The Genus Pinus

Diploxylon

Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Leaves serrulate; fibro-vascular bundle double; stomata dorsal and ventral. Cones with a dorsal umbo, the phyllotaxis complex. Wood hard, with dark resinous bands, the annual rings clearly defined.

In this section there are a few species combining the essential characters of Diploxylon with important characters of Haploxylon. A subsection, Parapinaster, is established for these exceptional species.

c. Parapinaster	Species with the fascicle-sheath or seed-wing of Haploxylon.
d. Pinaster	Sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective.

Parapinaster

Sheath of the leaf-fascicle deciduous	VII. Leiophyllae.
Sheath of the leaf-fascicle persistent.
Seed-wing of the Strobi	VIII. Longifoliae.
Seed-wing of the Gerardianae	IX. Pineae.

VII. Leiophyllae

Sheath of the leaf-fascicles deciduous.
Leaves short, erect, the fructification triennial	20. leiophylla.
Leaves long, pendent, the fructification biennial	21. Lumholtzii.

20. Pinus Leiophylla

1831 P. leiophylla Schlechtendal and Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.

1848 P. chihuahuana Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 103.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, the sheath deciduous, from 8 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial with an occasional internal duct. Conelets single or verticillate, their scales mucronate; conelets of the second year only slightly enlarged. Cones maturing the third year, not exceeding 7 cm. in length, ovate or ovate-conic, subsymmetrical, more or less reflexed, persistent for several years on some trees, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lighter or darker brown, often with an olive or fuscous shade, thin or tumid, the umbo double, the mucro more persistent near the apex of the cone.

This species grows at subtropical or warm-temperate altitudes in Mexico, from Oaxaca through the central and western states to southern Arizona and New Mexico. As it approaches the northern part of its range the leaves become thicker and more rigid and the number in the fascicle is reduced to 3 or 4 (var. chihuahuana, Shaw, Pines Mex. 14). Like P. rigida it sprouts freely along the branches and trunk, and stumps of felled trees put out shoots in great numbers. The species is easily recognized by the deciduous sheath and triennial cone.

Fig. 151, Branch with fruit of first, second and third years. Fig. 152, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 153, Magnified leaf-section of the species. Fig. 154, Magnified leaf-section of the variety.

21. Pinus Lumholtzii

1894 P. Lumholtzii Robinson & Fernald in Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 122.

Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath deciduous, from 20 to 30 cm. long, absolutely pendent; resin-ducts medial and internal. Conelets subterminal, or lateral and subterminal, mucronate. Cones not exceeding 7 cm. in length, symmetrical, pendent on slender peduncles, ovate-conic, early deciduous; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, tumid at the margins, flat on the surface, the umbo large, the mucro rarely persistent.

A remarkable Pine with long pendent bright green foliage, confined to the western states of Mexico and ranging on the mountains from southern Jalisco to the latitude of the city of Chihuahua. Each season’s growth of leaves hangs from the branchlet like a long beard, from which the tree receives, in some localities, the name “Pino barba caida.” In the herbarium the long leaves, deciduous sheaths, and the decurrent bases of the bracts, present a combination of characters not found in other species.

Fig. 155, Cone. Fig. 156, Cone. Fig. 157, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 158, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 159, Tree at Ferraria de Tula.

VIII. Longifoliae

Seed-wing adnate to the nut. Leaves long, in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent.

Apophysis of the cone prolonged and reflexed	22. longifolia.
Apophysis of the cone low-pyramidal	23. canariensis.

22. Pinus Longifolia

1803 P. longifolia Roxburgh ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 29, t. 21.

1897 P. Roxburghii Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 9.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts external, the hypoderm often in large masses, some or all of the endoderm cells with thick outer walls. Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous brown-ochre or fuscous brown, elevated into thick, often reflexed, beaks with obtuse mutic umbos; seeds with large nuts and adnate striated dark gray or fuscous brown wings.

Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been successfully grown in northern Italy.

It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two species are alike.

23. Pinus Canariensis

1825 P. canariensis Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds as in the last species.

A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in Schröter’s portrait (Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15).

Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165, Habit of the tree.

IX. Pineae

Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath persistent. One species only.

24. Pinus Pinea

1753 P. pinea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.

1778 P. sativa Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ii. 200.

1854 P. maderiensis Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, ii. 379.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing.

A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft Pines.

Fig. 166, Fruit of three seasons. Fig. 167, Cone-scales and seed. Fig. 168, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 169, Habit of the tree.

Pinaster

Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Seeds with an effective articulate wing. Umbo of the cone-scales dorsal. Leaves serrulate, stomatiferous on all faces, the sheath persistent. Walls of the tracheids of the medullary rays dentate.

Forty-two of the sixty-six species of Pinus are included in this subsection. As a group they are clearly circumscribed by several correlated characters and are more closely interrelated than the twenty-four species previously described. The distinctions of umbo and seed have disappeared. The umbo here is invariably dorsal, the seed-wing invariably articulate.

New forms, however, are gradually evolved—the seed with a thick wing-blade, the indurated oblique cone, the serotinous cone with its intermittent seed-release, and the multinodal spring-shoot. There are, moreover, new forms of leaf-hypoderm and a new position of the resin-duct.

Of these new characters, the thick wing-blade attains such proportions in the three species of the Macrocarpae that they can be grouped apart. But the characters that finally culminate in a lateral oblique serotinous cone are so gradually and irregularly developed that they offer no divisional distinctions. With the aid of wood and leaf characters, however, groups can be established which preserve the evolutionary sequence and, at the same time, the obvious affinity of the species.

Wing-blade thin or slightly thickened at the base.
Cones dehiscent at maturity.
Pits of the ray-cells large	X.Lariciones
Pits of the ray-cells small	XI.Australes
Cones serotinous, pits of the ray-cells small	XII.Insignes
Wing-blade very thick	XIII. Macrocarpae

The species of this subsection are very difficult, if not impossible, to classify by the usual method, which groups all species under a few characters assumed to be invariable and of fundamental importance. Such a method can be successfully applied to the Soft Pines and to some of the Hard Pines, but cannot be applied to all the Hard Pines without forcing some of them into unnatural associations.

To take an example, the group Pseudostrobus, characterized by pentamerous leaf-fascicles, appears in many systems. In this group are placed P. Torreyana and P. leiophylla. Another group, with trimerous fascicles, contains P. Sabiniana and P. taeda. Now there are no two species more obviously related by important peculiarities than P. Torreyana and P. Sabiniana; nevertheless they are, by this method, kept apart and associated with species which they resemble in no important particular.

An attempt is made here to avoid such incongruities. Groups X, XI and XII represent different stages of evolution. In the Lariciones the cone is symmetrical, and dehiscent and deciduous at maturity, while the spring-shoot is uninodal. In the Australes there is a similar cone, but the spring-shoot gradually becomes multinodal. In the Insignes the cone is oblique, persistent and serotinous, and the spring-shoot is multinodal.

These definitions state the degree of evolution attained by each group, but not all the species of a group conform exactly with its definition. In each group are species with a characteristic of another group. Among the Lariciones are a few species with both symmetrical and oblique cones, and two with persistent cones. Similar exceptions occur among the Australes. Among the Insignes are a few species with symmetrical cones, and two with cones that are rarely, if ever, serotinous.

There is, however, no difficulty in fixing the systematic position of these exceptional species through other characters which show their true affinity. They are placed with the species which they most resemble. Their exceptional characters are merely the evidence of the evolution that pervades and unites the groups. Therefore the definition of a group is not necessarily the exact definition of its species, and a species is placed in a group because all its characters, specific and evolutional, show a closer affinity with that group than with the species of any other.

X. Lariciones

Pits of the ray-cells large. Cells of the leaf-hypoderm uniform. Spring-shoots uninodal. Cones dehiscent at maturity.

This group represents the first stage in the evolution of the Hard Pines. All the species, like the Soft Pines, are uninodal and the cones are dehiscent at maturity, but the trend toward the serotinous species is shown in the occasional appearance of the oblique cone as a varietal form of a few species, and in the persistent cone of the last two species of this group.

All the species of this group are of the Old World except P. resinosa and P. tropicalis. These two are the only American Pines combining large pits with dentate tracheids, and are the only American Hard Pines with external resin-ducts of the leaf.

Cones deciduous at maturity.
Cones ovate or ovate-conic.
Conelet with tuberculate or entire scales.
Resin-ducts external and medial	25. resinosa
Resin-ducts septal and external	26. tropicalis
Conelet with mucronate scales.
Resin-ducts mostly external.
Conelet pedunculate, erect.
Cone nut-brown	27. Massoniana
Cone dull tawny yellow	28. densiflora
Conelet pedunculate, reflexed	29. sylvestris
Conelet subsessile, erect	30. montana
Resin-ducts mostly medial.
Bark-formation late	31. luchuensis
Bark-formation early.
Cone nut-brown	32. Thunbergii
Cone lustrous tawny yellow	33. nigra
Cones narrow cylindrical	34. Merkusii
Cones tenaciously persistent.
Leaves stout, relatively short	35. sinensis
Leaves slender, relatively long	36. insularis

25. Pinus Resinosa

1789 P. resinosa Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.

1810 P. rubra Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 45, t. 1.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 12 to 17 cm. long; resin-ducts external or external and medial; hypoderm uniform and inconspicuous. Scales of the conelet mutic. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical, deciduous the third year, leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, somewhat thickened along a transverse keel.

From Nova Scotia and Lake St. John this species ranges westward to the Winnipeg River and southward into Minnesota, Michigan, northern New York and eastern Massachusetts, with rare occurrence on the mountains of Pennsylvania. Under cultivation it is a beautiful tree, adapted to cold-temperate climates. It was considered by Loiseleur (1812) and by Spach (1842) to be a variety of P. nigra (laricio). The two species vary in the color of the cone, the anatomy of the leaves, the buds, and in the armature of the conelet. A fallen cone of this species is moreover usually imperfect from the loss of a few basal scales.

26. Pinus Tropicalis

1851 P. tropicalis Morelet in Rev. Hort. Côte d’Or, i. 105.

1904 P. terthrocarpa Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxv. 179, f. 74.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30 cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells; resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown, low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic.

Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is associated with P. caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei, Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis.

Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves, much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines.

27. Pinus Massoniana

1803 P. Massoniana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 P. canaliculata Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Staminate catkins often in long dense clusters. Conelets partly tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually mutic.

The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into Szech’uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P. densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color of its cone and in its conelet (Plate XX, figs. 176, 179).

Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles. Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section.

28. Pinus Densiflora

1842 P. densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112.

1854 P. scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82.

Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to 12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts external. Staminate catkins in long dense clusters. Scales of the conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm. long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.

The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).

Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

29. Pinus Sylvestris

1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).

1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).

1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).

1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.

1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.

1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.

1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.

1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.

1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo with a minute prickle or its remnant.

A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in Loudon’s illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f. 2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with this evolution.

Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 185, Habit of the tree.

30. Pinus Montana

1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.

1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.

1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 336.

1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ed. 3, iii. 726.

1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.

1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.

1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.

1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate, nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing the remnant of the mucro.

P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.

On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo; mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even five terms—Pinus montana pumilio applanata—or Pinus montana uncinata rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig’s specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a Latin name.

Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189, Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees.

31. Pinus Luchuensis

1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed.

This Pine is known to me through Mayr’s description and a single dried specimen. The smooth cortex of young trees distinguishes it from all other east-Asiatic Hard Pines. Mayr includes under this species the Pine of Hong Kong. But in this he must be mistaken, for there is no species yet found in China that agrees with the description of P. luchuensis.

32. Pinus Thunbergii

1784 P. sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus).

1842 P. Massoniana Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113 (not Lambert).

1868 P. Thunbergii Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous. Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the prickle of the umbo more or less persistent.

The Black Pine of Japan has been cultivated for centuries, and by skillful Japanese gardeners has been trained into dwarf and other curious forms. It is hardy in cold-temperate climates. It is distinct from P. densiflora by the medial ducts of its leaf, from P. nigra by the fewer, larger, brown scales of its cone, and from P. resinosa by the armature of its conelet. It appears in most determinations of Chinese collections, but there is no Chinese Pine with the white buds and the medial leaf-ducts of this species.

33. Pinus Nigra

1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t.

1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339.

1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller).

1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton).

1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert).

1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304 (not Linnaeus).

1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146.

1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1.

1825 P. austriaca Höss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113.

1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628.

1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note.

1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in Mém. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt.

1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549.

1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366.

1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Brünn, xxxiv. 272.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent.

A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4, 597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance.

Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

34. Pinus Merkusii

1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus).

1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2.

1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210.

1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long, the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown, radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.

Of the habit of this Pine I know nothing. As a species it is very clearly defined by its peculiar cone and leaf-section. It grows in the Philippines, Sumatra, Lower Burmah and western Indo-China. In my specimen the pits of the ray-cells of the wood are both large and small. In this particular it may belong in either of two groups of species. Its uniform leaf-hypoderm associates it with this group or with P. halepensis of the Insignes. I have assumed the cone to be dehiscent at maturity and have placed it with the Lariciones, but if further information shows the cone to be serotinous, this species should be transferred to the serotinous group.

Fig. 198, Cone. Fig. 199, Magnified sections of two leaves. Fig. 200, Leaf-fascicle.

35. Pinus Sinensis

1832 P. sinensis Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29.

1867 P. tabulaeformis Carrière, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.

1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. xxvii. 558.

1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.

1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.

1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.

1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416.

1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417.

1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from 10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid, the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.

A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the mountains of central and western China, and at lower altitudes in the north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the lustre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.

Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig. 204, from a high rocky ledge in the same locality.

Fig. 201, Cone of var. densata. Fig. 202, Cone of var. yunnanensis. Fig. 203, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var. yunnanensis. Fig. 204, Cone and leaf-fascicle from a rocky ledge. Fig. 205, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of the typical form. Fig. 206, Seeds. Fig. 207, Conelet and its enlarged scale.

36. Pinus Insularis

1837 P. taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus).

1847 P. insularis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.

1854 P. khasiana Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl. Asiat. tt. 367, 368.

1868 P. kasya Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390.

Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous.

A species of the Philippines and of northern Burmah. In both countries it is locally exploited for wood and resin. It differs from the common form of P. sinensis by its much longer leaves, and from its var. yunnanensis, which it more resembles, by its much more slender and pliant leaves. Moreover its cone, so far as I can learn, is not yellow at maturity, but brown.

Figs. 208, 209, Three cones. Fig. 210, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

XI. Australes

Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable. Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones dehiscent at maturity.

This group combines the dehiscent cone of the Lariciones with the wood-anatomy of the serotinous Pines. Also the multinodal spring-shoot first appears here and is gradually developed among the species, absent in Nos. 37-39, sometimes present in Nos. 40-43, and prevalent in Nos. 44-47.

All the species are of the Western Hemisphere, and among them may be found the biform hypoderm of the leaf, the internal resin-duct, and the total absence of external resin-ducts, characters common in American Hard Pines. The eastern species are quite constant in their characters and present no varietal forms; the western species, on the other hand, are very variable. This difference may be due to the even level and slight climatic differences of the Atlantic states and to the remarkable diversity of altitude and climate of the western states and Mexico.

Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thick.
Cones large, attaining 12 cm. or more in length.
Prickles of the cone inconspicuous.
Bark-formation late	37. pseudostrobus
Bark-formation early	38. Montezumae
Prickle of the cone conspicuous	39. ponderosa
Cones small, 7 cm. or less in length	40. teocote
Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thin.
Spring-shoots mostly uninodal.
Prickle of the cone slender, sometimes deciduous.
Cones mostly oblique	41. Lawsonii
Cones symmetrical	42. occidentalis
Prickles of the cone stout and persistent	43. palustris
Spring-shoots multinodal.
Resin-ducts internal	44. caribaea.
Resin-ducts mostly medial.
Prickle of the cone stout	45. taeda
Prickle of the cone slender.
Bark-formation late	46. glabra
Bark-formation early	47. echinata

37. Pinus Pseudostrobus

1839 P. pseudostrobus Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.

1839 P. apulcensis Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.

1842 P. tenuifolia Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92.

1846 P. orizabae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f.

Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6, from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat, elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous.

A species of the subtropical and warm-temperate altitudes of Mexico and Central America. Its range includes both eastern and western slopes of the northern plateau. Its northern limit is in Nuevo Leon, and it probably reaches in Nicaragua the southern limit of pines in the Western Hemisphere. It is distinguished from all its associates by the smooth gray trunk of the young trees, by their long internodes, and by their drooping gray-green foliage.

Some cones of this species develop protuberances of all degrees of prominence up to the curious cone collected in Oaxaca by Nelson (var. apulcensis, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 12, fig. 8). There is also a remarkable difference in the amount of leaf-hypoderm. On many trees of the western part of the range this tissue forms septa across the green mesophyll. Such partitions are sometimes met in other species, P. Pringlei or P. canariensis, where the hypoderm is abundant. But in P. pseudostrobus they appear in some leaves of weak, as well as of strong hypoderm (var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 13, ff. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8).

Fig. 211, Cone. Fig. 212, Two cones of var. tenuifolia. Figs. 213, 214, Two cones of var. apulcensis. Fig. 215, Magnified section of 3 leaves of var. tenuifolia. Fig. 216, Magnified section of 2 leaves of the species. Fig. 217, Bud destined to produce staminate flowers. Fig. 218, Ten-year old branch showing smooth cortex. Fig. 219, Young and mature trees in open growth.

38. Pinus Montezumae

1817 P. occidentalis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz).

1832 P. Montezumae Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22.

1839 P. Devoniana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.

1839 P. Hartwegii Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.

1839 P. Russelliana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.

1839 P. macrophylla Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.

1840 P. filifolia Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.

1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 (as to cone).

1841 P. radiata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves).

1847 P. Grenvilleae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f.

1847 P. Gordoniana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f.

1847 P. Wincesteriana Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f.

1847 P. rudis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.

1847 P. Ehrenbergii Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.

1858 P. Lindleyana Gordon, Pinet. 229.

1891 P. Donnell-Smithii Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199.

Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length, attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid, pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely persistent.

This species ranges from the mountains of northern Durango to the volcanoes of Guatemala, or possibly farther south. It is found at all altitudes where Pines can grow except on the tropical levels of Guatemala. Its more hardy forms have been successfully grown in the milder parts of Great Britain and northern Italy. It is felled for lumber in many parts of Mexico.

This sturdy Pine and its numberless variations present the most remarkable example of adaptation in the genus. The variations are mostly those associated with changes of environment—dimensions of cone and leaf and the number of leaves in the fascicle. These are so accurately correlated with altitude and exposure, and are so imperceptibly graded, that no specific segregations among them have yet been successfully established.

The type-specimen figured by Lambert does not show the longest cone and leaf of this species. They are better represented by specimens which have been named P. filifolia. Such dimensions prevail in subtropical localities. At temperate altitudes these dimensions are much reduced, but here are found a longer form of cone and leaf (var. Lindleyi, Loudon) and a shorter form (var. rudis, Shaw). At still higher altitudes and up to the timber-limit the var. Hartwegii, Engelmann, with short leaves and a small nearly black cone is found. Among these varieties there is no such sharp distinction as these definitions imply. All dimensions of fruit and foliage and the various brown and black shades of the cone blend into each other through endless intergradations. A monograph of this species, by one who could devote some years to it on the superb volcanoes and in the delightful climates where this tree abounds, would be a valuable contribution to science.

Fig. 220, Cone and leaves of Lambert’s plate. Figs. 221, 222, Longer cones and leaves of the species. Fig. 223, Cone and leaves of var. Lindleyi. Fig. 224, Cones and leaves of var. rudis. Fig. 225, Cone and leaves of var. Hartwegii. Fig. 226, Magnified leaf-sections. Figs. 227, 228, Two forms of the dermal tissues of the leaf, magnified. Fig. 229, Habit of the tree.

39. Pinus Ponderosa

1836 P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson’s Agric. Man. 354.

1847 P. Benthamiana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189.

1848 P. brachyptera Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89.

1848 P. macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103 (not Lindley).

1853 P. Jeffreyi Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.

1854 P. Engelmanni Carrière in Rev. Hort. 227.

1855 P. Beardsleyi Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6.

1855 P. Craigana Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7.

1858 P. Parryana Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann).

1859 P. deflexa Torrey in Emory’s Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56.

1878 P. arizonica Engelmann in Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 260.

1889 P. latifolia Sargent in Gar. & For. ii. 496, f. 135.

1894 P. apacheca Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3.

1897 P. Mayriana Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21.

1897 P. scopulorum Lemmon in Gar. & For. x. 183.

1900 P. peninsularis Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114.

Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12 to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming the base of a pungent, persistent prickle.

This species ranges from southern British Columbia over the mountains between the Pacific and the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, including the Black Hills of South Dakota, to the northeastern Sierras of Mexico, to northern Jalisco and Lower California, forming, in many localities, large forests and furnishing the best Hard Pine timber of the western United States. It attains its best growth on the Sierras of California and is, next to P. Lambertiana, the tallest of the Pines.

Like P. Montezumae, and under like influences, it shows much dimensional variation, and the leaf-fascicles are heteromerous, with the larger number in the southern part of its range. Many authors consider the variety Jeffreyi Vasey to be a distinct species; but here, it seems to me, too much importance is attached to the pruinose branchlet, clearly a provision against transpiration and associated rather with a dry environment than with a species. Most observers discover many intermediate forms between this variety and the species. The var. scopulorum Engelm. is the Rocky Mountain form with leaves in 2’s and 3’s and with small cones passing into P. arizonica, Engelm., a more southern form with small cones and leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5. The var. macrophylla (Shaw, Pines Mex. 24), in addition to its long and stout leaves, bears a cone with protuberant apophyses, somewhat comparable to the intermediate forms of P. pseudostrobus var. apulcensis Shaw (l. c.). Fascicles of 6 and 7 leaves are sometimes found, and specimens that I have collected in Sandia, Durango (issued by Pringle, through a misunderstanding, under the name P. Roseana, ined.) show such fascicles on the fertile branches.

Fig. 230, Cone and seed of var. Jeffreyi. Fig. 231, Cone of var. macrophylla. Fig. 232, Cone of var. scopulorum. Fig. 233, Magnified leaf-section and cells of leaf-endoderm. Fig. 234, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf, showing uniform and multiform hypoderm.

40. Pinus Teocote

1830 P. teocote Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76.

Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro usually deciduous.

This species grows at temperate altitudes from Chiapas to Nuevo Leon, associated with temperate Mexican species such as P. patula, P. leiophylla and others, and is easily recognized by its small cone. The variety with a larger cone (var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 10) I have found growing in mixed groves of P. teocote and P. leiophylla. It resembles the latter in cone and leaf, but lacks the peculiar character that distinguishes P. leiophylla from all other Mexican species—the triennial cone. Some of the specimens of Hartweg No. 441 belong here, as well as Pringle’s specimens, Nos. 10013, 10018, distributed as P. eslavae, ined.

Fig. 235, Two cones of the species and the larger cone of the variety. Fig. 236, Leaf-fascicle and magnified sections of two leaves. Fig. 237 a, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified; b, magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. Fig. 238, Habit of the tree.

41. Pinus Lawsonii

1862 P. Lawsonii Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64.

1905 P. Altamirani Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99.

Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts, hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which the mucro is wanting.

A subtropical species of central and western Mexico, growing alone or associated with P. oocarpa, P. Pringlei and the subtropical forms of P. Montezumae and P. pseudostrobus. It is recognized among its associate species by its conspicuously glaucous foliage. The cone is very variable on trees of the same grove, both in size and in the protuberance of its apophyses. Gordon’s specimen in the Kew herbarium consists of a single detached cone and a few leaves. The leaves differ from all that I have examined in showing thick-walled endoderm cells, but the cone corresponds with many of my own collection.

Fig. 239, Three cones. Fig. 240, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 241, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm.

42. Pinus Occidentalis

1788 P. occidentalis Swartz, Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 103.

1862 P. cubensis Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530.

1880 P. Wrightii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15 to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender prickle, bent sharply downward.

This species is confined to San Domingo, Hayti and eastern Cuba. Its erect conelet and reflexed cone distinguish it from P. caribaea, which has both its conelet and cone reflexed. Moreover the conelet is usually, perhaps always, subterminal in P. occidentalis.

Fig. 247, Cone. Fig. 248, Conelet and enlarged aristate scales. Fig. 249, Magnified sections of two leaves and more magnified dermal tissues.

43. Pinus Palustris

1768 P. palustris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1810 P. australis Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6.

Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white, and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of a small persistent prickle.

Its thin sap-wood, its very strong heavy wood of large dimensions with abundant resin of excellent quality make this the most valuable species of the genus. It ranges over the sandy plain that borders the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas. The northern limit is approximately the centre of the Southern and Gulf States, with a northern extension in Alabama to the base of the Appalachian Mountains and to northwestern Louisiana. Its southern limit lies near the centre of the Florida peninsula.

Among its associates this species is recognized by its large white fringed bud and its elongated cone. Its leaves attain, on vigorous trees, the maximum length among Pines, but on most trees the leaves do not differ in length from the longer forms of those of P. caribaea or P. taeda. A peculiarity, which it shares with P. caribaea, is the deciduous scaly bark of mature trees, constantly falling away in thin irregular scales.

Figs. 242, 243, Cones and seed. Fig. 244, Bud. Fig. 245, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 246, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. The dermal tissues of fig. 249 also apply to this species.

44. Pinus Caribaea

1851 P. caribaea Morelet in Rev. Hort. Côte d’Or, i. 105.

1864 P. bahamensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.

1880 P. Elliottii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186, tt. 1-3.

1884 P. cubensis Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202 (not Grisebach).

1893 P. heterophylla Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45.

1903 P. recurvata Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107.

Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles, mucronate. Cones from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat salient and minutely mucronate.

The northern limit of the range of P. caribaea extends from the coast of southeastern S. Carolina through southeastern Georgia and southern Alabama to southeastern Louisiana. It is associated with P. palustris, taeda, serotina, echinata and glabra in this part of its range. It continues through Florida, where it encounters P. clausa. On the Bahamas it is the only Pine. On the Isle of Pines it finds in P. tropicalis another associate. It also grows in Honduras and Guatemala. The wood and resin of this species are of such excellent quality that no commercial distinction is made between P. caribaea and P. palustris.

Fig. 250, Cone from the Isle of Pines. Fig. 251, Small form of cone. Fig. 252, Large form of cone and binate leaf-fascicle. Fig. 253, Conelet. Fig. 254, Magnified sections of leaves from binate and ternate fascicles. Fig. 255, Habit of the tree, contrasted with a tree of P. palustris in the middle-distance.

45. Pinus Taeda

1753 P. taeda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.

1788 P. lutea Walter Fl. Carol. 237.

1903 P. heterophylla Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine with slightly concave sides.

The species ranges from southern New Jersey to southern Arkansas, Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southwestern Tennessee, but does not occur in the lower half of the Florida peninsula. It is an important timber-tree, manufactured into all descriptions of scantlings, boarding and finish, but the wood is of various qualities. It may be recognized by the spine of its cone in both years of growth. Excepting the formidable armature of the cone of P. pungens, the spines are the strongest and most persistent of all the species of eastern North America.

Fig. 264, Cone. Fig. 265, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 266, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 267. Magnified scales of the conelet.

46. Pinus Glabra

1788 P. glabra Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed, mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous.

A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified.

Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells.

47. Pinus Echinata

1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.

1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204.

1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15.

1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f.

Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro more or less persistent.

This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P. virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.

Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P. rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P. echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of varietal names attest.

Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf, are applicable also to this species.

XII. Insignes

Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose.

Spring-shoots uninodal.
Resin-ducts mostly internal	48. Pringlei
Resin-ducts mostly septal	49. oocarpa
Spring-shoots multinodal.
Cones symmetrical.
Leaf-hypoderm not biform.
Bark-formation late	50. halepensis
Bark-formation early	51. pinaster
Leaf-hypoderm biform.
Cones with slender spines.
Leaves binate.
Cones dehiscent at maturity	52. virginiana
Cones serotinous	53. clausa
Leaves ternate.
Cones dehiscent at maturity	54. rigida
Cones serotinous	55. serotina
Cones with stout spines	56. pungens
Cones oblique or unsymmetrical.
Cones and leaves very short, not exceeding 6 cm.
Cones curved or warped	57. Banksiana
Cones straight	58. contorta
Cones and leaves much longer, more than 7 cm.
Posterior cone-scales gradually larger than anterior scales.
Bark-formation late	59. Greggii
Bark-formation early	60. patula
Posterior cone-scales abruptly larger than anterior scales.
Cones with very stout spines	61. muricata
Cones with minute or deciduous prickles.
Bark-formation late	62. attenuata
Bark-formation early	63. radiata

48. Pinus Pringlei

1905 P. Pringlei Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100.

Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct, hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous; apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade.

A tree with long erect bright green foliage, confined, so far as known, to the subtropical altitudes of western Mexico. As it grows in Uruapan, Michoacan, there are two forms of the cone, large and small, both with the same long rigid leaf.

Figs. 268, 269. Three cones and seed. Fig. 270, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

49. Pinus Oocarpa

1838 P. oocarpa Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491.

1842 P. oocarpoides Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from 15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal, hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles, mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre, flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably thickened at the base of the blade.

A subtropical species, ranging from Guatemala to the northern border of Sinaloa in northern Mexico; remarkable for the length of the peduncle of the cone and for the prevalence of septal resin-ducts in the leaf.

Fig. 271, Three cones and seed. Fig. 272, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 273, Cone from northern part of the range. Fig. 274, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from near the northern limit.

50. Pinus Halepensis

1762 P. sylvestris Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus).

1768 P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1803 P. maritima Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10.

1812 P. resinosa Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton).

1815 P. brutia Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75.

1826 P. arabica Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886.

1833 P. pyrenaica David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186 (not Lapeyrouse).

1834 P. hispanica Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337.

1838 P. pityusa Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49.

1841 P. carica Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459.

1847 P. persica Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.

1855 P. abasica Carrière, Trait. Conif. 352.

1855 P. Loiseleuriana Carrière, Trait. Conif. 382.

1856 P. Parolinii Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1.

1902 P. eldarica Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f.

Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed.

A tree ranging from Portugal to Afghanistan, and from Algeria to Dalmatia and to northern Italy and Southern France. It is a vigorous species in its own home, growing readily in poor soils, but not successful in colder climates. The wood is resinous and valuable for fuel. The turpentine industry, once associated with this species, has gradually been abandoned for the more copious product of P. pinaster.

It is recognized by its lustrous red cones and by the ashen gray cortex of its branches and upper trunk. Tenore’s P. brutia (pyrenaica of some authors) is founded on a difference in the length of the leaf and on an erect cone with a shorter peduncle. To recognize species on such distinctions would not be consistent with the purpose and spirit of this discussion.

Fig. 279, Two cones. Fig. 280, Cone. Fig. 281, Lateral conelet. Fig. 282, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 283, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified.

51. Pinus Pinaster

1768 P. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus).

1789 P. pinaster Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.

1798 P. laricio Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret).

1804 P. maritima Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 337 (not Lambert).

1826 P. escarena Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340.

1835 P. Lemoniana Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2, i. 512, t.

1845 P. Hamiltonii Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90.

Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate, from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm. long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent.

A maritime tree corresponding nearly, in its range, with the preceding species, but more hardy in cooler climates. It grows from Portugal to Greece, and from Algeria to Dalmatia, but its area has been much extended by cultivation. Under favorable conditions it attains large dimensions, but its exploitation for resin and turpentine tends to diminish its size and disfigure its habit (Mathieu, Fl. Forest, ed. 4, 611). Its rapid growth, strong root-system, and its ability to thrive on poor sandy soil, have led to the employment of this species for the forestation of sand-dunes in France.

The tree can be recognized by its long stout leaves and persistent brown cones. Its leaf-section is peculiar in the remarkable size of the inner cells of the hypoderm, especially in the angles of the leaf.

Figs. 275, 276, Cones. Fig. 277, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 278, Magnified dermal tissues in the angle of the leaf.

52. Pinus Virginiana

1768 P. virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1789 P. inops Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough. Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a long slender prickle with a broad base.

Western Long Island to central Georgia and north Alabama, and from eastern Tennessee to southern Indiana and southeastern Ohio. It is a low bushy tree in the north, but in the south and west it attains small timber-size and is locally exploited. It is hardy beyond the limits of its natural range, growing readily in the vicinity of Boston. Its short binate leaves, the persistent long prickles of its cone, and its tough branches, combine to distinguish this Pine from its associates. The obvious relationship of P. virginiana and P. clausa places the former in this, rather than in the preceding group.

Fig. 284, Cones. Fig. 285, Conelet and its enlarged spinose scale. Fig. 286, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 287, Buds.

53. Pinus Clausa

1884 P. clausa Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of two rows of cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a triangular persistent spine.

A species of limited range, confined to the sandy coast of Alabama and to Florida. It sometimes attains timber-size, but is usually a low spreading tree of no commercial importance and never seen in cultivation. It is recognized by its smooth branches, binate leaves and numerous, often multiserial, clusters of persistent, often closed, cones. It is associated with P. caribaea and, in the northern part of its range, it grows with the other Southern species. By its close resemblance it may be considered the serotinous form of P. virginiana.

Fig. 288, Three nodal groups of cones of the same year. Fig. 289, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 290, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 291, Larger form of the tree.

54. Pinus Rigida

1768 P. rigida Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1909 P. serotina Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of a slender sharp prickle.

A tree with bright green foliage in spreading tufts. The northern limit of its range is in southwestern New Brunswick, southern Maine, central New Hampshire and Vermont, the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence River and central Ohio. It ranges into Pennsylvania and Delaware at low levels and thence over the Alleghanies into northern Georgia. It is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa and, further south, with P. virginiana. The cones are rarely serotinous, but it is remarkably like P. serotina in many characters, and is therefore placed in this group.

Fig. 292, Cones. Fig. 293, Leaf-fascicle, magnified section through a fascicle, and magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 294, Upper part of a tree.

55. Pinus Serotina

1803 P. serotina Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate, symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad base of a slender, rather fragile prickle.

This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker.

Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

56. Pinus Pungens

1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone). (not Linnaeus).

1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.

1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown, much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.

A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines varying greatly in size.

Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

57. Pinus Banksiana

1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.

1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339.

1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.

1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or variously warped from the irregular development of the scales, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex, the umbo small and unarmed.

The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine, and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed cones.

Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same year. Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304, Habit of the tree.

58. Pinus Contorta

1833 P. inops Bongard in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. ii. 163, (not Aiton).

1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.

1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.

1854 P. Boursieri Carrière in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.

1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.

1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.

1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from 2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.

It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary, along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and very small cone.

59. Pinus Greggii

1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.

Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.

This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch’s Manual of Conifers.

Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves.

60. Pinus Patula

1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.

Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early, the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30 cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro wanting.

Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer parts of Great Britain.

Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves.

61. Pinus Muricata

1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.

1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the varying size of the apophysis.

This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal Gardens at Kew.

62. Pinus Attenuata

1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189, (not? P. californiana, Loiseleur).

1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218, f. (not D. Don).

1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique, persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small incurved spine.

A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species. It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size.

The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham. v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris, may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812), to some existing species. Don’s radiata and tuberculata, although considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank. These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the later name attenuata.

63. Pinus Radiata

1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.

1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.

1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.

1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 (as to leaves).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong, oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.

A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast south of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also on the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses.

Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig. 323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

XIII. Macrocarpae

Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large. Leaves long and stout.

This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing in the same leaf.

Wing-blade with a short membranous extension.
Leaves in fascicles of 5	64. Torreyana
Leaves in fascicles of 3	65. Sabiniana
Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves in fascicles of 3	66. Coulteri

64. Pinus Torreyana

1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex Carrière, Trait. Conif. 326.

1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to 33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical, somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal, the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of the spermoderm.

A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its nut.

65. Pinus Sabiniana

1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large, their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.

A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves.

Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified leaf-section.

66. Pinus Coulteri

1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.

1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to 30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large, the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long, reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon; seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the membranous apex.

Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage, growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow color, not unlike that of boxwood.

Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet.