Introduction
Of Moths and Butterflies in General
The Opinion of Equivocal Generation however formerly received, has by the present Age been deservedly rejected; since every Observation proves, that all Creatures are produced by Parents of their own Kind, and that in general those Parents are Male and Female; and the Production of every Moth and Butterfly in this Manner, is I believe at present not doubted by any Body.
The Females, both of the Moth and Butterfly, lay their Eggs in a short Time after Copulation, upon or contiguous to what will supply proper Food for the young Brood when produced. After a certain Period the Infant Caterpillars included in the Eggs burst their Shells, crawl forth, and feed upon the Provision ready prepared for them. And each of these Caterpillars, having fed its appointed Time, becomes a Chrysalis or Aurelia; from which State, after a while, it issues forth a Fly in the Likeness of its Parent.
Some Species of Butterflies breed twice a Year. Those that come forth in May lay their Eggs soon after, which Eggs in about nine Days Time are hatched. The Caterpillars feed for about six Weeks, then change to Chrysalis, lie in that State for about fourteen Days, and then the Flies are bred. These lay their Eggs as the first Brood did, the Caterpillars change to Chrysalis in September, and the Flies come forth in the following May.
The Variety of the Moth Kinds is so great, that perhaps there is scarce a Day in the Year when some of them are not bred. The Time of their Continuance in the Chrysalis State will be best known by attending to the Account of each Moth described in the following Plates. Some Moths as well as Butterflies breed twice a Year.
It frequently happens, that the Fly does not come out at the usual Time, but continues in the Chrysalis State till that Time Twelvemonth; so that the Creature remains in that Case a Year and nine Months (and sometimes longer) in a State of Rest, without Nourishment of any kind.
Thus much in general:—We descend now to particular Observations.
On the Different Manner of Laying Their Eggs
All Butterflies and Moths lay a great Number of Eggs, some even as far as two or three Hundred. The Eggs of some Kinds are glutenous, or covered with a glewy Moisture; but those of others are not so: The glutenous are fixt (sometimes singly) on Grass, the Leaves of Trees, Shrubs, &c. and sometimes in Clusters after the same Manner. Some Sorts of Eggs are laid naked or uncovered, and others are cloath’d with a sort of Down, &c. Some Flies lay them in a Spiral Line, or Screw-like Figure, round a small Twigg, a Stalk of Grass, &c. And these may be pulled off entire, in Fashion like a Cylindrical Tube, and as hard as Horn: Others deposit theirs in the Chinks of the Barks of Trees, &c. &c. &c.
It is observeable, that the whole Process from the Egg, to the Fly, of many Species, is perform’d in about sixty Days. But the Goat Moth is an Exception to this Rule, being reported to be three Years proceeding from the Egg to the Fly State.
Of the Eggs
The Eggs are of various Forms; some are round, some are oval, and many of the Moth-Kind flat, and perforated through the Middle; so that the Embrios or Caterpillars lie curl’d up before they are hatch’d, as they frequently do afterwards when come to Maturity. They are found of all manner of Colours, and many of them are extremely beautiful if view’d with a Microscope; some being curiously rib’d and adorn’d with Protuberances, &c. like the nicest carved Work; others marbled and spotted with an amazing Variety of delightful colouring.
Of Caterpillars
Caterpillars are usually divided into the Naked and Cloathed Kinds. Among the Cloath’d some have only small Tufts of Hair or Down, others are cover’d all over with it.
The Caterpillars of all known Butterflies have six Hooks or Claws before, eight Feet in the Middle of their Body, and two Holders behind. Those that produce Moths have all six Hooks or Claws before, and Holders behind. Some have eight Feet in the Middle, some four, and some only two next their Holders.
Some Species of Caterpillars always feed inclos’d or spun up in the Leaves they feed upon, others take their Food openly and in Sight.
Some are sociable and herd together whilst young, but when they change their third Skin they grow unsociable and feed separately.
Others are born unsociable, and feed separately from their Infancy.
Some Species spin a large Web that will contain an hundred Caterpillars, or more, from which they never go far till they have eat up all the Leaves that are near thereto: Then they spin a new Web, and so (shifting their Quarters) in a short Time, instead of the green Leaves that they have devoured, leave the Tree, or Bush, covered only with their white Webs.
Some Sorts, when disturbed, let themselves down by a Thread like a Spider, by which Means they avoid being devoured by other Insects that have not the Means of following them, &c.
Of the Food of Caterpillars, and Their Manner of Feeding
Their Food is almost general, but some Kinds will eat nothing except their own particular Trees, or Plants.
Some Species feed upon Herbage, others live and feed upon the solid Parts of Trees, and Barks.
Some dwell in the Earth, or other private Recesses in the Day-time, and at Night come forth, and feed on Grass, Flowers, &c. Others again feed on the different Kinds of Mosses, Heath, Broom, the Leaves of Trees, Shrubs, &c.
Some feed upon the Waters naked and exposed, and others make themselves Cases of Sticks, Rushes, &c. in the Waters, where they get their Food.
Of the Forms of Caterpillars
The Variety and Beauty which present themselves to our Eyes in the Form and Colouring of Caterpillars, are no less remarkable than the Flies themselves, as the Reader will be satisfied by examining the following Plates.
Of the Change of Caterpillars Into the Chrysalis State
When a Caterpillar has fed its appointed Time, and is come to full Maturity, it undergoes a Change, and becomes a Body of a different Form, incrusted with a Shell, and usually called a Chrysalis or Aurelia; the Shell of which is formed underneath the Skin of the Caterpillar, which Skin comes off as soon as the Aurelia becomes perfect.
Of the Chrysalis or Aurelia
During its Continuance in the Chrysalis State, it seems to have no Sense but Feeling; and some of them have even that in a very low Degree, for they may be touched pretty roughly without moving.
The Chrysalides or Aureliæ of the Butterfly-Kind are all very beautiful; some of them look as if they were studded with Gold; some are striped, others spotted, and others mottled with all the various Colours of the Rainbow. But those of the Moth-Kind are not so; differing very little from one another, either in Shape or Colour, except the Magpye, and some few besides.
How the Aurelia or Chrysalis Is Secured
Nothing in Nature is perhaps more deserving Notice, than the many different Methods whereby Caterpillars conceal and secure themselves whilst in this helpless and unactive Condition.
Some of them spin a large Case of Silk in Form of an Egg, wherein the Chrysalis lies concealed, till the Time comes for the Fly to make its Appearance, which it does by piercing through this Case.
Of such Cases there are several Sorts, different in Form and Colour:
Some are long, and drawn out to a Point at each End; others are more round.
The Texture of some is very thick and close.
Others are thin, like Gause, insomuch that the Chrysalis may be seen thorough them.
Some Aureliæ are white, some yellow, and others of different Hues; and most of the hairy Caterpillars intermix their Hair amongst the Spinning.
Some Caterpillars form a hard-crusted Case, composed of silk Threads glewed together, in such Manner as to become hard like an Egg-shell, so that when the Fly comes out, a round Hole like a Door appears.
The Silk-spinning Caterpillars are of various Kinds, and deposit their Aureliæ in different Places, and in different Manners, viz. some fasten them on the Leaves and Stalks of Plants, without any Covering; others spin the Leaves over them; others lodge them in Holes and Crevices; and others in the Earth.
Many of the Moth-Kind place their Chrysalis in the Earth, about an Inch or two deep, surrounding it with a Case of Earth lined with a glutenous Matter, that no Wet can penetrate: And what is very surprizing, notwithstanding the extreme Delicacy and Tenderness of the Fly when first bred, be the Ground never so hard, it makes its way thorough it without ruffling a single Feather.
Few, if any, of the Butterfly-Kind form a Case or Spinning, except what fastens the Tail and Body of the Chrysalis. Some hang perpendicularly downwards, and others in an horizontal Position, being fastened by the Tail, with a Thread round the Back and on each Side. Some are secured within the Leaves spun together; others are hid in the Hollows and Barks of Trees; and others again under the Copings of Walls, in Houses, Sheds, &c.
Of the Fly
After the Chrysalis has remained its due Time, the Fly bursts the Shell wherein it was contained, and comes out formed perfectly in every Part, except the Wings, which then appear too small to cover its Body. In this naked Condition it crawls up to some convenient Place, where its Wings may hang down without any Hindrance: And when thus disposed, the Wings begin to expand themselves so much, that in the Space of half an Hour, the Wings (of Butterflies) are stretched commonly to their full Size; nay, even those of the largest Moths seldom require above an Hour’s Time. At first they are flabby, like wet Paper, but soon afterwards they become stiff, and capable of supporting them in their Airy Flights, &c.
In this Fly State their first Care seems to be the Propagation of their Species, for some of them will copulate immediately if they can find a Mate; to seek which the Male Butterfly takes Wing, as soon as his Wings are in a proper Condition: But few Moths, whether bred in the Night Time or in the Day, ever offer to fly till the Night after their Birth, when they go in Search of the Females.
The Females (especially of the Moth Kinds) seldom, if ever, take Wing till they have been cocked: they often continue in Conjunction twelve Hours and more, after which the Female lays her Eggs, flies about for a Time, and then dies.—The Females of some Kinds are without Wings.
The Males (of some Species) have a surprizing Quickness and Distinction in their Sense of Smelling, exceeding that of the Blood-Hound, or any other Creature yet known; for if a Female be concealed in a Box, and there are any Males within half a Mile or more, they will fly directly to the Place, and hover round it. By this Means a Dozen Male Egger-Moths have been taken in an Hour’s Time, and that at about Twelve o’Clock at Noon, as may be seen in the Account of the Egger-Moth.
Their Continuance in the Fly State depends greatly on the Weather, many Flies being destroyed as soon as bred, by Storms of Hail, &c. but if the Season proves favourable, many will live for a Fortnight, three Weeks, or longer, and some even all the Winter through.
The Distinction of Moths and Butterflies
Moths and BUTTERFLIES agree in their Progression from the Egg to the Fly State, are different when in that State, in the following Particulars.
BUTTERFLIES have a Ball or Knob at the Extremity of each of their Antennæ, or Horns.
The Horns of MOTHS have not such Balls or Knobs, but are constantly threaded or pointed: except the Males of some Species, whose Horns are ramified, or in the Form of Combs.
All BUTTERFLIES settle with their Wings erect, and generally keep them in that Posture, unless when basking in the Sun.
Most MOTHS do not settle with their Wings erect, but place them horizontally, or inclining to their Feet.
All BUTTERFLIES come abroad by Day-Light, and chiefly when the Sun shines bright.
MOTHS fly, some by Day-Light, some by Twilight, and some in the Dead of Night.
N. B. There is a Species of Fly betwixt the Moth and the Butterfly, whose Horns are more flat and hollow; this is describ’d in the second Book of this Work, by the Name of the Burnet.
Concerning the Food of the Fly
The Food of these Creatures in the Fly State, is very different from what it was when they were Caterpillars: Butterflies feed on all Kinds of Flowers, and on several sorts of Fruits, and I have seen them extremely fond of the Juices that issue from the Bodies of several Sorts of Trees.
MOTHS feed on the same Things, as also on the Honey-Dew that is found on the Leaves of Limes, Elms, &c. The Moths, as well as the Butterflies, are furnished with a long Proboscis, or Tongue, which lies curl’d up like a Watch-Spring, under the fore Part of the Head. The Length of this Proboscis varies according to the Species of the Fly, and is from half an Inch, to four Inches long.
The Enemies of Moths and Butterflies
Nature has been so abundant in the Production of these Creatures, that were it not for the many Dangers they are exposed to, through every Stage of their Lives, the whole World would be too small to contain their Offspring, in four or five Years; for, upon Calculation, the Progeny of one Pair of large Butterflies, (supposing them to lay only 100 Eggs, whereas many of them lay 2 or 300, and that twice a Year) would be sufficient to cover the whole Kingdom of England in about twelve Years.
While in the Egg, they are devoured in great Numbers by Birds and other Animals.
Whilst Caterpillars, they are a Prey to small Birds of all Kinds, being almost the only Food wherewith such Birds nourish and rear their young ones.
CATERPILLARS likewise kill and devour one another; and, besides that, Numbers of them die in shifting their Skins, and in changing into the Chrysalis State. But the greatest Enemy they have in this State, is the Ichneumon Fly.
In the Aurelia State, such as have no Case are a Prey to Birds, &c. those in the Earth, to Moles, Mice, and other subterraneous Animals; and besides, great Numbers are destroyed by Frosts and Wet. In the Fly State they are a Prey to Birds, Batts, and many other Creatures.
There are four different Ways, in one or other of which all Animals of the Moth or Butterfly-Kind subsist during the Winter Season, viz.
1. Some in the Egg State.
2. Some in the Caterpillar State.
3. Some in the Chrysalis State.
4. And some in the Fly State.
It is likewise to be observed, that the several Species of them chuse different Places for their Residence
1. Some frequent Woods.
2. Some Plains and Heaths.
3. Some Hedges and Thickets.
4. Some Meads, and Mowing Grass.
5. And others marshy wet Grounds, &c.
Several Kinds of Caterpillars come forth of the Egg in July, August, September, and October, remain in the Caterpillar State all the Winter, feed up in the Spring, then change into the Chrysalis State, and produce Flies a few Weeks afterwards. Others there are that continue in the Egg State all the Winter, are hatched in the Spring, and feed up in about 45 Days: then change into the Chrysalis, and produce their Flies in about 14 Days afterwards. N. B. The Curious may be assured, that all these Observations are founded on real Facts, and not on any Supposition or Conjecture. And now, (as it seems exactly suitable to this Work) we shall beg Leave to close the Introduction with a short Description of the Butterfly, taken from a Poem called The UNIVERSE, which was written some Years ago By Mr. Henry Baker.
SEE, to the Sun the Butterfly displays
Its glittering Wings, and wantons in his Rays:
In Life exulting, o’er the Meadows flies,
Sips from each Flow’r, and breathes the vernal Skies.
Its splendid Plumes, in grateful Order, show
The various Glories of the painted Bow.
Where Love directs, a Libertine it roves,
And courts the fair ones thro’ the verdant Groves.
How glorious now! How chang’d since Yesterday! }
When on the Ground, a crawling Worm it lay, }
Where ev’ry Foot might tread its Soul away! }
Who rais’d it thence? And bid it range the Skies?
Gave its rich Plumage, and its brilliant Dyes?
’Twas God:—Its God and thine, O Man, and He }
In this thy Fellow-Creature lets thee see, }
The wond’rous Change which is ordain’d for thee. }
Thou too shalt leave thy reptile Form behind, }
And mount the Skies, a pure ethereal Mind, }
There range among the Stars, all bright and unconfin’d. }
An Account of those Places where some Gentlemen
of the
AURELIAN SOCIETY
Have been used to collect Caterpillars, Chrysalides and Flies,
In the following Months of the Year.
March
From the 15th to the 25th of this Month, a Moth called the Orange Under-Wing, may be taken in Hornsey-Wood, and in the Fields close to the Sides thereof. It flies in the Day-time, is an exceeding pretty Moth, and not to be met with in such Plenty any where else, that I know of. The Oak-Beauty, and some other Moths are bred in this Month, but are rarely met with in the Fly State.
April
In this Month a great Variety of Caterpillars and Chrysalides may be taken by the Method already described. The Banks about the Chelsea Water-Works and such-like Places are most likely to furnish the Chrysalides of the Hawk Tribe.
At the Roots of the Elm, Lime, Willow, and Poplar Trees, you will find in this Month a Variety of Aureliæ, which will produce their Flies in the May and June following.
Be now diligent to collect Caterpillars from all kinds of Growths, which, if taken Care of, will produce their Flies a few Months hence. Towards the End of this Month some Flies may be taken in the Day-time, and some Moths in the Evening.
May
This delightful Month brings forth in the Woods and Meads a surprising Variety of Flies. Hornsey, Cain, and Tottenham Woods; the Woods near Southgate; Hanging Wood, by Charlton, in Kent; Oak of Honour Wood, by Dulwich; Comb Wood, by Kingstone, in Surrey, and the Fields adjacent are all frequented by them in this Month in the Day-time as well as in the Evening; and if the Weather be fine you will never fail of Sport. Abundance of different Caterpillars are likewise to be found at this Time, such as those of the Emperor-Moth, of the Lappit, Drinker, Egger, and of Numbers of other Sorts.
June
This Month adds greatly to the Number of Flies bred in May.—From the 20th to the 30th are usually produced: in Southgate, Comb, and Oak of Honour Woods, the Great Fritillary and other fine Butterflies, with Plenty of Moths; all which may be taken in and near the Woods already mentioned.
July
The first ten Days in this Month are the Time for taking the Purple Emperor-Butterfly in Comb Wood; and the Fields adjacent can furnish such a charming Variety of Moths and Butterflies, that I do not know any Place where an Aurelian can spend a Week with more Satisfaction and Assurance of Success. As soon as the Purple Emperor-Butterfly begins to grow bad, the Time comes on when the second Breed of the Swallow-tail Butterfly is quite fresh, as also the Great Tortoise-shell, Peacock Butterfly, &c. About the Middle of this Month you may find the Great Red Underwing and the Goat-Moth standing against the Willow-Trees which usually grow by the Sides of Ditches about the old Barge-House, Rotherhith, Vauxhall, and likewise in other Places. Seek also for the Caterpillars that produce the Great Elephant and Gold-Spot Moths: the most certain Places to find which, that I know of, are by the Sides of the Ditches in Rotherhith Marshes. The Caterpillars that produce the Elephant Moth feeds on the White Ladies Bedstraw, those of the Gold-Spot on the Great Water-Grass. I have taken the Gold-Spot Chrysalis and Caterpillar likewise in the low Grounds by Vauxhall in Surry.
August
At the Beginning of this Month may be found amongst the Willows, about the Banks by the Chelsea Water-Works, the Caterpillars that produce the Eyed-Willow and Poplar-Hawks, also the Buff-Tip-Puss, &c. and from the 20th to the 30th the Admirable Butterfly, &c.
September
If this Month proves fine, a great many scarce Moths are to be taken in the Evenings, and the second Brood of the Comma-Butterfly, as well as some other Flies, present themselves. Caterpillars are likewise to be got in Plenty off the Oak, Black-Thorn, and a Variety of other Foods; and these, if taken Care of, will produce scarce and valuable Flies in the succeeding
Spring. From the End of this Month to the Middle of March
there are but few Flies that frequent the Fields; altho’
I am of Opinion that some Moths are
bred in every Month of
the Year.
In order to oblige such persons as may be desirous
To make a COLLECTION of
MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES,
Though unacquainted with the Manner how,
It is judged proper to lay down the following
DIRECTIONS.
Provide yourself with a Net made of Muschetto Gause, and in Shape like a Bat-fowling Net; let its Length be one Ell, the Width at Bottom three Quarters of a Yard, at Top half a Yard, and cut circular; this must be sewed to a Tape or Ferret, that it may be fastened to a couple of Hasle or other Sticks five Feet long each, the upper Part whereof should be bent circular to fit your Net.
You must likewise have a Stick of Hasle, or any other Wood, about five or six Feet in Length, wherewith to put the Flies and Moths on the Wing, by beating the Boughs, Hedges, Shrubs, or other Growths you are near, so that you may be better able to see and take them.
Furnish yourself likewise with Boxes of such Sizes as will go into your Pocket, let them be lined at the Top and Bottom with Cork; be also provided with a Pin-cushion, well stock’d with different Sorts of Pins.
These Things being in readiness, go into the Woods and Fields thereto adjacent (always placing yourself where the Sun has most Power, and the Wind the least) also into Chalk-pits, rough Grounds, Lanes, &c. In all which Places, if it is a fine Day, and a proper Season of the Year, you’ll find Plenty of Sport.
When you have taken a Fly in your Net, lay the Net flat on the Ground, which will prevent the Fly from fluttering, then put the Fore Finger of your Left Hand under the Fly, and with the same Finger of your Right Hand give it a squeeze on the Back or Chest, and that will kill it; be careful, however, not to press too hard, least you damage the Fly. This done take a Pin and run it through the Body, betwixt the Wings, letting that Side be uppermost which is most beautiful; then stick it in your Box, and look for more Sport.
Having collected such a Number of Flies as you think proper, and being returned home, look into your Boxes, and observe which of them are fit to set: such as you find dead and not stiff are so.
Then (having prepared before-hand two or three Boards covered with Cork, of about ten Inches by sixteen in Size, or as you find most convenient to place your Flies in order on and extend their Wings in the best manner: by the Assistance of little Braces made by cutting a Card into Lengths or Slips, with a small Pin thrust through the End of each) proceed to manage them as follows:
Take a Fly out of your Box: see if the Pin be run through it perpendicularly: if so, stick it on one of your setting Boards, and with the Point of a Needle (which must be fixt into a small Stick, or what else you like best) extend one Wing leisurely, till such Time as the Point thereof is even with the Nose of the Fly you are setting. That done, fix one of your Card Braces gently on that Wing, to prevent its giving way; serve the other Wing in the same manner, and your Fly will appear extended as in the Paintings. Let the Braces remain on the Wings of Butterflies a Fortnight, on those of great Moths a Month. Take Notice, however, that a great Number of small Moths must be set in your Boxes in the Field, otherwise your labour will be lost; you’ll presently know which these are, by observing them to be dead and almost stiff; so that it is proper to carry always about you a little Box of Card Braces for this Purpose.
The Way to preserve your Flies, after you have taken them from your Setting Board.
If you put them in Drawers, Boxes, or Frames with Glasses before them, its proper to get some Camphire, which inclose in small Muslin Bags, and fasten it to those Places where your Flies are; by this Means you will destroy those Insects that would otherwise injure your Flies; and by renewing now and then this Method, I am convinced your Flies may be preserved several Years. The Months in England that produce the greatest Variety of Flies, are April, May, June, July, and August, especially of the Butterfly Kind; and for Moths, I am of Opinion, that there are many different Species produced all the Year round. The best Time to take the greatest Variety of Moths, is for one Hour after Sun-set, and the properest Places are in and by the Sides of Woods, Gardens, Green Lanes, &c. where with your Net you’l seldom fail of Sport. Thus much seemed necessary to say in Respect to taking Insects in the Fly State, and more would be superfluous.
But as it may be agreeable to some to breed the Flies themselves from the Caterpillars, I shall likewise give the best Instructions I am able for that Purpose.
In the Spring and Autumn Season you may collect great Variety of Caterpillars, by spreading a Sheet under Oak-Trees: then beating the Boughs, many Caterpillars will fall, which if taken Care of, will produce scarce and valuable Moths; you may also obtain by the same Means Caterpillars from the Black-Thorn, White-Thorn, Bramble, Chickweed, Willow, and many other Growths.
When you have collected a Number of Caterpillars, and remark’d the Food you found them on, put them into Boxes, which prepare as follows: Take a Deal or Wainscot Box, cut a large Square out of the Top and Bottom, cover the Place cut out with a Piece of Crape Hatband, glewing the same all round to prevent any Escape. This done, put your Caterpillars into the Box, with some of the same Food you found them on, giving them, if you can, fresh every Day. Here you’ll find them feed and thrive; and after changing their Skins (some five and some six Times) they will go into the Aurelia State, and there remain for a certain Time, some much longer than others; but in about fourteen Days from this last change you may look into your Boxes, to see if you have any Flies bred; remembring that out of such as are produced in this manner, much more perfect Flies may be chosen, than any that can be caught; and as several Sorts of Caterpillars go down into the Earth, and there change to Chrysalis, some Earth must be put into the Boxes for that Purpose, at least two or three Inches deep. Never take the Chrysalides out of the Earth, nor disturb them till the Flies are bred.
There is yet another Thing proper to be known, in order to compleat your Collection. A great Number of Caterpillars go into the Earth, and there change to Aureliæ, whose Moths are seldom upon the Wing till Night; these Aureliæ are to be got by digging with such a Trowel as the Bricklayers use, about the Roots of Trees, such as Oaks, Elms, Limes, Poplars, Willows, &c. also by the Sides of Walls and Pales. The usual Time to dig for them is from September to March.
When you have obtain’d a Number of Aureliæ by digging, you must provide for them thus: Get some Earth and scowering Sand, mix them well together, and put the Mixture into some large Garden Pots; lay your Aureliæ thereon, covering them with Moss; then sew a Piece of Crape Hatband round a small Hoop, and put such a Cover on each Pot, in order to receive the Flies when bred, which will usually be in the Months of March, April, May, and June. I have always kept my Pots of Aureliæ out in the open Air, and the Flies have been produced with great Success; however it may be proper to place a Piece of Board over each Pot, to prevent unforeseen Accidents.
Those who think proper to put these Directions in Practice, will, I am convinced, in a short Time, be possessed of a great Number of valuable Flies. What Food the Caterpillars mentioned in this Work chuse to feed on, the Time when they change into Aureliæ, and when they issue forth in the Fly State, may be seen in the Description of each Plate.
| Page. | Num. | Read. | Instead of |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | XVII | Chrysalis | Chrysalisis |
| 11 | VI | nigra | alba |
| 18 | II | Cl. 3. S. A. 2. | Cl. 3. S. E. 1. |
| 20 | VII | form | from |
| 23 | XIII | to | o |
| 49 | I | Sect. a. | |
| 51 | V | Cl. 2. S. a. 5. | Cl. 2. S. a. 2. |
| 52 | I | 4 The Great } Fox-tail Grass.} | |
| 53 | IV | Cl. 2. S. b. 4. | Cl. 2. S. a. 4. |
| 62 | III | Cl. 1. S. a. 3. | Cl. 2. S. a. 4. |
| 63 | of Butterflies | of Caterpillars | |
| On the Plates. | |||
| 38 | I | Cl. 1. S. b. 1. | Cl. 1. S. a. 1. |
| 38 | II | Cl. 1. S. b. 2. | Cl. 1. S. a. 2. |
| 42 | I | Cl. 2. S. a. 1. | Cl. 2. S. 1. b. 1. |
| 42 | II | L. I. Ch. III. | L. I. Ch. II. |
| 62 | II | Cl. 1. S. a. 2. | Cl. 1. S. a. 1. |
A Synoptical TABLE of the Moths and Butterflies contained in this Work.
THE
Names of the Subscribers to, and Encouragers of,
Mr. WILKES’s Attempt towards a Natural History of
English Moths and Butterflies.
A.
His Grace the Duke of Argyle.
His Grace the Duke of Athol.
William Adams, Esq;
The Aurelian Society.
Mr. Stephen Austin.
B.
The Right Honourable the Earl of Bute.
Miss Jane Banister.
Richard Lovell Badcock, Esq;
William Berton, Esq;
John Browning, Esq;
William Bunberry, Esq;
Buckley, Esq;
Mr. Henry Baker.
Mr. Ephraim Bell.
Mr. Elias Brownsword.
Mr. Walter Blackett.
Mr. Brindly.
C.
The Right Honourable the Lord James Cavendish.
The Right Honourable the Lord Charles Cavendish.
The Honourable Alexander Hume Campbell, Esq;
Mr. Peter Collinson.
Mr. Philip Constable, Junior.
Mrs. Chandler.
Mr. Clements.
Mr. Chapple.
Mr. Chadwell.
D.
Richard Dashwood, Esq;
Peter Delme, Esq;
Mrs. Dellaval.
Mr. Davis.
Mr. Joseph Dandridge.
Mr. Dodesly, 4 books.
E.
Mrs. Susanna Eaton.
Mrs. Edwards.
F.
The Right Honourable the Lady Viscountess Fitz-Williams.
The Right Honourable the Lady Featherstone.
William Farington, Esq;
Mrs. Farmer, at Birmingham.
G.
His Grace the Duke of Gordon.
The Right Honourable the Lady Betty Germain.
John Gale, Esq;
Charles Godwin, Fellow of Balliol College in Oxford.
Captain John Godwin.
Mr. Thomas Grace.
H.
The Right Honourable the Lord Howard.
The Most Reverend Father in God Thomas, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.
James Horne, Esq;
Henry Le Noy Hunter, Esq;
Mrs. Mary Vere-Hunt.
Mr. Samuel Hartley.
Mr. Hodges, 3 Books.
J.
Mr. Johnson.
Mr. Jackson in St. James’s Street, 3 Books.
K.
Mr. Thomas Knowlton.
L.
The Right Honourable the Earl of Londonderry, 2 Books.
William Lock, Esq;
Mr. James Lemon.
Mr. Samuel Lee.
M.
His Grace the Duke of Montagu.
Dr. Mead.
The Reverend Mr. Thomas Manningham.
Mr. Mauduit.
Mr. Daniel Marshal.
Mr. Miller.
N.
Her Grace the Duchess of Norfolk.
John Nicoll, Esq; of Coney-Hatch.
Miss Nicoll, at Southgate.
The Reverend Mr. John Newton, at Gloucester.
O.
Nathaniel Oldham, Esq;
Mr. Edmund Overall.
P.
Her Grace the Duchess of Portland.
Miss Phillips, Grosvenor-Street.
R.
Her Grace the Duchess of Richmond.
The Right Honourable the Lord Rolle.
The Royal Society of London.
S.
The Right Honourable the Countess of Shaftsbury.
The Right Honourable the Countess of Stamford.
The Right Honourable the Lady Diana Spencer.
The Right Honourable the Lady Elizabeth Spencer.
The Right Honourable the Lady Smithson.
Sir Francis St. John, Baronet.
Sir Hans Sloane, Baronet.
John Archer Shish, Esq;
Mrs. Smith, at Oxford.
T.
The Right Honourable the Lord Trevor.
The Honourable Mrs. Trevor.
James Theobald, Esq;
Doctor Christopher Jacob Trew, at Norimburg.
The Honourable Mr. Talbot.
James Tilson, Esq;
Miss Tasburgh.
W.
The Honourable Mrs. Walter.
Ralph Willett, Esq;
Taylor White, Esq;
Francis Whithead, Esq;
Horace Walpole Esq; of Arlington-Street.
Mr. William Wells.
Mr. Wollaston.
Mr. Woodhouse.
Mr. Whittle.
Mr. Ware.
Y.
The Honourable Mr. Yelverton, 3 Books.