Celebes. For example, the extensive group comprising the large islands of Java, Borneo, and Sumatra, with the peninsula of Malacca, possessing altogether 45 species, has about 21, or less than half, peculiar to it; the numerous group of the Philippines possess 21 species, of which 16 are peculiar; the seven chief islands of the Moluccas have 27, of which 12 are peculiar; and the whole of the Papuan Islands, with an equal number of species, have 17 peculiar. Comparable with the most isolated of these groups is Celebes, with its 24 species, of which the large proportion of 18 are peculiar. We see, therefore, that the opinion I have already expressed, in the papers before quoted, of the high degree of isolation and the remarkable distinctive features of this interesting island, is fully borne out by the examination of this conspicuous family of insects. A single straggling island, with a few small satellites, it is zoologically of equal importance with extensive groups of islands many times as large as itself; and standing in the very centre of the archipelago, surrounded on every side with islets connecting it with the larger groups, and which seem to afford the greatest facilities for the migration and intercommunication of their respective productions, it yet stands out conspicuous with a character of its own in every department of nature, and presents peculiarities which are, I believe, without a parallel in any similar locality on the globe.

Briefly to summarize these peculiarities, Celebes possesses three genera of mammals (out of the very small number which inhabit it) which are of singular and isolated forms, viz., Cynopithecus, a tailless Ape allied to the Baboons; Anoa, a straight-horned Antelope of obscure affinities, but quite unlike anything else in the whole archipelago or in India; and Babirusa, an altogether abnormal wild Pig. With a rather limited bird population, Celebes has an immense preponderance of species confined to it, and has also five remarkable genera (Meropogon, Streptocitta, Enodes, Scissirostrum, and Megacephalon) entirely restricted to its narrow limits, as well as two others (Prioniturus and Basilornis) which only range to a single island beyond it.

Mr. Smith’s elaborate tables of the distribution of Malayan Hymenoptera (see ‘Proc. Linn. Soc.’ Zool. vol. vii.) show that, out of the large number of 301 species collected in Celebes, 190 (or nearly two-thirds) were absolutely restricted to it, although Borneo, on one side, and the various islands of the Moluccas on the other, were equally well explored by me; and no less than twelve of the genera are not found in any other island of the archipelago. I have just shown in the present paper that, in the Papilionidæ, it has far more species of its own than any other island, and a greater proportion of peculiar species than many of the large groups of islands in the archipelago—and that it gives to a large number of the species and varieties which inhabit it, 1st, an increase of size, and, 2nd, a peculiar modification in the form of the wings, which stamp upon the most dissimilar insects a mark distinctive of their common birth-place.

What, I would ask, are we to do with phenomena such as these? Are we to rest content with that very simple, but at the same time very unsatisfying explanation, that all these insects and other animals were created exactly as they are, and originally placed exactly where they are, by the inscrutable will of their Creator, and that we have nothing to do but to register the facts and wonder? Was this single island selected for a fantastic display of creative power, merely to excite a child-like and unreasoning admiration? Is all this appearance of gradual modification by the action of natural causes—a modification the successive steps of which we can almost trace—all delusive? Is this harmony between the most diverse groups, all presenting analogous phenomena, and indicating a dependence upon physical changes of which we have independent evidence, all false testimony? If I could think so, the study of nature would have lost for me its greatest charm. I should feel as would the geologist, if you could convince him that his interpretation of the earth’s past history was all a delusion—that strata were never formed in the primeval ocean, and that the fossils he so carefully collects and studies are no true record of a former living world, but were all created just as they now are, and in the rocks where he now finds them.

I must here express my own belief that none of these phenomena, however apparently isolated pr insignificant, can ever stand alone—that not the wing of a butterfly can change in form, or vary in colour, except in harmony with, and as a part of, the grand march of nature. I believe, therefore, that all the curious phenomena I have just recapitulated are immediately dependent on the last series of changes, organic and inorganic, in these regions; and as the phenomena presented by the island of Celebes differ from those of all the surrounding islands, it can, I conceive, only be because the past history of Celebes has been to some extent unique and different from theirs. We must have much more evidence to determine exactly in what that difference has consisted. At present, I only see my way clear to one deduction, viz., that Celebes represents one of the oldest parts of the archipelago, that it has been formerly more completely isolated both from India and from Australia than it is now, and that, amid all the mutations it has undergone, a relic or substratum of the fauna and flora of some more ancient land has been here preserved to us.

It is only since my return home, and since I have been able to compare the productions of Celebes side by side with those of the surrounding islands, that I have been fully impressed with their peculiarity, and the great interest that attaches to them. The plants and the reptiles are still almost unknown; and it is to be hoped that some enterprising naturalist may soon devote himself to their study. The geology of the country would also be well worth exploring, and its recent fossils would be of especial interest as elucidating the changes which have led to its present anomalous condition. This island stands, as it were, upon the boundary-line between two worlds. On one side is that ancient Australian fauna which preserves to the present day the facies of an early geological epoch; on the other is the rich and varied fauna of Asia, which seems to contain, in every class and order, the most perfect and highly organized animals. Celebes has relations to both, yet strictly belongs to neither; it possesses characteristics which are altogether its own; and I am convinced that no single island upon the globe would so well repay a careful and detailed research into its past and present history.

In the following catalogue of the Malayan species of Papilionidæ I have included those from Woodlark Island, collected by M. Montrouzier, as that island comes fairly within the limits of the archipelago; while I exclude New Caledonia as belonging more to the Australian and Pacific fauna. I have given full particulars of the variation of the several species, and have described all new species, forms, varieties, and undescribed sexes. The distribution of each species is noted chiefly from my own observations11. As the full synonymy and references to almost every work on Lepidoptera are given in the British Museum List of Papilionidæ, I have not thought it necessary to do more than to refer to a good figure and description in well-known works; and I have quoted Boisduval’s ‘Species Général des Lépidoptères’ throughout. In all cases, however, where I have myself corrected the synonymy, or determined sexes which had been before improperly located, I have given much fuller references.

I have found it necessary to describe and name twenty new species, and to separate six or seven more which have been hitherto considered as varieties or sexes of other species. I have also described and separated twenty-five local forms or races, and twenty polymorphous forms or sexes, as well as several simple varieties. On the other hand, I have reduced fourteen species, which figure in some of our latest lists, to the rank of sexes or local or polymorphic forms of other species. For convenience of reference, I add a list of these, with a reference to the page where will be found the reasons for not adopting them.

Ornithoptera Pronomus, G. R. Gray,	= O. Poseidon, Db. (var.), p. 36.
Ornithoptera Archideus, G. R. Gray,	= O. Poseidon, Db. (var.), p. 36.
Ornithoptera Euphorion, G. R. Gray,	= O. Poseidon, Db. (♀ var.), p. 36.
Ornithoptera Amphimedon, Cr.,	= O. Helena, L. ♀, p. 38.
Papilio Hegemon, G. R. Gray,	= P. Polyphontes, Bd., p. 43.
Papilio Melanides, De Haan,	= P. Theseus, Fab. (♀ form), p. 53.
Papilio Romulus, Cr.,	= P. Pammon, L. (♀ form), p. 52.
Papilio Rumanzovia, Eschsch.,	= P. Emalthion, Hübn. (♀ form), p. 48.
Papilio Polytes, L.,	= P. Pammon, L., ♀, p. 51.
Papilio Orophanes, Bd.,	= P. Ambrax, Bd., ♀, p. 54.
Papilio Elyros, G. R. Gray,	= P. Alphenor, Cr. (♀ form), p. 53.
Papilio Amanga, Bd.,	= P. Ormenus, Guér. (♀ form), p. 55.
Papilio Onesimus, Hewits.,	= P. Ormenus, Guér. (♀ form), p. 55.
Papilio Drusius, Cr.,	= P. Gambrisius, Cr., ♀, p. 58.

As the arrangement of the species of Papilio which I have adopted in this paper is somewhat new, and I hope will be found to be more natural than those which have been previously used, I here add lists of the Indian and Australian species arranged in the same manner. Those already included in my Malayan list will be indicated thus, (Mal.), and printed in italics.

List of the Papilionidæ of the Indian Region.

1. Teinopalpus imperialis, Hope. 2. Ornithoptera Darsius, G. R. G. (Ceylon). 3. —— Rhadamanthus, Bd. 4. —— Pompeus, Cr. (Mal.). 5. —— Amphrisius, Cr. (Mal.).

Papilio (Sect. A).

Nox group.

6. Papilio Varuna, White (Mal.). 7. —— Aidoneus, Db. 8. —— Philoxenus, G. R. G. 9. —— Polyceutes, Db. 10. —— Dasarada, Moore. 11. —— Ravana, Moore. 12. —— Minereus, G. R. G. 13. —— Icarius, Westw. 14. —— Bootes, Westw. 15. —— Janaka, Moore.

Coon group.

16. Papilio Doubledayi, Wall.

Polydorus group.

17. Papilio Jophon, G. R. G. (Ceylon). 18. —— Diphilus, Esp. (Mal.). 19. —— Alcinous, Klug. 20. —— Mencius, Feld. 21. —— Hector, L.

Papilio (Sect. B).

Protenor group.

22. Papilio Protenor, Cr. 23. Papilio Elphenor, Db. 24. —— Rhetenor, Westw. 25. —— Sakontala, Hewits.

Peranthus group.

26. Papilio Crino, Fab. (Ceylon). 27. —— Bianor, Cr. 28. —— Polyctor, Bd. 29. —— Ganesa, Db. 30. —— Arcturus, Westw. 31. —— Paris, L. 32. —— Palinurus, Fab.? 33. —— Krishna, Moore.

Memnon group.

34. Papilio Androgeus, Cr. (Mal.). 35. —— Polymnestor, Cr. (Ceylon). 36. —— Demetrius, Cr.

Helenus group.

37. Papilio Helenus, L. (Mal.). 38. —— Chaon, Westw. 39. —— Castor, Westw. 40. —— Nephelus, Bd. (Mal.).

Pammon group.

41. Papilio Pammon, L. (Mal.).

Demolion group.

42. Papilio Demolion, Cr. (Mal.).

Papilio (Sect. C).

Erithonius group.

43. Papilio Erithonius, Cr. (Mal.).

Paradoxa group.

44. Papilio Telearchus, Hewits. 45. —— Slateri, Hewits.

Dissimilis group.

46. Papilio dissimilis, L. 47. —— Panope, L. 48. —— Lacedæmon, Fab. 49. —— Pollux, Westw.

Papilio (Sect. D).

Macareus group.

50. Papilio Macareus, God. (Mal.). 51. —— Leucothoë, Westw. (Mal.). 52. —— Megarus, Westw. 53. —— Agestor, G. R. G. 54. —— Epytides, Hewits. 55. —— Xenocles, Db.

Antiphates group.

56. Papilio Antiphates, Cr. (Mal.). 57. —— Agetes, Westw. 58. —— Anticrates, Db. 59. —— Orestes, Fab. 60. —— Alebion, G. R. G. 61. —— Glycerion, G. R. G.

Eurypylus group.

62. Papilio Gyas, Westw. 63. —— Evan, Db. 64. —— Cloanthus, Westw. 65. —— Sarpedon, L. (Mal.). 66. —— Chiron, Wall. 67. —— Jason, Esp. (Mal.). 68. —— Agamemnon, L. (Mal.). 69. —— Rama, Feld. (Mal.).

4. Chinese species. 61. Indian species. 4. Ceylon species.

List of the Papilionidæ of the Australian Region.

Ornithoptera (Priamus group).

1. Ornithoptera Poseidon, Db. (Mal.). 2. —— Richmondia, G. R. G.

Papilio (Sect. A).

Polydorus group.

3. Papilio Leodamas, Wall. (Mal.). 4. —— Liris, Godt. (Mal.). 5. —— Godartianus, Bd. (Pacific Islands).

Papilio (Sect. B).

Helenus group.

6. Papilio Capaneus, Westw. 7. —— Ilioneus, Don.

Ulysses group.

8. Papilio Ulyssinus, Westw. 9. —— Montrouzieri, Bd. (New Caledonia).

Pammon group.

10. Papilio Canopus, Westw.

Erectheus group.

11. Papilio Erectheus, Don. 12. —— Amyntor, Bd. (New Caledonia).

Papilio (Sect. C).

Erithonius group.

13. Papilio Erithonius, Cr. (Mal.).

Anactor group.

14. Papilio Anactor, McL.

Papilio (Sect. D).

Antiphates group.

15. Papilio Leosthenes, Db. 16. —— Permatus, G. R. G. (Mal.).

Eurypylus group.

17. Papilio Sarpedon, L. (Mal.). 18. —— Gelon, Bd. (New Caledonia). 19. —— Lycaon, Westw. 20. —— Macleayanus, Leach. 21. —— Scottianus, Feld. (Ash Islands). 22. Eurycus Cressida, Fab.

6. Pacific Islands. 16. Australia.

Notes

11. Species collected by myself have (Wall.) after the localities where I have found them.